Dynamics of Rural-Urban Fringe of Jammu City (1981-2011): A …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/78371/5/05_chapter.pdf · Dynamics of Rural-Urban Fringe of Jammu City (1981-2011):

Dynamics of Rural-Urban Fringe of

Jammu City (1981-2011): A Study in

Urban Geography

THESIS

Submitted to University of Jammu for the Award of

Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in

GEOGRAPHY

SUPERVISOR RESEARCH SCHOLAR

Prof. V. S. Manhas Nisha

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU

JAMMU-180006

In the Everlasting

Memory

of

Late Prof. Moonis Raza

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the work presented in this thesis has been done under the

supervision of Prof. V.S. Manhas, Post Graduate Department of Geography,

University of Jammu. To the best of knowledge, no part of this work has

been submitted in part or full for the award of a degree in any other

university.

Nisha

Research scholar

This is to certify that:

(i) The thesis titled “Dynamics of Rural-Urban Fringe of Jammu

City (1981-2011): A Study in Urban Geography” embodies the

original work of candidate Ms. Nisha.

(ii) The candidate has worked under my supervision for the period

required under statutes.

(iii) The candidate has put in attendance in the department during the

period required under statutes.

(iv) The thesis being submitted for the degree of Ph.D. by Ms. Nisha is

worth consideration for the award of Ph.D. Degree of the University

of Jammu, Jammu.

(v) The conduct and behavior of the candidate remained excellent during

the period of research.

Prof. V.S. Manhas Dr. Anuradha Sharma

Supervisor Head of the Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This humble treatise of my research work would never have been the light of the

day but for the blessings of God (The Almighty) who has been the guiding force

in my journey of life.

The ritual of writing thesis is beyond the capability of a single person and I am no

exception. My work too bears the imprints of several distinguished person and to

acknowledge such help with in a writing framework is pleasurable work. A

doctoral thesis does not come about by happenstance but indeed driven by

divine insights, toil and intellectual purity.

Gratitude cannot be repaid but acknowledged thankfully. It is my bounded duty

as such to record my sincerest gratitude for my highly esteemed, vibrant and

dynamic academician – my supervisor, Prof V.S Manhas not only for his

guidance but also for his critical evaluation of the work, valuable suggestion and

moral encouragement during the hectic journey of my research work. He has

inculcated amongst each one of his students, the quality of hard work, discipline

as well as meticulous approach towards work. I owe him lifelong gratitude.

I expressed my deep sense of gratitude, indebtedness and reverence to my

worthy and respected H.O.D, Dr. Anuradha Sharma. Her depth of knowledge,

her discipline in the department and love for the students remained unparallel.

Apart from her I am, I would like to thanks my entire faculty Mr. Devinder Singh

(Associate Prof.) Dr. Sarfaraz Asger (Asstt. Prof.), Mr. Inderjeet Singh (Asstt.

Prof.), Dr. Shashi Prabha (Asstt. Prof.), Dr. Tajinder Kour (Lecturer).

Further it is beyond the preview of words for me to express my gratitude to my

benefactor, who has guided me throughout the entire journey of research. My

exclusive thanks goes to Dr. Rakesh Jasrotia (Lab Asstt.) and Rajinder Charak

(Cartographer).

My special thanks to Mr. Gagandeep Verma, Ms Saloni, Mr. Indu Bhushan,

Dr. Verinder Singh, Nisha Pandita for their moral support and motivation, who

derive me to give my best.

I extend my sincere words of thanks to Mr. Pankaj Sharma and Mrs. Deepika for

his valuable guidance and support.

I owe my heartful gratitude to all my fellow research scholars for being with me in

thicks and thins of life especially Lokinder (D.R), Sandeep Singh, Sanjay,

Devinder Manhas, Hardev Singh, Rohit Singh, Sarbjeet Singh, Anuj, Khalid,

Rankush, Shammi, Amreek and Dachen.

After a bow to almighty, I look up to heavens for my mother to bless, then I

bestow to my father, whose finger I always held on to and has always

encouraged me to progress.

I would express my sincere gratitude to all my family member. Ms. Anuradha,

Mrs. Arti, Mrs. Poonam, Mr. Verinder, Mr. Ranjeet for their love, prayers, support

care and encouraging words that certainly acted as a paddle and propelled me to

have a smooth sail in my academics.

I would express my sincere gratitude for my father in law and mother in law for

their motivation and support. I considered myself lukiest in the world to have such

a supportive in laws.

I have no words to express my gratitude for my sisters Vandana Slathia and

Shamlee Slathia without their love, patience support and encouragement

throughout, this thesis wouldn’t be possible.

Thanks to the staff of Geography Department G.G.M Science College. A special

word of greatness to Mrs. Nirmal, Mrs. Anjali Mam and Dr. Sandeep Kour who

have gone after the way to help me with several official matters.

I extent my sincere words of thanks to Mr. Joginder Singh ‘Chief Town Planner’

for his guidance and support.

I shall be failing in my moral duty, if do not acknowledge my indebtness of library

staff, my office staff and others who despite their agony always responded with

overwhelming assistance to me.

I would like to thanks little buds of my family Guggu, Addi and Siya who bear

patience and provide conducive environment for writing thesis.

I reiterate all the love and affection I have for my husband Mr. Sunil Singh who

is always by my side and helped me in achieving this task. I thank you for

everything, for being so understanding and for putting up with me throughout

movement of life.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge the one who mean the world to me my

daughter Gouri, joy and pride of my life, to whom I dedicate this thesis. I love you

more than anything and I appreciate all your patience and support during

mummy’s Ph.D. Studies.

Nisha

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1-32

1.1 Urban Geography 1-5

1.2 Rural – Urban Fringe 5-6

1.3 Concept of Rural Urban Fringe 7

1.4 Definition of Rural – Urban Fringe 7-8

1.5 Classification of Rural – Urban Fringe 9-10

1.6 Origin of Rural – Urban Fringe in India 11-12

1.7 Statement of Problem 12

1.8 Objectives 12-13

1.9 Hypothesis 13

1.10 Methodology 13-16

1.11 Review of Literature 16-32

CHAPTER – 2 GEOGRAPHICAL APPRAISAL 33-53

2.1 Study Area Profile 33-34

2.2 History and Origin of Jammu City 34-35

2.3 Growth of Jammu City 36-41

2.4 Physiography 41-43

2.5 Climate 43-50

2.6 Drainage 50

2.7 Geology 51

2.8 Vegetation 51-52

2.9 Cultural Setting 52

2.10 Soil 52-53

2.11 Transport Network 53

CHAPTER – 3 DELINEATION OF RURAL - URBAN FRINGE 54-70

3.1 Introduction 54-58

3.2 Fringe Delineation of Jammu City 58-59

3.3 Economic Services 59-65

3.4 Occupational Determinants 65-66

3.5 Demographic Determinants 66-68

3.6 Extent and Shape of Rural-Urban Fringe of Jammu

City

68-70

CHAPTER – 4 CHANGING ENVIRON IN RURAL URBAN

FRINGE

71-96


4.2 Location of Sample Villages 72

4.3 Occupational Structure 72-75

4.4 Literacy 75-77

4.5 Population Density 77-79

4.6 Urban Amenities 79-81

4.7 Changing Land Use Pattern 82-85

4.8 Age and Sex Distribution 85-86

4.9 Education Level and Monthly Income of Samples

Households

86-88

4.10 Distribution of Separate Kitchen, Toilet Facilities

and Type of Houses in Fringe Area of Jammu City

88-92

4.11 Conclusion 92-96

CHAPTER – 5 CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL-URBAN

FRINGE

97-123

5.1 Introduction 97

5.2 Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe 98-102

5.3 Characteristics of Rural-Urban Fringe of Jammu

City

102-104

5.4 Demographic Characteristics 104-110

5.5 Occupational Structure 110-112

5.6 Land Values 112-114

5.7 Land Use Pattern in the Fringe 114-118

5.8 Correlation Analysis 118-120

5.9 Conclusion 120-123

CHAPTER – 6 IMPACT OF JAMMU CITY ON ITS RURAL -

URBAN FRINGE

124-139


6.2 Demography of Jammu City 126-127

6.3 The Outgrowths Beyond the Municipal Limits 127-130

6.4 Urban Sprawl 130-131

6.5 Impact on Landuse Pattern 131-133

6.6 Economic Impact 134-136

6.7 Impact on Social Structure 136-138

6.8 Conclusion 139

CHAPTER – 7 PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS 140-147

7.1 Introduction 140

7.2 Problems of Fringe Area 140-144

7.3 Suggestions for Planning and Fringe Development 144-147

CONCLUSION 148-156

BIBLIOGRAPHY 157-169

APPENDIX – I 170-177

APPENDIX – II 178

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.1 Mean Maximum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at

Jammu

44

2.2 Mean Minimum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at

Jammu

45

2.3 Annual Rainfall (in mm) in Jammu 46

2.4 Mean Relative Humidity (R/H) in Percentage at

0830 and 1730 Hours IST at Jammu

47

3.1 Zone Wise Milk Supply to Jammu City 60

3.2 Percentage of total Commuters Commuting to

Jammu City

62

3.3 Number of Mini Buses Plying for different Routes 64

3.4 Range of Values for Demarcating Ratio of Non-

Agriculture Workers

66

3.5 Range of Values for Demarcating Population

Density Zone

67

3.6 Range of Values for Demarcating Literacy Zone 67

3.7 Range of Values for Demarcating Sex Ratio Zone 68

3.8 Villages, Area and Population under Rural–Urban

Fringe of Jammu City

70

4.1 Occupational Structure in Sample Villages (1981 -

2011)

74

4.2 Literacy Level in Sample Villages 76

4.3 Population Density in sample villages (1981-2011) 78

4.4 Urban Amenities in Sample Village (1981 - 2011) 81

4.5 Land use Pattern in Sample Villages (1981 - 2011) 84

4.6 Rural – Urban Fringe: Age - Sex Composition 85

4.7 Education status and monthly income of the sampled

households in Rural-Urban Fringe of Jammu city

2011

87

4.8 Distribution of Toilet, Kitchen facilities and type of

houses in sample villages (2011)

89

5.1 Range of values for different indicators 103

5.2 Rural-Urban fringe –Population Density, Sex Ratio,

Literacy Rate, Non-agricultural workers by 2 km

distance zones

104

5.3 Rural-Urban fringe - Literacy Rate 2011 105

5.4 Rural-Urban fringe – Sex Ratio 2011 107

5.5 Rural-Urban fringe – Population Density 2011 109

5.6 Rural-Urban Fringe – Non-Agricultural Workers

2011

111

5.7 Rural-Urban Fringe- Land Values in 2014-15 113

5.8 Rural- Urban Fringe Land Use Status 2011 117

5.9 Correlation of Distance Zones (4-20 km) with

following Variables

119

6.1 Jammu city: Population Growth (1901-2011) 125

6.2 Demography of Jammu City (2011) 126

6.3 Outgrowth of Jammu city 2001 128

6.4 Outgrowth of Jammu city 1981 (Population) 129

6.5 Type of Cultivation in Rural-Urban Fringe 132

6.6 Percentage of Non Agricultural Workers in Fringe :

Zone Wise

135

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

NO.

TITLE PAGE

NO.

1.1 Structure of Rural Urban Fringe 6

1.2 Benefits of the Rural Urban Fringe 8

1.3 Rural Urban Fringe 10

2.1 Mean Maximum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at Jammu 44

2.2 Mean Minimum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at Jammu 45

2.3 Annual Rain fall (in mm) and no. of rainy days in Jammu 46

2.4 Mean Relative Humidity (R/H) in Percentage at 0830 Hours

IST at Jammu

48

2.5 Mean Relative Humidity (R/H) in Percentage at 1730 Hours

IST at Jammu

48

3.1 Zone Wise Milk Supply to Jammu City 61

3.2 Percentage of total Commuters Commuting to Jammu City 62

4.1 Rural Urban Fringe : Age Composition 86

4.2 Monthly Income and Education Level in Sampled House-

hold

87

4.3 Percentage of Households with Toilet facilities in sample

villages (2011)

90

4.4 Percentage of Type of House (Kaccha / Pucca) in sample

villages (2011)

91

4.5 Percentage of Households with Separate Kitchen facilities in

sample villages (2011)

92

5.1 Rural-Urban fringe - Literacy Rate 2011 105

5.2 Rural-Urban fringe – Sex Ratio 2011 108

5.3 Rural-Urban fringe – Population Density 2011 109

5.4 Rural-Urban Fringe – Non-Agricultural Workers 2011 111

5.5 Pressure on Urbanization on Agricultural land 115

5.6 Rural- Urban Fringe Land Use Status 2011 117

6.1 Jammu City Decadal Growth Rate (1901-2011) 125

6.2 Type of Cultivation Rural Urban Fringe Jammu City 132

6.3 Percentage of Non-Agricultural Workers in Rural-Urban

Fringe

135

LIST OF MAPS

MAP NO. TITLE

2.1 Study Area

2.2 Drainage Map

2.3 Transport Network

3.1 Jammu City and its Rural-Urban Fringe Based on Empirical

Observation

3.2 Rural-Urban Fringe Jammu City

3.3 Village in Rural-Urban Fringe Jammu City

4.1 Location Map of Sample Villages

4.2 Occupational Structure (1981)

4.3 Occupational Structure (2011)

4.4 Literacy Level in Sample Villages (1981 to 2011)

4.5 Population Density in Sample Villages (1981 to 2011)

4.6 Land Use Pattern (1981)

4.7 Land Use Pattern (2011)

5.1 Literacy Rate 2011 Rural Urban Fringe Jammu City

5.2 Sex Ratio 2011 Rural Urban Fringe Jammu City

5.3 Population Density 2011 Rural Urban Fringe Jammu City

5.4 Non Agricultural Workers 2011 Rural-Urban Fringe Jammu City

5.5 Land Use Land Cover Rural Urban Fringe (2011)

6.1 Urban Sprawl Jammu City (1972 to 2011)

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE NO. TITLE

1. Variety of Vegetables

2. Educational Institution of Fringe Area

3. Sources of Water in Fringe Villages

4. Change in Cropping Pattern

5. Infrastructure in Fringe Area

6. Traditional Kitchen Facilities in Fringe Area

7. Transition from Kandi Belt to Plain Area

8. From the Green Livelihood to the Search of Livelihood

9. From Green Fields to Desertification of Fields

10. Effect of Brickilns on Fertile Agricultural Land

11. From Concern to Response

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter – 1 Introduction

1

1.1 URBAN GEOGRAPHY

Urban geography, as a distinct study, is a recently developed branch of human

geography, dealing with the study of compact non-agricultural settlements, mainly towns

and cities.1 It has generated a lot of interest among the geographers and a considerable

amount of literature has been produced and research of high standard has been done.

This is primarily because of the nature of the subject and the applied aspect of it to the

day to day life. Further this field has been the focus of attention among other disciplines

also and has thus gained the status as a subject fit to be treated as an interdisciplinary

one.2

What actually urban geography is? What are its frontiers? Where do the other

branches of geography and other disciplines overlap on the branch? These are some of

the several questions which have to be answered to establish the credentials of urban

geography as a fit discipline to study and pursue research.

Urban geography as a subject is primarily concerned with the spatial aspect of

urban development including the development in the urban fringe. It examines the spatial

processes and patterns of development which result in concentrating people in large

numbers at certain nodes which give rise to the urban way of life. The form and spatial

structure of these nodes are examined and the relationships between various parts of the

urban centers, the linkages that exist between the areas are viewed from spatial

perspective.3 To sum up it can be said that urban geography is the study which would

lead to a greater understanding of internal spatial structure of a city and its external

relationship.

The field of urban geography covers two types of studies:

a) First is about the actual town itself; and

b) Second is the study about the influence of towns over its surrounding countryside.

There is an extensive area around the town which is always influenced by the

1 Mandal, R.B., (1990), “Urban geography”, Concept Publisher, New Delhi, pp.1-2.

2 Mahadev, P.D., (1986), “Urban geography”, Heritage Publisher, New Delhi, Vol. 2, pp.1-2.

3 Mahadev, P.D., (1986), op.cit. pp.2-4.


2

town with respect to economy, culture and political make up. The study of this

surrounding area is necessary because the existence and further development of

town is highly dependent on it. This surrounding area is often known as umland,

hinterland, city region, zone of influence and command area.

Meaning or definition by various Geographers

“Urban Geography is in fact the intensive study of towns and their development

in all their geographical aspects” – L.D. Stamp.4

According to R.E. Dikinson,5 “In urban geography studies are made regarding

structure, process and stages of urban settlement as the home of man which determine its

physical structure and social and economic characteristics along with traditional process

of urban development”.

According to R.E. Murphy,6 “Urban geography deals with spatial aspects of urban

development and non-urban areas as they relate to cities. The concern is with

determining the areal pattern associated with urban centres and in explaining their

arrangements”.

According to G. Taylor,7 “Urban Geography includes the site evaluation, pattern

and classification of towns”.

“Urban Geography is the geographic study of urban places which evolve, grow

and exist as service centres for their surrounding areas” – G.S. Gosal.8

Urban geography is closely related to the other branches of geography in terms of

location and structure of specific cities and the land they occupy.

The subject of urban geography has gradually taken a special place among the

various branches of geography in the period after Second World War in various foreign

4 Stamp, L.D., (1960), “Applied Geography”, Middle Sex.

5 Dickinson, R.E., (1951), “The West European City”, London.

6 Murphy, R.E., (1966), “The American City: An Urban Geography”, McGraw Hill Book Company,

New York. 7 Taylor, Griff, (1945), “Towns and Township in South Ontario”, Economic Geography, XXI pp.86-96.

