Dynamoc Routing

8/13/2019 Dynamoc Routing

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Advantages of Dynamic Routing over Static Routing :

Advertise onlythe directly connected networks.

Updates the topology changes dynamically.

Administrative work is reduced.

Used in medium & large networks.

Dynamic Routing


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Distance Vector Protocol

Link State Protocol

Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol)

Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols


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Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm.

Classfull routing protocol.

Full Routing tables are exchanged.

Routing updates are sent at periodic intervals.

Updates are sent through broadcast IP address.

Also known as Routing By Rumor

Example: RIP-v1, IGRP.

Distance Vector Protocols


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Uses Dijkstras algorithm.

Classless routing protocol.

First time full Database tables are exchanged, later

only changed link state information is exchanged.

Incremental / Flash updates.

Updates are sent through multicast IP address.

Also known as Routing by Intelligence

Example : OSPF, IS-IS.

Link State Protocols


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Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm)

Classless routing protocols

Missing routes are exchanged

Incremental updates

Updates are sent through multicast IP address

Also known as Routing by Intelligence

Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2

Hybrid Protocols


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Open Standard Protocol

Classfull routing protocol

Updates are sent on broadcast IP address

255.255.255.255

Administrative distance is 120

Metric : Hop count

Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16

Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths)

Used for small networks

Routing Information Protocol


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Update timer : 30 sec

Time between consecutive updates

Invalid timer : 180 sec

Time a router waits to hear updates

The route is marked unreachable if there is no

update during this interval.

Flush timer : 240 sec

Time before the invalid route is purged from the

routing table

Rip Timers


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RIP - Network Diagram

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN 192.168.2.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24

E0192.168.1.1/24

E0192.168.2.1/24

10.0.0.1/8S0

S110.0.0.2/8

11.0.0.1/8S0

S111.0.0.2/8

HYD CHE BAN

E0192.168.3.1/24


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More Bandwidth utilization for sending updates

Doesnt consider the bandwidth in metric calculation,

uses only hop counts

Slow convergence

Formation of Routing loops

Disadvantages of RIP


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Routing loops are formed due to the default behavior of RIP, where it

exchanges the complete routing tables with its neighbors or due to slow

network convergence.


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There are three in-built mechanisms which

avoids routing loops in Distance-Vector Routing ProtocolsRoute Poisoning

It is a mechanism to inform about unreachable routes to neighbors.

2. Split Horizon

A Route learned through an interface is never advertised back on the same interface it

learned.

3. Hold-down timer

Timer set to avoid inconsistent updates.

Flash update (Triggered update) : Route will use flash update to intimate

topology changes to neighbor.


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Comparison between RIPv1 & RIPv2

Classfull routingprotocol

Do not advertise

subnet maskinformation in routingupdate

It works with

broadcasting(255.255.255.255)

It does not supportauthentication

Classless routingprotocol

Advertise subnet mask

information in routingupdates

It works withmulticasting(224.0.0.9)

Supportsauthentication

RIP-v1 RIP-v2


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exityderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config)#

telnet 192.168.1.1================================Welcome to Hyderabad Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****

****enableconfigure terminalinterface serial 0ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

no shutclockrate 64000encapsulation hdlc

Hyderabad>password :Hyderabad#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Hyderabad(config)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#Hyderabad(config-if)#

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195](C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.C:\>Connecting .....

Directly Connected Networks onHYDERABAD Router

192.168.1.0

10.0.0.0

Diagram


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Hyderabad(config)# router ripHyderabad(config-router)#Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routingyderabad(config)#Hyderabad(config)# ip routing

Configuring RIP

Router(config)# router rip

Router(config-router)# network

Diagram


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show ip routeyderabad#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate defaultU - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not setC 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0Hyderabad#

^Z

Hyderabad(config)# router ripHyderabad(config-router)#Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routingyderabad(config)#Hyderabad(config)# ip routing

