INTRODUCTION

In the emerging global economy, e-commerce and e-business have increasingly become a necessary component of business strategy and a strong catalyst for economic development. The integration of information and communications technology(ICT) in business has revolutionized relationships within organizations and those between and among organizations and individuals. Specifically, the use of ICT in business has enhanced productivity, encouraged greater customer participation, and enabled mass customization, besides reducing costs. With developments in the Internet and Web-based technologies, distinctions between traditional markets and the global electronic marketplace-such as business capital size, among others-are gradually being narrowed down. The name of the game is strategic positioning, the ability of a company to determine emerging opportunities and utilize the necessary human capital skills (such as intellectual resources) to make the most of these opportunities through an e-business strategy that is simple, workable and practicable within the context of a global information milieu and new economic environment. With its effect of leveling the playing field, e-commerce coupled with the appropriate strategy and policy approach enables small and medium scale enterprises to compete with large and capital-rich businesses .On another plane, developing countries are given increased access to the global marketplace, where they compete with and complement the more developed economies.

Most, if not all, developing countries are already participating in e-commerce, either as sellers or buyers. However, to facilitate e-commerce growth in these countries, the relatively underdeveloped information infrastructure must be improved. It is recognized that in the Information Age, Internet commerce is a powerful tool in the economic growth of developing countries. While there are indications of ecommerce patronage among large firms in developing countries, there seems to be little and negligible use of the Internet for commerce among small and medium sized firms. E-commerce promises better business for SMEs and sustainable economic development for developing countries. However, this is premised on strong political will and good governance, as well as on a responsible and supportiveprivate sector within an effective policy framework.

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DEFINITION OF ECOMMERCE

E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information processing technology in business transactions to create, transform, and redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

TYPES OF ECOMMERCE

The major different types of e-commerce are: business-to-business (B2B); businessto- consumer (B2C); business-to-government (B2G); consumer-to-consumer (C2C); and mobile commerce (m-commerce).

B2C

B2B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between companies. This is the type of e-commerce that deals with relationships between and among businesses. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type, and most experts predict that B2B ecommerce will continue to grow faster than the B2C segment. The B2B market has two primary components: e-frastructure and e-markets. Efrastructureis the architecture of B2B, primarily consisting of the following:

● logistics - transportation, warehousing and distribution (e.g., Procter and Gamble);

● application service providers - deployment, hosting and management of packaged software from a central facility (e.g., Oracle and Linkshare);

● outsourcing of functions in the process of e-commerce, such as Web-hosting,

security and customer care solutions (e.g., outsourcing providers such as

eShare, NetSales, iXL Enterprises and Universal Access);

● auction solutions software for the operation and maintenance of real-time auctions in the Internet (e.g., Moai Technologies and OpenSite Technologies);

● content management software for the facilitation of Web site content management and delivery (e.g., Interwoven and ProcureNet); and

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● Web-based commerce enablers (e.g., Commerce One, a browser-based, XMLenabled purchasing automation software).

B2C

Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce between companies and consumers, involves customers gathering information; purchasing physical goods (i.e., tangibles such as books or consumer products) or information goods (or goods of electronic material or digitized content, such as software, or e-books); and, for information goods, receiving products over an electronic network.12

It is the second largest and the earliest form of e-commerce. Its origins can be traced to online retailing (or e-tailing).13 Thus, the more common B2C business models are the online retailing companies such as Amazon.com, Drugstore.com, Beyond.com, Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations. This kind of e-commerce has two features: first, the public sector assumes a pilot/leading role in establishing e-commerce; and second, it is assumed that the public sector has the greatest need for making its procurement system more effective.15 Web-based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G ecommerce market as a component of total e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain undeveloped Barnes and Noble and ToysRus. Other B2C examples involving information goods are E-Trade and Travelocity.

B2G

Business-to-government e-commerce or B2G is generally defined as commerce between companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations. This kind of e-commerce has two features: first, the public sector assumes a pilot/leading role in establishing e-commerce; and second, it is assumed that the public sector has the greatest need for making its procurement system more effective.

Web-based purchasing policies increase the transparency of the procurement process (and reduces the risk of irregularities). To date, however, the size of the B2G ecommerce market as a component of total e-commerce is insignificant, as government e-procurement systems remain undeveloped.