8 Gosal, G.S., (1959), “The Occupational Structure of India‟s Ruler Population: A Regional Analysis”,

The National Geographical Journal of India, Vol.5 pp.137-84


3

and Indian universities and colleges. With the increase of population globally, towns and

cities have become magnet of economic, social and political processes. The changes

brought about by these processes have become instructive as well as interesting too in

case of single phenomenon, i.e. city in a spatial context. Under these circumstances, the

study of towns and cities have formed an essential part of the branch of Human

Geography.9 It is concerned with the spatial dimension of urban centres, O.Gs., their

origin, location, siting, growth, functions and relationship with each other within and

outside its surrounding areas or zone of influence.10

It is one of the most essential and immediate problem to decide „what is urban‟.

How does it different from its counterpart, i.e. rural? The term „urban‟ refers to town or

cities having marked secondary and tertiary functions along with a Municipality or

Notified Area Committee. It is concerned with geography of towns, their situations,

pattern, layout, housing and hierarchical organization of population concentration and

service areas.11

As a science of human settlement, urban geography deals with the

complex urban areas which possess sharp internal differentiation. It is concerned with

delineation of urban activities which are expressed in characteristics association of

intensive land use and human occupancy features. The term „urban‟ has been defined by

different scholars and institutions in different ways. On the basis of minimum population

size, UNO defines an urban place as “a permanent settlement with not less than 20,000

inhabitants.” But several countries have their own minimum such as Botswana (5,000),

Ethiopia (2,000), Argentina (2,000), Israel (2,000), Czechoslovakia (5,000), Iceland

(200), Norway (200), and India (5,000). But, the UN Demographic year book concludes:

“There is no point in the continuum from large agglomerations to small clusters or

scattered dwellings where urbanity disappears and rurality begins; the divisions between

urban and rural population is necessarily arbitrary”.12

In case of our country (India), the census of 1981 has identified the following

places as urban: (a) centers having Municipality, City Board, Cantonment Board/

9 Verma, L.N., (2006), “Urban Geography”, Rawt Publications, New Delhi pp.10-12.

10 Mandal, R.B., (1998), op.cit., pp.1-3

11 Verma, L.N.,(2006),op.cit.,p.12.

12 Verma, L.N., (2006). Opcit, pp. 11-15


4

Notified Town Area; (b) a minimum population of 5,000; (c) 75 % males engaged in non-

agricultural activities; (d) a minimum population density of 400 persons per square

kilometer.

Two important facts must be borne in mind before accepting the meaning of

urban and rural. One is the fact that it is rather impossible now to identify a dividing line

between the rural and urban – the two being merged to create a sort of diffusion and

present a landscape which is neither purely agricultural nor engaged wholly in tertiary

activities. Another problem is about the concept of what is urban, which is not static and

is subjected to change with time as well as with space. The proportion of population

engaged in agricultural activities is the most effective measure. But capitalization of

agriculture in modern times and rural depopulation by commuting urban workers have

made the criterion of proportion irrelevant, thus, to conclude the discussion, one reaches

to the point that with the changing nature of both rurality and urbanity, there has

developed the functional overlap between the two. Therefore, the distinction between

what is urban and what is rural has lost its meaning in reality.

Urbanization in India, accompanied by unabated movement of rural people

towards the cities in search of means of livelihood, rapidly changing land use structure

and concentration of economic activities in large urban areas, has created an

unprecedented challenge to urban planners and managers due to its massive scale and

complex nature. The process of urbanization, which has been causing rapid population

growth and spatial spread of cities, is not supported by judicious planning, efficient

management and good governance. Almost all urban areas in the country have serious

shortage of power, water supply, sewerage, developed land, housing, transportation,

communication and other facilities, as the provision of urban infrastructure and services,

required to support large concentrations of population and related activities, is lagging far

behind the pace of urbanization.

Spatially, the cities have been expanding, in a haphazard manner, beyond their

administrative boundaries into the surrounding rural areas mainly due to the absence of

regional approach in city planning, lack of co-ordination in the plans of multiple planning

agencies, ineffective implementation plans, and lack of resources for plan projects. As a


5

result, the peripheral or the fringe areas of Indian cities, today, are characterized by

largely unplanned shift from primarily agricultural to mixed urban land uses, scattered

urban development, environmental degradation, slow incremental development of roads,

and inadequate provision of other infrastructure and services.13

These traditional zones,

which are the future of intermediary areas of cities, are going through an unprecedented

phase of physical expansion and social, economic and environmental transformation.

1.2 RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

In the past seven decades geographers have been paying great attention towards

the aspect of economic and regional development. The process of economic development

involves dealing with a number of regional geographical aspects and hence, the problem

has attracted the attention of many geographers. During ancient times, the cities and rural

area were clearly defined; the cities and rural areas were around the city. In the cities

people were engaged in non-agricultural activities and in the rural area people were

engaged in the agriculture and animal husbandry. This distinction has persisted through

time. But now, the scenario has completely changed. The towns and cities are growing

rapidly. Rapid industrialization along with an unprecedented increase in population has

enhanced the scope of economic activities of the urban centers both in magnitude and

character.14

Hence the cities are expanding beyond their administrative boundaries,

encroaching upon their surrounding rural areas in the process of expansion. Generally,

their development happens to be in a haphazard, spontaneous and unplanned manner. In

this type of development, there is a revenue flow of people from the city to the country

side. This rural urban interaction between the town and countryside has created a rural

urban fringe around them, which exhibit an intermixing and overlapping of urban and

rural character.15

“The term rural urban fringe has been used to designate such areas where we have

a mixture of rural and urban land uses”.

13

Tewari, Vinod, (2012), “Managing the Urban Fringe of Indian cities”, ed. in Dutta K. Dikshit, The

Urban Fringe of Indian Cities‟ Rawat Pub., New Delhi, p.16. 14

Gupta, Archana, (2012), “Glimps of the Rural-Urban Fringe of Lucknow Metroplis”, ed. in Jafri,

S.S.A, and Bajpai, B.K. Rural Urban Fringe problems and management, p.93. 15

Jyotsana, P., (2000), “Rural Urban Fringe in Indian Cities”, Radha Publication, New Delhi, pp. 14-15.


6

With the expansion of population and increase in number of migrants, the city is

unable to accommodate all people and hence there is physical expansion of the city in

two steps. The first step involves the occupancy of the vacant city area and the second

step includes the encroachment on land areas lying outside the city limits.16

Literally the term „Rural Urban Fringe‟ amalgamates two types of fringes rural as

well as urban. Thus this transitional zone formed around every urban centre depends

upon the impact of the urban area. Greater is the impact of the city, larger becomes the

extent of its rural urban fringe. This zone is indeed a real expansion of urban

concentration beyond the city limit. The sprawling of the urban activities into the rural

landscape involves conversion of land peripheral to urban centres that have previously

been used for non-urban purposes into one for more urban uses.17

Fig.1.1: Structure of Rural Urban Fringe

According to R. Ramachandran, the tentative definition of rural urban fringe in

India may be attempted:

“The rural-urban Fringe is an area of mixed rural and urban population and land

uses, which begin at a point where full city services ceases to be available and the point,

16

Gupta, Archana, (2012), op.cit. pp.193-194. 17

Jyotsana, P., (2002), op.cit., pp.14-20.


7

where same persons, at least, from the village community commute to the city daily for

work or other purposes”.18

1.3 CONCEPT OF RURAL URBAN FRINGE

The term rural-urban fringe was first used by T.L. Smith in 1837 to signify the

discontinuous built-up area just outside the corporate limits of Louisiana City.

Subsequently, the concept of „rural-urban fringe‟ was developed by Robin J. Pryor in

1968. The word „rural-urban fringe‟ is constituted by three words rural, urban and fringe.

Rural is a common word denoting word village or country side. In the Oxford English

Dictionary the word rural has been defined as “living in the country having the standing

qualities or manner of peasants of country folk, engaged in country occupation

agricultural or pastoral, or pertaining to, or characteristic of the country or country life as

opposed to the town”.19

Rural urban fringe is a complex zone on the periphery of a

growing urban area. Rural-urban Fringe is a zone rather than a boundary. Hence, the

rural-urban fringe cannot be precisely demarcated. In an attempt to understand and

demarcate the rural-urban fringe it is imperative to measure the rural and urban

interaction. Rural-urban differentiation can be examined in several aspects, for example,

occupational difference, environmental differences, differences in the nature of housing

and house holding, difference in the density of population, difference in social mobility

and migration and the differences in social interaction and stratification.

1.4 DEFINITION OF RURAL- URBAN FRINGE

Rural-Urban Fringe is a universal phenomenon. Hence, we should examine the

Western and Indian definitions.

1. George S. Wehrwein20

was an American land economist who first defined the

rural-urban fringe in economic geography in 1942. According to him “Rural –

Urban fringe is a transitional area between the well recognised urban land uses

and the area of agricultural land use”.

18

Ramachandaran, R., (1968), “Urbanization and Urban system in India”, Oxford Uni. Press, New Delhi. 19

Qureshi, Slahuddin, (2012), “Urban Gravity, Rural Settlement and Land Use Gradient: A Spatial

Analysis”, ed. in Giri, S.S.A, and Bajpai, B.K, Rural-Urban Fringe Management and Problems, p.19. 20

Wehrwein, G., (1942), “The Rural Urban Fringe”, Eco. Geog. Vol.18.


8

2. Blizzard and Anderson21

in 1952 defined “The Rural – Urban fringe as the area of

mixed urban and rural land uses where the full city services cease to be available

and where the agricultural land uses predominate”.

3. R.L. Singh22

in 1955 defined the rural urban fringe of Varanasi as “The area

where the urban influences mingle with the rural forces without striking a line of

distinction”.

4. According to H. Carter,23

“Rural-Urban Fringe is an area with distinctive

characteristics which is only partly assimilated into the urban complex, which is

still partly rural.”

5. According to Hiralal,24

“The space into which the town extends as the process of

dispersion creates the concept of rural urban fringe .The centrifugal forces impel

functions to migrate from the central zone of a city towards its periphery.”

Several definitions have been charted out in order to distinguish the rural- urban

divide.

Fig.1.2: Benefits of the Rural Urban Fringe

21

Blizzard and Anderson, (1952), “Problems in Rural-Urban Fringe Research Conceptualization and

Delination”, Pennsylvania, Agri. Exp. Stat. Progress Report, Vol.89. 22

Singh, R.L., (1955), “A Study in Urban Geography”, Nand Kishore, Varanasi. 23

Carter, H., 91955), “The Study of Urban Geography”, Gillinghan, Kent U.K., Replika Press Pvt. Ltd.

Delhi. 24

Lal, H., (1987), “City and Urban Fringe”, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.


9

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

Various attempts have been made to classify rural-urban fringe. The boundary of

rural-urban fringe changes continuously alongwith the expansion of urban limits. It may

be of two types:

a) Primary Urban Fringe:

This area is found towards the urban centre. It has been called by different names

by different authors. Andrews called it as urban Fringe, Reinemann as outlying

adjacent zone, Myres and Beegle called it as true fringe while Whitehard called

primary fringe as Inner Fringe Belt, M.M.P. Sinha call it as sub-urban fringe

while R.B Mandal represent primary fringe as sub-urban zone / rural zone.25

b) Secondary Urban Fringe:

This area is found around the primary urban fringe. It is known as rural fringe,

sub-urban zone partial zone, rurban fringe and outer fringe.26

In 1942 Richard Andrew has classified fringe as:

a) Urban fringe – closer to the town; and

b) Rural-urban fringe – closer to the village27

In 1967 Whiteland has classified fringe as inner fringe zone, middle fringe zone

and outer fringe zone.28

R.J. Prior29

(1968) divides the rural-urban fringe into:

i) Urban fringe; and

ii) Rural fringe

25

Mandal, R.B., (1998), “Urban Geography”, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. 26

Ibid, pp.500-501. 27

Andrew, R.B., (1942), “Elements in Urban Fringe Pattern”, The Journal of Land and Public Utility

Economic, Vol.18, pp.167-183. 28

Whiteland, J.W.R., (1967), “Fringe Belt: A Neglected Aspect of Urban Geography”, Transactions of

the Institute of British Geographers, Vol.41, pp.223. 29

Prior, R.H., (1968), “Defining the Rural Urban Fringe”, University of North California Press, Vol.47,

No.2 Dec.


10

Fig.1.3: Rural Urban Fringe

„Urban Fringe‟ is contiguous with the central city, exhibiting a density of

occupied dwelling higher than the medium density of the total rural-urban fringe, a higher

proportion of residential, industrial and vacant units as distinct from farm land and land

use concerns and community.

„Rural Fringe „is contiguous with an urban fringe exhibiting a density or occupied

unit lower than medium density of the total rural- urban fringe, a higher proportion of

farms as distinct from non-farm and vacant land and a lower rate of increase in

population density, land use conversion and community .

U. Singh,30

(1966) recognized two types of fringes i.e.

i) Primary fringe

ii) Secondary fringe

The „Primary Fringe‟ generally along the municipal limits and the „Secondary

Fringe‟ are along the regulated areas of towns and cities.

30

Singh, U., (1966), “Urban Fringe in KAVAL Towns”, ed. in R.L Singh, Applied Geography NGSI,

Varanasi.


11

1.6 ORIGIN OF RURAL-URBAN FRINGE IN INDIA

The emergence of rural- urban Fringe in India is rather a recent phenomenon

though its occurrence around Western cities was observed long ago. Even around the

large cities in India, before 1950, the rural – urban fringe was non-existent. The main

reason for the absence of rural-urban fringe was the very slow growth of cities in that

period and any increase in population of the city was generally observed within the

existing residential areas.31

The fringe phenomenon in India appeared around the green

Revolution in 1965. The fringe phenomenon appeared with the emergence of rural-urban

linkages. Linkage density determines the inner fringe and the outer fringe. In the ancient

and medieval walled cities, there was no interface between the city and its surroundings.

The physical limits of the city were defined by the walls, moats, gates and other

protective structures. The city and countryside were clearly divided by marked boundary

features. Even today the boundary of small towns and one lakh cities can be demarcated

in India.32

Hence, rural-urban fringe is a phenomenon around the large and fast growing

cities.

During the British period city and town expansion was invariably confined to the

development of new cantonments and civil lines. The post independence period saw a

radical transformation of the urban scene. The one-lakh and million cities began to grow

rapidly and in many cases the population of these cities increased by more than 50 % in a

decade. The city, unable to accommodate this population, spilled it over the adjoining

rural areas. The net result has been the intrusion of urban land uses within the rural areas

surrounding the rapidly growing cities.33

As most of the rural migrants inhabit the city

periphery, the older city periphery becomes inner part of the city in due course of time

and the newer periphery grows outward. Hence every city carries some elements and

ingredients of the village. However, Sorokin and Zimmermann insist that the rural can be

distinguished from the urban in terms of occupation, size, population density, social

mobility, social and notification and social works of life.

31

Siddharha, K. and Mukherjee, S., (2001), “Cities and Urbanization and Urban System”, Kisalaya

Publications, pp.28-29. 32

Qureshi, S., (19),”Urban Gravity Rural Settlement and Land Use Gradient: A Spatial Analysis”. 33

Siddharha, K. and Mukherjee, S., (2001), opcit.


12

Thus the physical expansion of the city brought in itself many changes in

economic, social and behavioral aspect of life in the fringe villages, such as change in

land use, cropping pattern, and the emergence of semi-urban society (a transitional phase

between the rural and urban societies).

1.7 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Jammu city is the fast growing city experiencing heavy influx of population in

recent years. The city with the rapid growth of service sector, as a centre of higher

learning and with other facilities has attracted people from surrounding villages and

urban centres. As the city of Jammu is finding it difficult to accommodate the excessively

growing population through both natural increase and migration, which has serious

implications as the services are not able to keep up with the pressure of population. The

growing city has literally expanded into the surrounding country side leading to changes

in land use pattern, morphological characters and social and economic lives of the rural

folks living in the peripheral areas of the city.

Thus the main purpose of the study is to understand the process of structural and

urban land use transformation, impact of changing population densities, sex ratio, literacy

rate, occupational structures and transport services in the rural-urban fringe. Yet the

another dimension of the problem that deserves to be looked into is to examine the

impact of rural-urban commuters in the fringe area and to identify the growth pattern and

morphology of rural urban fringe. These are the problems that the present study addresses

the most to understand the planning processes as exists or not.

1.8 OBJECTIVES

Objectives are an integral part of study which needs to be accomplished. To fulfill

the aims of present study the following objectives were kept in mind:-

1. To bring out the character of rural urban fringe area of Jammu city based on

available primary and secondary sources.

2. To demarcate the rural-urban fringe of Jammu city.


13

3. To assess the demographic and transformation processes that have occurred

through years so as to appreciate the impact of changing population densities, sex

ratio, literacy rates, occupational structures and to analyse the change in land use,

land values and infrastructure facilities at the village level in the fringes identified

and demarcated.

4. To work out transitional characteristics of the rural urban fringe area of Jammu

city, through the study of some sample villages.

5. To reveal the rural urban interaction by analysing the various impact of city on its

rural urban fringe.

6. To identify the problems and prospects of fringe area considering the city and its

fringe as an integral part, for the future organised development and planning.

1.9 HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis refers to a pre-conceived idea and intention to prove that idea .In the

area under study hypothesis chosen is as follows:-

1. Demographic and economic changes over space and time have occurred with

different rates of expansion and development.

2. The urban expansion of Jammu city in the fringe area has mainly encroached the

agricultural land.

3. There exist a negative correlation between distance from the city and ratio of non-

agricultural workers, literacy and population density.

