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Assignment submitted by- Daisy Priya Nath

Paper- IX (Administration of Education in India)

Course- MEd (!""#-$")

Educational Administration after Independence in India

After independence the first action of a great significance to be ta%en by the

go&ernment of India in the fie'd of educationa' administration as the

appointment of the uni&ersity education under the chairmanship of Dr

*adha%rishnan+ a distinguished scho'ar and former &ice chance''or of

,anaras indu .ni&ersity /he report of the commission is a document ofgreat importance as it has guided de&e'opment of the uni&ersity education in

India since the independence /his commission as appointed to report on

Indian uni&ersity education and suggest impro&ements and e0tensions that

may desirab'e to suite present and future re1uirements of the country It

submitted tits report in august $#2#

Main terms of reference-

/he aims and ob3ecti&es of uni&ersity education and research in India

/he changes considered necessary and desirab'e in the constitution+contro'+ functions and 3urisdiction of uni&ersities in India and their

re'ation ith go&ernment- centra' and pro&incia'

/he finance of uni&ersities

/he maintenance of the highest standards of teaching and e0amination in

the uni&ersity courses of study ith reference to the desirabi'ity of an

independent uni&ersity entrance e0amination and the a&oidance of unfair

discrimination hich mitigate against fundamenta' rights !4(!)

Need for more uni&ersities on a regiona' and other basis

/he organi5ation of ad&anced research in a'' branches of %no'edge inthe uni&ersities and institutes of higher research in a e'' coordinated

fashion a&oiding aste of effort and resources

/he specia' prob'ems of the ,anaras indu .ni&ersity+ the A'igarh

Mus'im .ni&ersity+ the De'hi .ni&ersity and other instructions of an a''

India character


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/he 1ua'ifications+ conditions of ser&ice+ sa'aries+ pri&i'eges and

functions of teachers and the encouragement of origina' research by

teachers

/he discip'ine of students+ hoste's and organi5ation of tutoria' or% and any

other matter hich is essentia' to a comp'ete and comprehensi&e en1uiryinto a'' aspects of uni&ersity education and ad&anced research in India

Major recommendations the commission

/eaching staff- there shou'd be four c'asses of teachers+ professors+

readers+ 'ecturers and instructors Promotions from one category to

another to be so'e'y on grounds of merit

/o a&oid o&ercroding at uni&ersities and co''eges+ the ma0imum

number in Arts and cience facu'ties of a teaching uni&ersity be fi0ed

at 4""" and in affi'iated co''age at $6""

/he number of or%ing days be substantia''y increased to ensure a

minimum of $7" in the year+ e0c'usi&e of e0amination days

.ni&ersity education be p'aced on the concurrent 'ist

/he concern of the centra' go&ernment ith the uni&ersities be ith

regard to finance+ coordination of faci'ities in specia' sub3ects+

adoption of nationa' po'icies+ ensuring medium standards of efficient

administration and 'iaisons beteen uni&ersities and nationa' research

'aboratories and scientific sur&eys+ etc

8inance- the .9C be set up for a''ocation of grants

pecia' attention to be paid to the de&e'opment of higher education in rura'

areas

Committee of the Ways and Means of financial Educational

Development (1!"#

/he $2th meeting of the CA,E and the A'' India Educationa' Conference

he'd in :anuary $#27 raised 1uestion of future programme of education It

as genera''y agreed that the period of forty years 'aid don in the report of

post ar education de&e'opment in India pub'ished in :anuary $#22 must becurtai'ed and if necessary for the purpose+ stage up to hich compu'sion

shou'd be enforced may be reduced It as therefore decided to appoint a

committee to e0amine the e0isting financia' condition and the programme

for educationa' de&e'opment for a'' pro&inces and states and to ma%e

suggestions to ensure that educationa' de&e'opment may not be he'd up for

ant of funds /he Chairman of this Committee as hri , 9 ;her


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A$enda-

$ /o consider in the 'ight of present conditions in the finances

(recurring and nonrecurring) re1uired for different stages of a

comprehensi&e system of education for India

! to consider ays and means of any and a'' of the fo''oing methods-

Centra' grants < a''ocation of the sources of re&enue beteen the

centra' and the pro&incia' go&ernments under the ne constitution=

scope and e0tent of grants from centra' re&enues


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A'' contributions for education appro&ed by the pro&incia' or centra'