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C2C

Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply commerce between private individuals or consumers. This type of e-commerce is characterized by the growth of electronic marketplaces and online auctions, particularly in vertical industries where firms/businesses can bid for what they want from among multiple suppliers.16 It perhaps has the greatest potential for developing new markets.

This type of e-commerce comes in at least three forms:

● auctions facilitated at a portal, such as eBay, which allows online real-time bidding on items being sold in the Web;

● peer-to-peer systems, such as the Napster model (a protocol for sharing files

between users used by chat forums similar to IRC) and other file exchange and

later money exchange models; and

● classified ads at portal sites such as Excite Classifieds and eWanted (an interactive, online marketplace where buyers and sellers can negotiate and which features “Buyer Leads & Want Ads”).

MCOMMERCE

It, is the ability to conduct commerce using a mobile device, such as a mobile phone, a Personal digital assistantPDA, a smartphone, or other emerging mobile equipment such as dashtop mobile devices. Mobile Commerce has been defined as follows:

Mobile Commerce is any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile access to computer-mediated networks with the help of an electronic device.

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FEATURES OF ECOMMERCE

Ubiquity - In traditional commerce, a marketplace is a physical place we visit in order to transact. For example, television and radio are typically directed to motivating the customer to go someplace to make a purchase. E-commerce is ubiquitous, meaning that it is available just about everywhere at all times. It liberates the market from being restricted to a physical space and makes it possible to shop from your desktop. The result is called a market space. From consumer point of view, ubiquity reduces transaction costs - the cost of participating in a market. To transact, it is no longer necessary that you spend time and money traveling to a market. At a broader level, the ubiquity of e-commerce lowers the cognitive energy required to complete a task.

Global Reach - E-commerce technology permits commercial transactions to cross cultural and national boundaries far more conveniently and effectively as compared to traditional commerce. As a result, the potential market size for e-commerce merchants is roughly equal to the size of world's online population.

Universal Standards - One strikingly unusual feature of e-commerce technologies is that the technical standards of the Internet and therefore the technical standards for conducting e-commerce are universal standards i.e. they are shared by all the nations around the world.

Interactivity - Unlike any of the commercial technologies of the twentieth century, with the possible exception of the telephone, e-commerce technologies are interactive, meaning they allow for two-way communication between merchants and consumer.

Information Density and Richness - The Internet vastly increase information density. It is the total amount and quality of information available to all market participants, consumers and merchants. E-commerce technologies reduce information collection, storage, communication and processing costs. At the same time, these technologies increase greatly the accuracy and timeliness of information, making information more useful and important than ever. As a result, information becomes plentiful, cheaper and of higher quality. Information richness refers to the complexity and content of a message.

Personalization - E-commerce technologies permit personalization. Merchants can target their marketing messages to specific individuals by adjusting the message to a person's name, interests and past purchases. The technology also permits customization. Merchants can change the product or service based on user's preferences or prior behavior.

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ECOMMERCE IN INDIA

In a country where entrepreneurs are born in every nook and corner, e-commerce provides a low investment high return opportunity. Traditional businesses have taken their wares over the net and profited immensely from it. Now the whole world is their “bazaar”. It started slowly with bazee.com leading the way. Slowly trade portals and online travel portals joined the bandwagon. After e-bay acquired bazee.com, the level of access that users had to e-commerce increased significantly.

Although by most references India only accounts for approximately 2% of the e-commerce in the Asia-Pacific region, the amount in figures is staggering. It was estimated at around $2.1 billion in 2008 and predicted to grow to around $6 billion by 2011 (data compiled from multiple sources). This despite the fact that only 3.7% of the Indian population has access to the internet (source www.internetworldstats.com).

If one were to segregate the e-commerce sector, most transactions would fall into the following categories.

Business to Users

Where businesses and organizations directly offer their products and services to the users over the net. Airlines, movie theatres, publishing houses and travel agencies are predominantly present in this category. A lot of SME’s have also started offering these services to their customer base. (eg.www.makemytrip.com)

Certain organizations use this mode to gain access to talent and freelancers over the internet and carry out projects for a global clientele. (eg. www.chillibreeze.com)

In India banks have now almost entirely migrated to accessing through e-commerce. There is now a fee charged to customers for transactions carried out through the branches or for the physical documents provided.