1.10 METHODOLOGY

Methodology refers to a set of principles and processes by which aims and

objectives are perceived. It is a technique which is followed to prove a hypothesis. To

fulfill the objectives of present study a sound methodology has been devised to study

demographical and occupational structures, land use variables, socio-economic

transformations and accessibility variables of Jammu and adjacent districts (village


14

level). In order to draw upon a comprehensive range of information, the study, make use

of a variety of resources and methods. This study excepting its conceptual part is based

on the data procured from the primary as well as secondary resources. The secondary

data have been borrowed from various government and semi-government offices of

district, tehsil and block level. The census data and other records are used to get a more

general picture of the population profile and employment structure. Information on land

use is taken from existing maps, remote sensing maps and field mapping as well as from

agricultural land records; newspaper articles and reports giving details about the situation

in the research area are also used and will be frequently cited in the text. On the other

hand primary data is collected through personal field survey. A reconnaissance survey

was conducted at the outset so as to identify the empirically and approximate limit of

rural-urban fringe of Jammu city, viewing at various urban impacts on its peripheral area

like:

a. Extent of brick kiln zone.

b. Extent of milk supply zone.

c. Extent of mini-bus services both for public and school transport.

d. Extent of vegetables supply zone.

e. Extent of commuter zone.

The basic household survey provides basic information about the village

population for the detail analysis of fringe character 16 villages were selected, based on

purposive stratified sampling. Eight villages were chosen from each category of fringe

i.e. the primary or inner fringe and, secondary or outer fringe. House hold survey from

each sample village was carried on by using a detailed questionnaire. In all 300

households were interrogated, taking 20-25 households from each village.

The data thus collected from various primary and secondary areas is represented

by several cartographic and statistical methods. The results are presented through various

maps and tables generated in Arc GIS, and interpretations are sought accordingly.

The basic household survey includes variables on the following subjects:


15

- Demographic structure (age, number of children)

- Occupational characteristics (type of work primary/ secondary)

- Assets and living standard

- Agricultural activity (agricultural land, how much land, use of land etc).

The following techniques shall be applied to fulfil the objectives of present study-

Average:

The averages were calculated to obtain the average of values in primary and

secondary fringe area. The average was calculated by the following formula:-

X =ΣX ⁄ N

Where X = Mean or Average

ΣX = Sum of all values

N = No. of observations.

Correlation Analysis:

The correlation analysis was done to understand the relationship between

distance from the city and literacy, population density, sex ratio, ratio of non-agricultural

workers. The following formula was used to calculate the correlation:- E.g.; - If X and Y

are two variables, then correlation

(r) = 1

61

2

2

NN

d

Where d = R1 – R2

N = No. of variables

Standard Deviation:

It is a method to measure dispersion. In this we first find out the sum of squares

of deviations from the mean and then divide it by number of observations. The resultant

is called as variance and its positive square root is defined as standard deviation .Here

since we square up the values obtained by subtracting from each individual number so the


16

presence of negative sign immediately gets converted into positive sign. The following

formula is used to calculate standard deviation:-

S.D. =

N

XX2

Where

∑ (X – X )2

= Sum of the squares of the deviation from the mean

N = No. of variables

The methodology stated above when applied on relevant data will provide a clear

picture of the rural-urban fringe of the area under study, on the basis of which various

policies and programmes will be proposed for the solution of the problems of the study

area.

1.11 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The interest in fringe as an area of research in urban geography unrevealed three major

categories of contribution which can be attributed as:

1. Identifying of fringe,

2. Identifying characteristic features and their significance, and

3. Delimiting fringe and the study of socio-economic transformation.

Various scholars have studied the fringe phenomenon. In as early as 1826, Von

Thunen34

propounded that due to land utilization a system of concentric zone develops

around every city. Afterwards, Jonasson35

in 1925 put forth his „Principle of Land

Utilization‟ about the European cities. Same year Park and Burgess36

advanced the

„Concentric Zone Theory‟ and stated that city neighborhood attracts the wealthier class

dwellings. For the first time in 1928 Mackaye37

found that city engulfed the land

adjacent to the city boundary and established bill-board, hot-dog stands, filling stations,

34

Thunen, Von, (1926),”The Isolated Estate”, Oxford Pergamon Press. 35

Jonasson, (1925), “The Agriculture Regions OF Europe”, Economic Geography Vol 1, pp.284-87. 36

Park and Burgess, (1929),”Urban Areas in Chicago: An Experiment in Social Science Research,”

Chicago University Press. 37

Benton, Mackaye, (1928),”The New Explorations”, New York Press.


17

garages, stores as well as the residence of people with jobs in the city and part time

farmers. Mackaye called this „metropolitan invasion‟ which starts from the central city

community. This invasion spreads about the city consisting of tenements, bungalows,

stores, factories, bill-boards, filling stations, eating stands and other structures

haphazardly.

In 1933 W. Christaller38

postulated his „Central place theory‟ which is rather

more popular and realistic than Von Thunen‟s theory. According to W. Christaller the

village services and needs are centered in a particular place and form hamlets, evenly

distributed over an area. Each hamlet tends to serve an area hexagonal in shape. Even

each hamlet is not sufficient to furnish all needs of villagers. He further said that each

hamlet is connected with the rural area it serves, and in turn it is linked with the villages

around city resulting into a transportation system, governed by the interlink ages. Thus

the fringe area in form of belts or zones, bulging along diverging transport routes, are

developed around cities.

In 1937, T.L. Smith39

published his article on rural-urban fringe. For the first

time he used the term „urban fringe‟ for such a land, which lies outside the city limit with

the concentration of non-village, rural non-farm population in which night-club, tourist

camp, filling station and low-caste residential houses exist. In his study Smith presented

only a general rather than a specific conceptualization of „urban fringe‟.

The term fringe has been subjected to a lot of discussion. The geographical

literature appearing from the 1940‟s onwards is full of delineating and characterizing

features of the fringe. But as early as 1915 Galpin used fringe as synonymous to urban,

where the adjoining rural land is in the process of conversion to urban.

L.A. Salter40

(1940) defined the fringe as a mix of land uses of both farming and

non-farming type. The classic attempt of G.S. Wehrwein41

(1942) on the subject is of

excellent topical interest. His portrayal and review of the entire gamut of the problems in

38

Christaller, Walter, (1933). “The Central Places in South Germany”, Prentice Hall Press 39

Smith , T.L., (1937), “The Population of Louisiana: Its Composition and Changes, Louisiana Bulle.

No. 293. 40

Slater, L.A., (1940), “Land Classification Along the Rural Urban Fringe”, Expt. St. Bulle. No.421. 41

Wehrwein, G.S., (1942), “The Rural Urban Fringe, Reading of Urban Geography”, Chicago Press.


18

their proper perspectives is worth noting. Starting from the „isolated state‟ and its central

city through Christaller‟s idea of urbanization, he has evaluated the different factors of

urban invasion and peripheral discrimination which were mainly due to the railroad as the

first decentralizing agent and the metalled road and automobiles as the source of rapid

growth. He called the fringe in USA as “Institutional Deserts” because the location of all

sorts of undesirable, unpleasant and noxious activities. He described the fringes as an

area of transition lying in between urban and agricultural land uses. Thus, according to

Wehrwein, fringe can be better identified and understood in terms of changing land uses

than in any other way

R.B. Andrews42

(1942) tried to distinguish between the urban fringe and the

rural-urban fringe. The rural, fringe as he puts it refers to the activity expanding sector of

the compactly built economic city, while the „rural-urban fringe‟ signifies the areas

adjacent to the periphery of the urban fringe. He defined “the adjacent peripheral zone of

the urban fringe as the intermingling zone of characteristically agricultural and

characteristically urban land use structure obtained in the area”. The decade of 1940‟s

bore special significance for such studies during which, many writers made their

contributions. R.C. Klow43

(1942) studied the problems of the sub-urban areas. F.

Alpake44

(1942) defined the urban fringe as the zone where cultural developments take

place outside the boundaries of central cities and it is extending into area of

predominantly agricultural activities. Harris45

(1943), in his article “suburbs” called it

the “climax area” the expansion of which is function of physical dominants of the

periphery and the cultural features of the urban centers including their size and functions.

He offered a six fold classification of the suburbs, namely:

1) Industrial fringe;

2) Indus trial;

42

Andrew, R.B.,(1942), “Elements in the Urban Fringe Pattern,” Joul. of Land and PUBLIC Utility

Economics, Vol. 18. 43

Klow, R.C., (1942), “The Park Ridge-Banington Area: A Study of Residential Land Pattern and

Problems in Subruban Area”, Chicago Pub. Press. 44

Alpake, F.,(1942),”Land Use Control in the Urban Fringe of Portland Orgon, Joul. of Land and Publ..

Util. Eco. Vol. 18 45

Harris, C.D.,(1943), “A Functional Classification of the Cities in U.S.A”, Geog. Review, Vol. 33-34.


19

3) Complex with industrial uses more important;

4) Complex with residential uses more important;

5) Dormitory; and

6) Mining and Industrial uses.

H.H. Balk46

(1945) introduced a new terminology as he found the fringe an area

of “urbanization”. W.I. Fiery47

(1946) laid stress on accessibility as a prime factor in the

development of the fringe. According to him, “The urban fringe” is a marginal land use

area not because of its geographical locations, its soil type or its topography, but rather

because of its particular degree of accessibility (relative to that of other land uses) to

some central transport point. M.W Rodehaver48

(1947) defines the fringe as the area of

transition between urban land uses and the area devoted to agriculture. He defines in his

study that “the fringe settlement is a two directional movement” farmers living near

industrial settlement have moved in towards the city to avail themselves of employment

and educational opportunities all the same time, the city people have moved to, nearby

rural areas to establish new residences. As a result, the emergent part time farmer and

transmuted tiller of the soil are losing their traditional attachment to the land and

transplanted urbanites show a tendency to form a separate social class having strong

attachment to their former city environment. The study views the rural-urban fringe as a

definitive stratum in the social structure. However, no such clear distinctions exist in fact.

Rodehaver has referred to it as an area of changing relationships that demands itself own

place in any scheme of classification, its own definition and its own historical reference.

In his study of Madison fringe of Wiscoscin state, Rodehaver wanted to ascertain

ecological, social, cultural and Demographic characteristics of the area. The criteria he

adopted for defining the fringe were:

(a) The proportion of non-farm families to the total number of families in a given

area, and

46

Balk, H.H., (1945), “Urbanization of Werester‟s Economics” , Eco. Geography., Vol.21., 47

Fiery, W.I., (1946), “Ecological Consideration in Planning for Urban Fringe”, American Social Rev.,

Vol., 11. 48

Rodehaver, M.W., (1947), “Fringe settlement as a Two Directional Movement”, Rural Sociology,

Vol.,12.


20

(b) Density of non-farm population per square mile and assessed value of land and

buildings per acre.

By using these criteria, he determined the urban intensity index and the area of

“maximum choice” and “minimum choice”, thus a degree of Madison was observed by

him. It was partly to personal preference and partly to a lack of facilities outside the city.

In any event, he observed that the index points to closer working relationship between

Madison and surrounding areas in future. Mayer and Beegle49

(1947) discussed “true

fringe” “partial fringe” and adjacent rural township in detail, while distinguishing the

townships occurring in the fringe of the metropolitan region of Detroit, they used the

proportionate size of the NV-RNF, (non village, rural non-farm) population with that of

the total population of the township. The townships with 50 per cent or more NV-RNF

population and occurring in an exceptionally continuous area, outside the city were

classed as true fringe, whereas the townships between 25 to 50 per cent values and

usually occurring further from the city were called “partial fringe” area.

Contrary to Rodehaver‟s idea of „fringe settlement‟ as a two directional

movement, R. Dewey50

(1948) opined that the movement of population into the rural-

urban fringe was a movement of urban people. He further says that “in the fringe area,

there is mingling of people, some of whom work in and are oriented towards agriculture

while at the same time the remainder pursue urban occupation and an urban way of life”.

I. Aschman51

(1949), and W.F. Anderson52

(1952) in their studies emphasized on land

uses in the study of the rural urban fringe. The latter depicted the fringe area of

Williamsport, Pennsylvannia automobile reconnaissance and inspection method were –

adopted as tools in the delineation of the fringe. They visualized that the inner boundary

of the fringe normally coincide with the city corporate limit where the intensity of city

service declaim. The other fringe boundary was delineated approximately through these

places where all urban pattern of living yielded to a pattern of widely scattered non-farm

49

Mayer, R.B., and Beegle, J.A.,(1947),“Delineation and Analysis of Rural Urban Fringe”, Appl.

Anthropol., Vol.,12. 50

Deway, R., (1948),“Pheripheral Expansion in Milkaukee Country”, Amer., Joul., Sociology,Vol.,54. 51

Aschman. F.,(1949),“Dead Land”, Land Economics. Vol., 25. 52

Blizzard, F.W., and Anderson, W.F., (1952), “Problems in Rural- Urban Fringe Research”,

Pennsylvania State College Agl,. Expt., Stat., Progress Report, No.,89


21

type houses and plots among farms or to pure farm and forest land uses. In the fringe

study of Columbia, Gist53

(1952) has made a selection of only open country families,

such families had a member or more working in the city and their residences located at

one and half mile radius from its corporate limit. Gist visualized certain difficulties in the

selection of typical samples by means of accepted sampling techniques. However, he

interviewed most of the urban families living in their area.

Martin54

(1953) has studied the fringe of Eugene Springfield of Oregon. He has

discarded the census data concentrated on the specific locality and gathered primary data

from the residents of the area. He has delineated the urban fringe on the basis of the

probability sampling in which the situation of the single family residences outside the

corporate limit and natural attributes were given due consideration. He delimited the

fringe on the basis of the points “where-the pattern of land use characteristics of the

fringe changed to the dispersed pattern of open country farming”. But Martin has not

specified as to what extent the density of the single family dwellings would be indicative

of the index of fringe characteristics.

McKain and Burnight55

(1953) have attached much significance to the

sociological aspects of the rural-urban fringe and discussed the “extended fringe” and the

“limit of the fringe”, respectively. But both the writers have looked upon the same from

the rural point of view. As such, they have studied the area of Malbourne fringe which is

outside the urbanized area of Malbourne Metropolitan Area of 1966 Census but is well

within the Malbourne Statistical Division. Duncan and Reiss56

(1956) have studied the

fringe of Chicago wherein they have tried to distinguish among urban fringe, rural non-

farm and rural farm areas. Their urban fringe connotes the non-suburban population of

urbanized area and outside the central cities. The urbanized area according to them, have

three components: (a) Central city, (b) suburbs, and (c) urban fringe. The urban fringe is

usually coexists along with the corporate boundary of the city on its one-sides.

53

Gist, N.P.,(1952),“Equalization and Rural Urban Relationship”, Rural Sociology Vol.,17. 54

Martin, M.T., (1953),“The Rural- Urban Fringe: A Study of Adjustment of Residence Location”,

Univ., Oregon Studies in Sociology, Vol. 1. 55

Mckain. C.W., and Burnight, G.R.,(1953),“The Sociological Significance of Rural- Urban Life from

the Rural Point of View”, Rural Sociology, Vol.,2 56

Ducan. O.D., and Reiss, A.J.,(1956),“Social Characteristics of Urban and Rural Communities”,

Chicago Press.


22

Zimmer and Hawley (1956), Rohrer and Hirzel (1957) and Kurtz and Eicher57

(1958) are other authors who have also studied and delineated the fringe. The latter

attempted to differentiate between fringe and suburbs. Golledge58

(1960) used the phrase

“Geographical no- man‟s land for this transitional contact zone, lying in between rural

and urban land uses. In his study of Sydney, he has noted 7 characteristics of the fringe,

namely, (a) smallness of farm, (b)Fluid pattern of the land use, (c) intensive cultivation,

(d) mobile population with sparse to moderate density, (e) rapid residential extension, (f)

lack of service centres and (g) abundant provision for speculative buildings, all changing

and resulting in a peculiar dynamism. The fringe as a potent determinant of the

Morphology of urban settlement was visualized by Conzen59

(1960). Urban morphology

as he put it, is a product of the continuous influence of the former fringe, encompassed

successively by the advancing urbanity. He defines and visualizes the fringe as being

composed of two sections “The proximal of inner margin where growth is more sporadic

and development more dispersed in character”.

Like Golledge, Russwurm60

(1960) refers to the fringe as “frontiers of

discontinuity between the city and the country”. His approach to the London (Ontario)

survey was quite precise. He has classified each, two hundred acre plots according to

their residential owners and tenants engaged in non-farm activities. Later, he delineated

the rural – urban fringe upto the plots where in 50 per cent or more families were

engaged in non-farm occupations.

Reinemann61

(1960) has tried to delineate the fringe, based on the pattern of

distribution of manufacturing in Chicago area. Boochert62

(1961) has noted the

temporarily growing density of the countries of communication and the increasing

57

Kurtz, R.A., and Eicher, J.AB.,(1958),“Fringe Suburbs:A Confusion of Concept”, Social Forces

Vol.37 58

Golledge, R.,(1960),“Sydney‟s Metropolitian Fringe: A Case Stydy in Rural Urban Fringe Relations”,

Australian., Geographer., Vol., 7. 59

Conzen, M.R.G.,(1960),“Alnwick Northemberland: A Study in Town Plan Analysis”, Trans. Ist British

Geographer Vol.27 60

Russwurm, L.H.,(1960),“The Rural Urban Fringe with Comparative Reference to London”, Geog.

Paper No. 42 , Ottawa. 61

Reinemann, M.W.,(1960), “The Pattern and Distribution of Manufacturing in the Chicago Area”, Eco.