go&ernment shou'd be e0empted from income ta0

Committee on relationship &et'een state $overnments and local &odies

in the administration of primary education (1!1#

In $#27 at the $7th meeting of the CA,E+ the go&ernment of ,ihar raised

the 1uestion of re'ationships beteen the state go&ernments and 'oca' bodies

in respect of administration of e'ementary education /he ministry of

education therefore appointed this committee in $#6$ hri , 9 ;her+ chief

minister+ ,ombay as the chairman of that committee /here ere $$ more

members on the committee /he terms of reference ere-

/o e0amine+ in detai' the present setup of 'oca' administration of education

in the different states in the assumption of more poers by the state

go&ernments+ the re1uirements of different state go&ernments in this regardand to recommend a more or 'ess uniform pattern ith fe &ariations + be

adopted in a'' the states of India

Major recommendations of the commission-

$ Association of 'oca' bodies ith the administration of primary

education- It said that it ou'd be an ad&antage to associate 'oca'

bodies ith the administration of primary education in some form or

other! Creation of educationa' bodies-

In a'' &i''age panchayats and sma''er municipa'ities hich ha&e

been gi&en on'y a 'imited contro' o&er primary education+ the 'oca'

body shou'd be re1uired to e'ect a schoo' committee and to

de'egate to it the tas% of super&ising the 'oca' schoo' or schoo's

In district 'oca' boards and in bigger municipa'ities hich e0ercise

ider poer o&er primary education+ a schoo' board shou'd be

constituted and charged ith the responsibi'ity of 'oo%ing after

educationa' poers as e'' as an administrati&e officer ha&ing

ade1uate authority to carry on the day to day administration of its

primary schoo's

/he go&ernment shou'd adopt the independent system of

associating educationa' bodies ith the corresponding 'oca'

authorities genera''y


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/he appointment of administrati&e officers shou'd be ob'igatory

under the statute in the case of a'' district schoo' boards and the

'arger municipa'ities /hey shou'd be ser&ants of state go&ernment

4 Di&ision of authority on a functiona' basis -

Inspection shou'd be regarded as a duty of the go&ernment andshou'd be carried out by go&ernment officers A'' inspecting

officers shou'd be direct'y under the go&ernment and the 'oca'

bodies shou'd ha&e no contact o&er them

tate go&ernment shou'd so'e'y responsib'e for maintaining or

aiding the re1uisite number of training institutions for primary

teachers

/he authority to define curricu'a of courses of study at the primary

'e&e' shou'd continue to &est in the state go&ernments ,ut the

'oca' bodies shou'd a'so be authori5ed+ ith the pre&ious appro&a'of the Director of Education+ to introduce such &ariations in the

prescribed curricu'a as they may seem necessary in &ie of 'oca'

condition

In e&ery ma3or municipa'ity authori5ed to administer primary

schoo' ithin its area and in e&ery district schoo' board+ the

authority to recruit and contro' the teaching staff shou'd &est in the

staff se'ection committee+ the administrati&e officer+ and the

appe''ate tribuna' constituted on 'ines simi'ar to those adopted in

,ombay

/he ser&ice conditions of primary teachers shou'd be determined

by the 'oca' bodies concerned ith the sanction of state

go&ernments and as far as possib'e these shou'd be uniform

throughout the states

/he primary teachers shou'd continue to be treated as ser&ants of

'oca' bodies as at present

*egarding te0t boo%s+ it suggested that state go&ernments shou'd

prescribe+ on the ad&ice of officia' and non officia' e0perts in the sub3ect+

the boo%s to be used in primary schoo's+ and here more than one boo%happens to be prescribed in a sub3ect+ the 'oca' body shou'd ha&e the

freedom to choose any one of the prescribed in a sub3ect+ the 'oca' body

shou'd ha&e the freedom to choose any one of the prescribed boo%s for

use in schoo's under its contro'