User to User

Web 2.0 has given rise to unique opportunities to this type of transactions. Bazee.com (which was later taken over by e-bay) kicked off this trend in India. A number of other community and forum sites have also sprung up catering to this category.

Currently newer opportunities to use web 2.0 in terms of interaction of agencies (eg.insurance agencies) are being explored.

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Online Resource transfer

This transaction majorly deals with transfer of resources (in most cases money)over the net. Many businesses use this mode of e-commerce to eliminate physical documentation and reduce transaction time. (eg. Paypal, banks, western Union)

Trade portals

Similar to User to user format trade portals are meeting point for trade agencies to interact and promote or search for specific products for import-export purposes. (alibaba.com is among the more popular sites in this category)

Ad-space sales

Sale of ad-space is an attractive way for earning money. Although an outright purchase would be similar to buying of media space there are popular formats which make use of pay-per-click to ensure the right value of the ad-space. (Google Ad-sense has gained an expertise over this format). There are individuals who make a career out of this format.

Another variation of this format is the presence of “invisiads” wherein games are designed by portals for companies as a part of their branding strategy. Users join in to play a game but end up leaving with information being propagated about that particular brand.

Content Access

Although still in the nascent stage in India, content access is a major share holder in the e-commerce traffic in India. Many sites provide limited access to free users and retain the full usability of their sites for premium paying customers. Market research agencies and publishing houses are major users of this format. With the arrival of internet TV and pay-per-view access in India, this category is expected to grow.

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Apart from the obvious impact that online stores like e-bay have had on the Indian users there are a few traditional sectors in the Indian scenario which have been influenced by e-commerce and its applications.

Airline Sector

One of the most significant impacts can be seen in the airline sector. This industry has been predominantly dependant on physical documentation and the presence of branches (or travel agents) for reach. However with the advent of e-commerce in India industry players have drastically changed their modus operandi.

Physical tickets have almost entirely vanished from the airline sector in India. Travel agents no longer hold a major impact on the business. The whole process has been brought online thanks to e-commerce. Apart from the web-sites of individual airlines, there are also portals which provide details of multiple airlines on one portal for the users to choose from. The balance of power has now shifted to the consumers.

Banking Sector

As in the case of the Airline Industry the banking sector has been predominantly dependant on physical documentation and the presence of branches

For banks e-commerce has provided a major area of cost cutting. The number of branches and personnel required per area has drastically decreased. The integration of the ATM networks allows users to access their funds through multiple sources. The Core Banking Solution pioneered by ICICI bank has even allowed these banks to reach out to the far corners of India with innovative and practical solutions for low income rural families. This particular solution has given a major impetus to kick start micro-finance in India.

E-commerce promises to open up many more opportunities for businesses across sectors. What we are witnessing now is only the tip of the ice-berg.

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Placement Agencies

The area of Human resource management has been completely redefined. Sites like naukri.com and monster.com have given recruiters direct access to talent from across the country. Never before had such a wide talent pool been available to recruiters. Users could now break away from the grip of placement agencies which provided commission based services and actually select jobs they want to apply to online.

Matrimonial Sites

This is a business that could only work in India. With arranged marriages being predominant in India this business model was uniquely prepared for the Indian market. Migrating from family pundits to online profiles was readily accepted by the Indian family. Today a number of Matrimonial sites are prospering (eg. Shaadi.com) and with tools like e-kundali to support them, they seem to be here to stay.

FORCES FUELING ECOMMERCE IN INDIA

Economic forces. One of the most evident benefits of e-commerce is economic efficiency resulting from the reduction in communications costs, low-cost technological infrastructure, speedier and more economic electronic transactions with suppliers, lower global information sharing and advertising costs, and cheaper customer service alternatives.Market forces. Corporations are encouraged to use e-commerce in marketing and promotion to capture international markets, both big and small. The Internet is likewise used as a medium for enhanced customer service and support. It is a lot easier for companies to provide their target consumers with more detailed product and service information using the Internet.