Geog., pp. 139-44. 62

Boochert, J.R., (1961), “The Twin Cities Urbanized Area, Past, Present and Future,” The Geographical

Review.p.51.


23

volume of transport are significant spatial aspects of the fringe. He has opined that “the

line at which the fringe is invading the countryside is marked by a basic change in the

road pattern”. Wissink63

(1962) has made an exhaustive survey of the fringe area of

American cities and visualized “fringe”, „suburbs”, “pseudo suburbs”, “satellites and

pseudo satellites”, in the process of the survey. As regards land use he has termed it “an

area of great differentiation”. Young (1962) has also studied some geographical

characteristics of the urban fringe.

In London (Ontario, Canada) a pilot survey was conducted by Hind-Smith64

(1962) and he delineated the fringe by means of the following four indices: (1) Land sub

divided, but not yet developed or recorded by the planning board, (2) farm lands “for

sale” for urban purposes as indicated by realtors, (3) land in non-farm ownership, either

idle or tenant farmed, and (4) farm land assessed at higher than normal farm lands as

shown by local assessors. Orlando, Florida and Mukherjee65

(1963) have laid stress on

the under developed parcellised lands surrounding the city as major characteristics of the

fringe. The intensity of urban land uses on the sub-divided adjoining lands and extent to

which these lands are built up have been taken as the primary criteria for the delimitation

of the urban fringe.

Andrews and Eshlamann66

(1963) have discussed the characteristics of the

migrants and non – migrants in the vicinity of Ohio and delineated its rural – urban

fringe. In his study of a sub-urban village in Sudan, Barclay (1964) has noted, as to how

“ownership boundaries effect urban growth and land use changes. R.E. Dickinson67

(1964) consider that on the outer borders of the city between the area of rural and urban

land uses there is a intermediate zone which shares the characteristics of each. Thus

fringe is characterize by the extension of houses along the main arterial roads and by the

63

Wissink, G.A.,(1962),“American Cities in Perspective with Special Reference to Development of their

Fringe Areas”, Geographical Review. 64

J. Hind, Smith, (1969), “The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural : A Pilot Survey”, Ed. in A.

Colman, “The Planning Challenges of the Ottawa Area”, Geog. Paper No.42, pp.11-12 65

Mukherjee, D.(1963),“The Concept of Urban Fringe and its Delimitation: ”The Case Study of

Orlando”, Florida, U.S.A 66

Andrew, W.H., and Eshlemann, J.R., (1963), “The New Community Characteristics of Migrants and

Non Migrants Resident in Rural Urban Fringe of a Metropolitan Area of Ohio”, Ohio Agri. Exp.

Research Bulletin, p.29 67

Dickinson, R.,(1964),“A Geographical Interpretation of Rural-Urban Fringe : in the City and Region”


24

location of new factories, as well as many other urban features such as golf courses,

water works, cemeteries, parks, gardens etc. A majority of the scholars who have studied

fringes in the 1960‟s have concentrated particularly on the socio economic problems of

the fringe and its residents. They were more concerned about some particular features of

the fringe. Morill68

(1965) for instance considered more specifically about the mode of

its sprawl, while Harvey and Clark69

(1965) have taken note of the nature and

economics of its expansion in general. Pahl70

(1965) has focused attention on the

contemporary processes of social character of the fringe around London. He has

summarized the salient characteristics under four heads. The main processes under way

include a tendency towards:

1) Social and Spatial segregation;

2) Selective immigration;

3) Changing commuting character; and

4) Collapse of geographical and social hierarchies.

He has further contended that, the creation and evaluation of the fringe has been

more a process of social transformation. It brings class consciousness through which is

woven the dynamism of urban life style. His departure from the Hackney‟s physical and

static feature of land use characteristics is a major theme and is worth emulating.

Goldsmith and Lee (1966) studied the socio-economic conditions around the

metropolitan regions. While Johnson (1966) has studied the population characteristics of

the urban fringe. Leon (1966) has suggested the use of the percentage distribution of the

three census categories. The rural limit is set where 54 per cent of the population is in the

rural farm category and conversely the urban limit is set, where 51 per cent or more of the

population falls in the urban category. In India U. Singh71

(1966) has made a significant

68

Morril, R.L.,(1965),“Expansion of the Urban Fringe: A Simulation Experiment”, Paper Regional

Science Association Vol. 15. 69

Harvey, R.D., and Clark, W.,(1965),“The Nature and Economics of Urban Sprawl”, Land Economics

Vol. 41. 70

Pahl, R.E.,(1966),“Urbs in Rure: The Metropolitan Fringe in Herfordshrire” London School of

Economics and Political Sciences, Geog., Pap. No.2. 71

Singh, U.,(1966),“Urban Fringe of KAVAL Towns: A Study in their Delimitation and Landuse

Changes”, Applied Geography, NGSI Varanasi


25

contribution by adopting different techniques to delineate the fringe of five important

towns of Uttar Pradesh. The urban fringe a „Kaval’ towns have been delimited by

overlaying several maps depicting desirable geographical factors, that is,

1) Changes in land use,

2) Changes in built up area,

3) Occupational structure,

4) House types,

5) Distribution of Industrial and non-agricultural activities including lime and brick

Kilns,

6) Limit of essential services,

7) Distribution of educational institutions, and

8) Types and pattern of streets.

He has also recognized two types of fringes that is the „primary fringe‟ and the

„secondary fringe‟. He has placed the primary fringe generally along the municipal limits

and the secondary fringe along the regulated areas of the towns and cities. Gopi72

(1967)

has been the first to make an exclusive fringe study examining the phenomenon of the

transformation of the fringe of Hyderabad in the light of structural changes in its

economy. Phadke and Sita73

(1981) have analyzed the spatial patterns of urban impact

in the Bombay Metropolitan Region, based on an analysis of data for 925 settlements.

Four indicators of impact have been chosen by them: population density, sex ratio,

growth rate of population and percentage of non-agricultural work force. The authors

have used methods similar to those used in the present study and with telling effect.

72

Gopi, K.N., (1967), “Process of Urban Fringe Development”, Model Concept Pub., Co., New Delhi. 73

Sita, K. and Phadke, V.S. (1981), “Intra Urbanization in Population Distribution and Growth in Greater

Bombay”, Urban India, pp.3-12.


26

It is Bradnock74

(1974) who employed for the first time comprehensive tools to

define urban field in the context of modified metropolitan dominance using regression

and trend analysis. His main finding is that the population density and certain economic

factors vary in a regular manner with increasing distance. His study has examined the

regularities in the South Indian cities, taking Madras and Bangalore as cases. To improve

upon the results, he has also suggested the use of multivariate statistics. Pal (1975) has

made a study of fringe using direct observation based analysis, interviews with the

villagers of the rural-urban fringes and field mapping. Pryor75

(1968) has discussed

various aspects of the rural-urban fringe. In his paper, defining the rural-urban fringe, he

has enlisted, rather exhaustively the various connotative characteristics and factors of the

fringe. The rural-urban fringe, according to him is a zone of transition in land use and

social and demographic characteristics lying between: a) Continuously built up, urban

and sub-urban areas of the central city, and b) the rural hinterland. It is characterized by

the almost complete absence of non-farm dwellings, occupations and uses of urban and

rural social orientation and incomplete range and penetration of urban utility services; un-

coordinated zoning or planning regulation; areal extension beyond although continuous

with the political boundary of the central city and an actual and potential increase in

population density. Oosthwizen76

(1969) has proposed an alternative terminology of “sub

urban area”, rural suburbs and quasi-urban area or quasi-urban township. The term

„Quasi-urban township‟ or „rural township‟ means those population clusters like villages

or sparsely populated residential areas, without any recognized form or urban authority,

situated away from the metropolitan area and indefinite by place name.

The turn of the 1970s has some very definite and concrete definitions and

objective methodology on the rural-urban fringe. Indian geographers also have written

articles and supplemented dissertations on the urban fringe. Connell77

(1974), have

noted a particular type of situation as existing in the less developed and developing

countries. These studies have shown that the villages adjoining the major cities are

74

Bradnock, R.W., 91974), “The Hinterland of Madras and Bangalore”, National Geographical Journal

of India, Vol. 49. No. 1, June, pp. 10-16. 75

Pryor, R.J., (1968), “Definition of the Rural Urban Fringe”, Social Forces Vol. 47. 76

Oosthwizen, A.J.,(1969),“Delimitation of Urban Areas”, Journal of Geography, Vol., 3. 77

Connell, J., (1974). “The Metropolitian Village: Spatial and Sociual Process in Discontinuous Suburbs,

Ed. in James, H. Johson, “Sub- Urban Growth”, John Willey and Sons, London, p.94


27

affected in two ways. The proximal villages provide for the permanent migrant or the

temporary commuting labor force to cater to the needs of the city and on the other hand

the ideas and innovations flowing from the city are imprinted on the residents of these

central zones rather unmistakably.

Rikkinen78

(1972) has analyzed as to how the ownership boundaries affect the

urban sprawl and expansion and changes in land uses. Schnore and Kleys79

(1972) have

measured and compared the speed of suburbanization over the last decades with that of

earlier ones in the USA. Alam and Khan (1972), in their most outstanding works, have

made a detailed study of all the relevant points of urban influences. They have studied the

core and peri-urban zones of metropolitan Hyderabad and its region and states that the

primary and secondary fringes are synonymous with peri-urban zone. Carter80

(1972)

has attempted a good review of the literature on the rural urban fringe, the residents of

which he thinks” live in the country, but not socially and economically of it”. According

to him, the notion of the fringe is that “where urbanization impinges on rurality, the

processes indeed should be ill operation”. Carter has argued that there is no point in the

(settlement) continuums for large agglomerations to small clusters or scattered dwellings

where urbanity disappears and rurality begins”. He very emphatically rejects the rural-

urban dichotomy which he considers as programmatic and anachronistic. He visualizes

fringe as a distinctive area of characteristic land-use associations. The notion signifies the

social characteristics of the population of the fringe as being an intermediate type

between those of t he town and those of the country as well.

Hodson81

(1973) and Martin82

(1973) have laid stress on the statistical perusal of

the demographic characteristics of the fringe. The Fanner has studied the sub-urban areas

of the metropolitan centers of the Middle East USA. In his study of the areal distribution

of population in cities and suburbs, attention has been focused on the later, and on the

78

Rikkinen, K.,(1972),“Boundary Changes in Rural Urban Fringe Areas”, Asso. Geographical, Vol.26. 79

Schnore, L.F., and Kleff, V.Z., (1972),“The Suburbanization in Sixties: A Preliminary Analysis”, Land

Eco., Vol., 48. 80

Carter, H.,(1972),“Urban Geography”, 81

Hudson, J.,(1973),“Density and Pattern in Suburb Fringes”, Annals Ass., American Geog., Vol., 36. 82

Martin, W.F.,(1973),“The Rural Urban Fringe: A Study of Adjustment of Residence Location” ,Univ.

Oregon Studies in Sociology, Vol. 1.


28

entire metropolitan area for measuring the density gradient in which he has found a

tendency for population distribution over space to vary between city and suburbs.

Thomas83

(1974) has made an attempt to focus on the problem to study the

voluminous scholarly literature on fringe lacking clarity of facts and life and landscapes

under investigation. Srivastava and Ramachandran (1974), in their article, “The rural

urban fringe” have dealt with its various aspects and noted that the study of fringe

remains a neglected area in urban research. Nangia (1972) has delineated the fringe

around Delhi in her doctoral research entitled “entitled Pattern of Rural Settlements in

Delhi a Geographical Analysis”. In the delimitation of the rural urban-fringe, she

identifies a three-tier network of the metropolitan region on the basis of a Humber of

determinants. She presupposes that the fringe is rural compared to the typical urban

character of the city and urban landscape compared to the typical rural landscape. She

has demarcated the rural-urban fringe of Delhi on the basis of 19 structural and functional

characteristics. The fringe extends to a distance of 11 to 28 km with 178 villages.

Singh84

(1973) has worked for doctoral degree on the topic “Jaunpur and its rural

urban fringe: A study in settlement geography”. His line of approach is almost the same

as that of the Hiralal85

(1987) with the only difference that his inner fringe has

synchronized with the municipal boundary. The inner fringe includes vast agricultural

lands dotted with rural settlements beyond the main built up area of the town. According

to him the urban way of life and activities are being gradually and slowly introduced in

the form of changing use of land, establishment of industrial estates, new approach roads,

railway stations, colonies, extension of civic amenities and others.

The demarcation is based on the density in built up areas, differences in house

types, types and pattern of streets, occupational structure of the inhabitants, provision of

civic and essential services and density of population and housing. He has delimited the

other fringe upto 3-5 km radius, a belt has been supplying not only milk and vegetables

83

Thomas, D.,(1974),“London‟s Green Belt”, 84

Singh, R.R., (1973), “Jaunpur and It Rural Urban Fringe: A Study in Settlement Geography”,

Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, B.H.U. Varanasi, pp.150-160. 85

Lal, H.,(1987),“City and Urban Fringe :A Study of Bariely”, Concept Publishing Company ,New

Delhi.


29

for the consumption of the city proper but also the raw materials for the oil and perfume

industry.

Munton86

(1974) has given a detailed descriptive account of farming on the urban

fringe of London. He has analyzed the land rent and land value models to understand the

land use pattern. Three aspects of the urban fringe have been observed in his study,

namely (i) The considerable differences between the land prices for agriculture and urban

uses, increases in absolute terms, (ii) the rise in demand for land calls for control in the

operation of land markets, and (iii) there is a continuing change in the social structure of

those engaged in agriculture on the urban fringe.

Hiralal87

(1972) in his different articles has also portrayed the different

characteristics of the fringe. He has studied the rural-urban fringe of Bareilly. Analyzing

the gradients of urban influence on the rural settlement with reference to Bareilly (1972),

he has examined the various influences with the distance from the centre of the city.

These urban influences include density of houses, population, proportion of built up area

and the nature of settlements which together are expressed as dwindling gradients in

relation to the distance from the city. In one of his other articles (1973) he has discussed

the conceptual frame of the fringe. He has opined that the definition of the term lacks

standardization. The incoherent land use patterns occurring due to out growth process of

the city may be considered as the representative of the fringe. In his other article entitled

“Urban fringe: Concepts and delimitation, Lal (1980) has discussed concepts,

methodology, determinants to delimit the urban fringe with special reference to the

Bareilly city. For the delimitation of the rural-urban fringe, he has adopted 3 measures:

1) Spatial determinants,

2) Occupational determinants, and

3) Demographic determinants.

86

Munton, R.J.,(1974), “Farming on the Urban Fringe‟, Ed. in Johson, J.H., Suburban Growth, John

Wiley Sons , London, pp.210-223. 87

Lal, H.,(1987),“City and Urban Fringe :A Study of Bariely”, Concept Publishing Company ,New

Delhi.


30

Hyma and Dattari88

(1976) have examined the present pattern of Madras

metropolitan expansion and related problems of planning and development. They have

traced the population growth, and have suggested that land use and growth of urban

centers are reciprocal to expanding metropolitan city. Gowda and Mahadev89

(1977)

have examined the changing nature of agricultural production that exist on the rural-

urban fringe of fast growing metropolitan centers in general and Bangalore in particular.

The main focus has been on the transfer of land from agriculture to urban uses,

employment opportunities available for the fringe people and the distinguishing

characteristics of agriculture in Bangalore rural-urban fringe.

Sinha90

(1980) has presented a new technique for the demarcation of various

zones in the rural-urban fringe of any city with an intensive study of the surrounding

areas of Patna forming the case. He claims to have surveyed a total of 2100 families in

83 sample villages, besides 226 families for V values and 550 families for T values,

which stands for village and towns, respectively. The rural-urban of Patna has been

delimited on the basis of 13 qualified parameters, that is,

a) Isochrones,

b) Urban influences,

c) Public utility services,

d) Land value,

e) Non-agricultural activities,

f) Number of families per house,

g) Sex ratio,

h) Daily commuters,

88

Hyma, B., and Dattari,(1976),“Metropolitan Fringe Development: Madras”, Doctoral Dissertation,

Uni., of Pittsburg, U.S.A. 89

Gowada, P.B., and Mahadev,, P.d., (1977), “Changing Nature of Agriculture IN Rural Urban Fringe:

A case study of Bangalore”, Indian Geog. Joul.,Vol.5, Chennai, pp. 1-9. 90

Sinha, M.M.P.(1980), “The Impact of Land Use in the Rural Urban Fringe-A Case Study of Patana”,

Concept Pub., New Delhi, pp.45-73.


31

i) Population density,

j) Literacy,

k) Primary activities,

l) Agricultural activities, and

m) Built up area.

He has calculated the index value and using Pearson correlation of variables to

delimit the area, statistically. After delineation, he has studied 9 sample villages of the

fringe in detail with special emphasis on their changing land uses. Mishra91

(1980) has

studied the conceptual aspects of the rural urban-fringe and its importance in planning

with reference to Muzafferpur. He has described in detail the problems of delineation.

Senthamarai92

(1989) in her study “urban fringe to fringes in Madras” has attempted to

delineate urban fringe from urban. She has demarcated the fringes for the years 1961,

1971 and 1981 for the Madras Metropolis and considered however the fringes in two

portion, namely, the urban fringe and rural fringe. She has successfully justified the use

of the method and the results derived from it. Taking a sample of 815 households from

among the town selected „fringe locations‟ in various years, she has been able to

demonstrate the process of change from „urban fringe to urban‟ in terms of residential

characteristics. Her study belongs essentially to the genre of „Residential characteristics.