R for RIP routes120 is nothing but

Administrative Distance

Metric of Rip

Hop Count

Diagram


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show ip protocolsyderabad#Routing Protocol is "rip"Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 secondsInvalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not setIncoming update filter list for all interfaces is not setRedistributing: ripDefault version control: send version 1, receive any versionInterface Send Recv Key-chainEthernet0 1 1 2Serial0 1 1 2Routing for Networks:192.168.1.010.0.0.0Routing Information Sources:Gateway Distance Last Update10.0.0.2 120 00:00:00Distance: (default is 120)Hyderabad#

Diagram


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Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#

================================Welcome to Chennai Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****

****enableconfigure terminal

ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0no shutencapsulation hdlcinterface serial 0

Chennai>password :Chennai#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Chennai(config)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#Chennai(config-if)#

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195](C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.C:\>Connecting .....

Chennai(config-if)#

telnet 192.168.2.1

interface serial 1

ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0no shutencapsulation hdlc

Directly Connected Networks onCHENNAI Router

192.168.2.0

10.0.0.0

11.0.0.0

Diagram


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Chennai(config)# router ripChennai(config-router)#Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routinghennai(config)#Chennai(config)# ip routing

network 11.0.0.0Chennai(config-router)# Configuring RIPRouter(config)# router rip


Diagram


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show ip routehennai#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate defaultU - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:01, Serial1C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 11.0.0.2, 00:00:12, Serial0Chennai#

^Z

Chennai(config)# router rip

Chennai(config-router)#Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0

no ip routinghennai(config)#Chennai(config)# ip routing

network 11.0.0.0Chennai(config-router)#



Metric of Rip

Hop CountDiagram


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show ip protocolshennai#Routing Protocol is "rip"Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 secondsInvalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not setIncoming update filter list for all interfaces is not setRedistributing: ripDefault version control: send version 1, receive any versionInterface Send Recv Key-chainEthernet0 1 1 2Serial0 1 1 2Serial1 1 1 2Routing for Networks:192.168.2.010.0.0.011.0.0.0

Routing Information Sources:Gateway Distance Last Update11.0.0.2 120 00:00:2310.0.0.1 120 00:00:03Distance: (default is 120)Chennai# Diagram


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exitanglore(config-if)#Banglore(config)#

================================Welcome to Banglore Router================================User Access Verificationpassword :****

****enableconfigure terminal

ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0no shutclockrate 64000encapsulation hdlc

Banglore>password :Banglore#Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Banglore(config)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#Banglore(config-if)#

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195](C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.C:\>Connecting .....telnet 192.168.3.1

interface serial 1

Directly Connected Networks onBanglore Router

192.168.3.0

11.0.0.0

Diagram


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Banglore(config)# router rip

Banglore(config-router)#Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0

no ip routinganglore(config)#Banglore(config)# ip routing

Configuring RIP

Router(config)# router rip


Diagram


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show ip routeanglore#Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGPD - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaN1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate defaultU - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not setR 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0Banglore#

^Z

Banglore(config)# router rip

Banglore(config-router)#Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0

no ip routinganglore(config)#Banglore(config)# ip routing



Metric of Rip

Hop Count

Diagram


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show ip protocolsanglore#Routing Protocol is "rip"Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 secondsInvalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not setIncoming update filter list for all interfaces is not setRedistributing: ripDefault version control: send version 1, receive any versionInterface Send Recv Key-chainEthernet0 1 1 2Serial1 1 1 2Routing for Networks:192.168.3.011.0.0.012.0.0.0Routing Information Sources:Gateway Distance Last Update11.0.0.1 120 00:00:06Distance: (default is 120)Banglore#

Diagram


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ping 192.168.3.10yderabad#Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds:Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msHyderabad# ping 192.168.2.10Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msHyderabad#

Diagram


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ping 192.168.1.10hennai#Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msChennai# ping 192.168.3.10Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds:Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msChennai#

Diagram


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ping 192.168.1.10anglore#Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msBanglore#ping 192.168.2.10Type escape sequence to abort.Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 msBanglore#

Diagram

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Dynamoc Routing