2 Di&ision of authority on the basis of the 'oca' body associated -


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City Corporation< the genera' po'icy shou'd be to de&o'&e as 'arge

as authority upon city corporations as possib'e

Authoried municipalities- the 'arger municipa'ities may be

designated as authori5ed municipa'ities /hey i'' differ from

corporations in three ays $) the go&ernment i'' actua''y conductinspections instead of mere'y reser&ing he right to do so !) /he

genera' contro' of the go&ernment i'' be a 'itt'e more detai'ed and 4)

the administrati&e officers shou'd preferab'y remain the ser&ants of

state go&ernments

)on-authoried municipalities< the sma'' municipa'ities cannot be

permitted to administer primary education in their areas i'' ha&e to

be treated at a sti'' 'oer 'e&e'

*illa$es- the poers and duties of &i''age schoo' committees shou'd

be di&ided into to groups= the first group i'' inc'ude a'' thosepoers hich a &i''age committee i'' ha&e as soon as it is formed+

and the second group i'' inc'ude a'' those poers hich can be

conferred on it by the District choo' ,oard + in &ies of its

efficiency

District +chool ,oards- the poer and duties of these bodies shou'd

be simi'ar to those of the Municipa' choo' ,oards

6 8inance-

/he union go&ernment shou'd assign specific grants for uni&ersa' and

compu'sory primary education in the states

A sum not 'ess than "B of the tota' education e0penditure of the

state shou'd be spent on primary education

tate grants to 'oca' bodies on account of primary education shou'd be

based on a combination of proportiona' grant (used to secure a broad

e1ua'i5ation as e'' as to pro&ide for rapid e0pansion)+ a specia' grant

for bac%ard or necessitous areas+ the specific purpose grants

9rants for a'' primary education < hether &o'untary or compu'sory-

shou'd be statutory /he municipa' acts shou'd be amended so as to ma%e the 'e&y of a''

education cess ob'igatory or municipa'ities to ear mar% a specified

proportion of their tota' re&enue for primary education a'' funds thus

ear mar%ed for primary education shou'd be entit'ed to recei&e grant

in aid according to ru'es


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In &i''age panchayats a portion of the tota' re&enue shou'd be

earmar%ed for primary education

Appro&ed schoo's-

>oca' bodies associated ith the administration of primary education

shou'd ordinari'y be in charge of a'' primary schoo's in their areas+

hether maintained under their direct contro' or managed by pri&ate

agencies

/he authority to contro' and guide the pri&ate primary schoo' in there

areas shou'd genera''y &est in the 'oca' bodies themse'&es

/he state go&ernment shou'd retain a fe poers to themse'&es ith a

&ie to seeing that no hardship are caused to pri&ate schoo's shou'd

&est concurrent'y in the state go&ernments+ 'oca' bodies andmanagements

*egarding grant or ithdraa' of recognition to a pri&ate schoo' /he

committee suggested that

$) /he inspecting officers of the department shou'd be re1uired to carry

out+ in the first instance+ an in&estigation into e&ery proposa' for the grant

or ithdraa' of recognition to a pri&ate primary schoo'

!) /he schoo' board concerned shou'd consider the report of such

in&estigation and then decide hether recognition shou'd or shou'd not

be granted or shou'd be ithdran and+

Any party aggrie&ed by the order of the choo' ,oard shou'd ha&e the

right to prefer an appea' to the director of education or to any other

specified officer

/he authority to grant recognition shou'd a'so be authority to sanction

9rant in aid

Mudaliar commission or secondary Education Commission

(1!-1!.#-

/i'' $#6! number of commissions had been appointed to sur&ey Indian

education= a'' of hich dea't incidenta''y ith certain aspect aspects of

secondary education ,ut no Commission had so far been appointed to

sur&ey the prob'ems of secondary education /he centra' ad&isory board of

education in its meeting he'd in $#2# and $#6$ recommended the

appointment of a commission for secondary education


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/he go&ernment of India= according'y appointed the secondary education