Her study belongs essentially to the genre of „Residential Differentiation‟ which has been

a forte of the urban sociologists. She has also brought out the fact how the urban

sociologists have been similar in their approaches, especially multivariate, to those of the

geographers.

Having looked at the various literatures on the fringes, the author has found that

the most significant contribution in terms of what constitute the urban traits is that of

91

Mishra, B.P.,(1980), “The Concept of Rural Urban Fringe”, Ed. in R.B. Mandal, “Recent Trend and

Concept in Geography”, pp.143-55. 92

Senthamaria Rani,(1989), „Urban Fringe in Madras Metropolitan Area”, Indian Geographical Journal,

Vol. 72, No.1 ,pp.35-38.


32

Kirk (1975) who gives a list of these traits considering the domain of action. The traits

are also significant in the present study and hence are given below:

1. Commercial-industrial service activities dominant,

2. Capital intensive systems,

3. Frequent cash transactions,

4. Competition more intense,

5. Retail establishments more specialized,

6. Secondary groups dominant,

7. Social mobility less restricted,

8. Daily routines dominant,

9. Residence and workplace separate,

10. Considerable amount of time spent in travel,

11. Stress situations more frequent and regular,

12. Publically radical and active,

13. High literacy requirements,

14. Adult earnings for rural life,

15. Inorganic, geometric environments,

16. Noise some,

17. Landscape changes many and often abrupt, and

18. Focused leisure activities.

These traits are important in the fringes, both behaviorally and structurally. Space

and time are indicated through traits 8-10. Not all of them are, however, significant to

Indian urban scene, especially those of 12, 14, and 17. All others apply to Indian city/

town with varying degrees.

CHAPTER – 2

GEOGRAPHICAL APPRAISAL

Chapter – 2 Geographical Appraisal

33

2.1 STUDY AREA PROFILE

India consists of twenty eight states and seven union territories. Jammu and

Kashmir is one of the states of Indian Union. It is situated in the north west of the country

between 32017' north latitudes and 37

06' north latitude and 73

026' east and 80

030' east

longitude. It is the northern most state of India. It is also a border state. National

boundaries touches neighbouring countries of Tibet in the east, China and Afghanistan in

the north and Pakistan in the west. This locational aspect of the state accounts for its

geopolitical significance.1 One of the largest state of Indian Union, Jammu and Kashmir

covers an area of 2,22,236 sq. km. This, however includes 78,114 sq. km. under illegal

occupation of Pakistan, 5180 sq. km. handed over by Pakistan to China and 37,555 sq.

km. under occupation of China.2 Jammu and Kashmir state was founded by Maharaja

Gulab Singh, in 1846, after integrating four heterogenous regions of Jammu, Ladakh,

Kashmir and Gilgit. The state is divided into three administrative units called Jammu

Province, Kashmir Province and Ladakh Province. All these three provinces are distinct

geographical identities characterised by different physical, economic and social

resources. The Jammu province is consists of 10 districts viz. Jammu, Reasi, Kathua,

Samba, Udhampur, Rajouri, Poonch, Ramban, Doda, Bhaderwah.

The area under study including maximum part of Jammu district and some

villages of Samba district is lying in this province.

To set the agenda for research, the first effort has been set forth as the

identification of the area. It is extended between 32032 N to 32

054 N latitudes and

between 740 39 E to 75

0 4 E longitudes. It is bounded by Akhnoor Tehsil in the north

west, Samba district in the south east, R.S. Pura Tehsil in the south west and Bishnah

Tehsil in the south. Western parts of the study area shares the international border with

Pakistan.

1 Kaul, A.K. (1987), "Home Geography: Jammu and Kashmir", Ambanju Publications, Srinagar, pp.1-2.

2 Dhar, Somnath (2011), "Jammu and Kashmir", National Book Trust, India, p. 1.


34

The area experiences sub-humid monsoon type of climate. The summer

temperature fluctuates between 31°C-42°C. In winter the temperature range from 8°C-

13°C. The annual rainfall is about 85-135 cm.

With the urban expansion, new location and other linear extension along the

Jammu-Pathankot and Jammu-Akhnoor roads have extended the urban limits in the form

of some stay colonies. The increase in population was too sudden for the city to

accommodate and provide urban services like drinking water, sanitation, education,

health, transportation, housing etc. Pull of Jammu was the major factor responsible for

unprecedented growth of population. Migrants to Jammu city came from other parts of

the state, thus beginning the story of transformation of Jammu city.

On the basis of above description of the study area it can be well justified that this area

provides suitable grounds to study rural-urban fringe and the changes in it through time.

2.2 HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF JAMMU CITY

The foundation of Jammu City is said to be very ancient and according to Dogra

traditions, it was founded by Jambu Lochan, a Dogra ruler but there is no positive

historical record prior to early 15th

century. According to the archeological findings

about its surrounding area which has been excavated in the recent times support the view

that Jammu region had a human settlement in ancient time. Some implements of old

Stone Age have been discovered at Lakhanpur in District Kathua and at village Jhiri a

kilometer north of village Kalyanpur near Akhnoor. Even two stray agricultural tools

have been found at Dalayachak. Many sites in Akhnoor have yielded harapan and pre-

harapan wares. Thus, on the discovery of proto historical and early historical implements

and various kind of pottery, one can form an idea of chronological sequence of Jammu

region from 2000 BC to early Christian era.3 These findings indicate that Jammu is one

of the oldest regions of human settlement in India. There are, nonetheless, no ancient

buildings or their remains in Jammu which could give evidence to the existence of

Jammu city in the ancient period. The earliest historical reference which can be ascribed

3 Thappa, Sudha, (2005), ―Slums of Jammu City‖, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jammu,

pp.36-37.


35

to Dugardesha from which the name Duggar has been derived are the inscriptions on

copper plates of the 11th

century AD in which there is a reference of Lord Durgarra

(Duggar).4 Tarikh-e-Farishta which was written during the rule of Mughals and translated

into English by Briggs also contains passing references to a Raja Kaid Raj who built fort

at Jammu and one Ram Deo, the Raja of Kanauj who conquered Jammu.

Rajdarshni which was written in 1848 AD gives certain references to the

existence of Sun temple in Jammu and others which could not be taken into

consideration. However, a reference to the construction of Rani Parmeshari Devi‘s

temple on the bank of Jammu Tawi by Raja Chakkar Dhar Dev (1094-1194 AD) in

Rajdarshani seems to be reliable as this very temple was got repaired by Dhruv Dev

(1707-1733) during his rule and this temple still stands at the end of Dhakki

Parmeshwari. The reference to coming of Roshan Shah Wali from Iran to Jammu during

the rule of Sarbala Dhar in late 7th

century and the construction of Mazar after his death

by the said ruler near Gumat is also not tenable.5

The Ballad of Bawa Jitto does refer to Garh Jammu and Gumat. This ballad

should have been conceived and sung after his death which probably took place in 1458

AD. But an authentic reference to Jammu has been found in the biography of Timur.

Timur‘s invasion on India took place in 1399 AD but he returned to Central Asia via

Jammu in early 15th

century. Unfortunately he has not mentioned the name of Jammu

Raja. After this, we come across the Tarikh-i-Azami (1470 AD) the author of which has

mentioned Jammu Raja and his Muslim son-in-law a Kashmiri Prince. As per this

treatise Jammu town at that time was 500 years old. We, therefore, can infer that Jammu

was founded in about 900 AD.6

According to the writings of some historians, Jammu was one of the important

principalities along with Kiswhtwar, Bhaderwah, Basohli, Reasi etc. well before and

during the earlier phase of Mughal rule. In 12th

Century AD when Mohammed Gauri

invaded India and Punjab, Rajputs took refuge in the mountainous tracks of Jammu

4 Charak, S.D.S, (1971), ―Rise and Fall of Jammu Kingdom‖, Jay Kay Publishers, Jammu p.61.

5 Kanwal, Anjana, (2003), ―Symbolic Relationship Between Jammu and its Surrounding Region‖,

Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Jammu. 6 Thapa, Sudha, (2005) opcit, p.38.


36

region and carved out separate principalities which they ruled as independent sovereigns.7

Independence could not, however, be maintained for long and certainly not after Mughal

rulers subdued the Rajas and made them tributary rulers in recognition of their

dependence.

After the disintegration of Mughal kingdom, the Rajas proclaimed the

independence once again. With the installation of Sikh rule in Punjab, Jammu and all

other adjoining areas were annexed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Mian Kishore Singh, who

was the direct descendent of Raja Dhruv Dev, held a prominent and respectable position

in the court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at Lahore. His son Gulab Singh joined the army of

Ranjit Singh while in teen age and in due course of time distinguished himself as a

gallant warrior and became an accredited Lieutenant of Ranjit Singh. Gulab Singh was

eventually made the Raja of Jammu by the treaty of Amritsar dated March 16, 1846.8

The descendants of Maharaja Gulab Singh ruled over Jammu and Kashmir upto

1948 when Maharaja Hari Singh left the state and his son Yuvraj Karan Singh was

appointed as Sadar-e-Rayasat. With the enactment of new Constitution for the State

which was adopted on 17th

November, 1956, the monarchy came to a final end, but

Jammu has continued to retain its importance as the winter capital for the State

Government.9

2.3 GROWTH OF JAMMU CITY

The city derives its name from the legendry ruler Raja Jambulochan. According to

the most acceptable and popular legend one day the Raja while hunting at the foothills of

the Shivaliks near the picturesque Tawi River, witnessed a tiger and goat drinking water

at the same place quietly. Fascinated by this unique sight of unparallel harmony, the king

built a city at this site which was named after him.10

7 District Census Handbook, Complied by Census organization on behalf of Government of Jammu and

Kashmir 2001, p.2. 8 District Census Handbook, 2001, p.2.

9 Kanwal, Anjana, (2003), ―Symbolic Relationship Between Jammu and its Surrounding Region‖,

Zorawar Publication Jammu, p.17. 10

Master Plan Jammu : 2021, Country and Town Planning Organization, Government of India.


37

Initially it was believed to called Jamboopura but gradually it came to be known

as Jammu. Historians believe that Raja Jambulochan founded the city in the 14th century

B.C. The name of Jamboo figures in the historic Mahabharta and memoirs of Timur. The

two principal chronicles, Gulabnama and Rajdarshani held that Jammu kingdom was

established 3000 years ago. The historic reference to Jambu is available in the eighth

century AD when muslim saint Pir Roshan Shah Wali came to the city. There is mention

of Jambu is also found in Indian history in late 11th century. The famous Rajtarangini

also mention two rulers of Jammu in 11th century. It is reported that during Timur

invasion of India, the ruler of Jambu Raja Maldev put up a brave resistance to him. He is

believed to have built his palaces in the heart of the city at Purani Mandi.11

Thus Purani Mandi became to hub of Jammu City wherefrom the Dogra Rajas

used to govern their territories. Even Raj Tilak Ceremony (coronation) used to be

performed by Dogra rulers in this building till the last Dogra ruler Maharaja Hari Singh.

It is said that Raja Mal Dev brought from river Tawi a big stone and placed it in Mohalla

Kali Jani. During the rule of Balram Dev (1458-89), a Muslim Faqir named Pir Mitha

settled in Jammu and on his death a Mazar was raised in Jammu. Another Jogi named

Gareeb Nath came to Jammu and settled at Pir Khoh a cave on the bank of river Tawi, on

the eastern side of Jammu.

During the Mughat Empire, Jammu slipped into the control of the Mughals from

1626 AD onwards till the death of Aurangzeb. He appointed Khalil Ullah Khan, as the

Faujdar of Jammu. This Faujdar remained encamped in Jammu with some army

detachments. The Mughal army was stationed below the Purani Mandi and so this place

became known first as Mohalla Urdu and later Urdu Bazar. After the partition of the

country, this Bazar has been renamed as Rajinder Bazar. Sarang Dev, brother of Hari Dev

(1656-1692 AD) wanted to gain goodwill of Aurangzeb and thus, got constructed

mosques at Jammu and Bahu . According to Ain-i-Akbari Jammu was situated at the foot

of the hills and over which was stone fort.

11

Singh, R.L, (1987), ―India and Regional Geography‖, UBS Publication, New Delhi, p.353.


38

Court from Purani Mandi to a new spot on the bank of river Tawi where Hari Dev

(1656-92 AD) had built new palace which is now called Mubrak Mandi. Thus, Mubarak

Mandi became the pivot around which many residential buildings of the State officials

also sprang up. Still it was a small fortified town. With the accession of Maharaja Ranjit

Dev (1733-82), the Jammu town began to develop further. Under his rule Jammu became

the capital city of the Dogra kingdom, which extended to Pir Panjal in the north and in

the south beyond the present boundary of the State. Because of uncertainty in the Punjab

due to frequent invasions by Afghans several rich families of Lahore came to Jammu and

settled here. Maharaja Ranjit Dev got constructed a Haveli for Mughlani Begum, the

widow of Mughal Governor of Lahore who wanted to settle in Jammu. This Haveli was

situated at the present site of Radio Jammu and after her death; this place became to be

known as Mohalla Begum Haveli.

Within a few years of the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Dev, many other Mohallas also

came into existence in Jammu. For instance there emerged an Afghan Mohalla and

Mughal Pura where majority of inhabitants were either Afghans or Turks. Mohalla Kali

Jani had the concentration of Rajput families belonging to Akhnoor, Sohal and

Kanahachak. The Jammu City at that was extended from Gumat to the north upto present

All India Radio Station and in the east it was fortified upto the bank of river Tawi. There

were many entry points to the city from south and west.

The author of Rajdarshni tells us that on certain auspicious occasions a procession

was arranged which used to start from Gumat Gate. The procession was generally

headed by the ruling Raja followed by army passing through the main bazaar. It used to

disburse after reaching the royal residence. There was a colony of Kashmiri Muslims

who were the owners of the water mills located on the bank of Tawi for grinding corn.

With increase in population many more mohallas came into existence. Some of the

mohallas were Mohalla Dalpatian, Haveli Begum, Narainian Mohalla and Dhounthali.

The population of Jammu city, according to Smith during the glorious period of Ranjit

Dev was about 1,50,000 and it was most prosperous town in northern India. But this

prosperity of Jammu was waxed by the Sikh invasion which took after the death of

Maharaja Ranjit Dev (1733-1782 AD) and during the rule of incompetent ruler Maharaja


39

Brij Raj Dev (1782-1785 AD). This was a great setback to the further development of

Jammu city. Consequently, most of the inhabitants of the City of Jammu were forced to

take shelter in other places and the entire Jammu city was ravaged by the Sikhs. It

means that Jammu continued to be neglected city till upto 1846 when Maharaja Gulab

Singh became the semi-independent ruler of Jammu and Kashmir State.

Dogra rule started in 1846 with Maharaja Gulab Singh as the first ruler of the

Dogra dynasty. Dogras made Jammu the capital of the state to meet administrative

exigencies. Maharaja Gulab Singh constructed the Old Secretariat Complex at a

commanding height. Under Dogra rule, the city transformed its medieval character to a

feudal one. The seat of the government was located at the highest point. Nobles lived in

the close proximity to the palace. The market functioned at the centre and the lowest class

of the society settled on the outskirts. This is evident from the buildings like old

Secretariat and Palace Complex, Raghunath Bazar and Gummat Bazar in the centre and

Gujjar Mohalla on the banks of Tawi River. The Dogra rulers took keen interest in the

construction of temples. Development of city centred around these temples.12

Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1857-1885 AD) contributed in building temples

complexes at different places in the city. Raghunath temple, Gajadhari‘s temple,

Mahalaxmi temple, Hanuman temple, Laxmi Narayan temple in Dhakki-Sarajan,

Baldevji‘s temple at Dhounthali built during his reign have given a vertical expansion to

Jammu city, which to this date dominate the city‘s structure as a whole.

In fact the Jammu city owes its nomenclature of city of temples to these shrines

which continue to grow in numbers till date. Rani Balouria and Rani Bandhralan both the

wives of Maharaja Ranbir Singh (1857-1885 AD) got constructed one temple each, just

below the Gumat and another at Purani Mandi. Till 1850 as already stated, the area

below the Gumat was the bed of River Tawi and it was not reclaimed. With the

construction of Rani Mandir a part of Tawi bed was reclaimed and Jammu started

expanding below the Gumat Gate. The building for housing the State Army Headquarters

12

Master Plan for Jammu, 2021, pp.20-22


40

was constructed where the present Women College Parade Ground stands. Thus by

1873, the population of Jammu city rose from 10,000 to 41,817.

The growth of the city took an appreciable stride during Maharaja Partap Singh‘s

period (1885-1925 AD) Large scale construction of public buildings started in the city

during his long rule. In the north of the city there emerged a few large buildings known

as Ahata Ram Singh, Ahata Amar Singh and Poonch House which also had the Shish

Mahal till upto 1895. Near the Poonch House a few small temples also emerged and this

area became to be known as Panjtirthi in view of the cluster of five important temples

affiliated to five major Hindu deities. Sialkot Jammu railway was thrown open to traffic

in 1890 which linked Jammu city with other states of India. With the coming of railway

to Jammu, the area on the left bank of Tawi began to develop. The building complex of

railways and the staff quarters of their employees were constructed at the present site of

headquarters of State Road Transport Corporation. Tawi bridge, Mission House, Ranbir

Public Library, Mission School, Military hospital, Prince of Wales College (now GGM

Science College), Dak Banglow at residency road, silk factory, Sadar hospital, SRMP

High School are his other notable contributions to Jammu city. Besides magnificent

cultural development of the city on prevailing lines, he also thought of bringing

modernity in the economy and society of Jammu and its surroundings. He got laid the

famous Ranbir Singh Canal, constructed the power house on the canal, installed the

pumping station at Tawi and constructed the Banihal Cart Road connecting the two

capital cities of the State.