Technology forces. The development of ICT is a key factor in the growth of ecommerce. For instance, technological advances in digitizing content, compression and the promotion of open systems technology have paved the way for the convergence of communication services into one single platform. This in turn has made communication more efficient, faster, easier, and more economical as the need to set up separate networks for telephone services, television broadcast, cable television, and Internet access is eliminated. From the standpoint of firms/businesses and consumers, having only one information provider means lower communications costs.

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ONLINE USERS IN INDIA AND THEIR USER BEHAVIOUR

India has witnessed an increase in the number of internet users. The behavior pattern of internet users can be ascertained with respect to different parameters, which include: users in metros, cities and rural areas, age group of population accessing internet, and purposes of accessing internet.

The surge in internet usage in small towns and rural India has been more than that in big cities and metros. In India, the youth drive internet usage. School and college going students along with young men contribute to 72% of internet activity. (Source IAMA Report – 2008-2009)

People use internet for various purposes, which include: email, information search, academic information search, music/video on internet, chatting, online job search, gaming, financial information search, booking railway tickets, online news, internet telephony/video chat/voice chat, and online banking.

Top ten sites viewed by Indians during 2009 include:

google.co.in

google.com

yahoo.com

facebook.com

blogger.com

youtube.com

orkut.co.in

rediff.com

wikipedia.org

orkut.com

Indians, being cautious buyers start online shopping with the purchase of railway or airline tickets. This is perceived as a safe bet due to uniformity of services to the buyers.

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REASONS FOR GROWTH OF ONLINE USERS IN INDIA

It is predicted that by year 2015, around 65% of Indian population will be in the age group of 15-35 years. Since youth is an early adaptor of all technology, this seems to be a positive factor for the Indian eCommerce market.

India has an added advantage of lowest broadband prices in the world, which is $4-$5 per month. This enhances the potential of online transactions.

Indian population has better adopted mobile phones as compared to internet. Thus, there is a huge potential of mCommerce in India. Mobile phones provide flexibility to users to connect to internet without having to find a place to plug in into the internet. The mobile penetration in India is expected to become 1 billion by 2014, which will further enhance the opportunities of mCommerce. Currently, there are about 440 million subscribers for mobile phones, which covers around 40% of the country’s population.

India has already started the efforts to provide biometric identity to all its citizens. This is equivalent to Social Security Number in the West. Having this unique identity in place, online financial transactions would become much safer as they can be easily tracked and subject to law.

SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS

E-Commerce helps to Increase the sales revenue to the business Business people can spend less money and earn high profits with e-

commerce It is very Easier to scale up online Easily we can track the segment of customers who are happy with

purchasing goods through online Avoid losing sales to competitors who are online Instantaneous global sales presence in quick time We can Operate the business in 24 *7 basis Easily we can increase our business customers

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We set up shop anywhere in the world, self-governing of geographical locations

Inexpensive way to turn your Web site into a revenue center Reduce Customer Support costs via e-mail marketing & customary

newsletters We can create customized mailing list Easily we can drive free traffic to the website Instantly we can develop our business across the internet by using

various e-commerce strategies Customers can easily buy their products by using different payment

gateways

WEAKNESS

Things like food, jewellery, antiques etc. can never turn to e-commerce because it is not possible to inspect them from remove locations.

Many firms have had trouble recruiting and retaining employees with the technological, design and business process skills needed to create an effective electronic commerce presence.

Frauds are not completely eliminated in the e-commerce transactions. Cyber laws are not properly enacted and the existing ones are not clearly

defined.

OPPURTUNITIES

Financial services and financial guidance. Online stock trading. The growing internet banking Legal and professional services. Tour and travel. Health care.

CHALLENGES

Bureaucratic wrangles and cultural changes. Lack of skill and training within a company. Households are shaky about buying over the internet. Lack of proper commercial and legal system.

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FUTURE OF ECOMMERCE IN INDIA

Ecommerce has completely changed the 21st century in a way that few other technologies have and is actively changing commerce as a whole on a daily basis. The amount of information and products that are available online is growing, and the amount of information people acquire and purchase daily online is growing also.