commission+ under the chairmanship of Dr A >a%shmansami Muda'iar +

then @ice- Chance''or of Madras .ni&ersity

%he terms of reference 'ere as follo's-

/o en1uire into and report on the present position of econdary education

in India in a'' its aspects= and

uggest measures for its reorgani5ation and impro&ement ith particu'ar

reference to

$ the aims+ organi5ation+ and content of secondary education

! its re'ationship to Primary ,asic and igher Education=

4 the inter re'ation of secondary schoo's of different types=

2 other a''ied prob'ems

o that a sound and reasonab'e uniform system of secondary education

suited to our needs and resources may be pro&ided for the ho'e country

/he commission submitted its report in :une $#64

%he recommendations re$ardin$ educational administration 'ere as

follo's-

Duration of secondary education- the fo''oing ne organi5ationa' structure

for secondary education after the four or fi&e years of Primary or :unior

,asic Education=

A Midd'e or :unior econdary or enior ,asic stage hich shou'd co&er

a period of 4 years=

A igher econdary stage hich shou'd co&er a period of 2 years

igh schoo's and higher secondary schoo's < the commission pointed that asit i'' not be possib'e to con&ert a'' e0isting high schoo's into higher

secondary schoo's in the near future o in the case of such schoo's+ it said

that+ the prob'em ou'd be to impro&e their efficiency ithin their present

structure and recommended for the reconstruction of the curricu'um and

methods of education /he considerab'e impro&ements ere a'so needed to

ma%e them more efficient and to enab'e them to be con&erted u'timate'y into


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igher econdary choo's /hese impro&ements shou'd inc'ude the

pro&ision of better 1ua'ified and more carefu''y se'ected personne'+ better

e1uipment+ better 'aboratory and 'ibrary faci'ities and better organi5ation of

co- curricu'ar acti&ities In addition+ the scheme of di&ersified courses of

study shou'd a'so introduce as far as possib'e

/here shou'd be specia' criteria for


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$ the open spaces a&ai'ab'e in cities must be conser&ed to be uti'i5ed as a

p'ayground by groups of schoo's

! Norma'+ in designing bui'dings for schoo's+ care shou'd be ta%en to see

that an area of not 'ess than $" s1 ft is pro&ided per student in the c'ass

room

4 /he optimum number of boys to be admitted to any c'ass shou'd be 4"

and the ma0imum shou'd not in any case e0ceed 2"= the optimum number

in the ho'e schoo' shou'd be 6"" hi'e the ma0imum shou'd not e0ceed

6"

ours of or%ing and &acations-

$ as a ru'e the tota' number of or%ing days in a schoo' shou'd not be 'ess

than !""+ the or%ing hours per ee% shou'd be at 'east 46 periods ofabout 26 minutes each= the schoo' shou'd or% regu'ar'y for si0 days in a

ee%+ one of the days being a ha'f day hen the teachers and the student

might meet informa''y and or% together on &arious e0tra curricu'ar and

socia' pro3ects

8inance-

$ A cess ca''ed the industria' education cess be 'e&ied+ the amount co''ected

to be uti'i5ed for the furtherance of technica' and &ocationa' education at the

secondary stage

! /he center shou'd assume a certain amount of direct responsibi'ity for the

contemp'ated reorgani5ation of secondary education and gi&e financia' aid

for the purpose

Education Commission (10-00# or 2othari Commission

/he uni1ue feature of this commission as not to 'imit its in1uiry to any

specific sector or aspect of education as the ear'ier commissions had done

but to ha&e a comprehensi&e re&ie of the entire educationa' systemAnother feature of this commission is its firm be'ief that education is the

most poerfu' instrument of nationa' de&e'opment /he report has been

appropriate'y entit'ed education and nationa' de&e'opment /he

commission recommended on &arious issues regarded the secondary

education system


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%he main recommendations in the area of educational administration

are as follo's-

Common school system- a common schoo' system of pub'ic education

shou'd be introduced

%en years of +choolin$ of 3eneral education- the first ten years of

schoo'ing shou'd co&er a primary stage of se&en or eight years and a

'oer secondary stage of three or to years pro&iding a course of genera'