The comprehensive layout of infrastructure appears to have necessitated

formation of Municipal Committee and thus local self government system originated

during his time at Jammu and Srinagar. The process of modern development of the city

thus originated right with the origin of Municipality during the rule of Maharaja Partap

Singh.

Maharaja Hari Singh (1925-1947 AD) extended the urban areas of Jammu in a

planned manner. He was a builder of repute in so far as new constructions on modern

lines are concerned. During his time even some of the medieval structures were given a

face lift.


41

Soon after independence in the year 1947, the uprooted population of the Punjab

and now Pakistan occupied Kashmir entering this town had its impact on the city of

Jammu. Maximum number of refugees started nestling in the heart of the city. With the

continuous inflow of migrants, people started living outside the city too. The Indo-Pak

wars in 1965 and 1971 also led many refugees to take shelter in Jammu city. On the rural

urban fringe towards Akhnoor, R.S. Pura, Satwari etc. and new unplanned and haphazard

colonies started coming up. Since 1989 continuous disturbed conditions of Kashmir

forced a major chunk of migrants to seek shelter in Jammu, the nearest safe settlement.

This unprecedented immigration raised the population of Jammu city by 1991 about 52

percent including the natural increase. Large inflow of refugees and migrants in the city

from time to time increase the population of the city, which ultimately engulf the

surrounding villages in the urban areas and thus the phase of transition or mixing of ruler

and urban characteristics come into existence with the increasing pressure of population.

2.4 PHYSIOGRAPHY

The study area falls in sub Himalayan region. It can be divided into following

physiographic units:

1) Outer Plains:

The elevation of this tract varies from 280-400 MSL. The outer plains lie parallel

to mountains in Jammu. The streams, ravines and gullies issuing from these mountains

run across this plain which is dissected into series of plains. The lower slope of shiwalik

hills having an altitude of 320-400 MSL constitute what is called Kandi area, which is

formed due to the reworking of upper shiwalik boulder beds. This region is characterised

by thirsty soils, very deep water table and acute shortage of water.13

The Kandi land is

characterized by numerous torrents, hilly soils and scarcity of water. The second largest

city and winter capital of the state i.e. Jammu is situated at a altitude of 366m on the

southern slope of the Shiwaliks.14

13

Master Plan for Jammu: 2021, p. 21. 14

Hussain, Majid (2012), "Systematic Geography of Jammu and Kashmir" Rawat Publications, New

Delhi, pp. 24-26.


42

2) Chenab-Tawi Plain:

The region is located around the two main rivers of the district that is river

Chenab and river Tawi and include plain area only. The region is spread over the south

western and middle parts of district. The region occupies a large part of tehsil Jammu but

areas of Akhnoor, Samba and Ranbir Singhpura tehsils also fall in the sub micro region.

The region is situated at an average height of below 750 meters having undulating area in

the north eastern side and plain areas in the south west which is very fertile due to the fact

that the major rivers accompanied by their tributaries bring the fertile soil with their

waters which get settled in the plain areas.15

The study area has international boundary

with Pakistan in the south-western parts.

The accessibility to the sub micro region is very good with almost every place

connected with one type of road to other.

3) Jammu Shiwalik East:

The region form a part of Shiwalik range, running in the northern part of the

district. The region is split into two by the river Chenab and plain areas on either side of

it. The region is spread over the upper north-eastern part of district, with an average

height of about 600 meters. The height of about 600 meters in the north gets gradually

merged with plains, forming a sub montane belt.16

The seasonal torrents which are large

in number flow down the slopes of shiwalik and bring with the silt gravel, boulders etc

which they spread in plains.17

The main rivers of the region are Tawi, Basantar and Devak besides a number of

small and large perennial and non perennial streams and rivulets from shiwalik. Forests

are spread over a large part of the region leaving a few patches mostly on the banks of

rivers/streams for cultivation. The accessibility to the region cannot said to be good. The

rainy season makes the accessibility more difficult.

15

District census Handbook, compiled by census organisation on behalf of Government of Jammu and

Kashmir, 2001, p. 5-6. 16

Ibid, p.6. 17

Hussain, Majid (2002), ―Systematic Geography of Jammu and Kashmir‖, Rawat Publication, New

Delhi, p.4-5.


43

4) Jammu Foot Hill Plain:

The sub micro region is situated in the southern most part of the district and has

undulating areas which are contiguous with Punjab plain in the south and Shiwalik range

in the north.

The sub micro region is spread over a major part of Tehsil Ranbir Singh Pura,

whole of Bishnah, South-Western part of Samba district and south-eastern parts of

Jammu where the maximum contour height does not exceed 500 metres.18

The land is very fertile and cultivation is plenty. There are no forests in the region

but the growth of shrubs and scrubs is dense. The main rivers of the sub-micro region are

Basantar River, Aik Naula which alongwith many tributaries spread sand, graves, loamy

soil and boulders in plain areas of the region. The accessibility to the region is

exceptionally good as compared to other areas of the study area with National Highway

No. 1A passing from east to west and connecting many towns and villages of the study

areas.19

2.5 CLIMATE

Climate of Jammu varies between tropical to monsoon type. Jammu city and its fringe

area experience a marked temperature contrast in summer and winter months. An

important climatic feature of the Jammu urban area and its functional design is that both

experience a marked personality. The region is hot and scorching during May and June

and cool to cold in months of December and January. The rainy season covers the

months of July, August and September.

18

District Census Handbook, 2001, p. 7. 19

Raina, A.N.,(2002), ―Geography of Jammu and Kashmir‖,Radha Krishana Anand and Co.,Pacca

Danga,Jammu, pp.4-5.


44

Table 2.1: Mean Maximum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at Jammu

S.No Month 1981 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 January 17.7 19.5 19.4 18.7 18.5 17.9 17.5 16.8 18.4 16.5

2 February 21.4 24.6 19.8 20.2 20.1 17.9 23.3 20.4 20.0 19.8

3 March 24.3 30.6 24.1 24.8 26.3 26.0 31.0 27.9 27.6 26.8

4 April 33.0 34.2 NA 29.5 35.6 32.7 37.5 32.2 32.6 32.5

5 May 37.7 39.9 37.9 38.6 38.1 35.8 39.1 39.1 38.1 39.1

6 June 39.6 40.9 39.4 41.7 36.4 40.3 39.0 36.2 41.5 36.9

7 July 32.9 33.2 33.5 33.5 33.1 34.0 34.3 33.0 36.3 33.4

8 August 34.2 33.8 32.1 32.3 33.5 34.7 32.6 32.5 32.7 31.4

9 September 34.4 42.9 31.9 33.0 32.6 32.0 32.5 32.8 31.9 32.5

10 October 31.8 29.6 29.0 32.0 32.6 31.8 31.1 30.6 30.0 30.2

11 November 25.2 26.5 27.3 26.7 26.9 27.0 27.1 26.4 25.6 25.5

12 December 21.8 20.2 20.8 21.2 23.2 21.7 21.0 22.4 19.6 20.0

Source: Regional Meteorological Office, Srinagar

Fig. 2.1: Mean Maximum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at Jammu

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tem

pe

ratu

re in

0 C

Months

1981

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2011

2012

2013


45

Table 2.2: Mean Minimum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at Jammu

S.No Month 1981 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013

1 January 7.3 7.6 9.3 7.7 8.4 7.0 5.8 6.4 6.1 6.7

2 February 9.4 8.8 10.4 10.8 9.1 9.9 10.6 10.2 7.7 9.1

3 March 12.6 15.2 12.7 14.4 13.9 15.1 17.6 14.8 13.5 13.7

4 April 18.3 19.6 NA 18.4 21.7 19.2 23.2 19.1 18.5 18.9

5 May 23.5 24.7 26.1 25.0 26.6 23.4 25.4 25.5 22.9 24.5

6 June 24.7 26.0 28.1 27.5 25.3 27.7 26.2 25.1 26.4 26.7

7 July 25.4 24.7 25.4 25.7 25.6 24.6 25.8 24.9 26.1 25.3

8 August 25.1 24.8 24.8 24.8 25.2 24.5 25.3 24.6 24.1 24.4

9 September 22.6 23.1 23.8 23.9 22.8 24.3 23.1 23.7 22.3 22.5

10 October 16.4 17.0 18.8 19.7 20.2 19.2 19.9 18.5 17.1 19.5

11 November 11.3 11.7 14.5 14.0 14.4 12.2 14.0 14.0 12.2 10.7

12 December 6.3 11.2 9.9 9.5 9.2 7.1 8.4 8.7 8.4 7.6

Source: Regional Meteorological Office, Srinagar

Fig. 2.2: Mean Minimum Temperature (in degree Celsius) at Jammu

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1981

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2011

2012

2013


46

Table 2.3: Annual Rainfall (in mm) in Jammu

S.No. Years No. of Rainy days Total Rainfall (in mm)

1 2000 NA NA

2 2001 NA NA

3 2002 NA NA

4 2003 NA NA

5 2004 64 1098.9

6 2005 74 1112.4

7 2006 66 1235.8

8 2007 74 1294.1

9 2008 87 1339.4

10 2009 41 799.9

11 2010 59 1343.8

12 2011 62 1478.8

Source: Digest of Statistics, Directorate of Economics and Statistical Planning and

Development, Govt. J&K, 2011-12

Fig. 2.3: Annual Rain fall (in mm) and no. of rainy days in Jammu

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

No

. of

Rai

ny

Day

s

Rai

n f

all (

in m

m)

Years

Total Rainfall (in mm) No. of Rainy days


47

Table 2.4: Mean Relative Humidity (R/H) in Percentage at 0830 and 1730 Hours

IST at Jammu

S.No Month

2001 2004 2007 2010 2011

Mean

R/H

at

0830

hours

Mean

R/H

at

1730

hours

Mean

R/H

at

0830

hours

Mean

R/H

at

1730

hours

Mean

R/H

at

0830

hours

Mean

R/H

at

1730

hours

Mean

R/H

at

0830

hours

Mean

R/H

at

1730

hours

Mean R/H at

0830 hours

Mean R/H

at 1730

hours

1 January 87 68 88 74 83 63 91 74 86 68

2 February 65 43 80 54 86 72 74 52 84 66

3 March 61 43 61 41 77 61 65 75 68 53

4 April 52 37 46 49 57 41 39 26 56 39

5 May 46 30 48 31 52 40 44 29 46 30

6 June 74 57 59 45 64 51 51 34 68 48

7 July 85 73 76 60 85 70 79 63 83 71

8 August 84 72 81 73 88 75 90 76 87 74

9 September 77 63 80 68 85 72 83 69 83 69

10 October 66 54 71 58 71 57 75 64 73 57

11 November 67 56 74 63 75 68 75 60 74 61

12 December 77 66 81 80 68 81 76 65 72 60

Source: Digest of Statistics, Directorate of Economics and Statistical Planning and

Development, Govt. J&K, 2011-12 p. no. 44-47


48

Fig. 2.4: Mean Relative Humidity (R/H) in Percentage at 0830 Hours IST at

Jammu

Fig. 2.5: Mean Relative Humidity (R/H) in Percentage at 1730 Hours IST at

Jammu

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100R

ela

tive

Hu

mid

ity

at 0

8.3

0 h

ou

rs

Months

2001

2004

2007

2010

2011

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Re

lati

ve H

um

idit

y at

17

30

ho

urs

Months

2001

2004

2007

2010

2011


49

The study region can be divided into three distinct seasons namely:-

1. Hot dry summer (April- June)

2. Rainy season (July- September)

3. Cold winter (November- March)

1. Hot Dry Summer: Due to apparent movement of the sun towards North during

March, the summer starts. The temperature begins to rise and continues to rise up

to June when the mercury reaches above 40o

C. The dry summer lasts from April

to June. This period is characterized by high temperature, low relative humidity

and almost no rainfall i.e. temperature ranges between 31o C to 43

o C but

sometimes the mercury soars as high as 41o C to 47

o C. During noon from 11

a.m. to 5 p.m. when highest temperatures of the day are experienced, dust laden

piercing winds locally called ‗loo‘ make the outdoor activity almost standstill.

However, occasional pre-monsoon showers may sometimes bring relief.

2. Rainy Season: The season brings with the onset of monsoons in the first week of

July. Before the arrival of monsoon winds, as mentioned earlier, the area does

experience some pre-monsoon showers in June. This season is characterized by

all monsoonal uncertainties.

The rainfall brings relief to the parched soils and thirsty people. ―Loo‖

which had been causing discomfort to men and animals is no longer there.

However, at times particularly during calm period, high relative humidity coupled

with high temperature results in scullery and oppressive weather. Despite relative

heavy rainfall, the mercury hovers around 35oC to 38

oC, still keeping the

temperature high. The rainfall ranges between 100-120 cm causing seasonal

floods in the river Tawi. The study area receives maximum rainfall through

south-west monsoon winds which accounts for nearly 75 % of the total annual

rainfall. The rainy season lasts hardly for a couple of months. Infact in mid-

September, the monsoon completes the process of retreating from this part of

country.


50

3. Winter Season: As the month of October commences, the days go on shortening

and becoming cool but real winter sets in only around mid-November. The area

which experiences hot summer is equally cold during winters especially when

cold wave conditions prevail. Average winter maximum temperature remains

18oC to 21

oC but minimum temperature goes as low as 4

oC. Fog is common

during extreme chilly days and frost also occurs on some very cold mornings.

Sometimes day‘s temperature falls below 1oC. This is caused due to cold winds

coming from the snow covered Pir Panjal Himalaya and particularly the Trikuta

Hills. The region also gets the winter rain as the result of western disturbances.

Nearly one-fourth of the total annual rainfall in the city is received through these

temperate cyclones travelling with the westerlies.

2.6 DRAINAGE

The Tawi, the Chenab, and host of rivulets that drain the hilly slopes ad Jammu

plain constitute the drainage network of Jammu and its hinterland. Besides rivers,

various nallahs and Choes which have a North-South flow are also spread over the area.

An interesting features of the rivers is the parallel flow and the rectangular bend towards

East in the lower section of Shiwaliks. The Tawi originates from the base of snow fields

in Bhaderwah hills, at an altitude of 4200 mts. The Tawi River passes through narrow

valleys and ultimately debouches into a wide alluvial plain in the Jammu region. The two

important branches of Tawi are the Nikki Tawi and Baddi Tawi. Both the streams have

braided pattern. The second important river in the study region is the Chenab. The

Chenab enters the plain tract at Akhnoor and becomes braided. Some of the channels so

formed get separated from the main stream and follow their own courses in response to

the gradient variations. The river Chenab gets flooded frequently especially during rainy

season. Thus the flood plain of Chenab is wide and marshy. The Ranbir canal ad Pratap

canal which irrigate the Tehsils of Jammu district are taken out of this mighty river of

Chenab at Akhnoor.

The nullahs and choes are in large number in the study area. Important among

them are the Purmandal Choe and the Aik nullah, which are of no help for irrigational


51

purposes. They remain practically dry throughout the year except in rainy seasons when

they get inundated and cause damage to crops and property.

2.7 GEOLOGY

A complete sequence of Shiwalik group of rocks ranging in age from Middle

Miocene to lower Pleistocene is exposed in the eastern northern and north western parts

of Jammu. The principal rock types noted within the study region are the sandstone,

siltstone, shall, pseudo, conglomerate and boulder beds. Bhatia and Dasarathi described

the quaternary chronology of the area on the basis of rock groups and assigned it the age

between upper Pliocene to middle Pleistocene. Based on their analysis the area of

hinterland can be divided into three main geological groups on the basis of rock

grouping. First is the boulder sandstone clay group, having Nagrota and Khanpur

formations with gravels. Second is the Purmandal formation where alternate beds of

sandstone and clay are found. Sandstone units in this section are very loose and friable.

The third is the alluvial terrace which can also be termed as post Shiwalik deposit. The

deposits contain older as well as never alluviums. The older alluvium is deposited in the

form of flood plain. It overlies the rock groups along different channels especially, the

Tawi, Manawar Tawi, Basantar and on other ephemeral streams. The recent alluvium

brought by tributaries has been put under cultivation.

The great bulk formation in the study area is unfossiliforous but certain localities

are rich in fossils. These include both plant and vertebrate fossils. Rich fossils

comprising tooth and tusk of elephants and other animals of prehistoric age are reported

from utter-beni.

2.8 VEGETATION

The altitude and vegetative cover are directly related to each other. The region

under study reveals the same scenario. The vegetal cover comprises of sparse and dry

scrub jungle of the Shiwalik foothills (400 – 600 Mts.) to patches of deciduous forest of

the higher altitudes (600-700Mts.) on the rolling plains (200-300 Mts.). The trees are

found in gregarious form along the bank of rivers and streams while rest are scattered

here and there. Among the naturally found varieties sheesham (Dalbrgioserso) Draink


52

(Molia-ozadeh), Bargad (Fiscusben-glensis arafia), Peepal (Figcus religiosa), Kikar

(Dcaciabica), Phaali (Acacia Modesta), Mango (Mangifera indfica) Ak (calotropics) are

noteworthy. Besides bushes like Bhang (hemp) and Brainkar (Adhatoda) and grasses are

found along road and around settlements.20

The city too had Rakh or protected forest. With the rising needs and greed of man,

the vegetation has been adversely affected. Sparseness of forest covers and at places the

total removal of vegetal cover are the instances of man‘s interference with nature within

the study area.