The Internet is one of the youngest and fastest growing depositories of information in today’s world. Internet growth is still accelerating, which indicates that the Internet has not yet reached its highest expansion period. Over the past decade, ecommerce has grown into a full-blown industry and today, nearly everyone has made at least one purchase on the internet.

Ecommerce appeals to the masses because of several key reasons.

It is the most convenient way to shop: There are no lines to wait in, there is no driving involved, and ecommerce is open 24 hours a day.

You can shop in your underwear from the comfort of your home. eCommerce usually offers a larger selection than brick and mortar stores. Most ecommerce stores offer bigger discounts and savings on their

products. Comparison-shopping is easy because of the vast selection and ability to

browse. Finding deals has become very easy and everyone loves deals.With all of the benefits offered to the typical consumer, it just makes sense that ecommerce will continue to boom and grow.

Sure, ecommerce benefits the average consumer immensely, but it makes doing business easier and more economical for merchants and retailers. Advancements in technology have provided a fast, cheap way to sell and market products. Because of the mass appeal of the Internet and the enormous visibility, advertising and marketing has become an integral part of the ecommerce business model.

Ecommerce also offers less overhead, a wider marketing base, and eliminates the need for a physical storefront. Many of those with a brick and mortar

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storefront also have ecommerce sites; and if they don’t – they need one … it is just easier and much more efficient to find, compare and decide upon a purchase online.

The greater visibility ecommerce offers will mean that many businesses can expand far beyond the limits of their physical store, but it also means a market at risk of becoming saturated – which is why internet marketing is one of the most essential aspects of the ecommerce business model.

There are benefits for both the retailer and the consumer. As more consumers are drawn to the internet for their shopping needs, more and more retailers begin doing business on the internet, which leads to more consumers.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO PUSH E-COMMERCE ACTIVITY

The Government has been taking key initiatives over the past few years to create an environment that is conducive to E-commerce activity. These include the following:

Announcement of the Information Technology Act 2000 which put in place a cyber law regime in the country

Announcement of the ISP policy for the entry of private Internet service providers in November 1998.

Permission to private ISPs to set up international gateways. Permission of Internet access through cable TV infrastructure

Initiation of the setting up of the National Internet Backbone Announcement of the national long distance service beyond the service

area to the private operators. Complete non-monopolization of undersea fiber connectivity for ISPs on

August 15, 2000. Free Right of Way facility, with no charge in cash or kind, to access

providers to lay optical fiber networks along National Highways, State Highways and other roads.

Permission for interconnectivity of Government and Closed User Group (CUG) networks.

The establishment of Public TeleInfo Centers (PTIC) having multimedia capabilities has been permitted.

100 percent FDI has been allowed in B2B e-commerce.

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Initiatives for E-Commerce Capacity-Building of Small and Medium Enterprises

There is a need to generate much greater awareness about e-commerce and its benefits. An appropriate communication strategy needs to be formulated to spread e-commerce awareness among enterprises by underscoring the benefits and dispel any misconceptions. The apex industry bodies like the CII should coordinate with themselves and the Government to educate people in decision-making positions in Indian organizations. IT education would be a major driving force towards the development, adoption and growth of e-commerce in India. To keep pace with the changing software and hardware scenario it is necessary to emphasize on the current IT trends and develop quality programmes to impart training and education in contemporary topics. Newer, better and more effective methods of imparting education are evolving which will supplement traditional methods of teaching using books, classroom lectures and written exams on pen and paper. Using modern technologies like multimedia, online training and testing etc., the emphasis is shifting to computer-based training which uses text, audio, visuals and animation in interactive as well as self paced mode. IT education could be encouraged by facilitating the setting up of institutes for imparting such education, by the way of tax incentives, etc. The government could partner with business houses to establish centers for IT training and education in a big way. Currently, 40 per cent of India’s population is illiterate and only 20 per cent understand English. Since most of the content in Internet is in English or other foreign languages, a large portion of the content and applications is not accessible to a significant majority of the Indian population. Creative solutions need to be thought of for overcoming this challenge. While, on one hand local language content and applications need to be developed, on the other hand, voice applications on Internet accessible through a normal touch tone telephone need to be developed. The society as a whole needs to guard itself against the emergence of a digital divide, where the section of the population with access to Internet gain significant advantage over the others.