education ithout any specia'i5ation

Instructional days in schools- the number of instructiona' days in a year

shou'd be increased to about !42 for schoo's and !$ for co''eges and

pre-primary schoo's

4olidaysto be minimi5ed

%he li&raries and la&oratories5or%shops craft sheds+ etc+ shou'd be

opened a'' the year round

Ade6uate num&er of scholarshipsfor the top ten percent of the students

in educationa' institutions

7esidential facilitiesfor the students

8rovision for the day study centersfor those students ho do not ha&e

ade1uate faci'ities for study at home

Developmental plan for each district for secondary education

considering the e0isting and perspecti&e needs of e0pansion

9reedom to schoolfor E0perimenta' Curricu'a

%'o sets of curricula shou'd be prepared by tate ,oards of schoo'

education- ad&anced and ordinary

%hree or four te/t &oo:s for each su&ject

Esta&lishin$ of +chool comple/es

)ei$h&ourhood +choolat the 'oer primary stage


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In order to secure continuous improvement in standards+ ade1uate

machinery shou'd be set up at the state and nationa' 'e&e's

Minimum pay scale for %eachersat schoo' stage be 'aid don by the

9o&ernment of India

It a'so recommended for same pay for different Mana$ements

/he creation of Indian Education +erviceas a'so recommended by

this commission

Education should &e $iven a statutory &asise&ery here and in a''

sectors and that an Education act shou'd be passed in a'' the states and

.nion /erritories

Wor: e/perience as an inte$ral partof primary education

)ational Committee on 1";;. educational structure (1


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Po'icy on Education $#7- A Presentation It as re&ised in the 'ight of

discussions and the Draft Nationa' Po'icy on Education $#7 as fina''y

adopted

Main 7ecommendations of )8E5>0-

Nationa' system of education= hich en&isaged on a common educationa'

structure

Minimum 'e&e' of 'earning for each stage of education

Gperation ,'ac%board i'' be underta%en for the impro&ement of primary

schoo' a'' o&er the country

7amamurti 7evie' Committee (1"#

/erms of reference-

$ /o re&ie the Nationa' Po'icy on Education+ $#7 and its imp'ementation=

! /o ma%e recommendations regarding re&ision of the po'icy=

4 /o recommend action necessary for imp'ementation of re&ised po'icy

ithin time frame

/he recommendations of the report cou'd not be gi&en their due

consideration in &ie of the change of the 9o&ernment at the centre

CA,E Committee or ?anardhana 7eddy Committee (1#

/he Chairman of the CA,E appointed a Committee on 4$ st:u'y+ $##$+ to

re&ie the imp'ementation of &arious parameters of NPE /he

recommendations ere as fo''os-

$ A standing CA,E committee for education of the CsL/s and other

educationa''y bac%ard sections shou'd be constituted= educationists

from these groups shou'd ha&e representation in that Committee! Common choo' ystem- ,oth the Center and the tate shou'd ta%e

determined action in this regard /he pri&i'eged schoo's shou'd accept

socia' accountabi'ity by sharing their faci'ities and resources ith other

institutions+ ta%ing up community acti&ities+ and faci'itating access to

chi'dren of the disad&antaged groups


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4 Na&odaya @idya'ayas shou'd be setup in each district

2 Ear'y Chi'dhood Care and Education- /he Anganadi or%ers shou'd

p'ay e0panded ro'e and shou'd be the foca' point for a number of

acti&ities and support ser&ices for omen and chi'dren+ such as chi'd

care+ fami'y e'fare+ nutrition and hea'th It a'so ta'%ed about recruitment

and training of Anganadi or%ers to discharge the e0panded ro'e

6 Management of Education- the District ,oard of Education shou'd be set

up and operationa'ised e0peditious'y

Constitution of specia'i5ed tate >e&e' Educationa' /ribuna's

/hus Educationa' Administration after independence in India gradua''y

he'ped the education system to gro

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