2.9 CULTURALS SETTING

The study region is inhabited by Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, Christians and

some unclassified depressed classes. Hindus include all the four varnas of Shastric

period, namely, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Shudras. The Brahmins or

precisely the Dogra Brahmins as they are called to distinguish them from Mohyals and

Kashmiri Pandits, claim the largest population. They are predominantly agriculturists

and generally literate. Brahmins are followed by Rajputs who belong to Kshatriya Varna

and constitute a martial class. Most of them serve in armed forces or are employed in

agriculture.

Besides Rajput, other castes inhabiting the functional region consists of Arora,

Jhiwar, Jogi, Khatri, Labana, Mahajan etc. Muslims are comparatively few in proportion

in fringe area. Jains belong to the business community. Sikhs follow a number of

occupations.

2.10 SOIL

Broadly speaking, the soils of the study area consist of Ochrepts viz., shallow

black, brown and alluvial and ochrepts Orthents soil sub-order association. In the

submontane hinterland region, the foothills soils of alluvial nature dominate. But the

alluvial soil varies from loam to sandy loam. The alluvial soil‘s colour varies from the

20

District Census Handbook, 2001, pp.6-10


53

light brown to brown.21

The agricultural prosperity brought about by the irrigation

facilities in some of the Tehsils (Akhnoor, R.S. Pura, Bishnah). The soil varities found in

the region are:

a) Gora Abbi (clayey loam) which is highly fertile and is mostly found irrigated

land.

b) Hail Nehari (loamy). This has high fertility and is found all over the region which

is irrigated.

c) Barani (Sandy Soil) known as having low fertility and mostly rain fed.

d) Nahari (Sandy loam). This type is moderately fertile and non-irrigated parts of

study area contain such a variety.

2.11 TRANSPORT NETWORK

Efficient transport network is the lifeline of the country‘s economy. The study

area is well connected through network of road ways and railways. Each and every

village of fringe is connected through road network. NH1A renumber as NH44 is a

national highway is north India that connects the study area with Kashmir valley to

Jammu and rest of India. The existing road network of Jammu is basically of radial

pattern. Five roads namely Srinagar Road (NH 1A), Akhnoor Road (SH),R.S. Pura Road

(S.H) and Ambhgrota Road, are converging to the city from different direction. The

efficient transport system also accelerate the process of trade and commerce in fringe

area.

21

Kanwal, Anjana, (2003), ―Symbolic Relationship Between Jammu and its Surrounding Region‖,

Zorawar Publication Jammu, p.18-21.

CHAPTER – 3

DELINEATION OF RURAL - URBAN

FRINGE

Chapter – 3 Delineation of Rural-Urban Fringe

54

“It is this country side, the greed belt or rather the greed belt, where the farmer

sells land rather than crops, where the developer takes the public resource of the city’s

hinterland and subdivides to create a private profit and a public cost! Certainly here is

the area where the public powers are weakest-either absent or elastic-where the future

costs of streets, sidewalks, sewers, schools, police and fire station are unspoken.”

-Ian L. Mc Harg

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Fringe belt is a dynamic area which fluctuates in span of time. It continues

shifting outward from the city with the diffusion of urban innovation in the surrounding

localities. As its development is associated with growth of the city, it becomes more

difficult to delineate the ever changing area on the periphery of a growing urban centre.

The delimitation of such a geographical expansion of a city that binds the socio-economic

influence is in fact a matter of interest for the scholars. Several articles have been

published on various aspects of rural-urban fringe phenomenon. But only a few of them

have adopted a systematic approach to delineate the fringe area. Here some of the

methods have been examined which were used in the delimitation of the rural-urban

fringes of the different cities and towns of India and abroad.

Wehrwein has delimited the fringe of Indian Polis city, based on the population

density variable, e.g. not exceeding 150 inhabitants per sq., mile.1 Mayers and Beagle in

the study of Detroit tried to delimit this rurban fringe on the basis of non-village, rural

non-farm (NV-RNF) population. If the population of the surrounding settlements has 50

% or above, on NV-RNF basis, this will be known as „rurban fringe‟ if it is 25 % - 50 %,

it is partially fringe.2

Rodehaver (1947) in the study of Medison fringe undertook to ascertain the

social, cultural and demographic characteristics of the area.3 The criteria used for

delimiting the fringe were:

1 Wehrwein ,G. S.,(1942),“The Rural Urban Fringe” , Eco. Geog. Vol. 18, pp. 217-18.

2 Myres, R.B., and Beagle , J.A.,(1947),“Delimitation and Analysis of the Rural Urban Fringe” , Applied

Anthropology, Vol. 6, pp.14-22. 3 Rodehaver, M.W.,(1947),“Fringe Settlement as a Two Directional Movement Vote on Demographic

Analyses of Rural- Urban Fringe”, Rural Sociology, pp.91-101.


55

1. The percentage of non-farm families to the total number of families in a given

section,

2. Density of non-farm population per square mile, and

3. Assessed the valuation of land and buildings per acre.

Blizzard and Anderson (1952) delineated the fringe area of Williamsport –

Pennsylvania by automobile reconnaissance and inspection method. They visualize the

inner boundary of the fringe at the points where city service is not in full operation-

normally is coincides the corporate boundary of the city. The outer fringe boundary was

placed at the approximate point were an urban pattern of living of some concentration

yielded to a pattern of widely scattered acreage plots with non-farm type houses among

farms, or to pure farming or forest land uses.4

Smith identified the fringe by means of four indices.

i) Land sub-divided but not yet developed or recorded by the Planning board,

ii) Farm lands for sale, for urban purposes,

iii) Land in non-farm ownerships, either idle or tenant farmed, and

iv) Farm land assessed at higher than normal farm levels as shown by local

assessors.5

The International Urban Research Unit of the California University, following

U.S. Bureau of Census, has recommended the inclusion in the urban fringe of all those

areas which have at least 65 % of labour force working in economic activities other than

agriculture.6

4 Blizzard and Andreson, (1952), “Problems in Rural Urban Fringe Research”, Pennsylvania State

College, Agl. Expt. St. Progress Report, No. 89, p.11. 5 Hind,J., and Smith,(1969)“The Impact of Urban Growth on Agriculture Land: A Pilot survey”,

Referred in A. Coleman, “The Planning Challenge of the Ottawa Area”, Geogl. Paper No. 42, Deptt. of

Energy Ottawa, pp. 11-12. 6 U.S. Bureau of Census, (1950), Seventeenth Census of the U.S.A, Population, Vol. 2. p.24.


56

Russwurm‟s approach to the London (Ontario) Survey (1961) was more precise

and the resultant distribution more detailed. He first classified each 200 acre plots

according to their residential owners or tenants engaged in non-farm occupation and then

included those plots in the rural-urban fringe where 50 % or more families were engaged

in non-farm occupation.7 Kurtz and Eicher suggested five criteria such as location, land

use characteristics, population growth and density, occupational structure and

governmental structure for defining what they have distinguished as „Rural-urban fringe‟

from the suburb which develops essentially as part of the city on the inner side of the

fringe towards the city.8 Martin (1953) concentrated on specific locality, gathering first

hand data from resident of the area. His history of the Eugene spring field fringe in

Oregon was based on probability area sampling in which the location of single family

residence outside the corporate boundary and natural barrier both were considered to

delineate the urban fringe.

In India also, some geographers have attempted to delimit the urban fringe. U.

Singh delimit the fringe of KAVAL towns by superimposition of services of maps

considering five geographical factors: (i) build up area and houses, (ii) types and pattern

of streets, (iii) occupational structure, (iv) sites for large institutions and industrial

establishments and (v) presence of brick kilns.9

In 1978 Gopi delimited the suburban centers of Hyderabad district on the basis of

daily commuting and supply of essential services.10

Singh and Rao have selected

following determinants to delimit urban fringes in great plain of India: (i) newly set up

public institutions, (ii) topography permitted by girdle of brick kilns, (iii) extensive area

covered by residential houses, (iv) bungalows and juggis handing, (v) haphazardly

growing urban function, (vi) urban amenities are awfully lacking, (vii) village enclaves

that shelter low paid workers and new migrants standout as islands, (viii) maximum

7 Russwurm, L.H., (1969), “The Rural-Urban Fringe with Comparative Reference to London”, Referred

in Alice Colman‟s, “The Planning Challenges of Ottawa Area,” Geog. Paper No. 42, Dept. of Energy,

Ottawa, p. 11. 8 Kurtz, R.A. and Eicher J.B., (1985), “Fringe and Suburbs : A Confusion of Concept”, Social Forces,

Vol. 37, pp.32-37. 9 Singh, U., (1966),“Urban Fringe in KAVAL Town”, Applied Geography, N.G.S.I. Varanasi, pp. 41-

48. 10

Gopi, K.N., (1978), “Process of Urban Fringe Development: A Model”, Concept Pub., New Delhi, p.

14.


57

speculations of land value due to private and semi-public agencies, (ix) Uneven density

of population ranging from very low to very high.11

Alan and Khan used as many as

seven criteria for the delineation of the primary planning of Hyderabad including

(i) suburban transport service, (ii) commuting area of factory workers, (iii) retailing,

(iv) water supply, (v) electricity, (vi) telephone, and (vii) postal services.12

Nangia has

delimited rural-urban fringe of Delhi, employing the following determinants, (i) spatial

determinants (ii) occupational, (iii) functional, (iv) direct transport service, (v) frequency

of bus service, and (vi) demographic structure.13

In 1987, Heera Lal delimited the urban

fringe of Bareilly city on the basis of spatial, occupational and demographic

determinants.14

Further, Srivastava and Ramachandran (1974) have also proved those

heterogeneous factors that are responsible for present formation of Delhi and have

worked out a „stage model‟ depicting various stages of which villages around a

metropolis may pass through. Occupational structure, landuse pattern, interaction with

the main city, availability of urban amenities and locational characteristics are the test

variables on the basis of which the villages are ranked.

Jyotsana Panday (2010)15

has delimited the rural urban fringe of Varanasi by

using the following criteria :

a) Spatial Determinants,

b) Occupational Structure: ratio of non agriculture workers,

c) Demographic determinants: density of population; population growth; sex ratio;

literacy,

d) House type and streets

11

Singh, J. and Rao, B.P., (1983), “Regulating the Urban Fringe on Great Plain of India”, Pandey

Praduyumna (London), Modern Geographical Trend, p. 49. 12

Alam, S.M., and Khan, W., (1972), “Metropolitan Hyderabad and its Region: A Strategy for

Development”, Asia Pub. House, London, pp. 22-48. 13

Nangia, S., (1976), “Delhi Metropolitan Region: A Study in Settlement Geography”, K.B. Pub., New

Delhi, pp.81-102. 14

Lal, H.,(1987), “City and Urban Fringe. A Case Study of Bareilly”, Concept Publishing Company,

New Delhi, pp.26-39. 15

Panday, J.,(2010), “Rural Urban Fringe of Indian Cities”, Radha Pub., New Delhi,pp.40-55.


58

In 2011 Zahoor Ahmed Negroo16

has selected the following determinants to

delineate the rural urban fringe of Srinagar city: a) Ratio of Non Agriculture Workers,

b) Sex Ratio, c) Literacy Rate, d) Population density. The work of Phadka and Sita

(1982), Gowder (1981), Kumar (1980), Sinha (1980) and Hyma, may also be cited in this

regard.

3.2 FRINGE DELINEATION OF JAMMU CITY

On the basis of aforesaid studies carried out at global and national levels from

time to time, some common factors revealing fringe characteristics may be taken as the

indicator of the urban influence on the periphery and outskirts of the urban centers. It

would be rather a wise step to decide first those indicators or determinants. At the same

time, it is not advisable to delimit the rural urban Fringes of Indian cities on the basis of

the criterion suggested for fast growing urban centers of the West. India is a developing

country and its urban centers show the same trend. Although some Indian scholars have

tried to analyze different demographic aspects, land use and characteristics of rural urban

fringe, yet a comprehensive methodology for delimitation of the rural urban fringe of a

city is still lacking.

Jammu city located on the banks of river Tawi has been an important transit hub

since the time immemorial. It being the only city in Jammu Division of the Jammu and

Kashmir State, commands a sizeable tributary area of heterogeneous character. Its

situation can be marked as ideal for being an inland capital. This is the reason it has been

accorded the status of winter capital of the State. It has been a strategically located

township and has enjoyed the urban primacy in the region throughout its existence. The

city is the largest urban centre in terms of the areal coverage and population size and is

experiencing the highest growth rates among other urban centers in the State. As a result

of rapid growth of population, the Jammu city spills over the surrounding area and causes

frequent changes in the rural-urban limits of the fringe. The rural-urban fringe belt of

Jammu city fluctuates and continues shifting outward from the city on account of

diffusion of urban activities in the surrounding villages. For delimitation of rural-urban

16

Nengroo, Z.A., (2011), “Dynamics of Land Use Change in Rural Urban Fringe of Srinagar City.”,

Unpublished M.Phil., Thesis , University of Kashmir, pp. 45-50.


59

fringe of Jammu city, two sets of indices or determinants have been selected based on the

studies carried out by several researchers.

The three sets of indices/determinants for delineating the rural urban fringe of the

Jammu city are as follows:

A. Economic Services:

i) The milk supply zone

ii) The vegetable supply zone

iii) The mini bus service zone

iv) The commuters zone

v) The brick kilns zone

B. Demographic Determinants:

i) Density of population

iii) Sex ratio

iv) Literacy rate

C. Occupational Structure:

i) Ratio of non-agricultural workers

3.3 ECONOMIC SERVICES

i) Milk Supply Zone:

Milk supply establishes one of the strong functional links between city and its

peripheral area. Milk is by far the most important perishable commodity which is

produced in fringe area for the city market. Jammu city has the large demand for milk

and milk products and supply is adequate because the surrounding areas have a well

developed livestock economy. Only 20 % of the milk requirement is met by the city itself

and for about 80 % milk supply, the city looks for the surrounding countryside. The milk

supply region of the city reveals the supply of milk from the villages situated at a distance


60

of 12-20 kms in its West, South, North -West and South-West. The northern and eastern

side is much shorter. The milk is transported mainly by bicycles, buses, two wheelers

etc. This zone has 57 villages. Kheri, Kotli Charkan, Deoli, Pandori, Rathana, selehar,

Sehora, Mamka, Makhanpur, Laswara, Chakra, Ratnal, Arnia, Kool, Chak Majra, Rehal,

Bassi Kalan, Nagrota Sidhra, R.S. Pura, Batada, Marjali, etc. are some of the important

milk producing centers. Small farmers and live stock breeders daily brought milk to the

city early in the morning.

Table 3.1: Zone Wise Milk Supply to Jammu City

Zones Milk Supply (in litres/day) Percentage

R.S. Pura 21,053 54.84

Jammu 8,780 22.87

Bishnah 6,431 16.75

Akhnoor 2,124 5.53

Total 38388 100

Source: Field Survey 2011

Table No. 3.1 shows that large bulk of milk is supplied by these suppliers. These

milk suppliers lie adjoining to the Jammu city .Table No 3.1 shows that maximum

quantity of milk is supplied to the Jammu city by R.S. Pura Tehsil i.e.54.84% comprising

of villages Salehar, Kirpind, Deblehar, Nandpur, Makwal, Nihalpur Simbal, Chak Agara

etc. Jammu Tehsil supply about 22.87% of milk to the city. Milk man from village

Gagansu, Shaman Chak, Laliyal, Aquilpur, Kanachak, Gho- Manahasan etc. bring out

approx. 8,780 litres of milk to Jammu city every day. Bishnah Tehsil and Akhnoor

Tehsil pools about 16.75% and 5.53% of milk respectively out of the total milk supplied

by individual suppliers to the city. Most of the milk suppliers are Gujjars, and some of

them permanently settle down in some villages of study area viz. in Khojipur, Chak

Agara, Salehar, Mishriwala etc. The outer most limit of milk supply zone has been taken

to demarcate the fringe area of Jammu city


61

Fig. 3.1: Zone Wise Milk Supply to Jammu City

ii) Commuter’s Zone:

The surrounding area of Jammu city is intimately associated with the city. Jammu

provides the rural population the possibilities for earning their livelihood apart from

medical, trade and educational facilities. A city may lose its status and function of being a

regional centre, if commuting practices cease to exist. The workers from the surrounding

villages come to the city in the morning to earn their livelihood and return to their homes

in the evening. Several thousand persons come to Jammu from the surrounding rural

areas to work in factories, small scale industries, to attend their different administrative

services like Tehsil office, courts, block offices, schools, colleges and cinemas etc. and

return to their homes the same day. Thousands of students come to their schools and

colleges and go back to their origin places the same day mostly by mini buses. Hundred

of persons come daily from Akhnoor, Bishnah, Bari Brahmana, Nagrota, Gajansu, R.S.

Pura, Vijaypur, Kote Bhalwal, Arnia, Jagti, Shamachak, Kanachak, Mishriwalla, Laliyal

etc. and return in the evening. The commuter‟s zone is extended to a distance of about

18-25 kms in all directions around the city more along the roads.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

R.S. Pura Jammu Bishnah Akhnoor

54.84

22.87

16.75

5.53

%ag

e

Zones

Percentage


62

Table 3.2: Percentage of total Commuters Commuting to Jammu City

Categories No. of commuters % age of total

commuters

Workers and labourers 8543 26.42

Students 17620 54.51

Milkmen 648 2

For medical treatment 2513 7.77

Other purposes 3000 9.28

Total 32324

Source: Based on field survey 2011

Fig. 3.2: Percentage of total commuters commuting to Jammu City

Table 3.2 reveals that out of the total commuters commuting the city for various

purposes about 54.54% belong to the category of students followed by the workers and

laborer class i.e. 26.42%.About 7.77% comes from the rural area to the city for their

medical treatment and 2% of the commuters belong to the category of milkman who

come to the city for selling milk and milk products while 9.28% comes under the

category of commuters who comes to the city for various purposes like for shopping

purposes , for cinemas etc. This zone thus includes Gajansu, Makwal, Gho Manhasan, in

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Workersand

labourers

Students Milkmen Formedical

treatment

Otherpurposes

%ag

e

Commuters

% age of total commuters


63

the West, Chawadi, Pargalta, Bajalta, Jagti, Nagrota in the East and North East Bishnah,

R.S. Pura, Arnia, in the South ,South West and Akhnoor, in North West , Mishriwalla,

Gharota, Domi, Agore in the North. The outer most limit of this zone is considered to fix

the rural urban fringe of Jammu city.

iii) Vegetable Supply Zone:

Vegetable gardening is widely prevalent in the surrounding area of Jammu city.