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ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN AT NATIONAL LEVEL

The CII and NASSCOM reports and many other businesses have observed that there are some difficulties associated with the formation of online contracts in the present formulation of the IT Act. It is argued that legal enforceability of electronic contracts is open to challenge and legal jurisdiction of contracts involving international parties is not defined. The Act is also silent on issues regarding taxation of electronic transactions. Customs duty for cross border taxation, sales tax, etc. (indirect taxation) for goods and services delivered electronically are not clearly spelled out. The jurisdiction of e-commerce transactions is also not clarified. They have also pointed out that there is no provision for dual-key pairs for individuals and businesses which can create some difficulties for confidentiality of e-transactions. Other difficulties associated with the IT Act relate to the cyber crimes which are not fully covered are an area of concern for the growth of e-commerce. In this context it is also argued that Law Enforcement Agencies are not fully equipped and trained to deal in cyber crimes. Safeguards to protect privacy of personal and business data collected over the Internet are not covered under the Act. Also the IT Act is silent on the issue of protection of intellectual rights (patents, trademarks, copyrights) including domain names. Finally, payment gateways have to evolve to a level that inter-bank settlement should be enabled through Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS). These are some of the barriers that have been identified and have to be overcome, in addition to achieving higher Internet and PC penetration, for the growth of e-commerce. The e-governance projects initiated by governments at various levels are built around the following concepts: government wide information infrastructure, reengineering of government processes, service delivery to citizens on commercial basis and best practices. The web sites designed for information dissemination are in the process of moving from the publish mode to the interact mode and then to the transact mode. Establishment of Public Key Infrastructure for issuance of certificates to citizens and government agencies, creating electronic payment gateways for accepting service charges, involving banks and credit card agencies, and establishing service delivery points are some of the important elements of e-governance. Finally, there is realization and consequent emphasis that the digital divide in the country should be

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minimized; it must not be worse than the existing gaps in other amenities such as the electric power or supply of drinking water between the rich and poor, between the urban and rural people. Effective policy framework has been outlined by the Indian government to bridge this gap. It has launched community information centers that provide broadband Internet access to population in the underdeveloped and underprivileged areas such as in the northeast and hill-area states.

Four areas of focus to nurture E-commerce in India

Positive business environment for deployment of new telecom technologies

Technology/solution providers, industry bodies and government should educate Indian businesses more on potential benefits from E-commerce

Businesses who plan to cater to Retail consumers will have to create awareness and provide reassurances before wooing the consumer to buy

Government should play the most active role by enacting cyberlaws, making positive interventions when needed and ensuring adequate infrastructure

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CONCLUSION

A developing country can become industrialized and modernized if it can extensively apply IT to enhance productivity and international competitiveness, develop e-commerce and e-governance applications. An information-based society or knowledge based society is composed of IT products, IT applications in society and economy as a whole. Many countries in Asia are taking advantage of e-commerce through opening of economies, which is essential for promoting competition and diffusion of Internet technologies. The Internet is boosting efficiency and enhancing market integration in developing countries. The developed world has had a long lead over the developing countries in the telecom infrastructure. The world average of teledensity is 15 per cent compared to the developed world average of 55 to 60 per cent. Same is true of PCs, Internet connections, and the number of Internet hosts. All these traditional indicators for India as seen above are still small. But the total numbers of Internet connections are large in absolute numbers. Large enough to have a critical mass of 10 to 20 million users to be able to make an impact on e-commerce and e-governance. In the next 3 to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million Internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries. Internet economy will then become more meaningful in India. The number of e-transactions will be large enough to sustain the

Internet economy.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Business India

Business Today

CII, 2001. E-commerce in India

Report of the CII National Committee on E-Commerce 2000-2001 (Confederation of Indian Industry).

Goldman Sachs, 2000. Report on IT Global Services .

Indian Express (Bombay). Statement of the Minister of Communication.

NASSCOM, 2001. NASSCOM Survey (March 2009).

NASSCON and BCG, 2009.

E-Commerce Opportunities for India Inc. (study report prepared by NASSCOM and The Boston Consulting Group)

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