The residents of the city get their vegetable and fruit through two wholesale vegetable

markets i.e. Narwal and Parade bazaar. Jammu get perishable vegetables from 58

villages. These villages mark a zone around the city , this zone is more inclined towards

South and South-West of the city because of the good agriculture land and irrigation

facilities. Some important villages for the supply of green vegetables are Gho-Manhasan,

Gole Guijral, Kahna Chak, Chorpur, Aqalpur, Palniyal, Laliyal in the East and North-

East and Kanhal, SArore, Badhyal Brahmana, Ratnal, Khojipur, R.S. Pura, Qadrechak, in

theSouth and South east direction of the city. Some perishable vegetables like

Cauliflower, Cabbage, Brinjal, Karela, Pumpkin, Chilly, Mangoes, etc. are abundantly

supplied to Jammu city. Thus to demarcate the rural urban fringe of Jammu city the outer

most limit of vegetable supply zone is taken into consideration.

iv) Bus Service Zone:

This service has been very widely used by the urban geographers in the

delimitation of fringe area because there is a close interaction between the city and the

flow of traffic on roads focused on it. The roads radiate in all directions. It is evident

from the traffic flow and traffic volume that Jammu- Bishnah, Jammu-Sunjwan, Jammu-

R.S. Pura, Jammu-Purmandal, Jammu-Nagrota, Jammu-Mishriwala etc. are prominent

routes showing high intensity of bus traffic flow. The outer most limits of this mini bus

service zone has been taken to demarcate the rural- urban fringe of the city.


64

Table 3.3: Number of Mini Buses Plying for different Routes.

S.No. Routes No. of Mini Buses Plying

1. Janipur to Bari Brahmana 4 No. Factory 53

2. Janipur to Bishnah 111

3. Panjtirthi to Batra Hospital 11

4. Panjtirthi to Kupar 4

5. Panjtirthi to Bajalta-Surinsar 2

6. Panjtirthi to Khana Chargol 6

7. Panjtirthi to Bajalta Dhoon 1

8. Jammu to Sunjwan 27

9. Jammu to Nagrota 45

10. Jammu to Katal Batal 3

11. Jammu to Aghore 6

12. Jammu to Bhalwal-Seri 35

13. Jammu to Mishriwala 240

14. Jammu to Gajansu 55

Source: Regional RTO Office Jammu, 2011.

The above table shows that the prominent routes followed by mini buses and

number of buses plying on different routes of the study area. Maximum number of mini

buses are plying on Jammu to Mishriwala (i.e. 240), followed by Jammu-Bishnah i.e.111

and Jammu-Bari Brahmana i.e. 53, about 27 mini buses are plying for Sunjwana, 45 for

Nagrota and 55 mini-buses plying from Jammu to Gajansu. Only 3 buses are plying for

Bajalta and 6 for Khana Chargol, 6 for Aghore and 35 Bhalwal-Seri and 3 for Katal

Batal. The outermost extent of this mini-bus service zone is used to fix rural urban fringe

zone after city.

v) Brick kiln Zone:

Brick kilns usually seek peripheral location within the impact zone of the city.

Constructional activity in Jammu has rapidly picked up. The demand is being met from

87 brick kilns spread in the study area. Brick kilns are spread over along Jammu-

Akhnoor road around Bari Brahmana along National Highway. New residential

developments cause the establishments of brick kilns in the primary fringe area also.

They also help in identifying the fringe limit. These brick kilns consume fertile soil and

grow at the cost of farming activity which is less gainful in primary fringes. Brick kilns


65

are comparatively more beneficial and provide more economic returns than farming in

the area. Number of brick kiln are set up on the fertile agriculture land of villages

Patniyal, Aqilpur, Salehar, Chak Agara, Kanahal, Khojipur, Patoli Brahamana, Baba

Talab, Dai Chak, Gajansu, Sangarampur, Domi, Pouni Chak, etc. Most of the villages are

fall in the primary fringe area. This zone plays very important role for fringe delimitation.

3.4 OCCUPATIONAL DETERMINANTS

Ratio of Non-Agricultural workers:

One of the important attributes on which the impact of a city may be markedly

discernible is the occupational structure of villages. The settlements in the vicinity of the

cities seem to be changing their character more conspicuously than those situated away

from it. In fact, a high percentage of non-agricultural workers in the working force of the

rural areas, is an approximate measure of urban influence. This particular group is

composed of the persons engaged in household and manufacturing industry, construction,

trade and commerce, transport, storage and communications and in other services. These

people live in areas with the orbit of cities which are classified as rural but they are not

engaged in farming.

In case of Jammu the mean percentage of rural workers engaged in non

agricultural occupation to the total workers comes near 65.31%.Therefore villages having

greater share than this average, tends to show the increasing urban influence and hence

they have been included in the rural urban fringe .For the grading of intensity of this

determinant the standard deviation method has been adopted. Considering this, the mean

percentage of non–agriculture workers has been taken as lower limit for delimiting the

rural- urban fringe of Jammu city. Villages attaining less value than mean percentage

have been taken as peripheral rural areas. Villages, showing value in between average

65.31% and average +1 S.D. (65.31+8.81) fall within the rural fringe of the city. With

regard to delimitation of urban fringe, the villages having average +1S.D. to +3S.D.

(74.12-91.74) values have considered in primary or urban fringe, as they show high

degree of urban character


66

Table 3.4: Range of Values for Demarcating Ratio of Non- Agriculture Workers

S.No. Categories Range of values

1. Primary/Inner Fringe Mean +1 S.D to Mean +3 S.D

(74.12% - 91.74%)

2. Secondary/Outer Fringe Mean to Mean +1 S.D

(65.31% - 74.12%)

3.5 DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS

The following some demographic determinants of population like growth,

density, literacy, sex ratio etc. were selected to set the limits of the (pre-urban) rural –

urban fringe of Jammu city.

i) Density of Population:

The density of population is the most significant factor to evaluate the city

influence on its fringe area. Wehrwein (1942) has delineated the fringe of Indian polis

city, based on population density variable, for example not exceeding 388 inhabitants per

sq. km.17

The rural population both skilled and unskilled is pushed into the city for

employment, education and other utility services but cannot afford to pay for high rent

and is supposed to reside in the periphery at a commutable distance.18

The population density, therefore, in the surrounding villages of the city gets

increased. The mean rural density of the region is 653 persons per sq. km. (Census of

India 2011). This average density has been taken as the lower mark for fixing the outer

limit of the rural-urban fringe. Further, villages under study are showing heterogeneity so

far as their population density is concerned due to which the standard deviation is as high

as 173.41.

The villages with average + 1 S.D are taken as peripheral area of rural-urban

fringe. Further, villages having mean + 1 S.D to + 3 S.D are taken as inner or urban

fringe, as they show high degree of urban character.

17

Lal. H., (1987) op.cit. 18

Wherwein, G.S.,(1942) op. cit., pp. 217-228


67

Table 3.5: Range of Values for Demarcating Population Density Zone


(persons per sq.kms)


(826 – 1173)


(653 – 826)

ii) Literacy:

It is a general observation that people living in the villages near the city will be

more literate than the far away villages. The highly educated society of the city affecting

and transforming the traditional and old living style of the villages. The surrounding area

is gradually changing in literacy pattern of all age groups. The total rural literacy average

for Jammu is 68.61%. The average literacy has been taken as the lower mark for fixing

the outer limit of rural- urban fringe. For further grading of the intensity of this factor

standard Deviation (S.D) methods seems to be helpful. Considering this villages with

average + 1 S.D (68.61+2.11)i.e. 70.6% of literacy are taken as peripheral areas of rural –

urban fringe. Further, the villages having mean + 1 S.D (68.61+2.11) to + 3 S.D

(68.61+6.33) are taken as inner or urban fringe, as they show a high degree of urban

character.

Table 3.6: Range of Values for Demarcating Literacy Zone



(70.6% - 74.94%)


(68.61% - 70.60%)

iii) Sex Composition:

The sex ratio (female / 1000 males), another effective demographic variable,

presents the population composition and socio-economic disparities prevailing therein


68

large number of male migrants to city in search of jobs leaving their families in rural

areas is main reason of this composition. This type of the ratio decreases towards the city

side, and vice versa. Most of the poor, uneducated and labour class prefers to live in the

peri-urban areas due to cheap residential and other facilities, in addition with proximity of

their job areas in the city.19

Presently, a number of poor people are living in this situation

with their families because their wives are also getting various types of jobs in the city.

This living status generates difference in sex ratio.

At rural urban zonal level the sex ratio indicates continuous increase as one goes

far from the city. Keeping this view in mind, villages having value of mean (904) to mean

-1 S.D (904-22.61) are taken as outer or secondary fringe. Further the villages with mean

-1S.D to mean -3 S.D (904-67.83) females per thousand of males reveal primary or urban

fringe character.

Table 3.7: Range of Values for Demarcating Sex Ratio Zone


(females per thousand of males)

1. Primary/Inner Fringe Mean -1 S.D to Mean -3 S.D

(871 - 836)

2. Secondary/Outer Fringe Mean to Mean -1 S.D

(904 - 871)

3.6 EXTENT AND SHAPE OF RURAL-URBAN FRINGE OF JAMMU CITY

The rural-urban fringe is the area where the cultural development takes place

outside the boundaries of central cities and extends to the areas of the predominantly

agricultural activities.20

All the determinants of delimitation of rural urban fringe of

Jammu city are plotted on the city map of Jammu superimposed over each other to give a

clear implication of the city. The area immediately next to the city where most of these

variables/indicators resemble and at the same time, there is also a zone in which very few

variables are conspicuous by their presence. In fringe area the villages, which have

attained at least any three of the indicators and lie adjoining to the city, have been

considered to determine the rural urban fringe of Jammu city. Thus, the extension of


69

rural-urban fringe begins from the Municipal corporation boundary and reaches up to the

rural tangential areas.

On the basis of this process the rural-urban fringe zone of Jammu city may be

classified into two groups.

(1) Inner or Primary fringe

(2) Outer or Secondary fringe

Inner or Primary Fringe:

The primary fringe exist just beyond the municipal boundary of the city and is

highly urbanized. This zone has the maximum intensity of interaction with the city,

economically and culturally. This zone is characterized by the land in an advanced stage

of transition from rural to urban land use and area new construction is taking place at

faster pace. This zone is more urban and less rural in character and the major occupation

of this zone is the production of goods which are in demand for the city such as

vegetables, fruits, dairy products and eggs etc. This zone is undergoing a transformation

process in terms of their physical, occupational and demographic structure at a much

more rapid rate than the villages beyond this zone. This zone is also characterized by

unplanned growth of the built up area associated with lack of sewage and other urban

amenities which ultimately give rise to various problems at the margin of city.

Outer or Secondary Fringe:

The secondary or outer fringe starts beyond the outer boundary of the primary

fringe. The built up area in this outer zone is discontinuous, percentage of agricultural

land is relatively high, marketing facilities are partially available. There is no physically

clear cut boundary between these two zones, but both are interrelated and interconnected.


70

Table 3.8: Villages, Area and Population under Rural–Urban Fringe of Jammu

City

Type of fringe No. of Villages Area in Sq. Kms. Population 2011

Primary/Inner fringe 157 438.2677 4,09,526

Secondary/Outer fringe 370 758.8973 2,10,492

Total 527 1197.165 6,20,018

Source: District Census Handbook, Jammu, Samba District 2011

On the basis of spatial, occupational and demographic determinants the rural-

urban fringe of Jammu city consists of 527 villages, (Appendix-I) with an area of

1197.165 Sq. Kms. The Primary Fringe includes 157 villages with 438.2677 Sq. Kms

area, Secondary Fringe includes 370 villages with 758.8973 Sq. Kms area. The fringe

area is not extended in concentric zones around the city but a star shaped and it extends

between 5 Kms to 20 Kms from the city centre. It will be unscientific and laborious too to

consider a village as a basic unit for fringe delineation. Therefore eight buffers (distant

zones Appendix-II) of 2 km each in radius were generated and different land use,

demographic, occupational and socio-economic parameters of the said zones are

evaluated. All these above discussed indicators have resulted in the expansion of the city

mainly towards the south and south east direction especially along bypass of national

highway. In the north –west side of the city the fringe extends to village Ranjan and

Chhuha, lying at 20 kms distance from the city centre on Akhnoor road. While in the

south it is noticeable upto village Salehar in Tehsil R.S. Pura. The western side fringe

area is bounded by international border in which village Chanore form western limit.

Toward the eastern side the fringe area is extended upto the village Purmandal.

The extension of the fringe is generally more along the transport network

particularly along the axial routes, while in intersectional spaces, the fringe tends to

shrink.

CHAPTER – 4

CHANGING ENVIRON IN RURAL URBAN

FRINGE

Chapter – 4 Changing Environ in Rural Urban Fringe

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4.1 INTRODUCTION

The rural urban interface is the most dynamic spatial feature of any mega city.

Urbanization results in transformation of land use, environment and culture of

communities, specifically, in the interface, and thereby, altering the city-region‟s

ecology. Civic activities of Jammu city are expanding fast beyond the municipal

boundaries and consequent upon the urban invasion in the immediate neighborhood

areas. As a reaction to increasing land value, friction of space, congestion, crowding, air

and noise pollution in the central part of city, people tend to move from core to the out

skirts, attracted by the lure of fresh air and ample space at relatively cheaper prices.

Golledge, mentioned the changing aspect of fringe area, “as a zone of constantly

changing pattern of land occupance, small farm sizes, intensive crop cultivation, mobile

population of low and moderate density, semi-developed public utilities, services,

speculative subdivisions and residential plots, all resulting into a continual movement of

dynamism”.1 Such changes in the urban periphery are associated with the transfer of land

from rural to urban uses, revealing rather more significant alteration than many other land

use changes occurring in the city. The „Greenfield‟ developed in the peripheral area lies

very much within the commuting range of the city.2 Yadav argues that changing aspect of

fringe area as its common character. The people and land both under the influence of

urban affairs, exhibit transformation in their demographic, organizational aspect as well

as physical users.3

In case of Rural-Urban fringe of Jammu city these changes are also obvious,

which have been analyzed through the detailed study of 16 sample villages, at three point

of time i.e. in 1981, 2001 and 2011. All these sixteen villages have been selected from

different parts of the fringe area. But care has been taken to assure that the sample

villages must represent each of the fringes delimited earlier. Therefore the sample

villages have been chosen from different locations, different directions of varying

distances from the Jammu city and also of different population size groups, so that the

1 Golledge, R., (1960), “Sydney‟s Metropolitan Fringe: A Case Study in Rural-Urban Fringe

Relationship”, Augt. Geog., Vol. 7 pp. 243-55. 2 Johnson, J.H., (1930), “Suburban Growth” Copyright, John Viley and Sons Ltd., New York.

3 Yadav, C.S., (1987), “Perspectives in Urban Geography”, Vol. 9 Concept Publisher, New Delhi, p. 96.


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heterogeneous characteristics of the primary and secondary fringe may be lucidly

exposed. This analysis is supported with the help of primary data collected through the

household survey of these villages by using the detailed questionnaires. In all 300

household were interrogated taking 15-20 households from each village.

4.2 LOCATION OF SAMPLE VILLAGES

All the sixteen villages have been selected from each category of fringe, lying

between the distance zone 5-20 kms from the centre of the city. Eight villages are

selected from the primary fringe and eight from secondary fringe. All villages exist along

the pukka road radiating from the city. The villages from primary fringe are Sunjwan,

Hakal, Patoli Brahmana, Aqilpur, Mandal, Thathar, Bain Majalta and Darap lying within

the distance of 14km from the centre of the city. Village Patoli Brahmana, Thathar,

Akalpur, lie in north-west direction of Jammu city at the distance of 8km, 9km and 7km

respectively. Mandal, Hakal in the south-west direction of the city at a distance of 8km

and 7km, Darap in the south and Bain Majalta and Sunjwan in the east of the city.

Located at the distance of 9km and 8km from the centre of city. While Gajansu, Ranjan,

Amb, Chak Agra, Saleher, Purmandal, Kanhal and Khojipur are secondary fringe

villages. Kanhal and Khojipur lie in the south-east of the city at a distance of 13 and 17

km, both are located in tehsil Bishnah. Village Saleher in south at a distance 20 km and is

the southern most sample village located in tehsil R.S Pura. Chak Agra at a distance of

17km in south-west direction, Gajansu in the west of the city and Ranjan and Amb in

north-west direction of the city at the distance of 20 km and 18km. Village Purmandal

located in Samba district at a distance of 18 km in eastern direction. Thus all these

villages are selected from different fringe zones lying at varying distance and from

different directions from the centre of the city (Map 4.1)

4.3 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

Occupational Structure is also one of the important parameter to judge the

economic structure of the fringe area. Jammu city being a centre for commercial activities

have drawn the attention of the inhabitants of peripheral part of city. Throughout the time

period, which influenced the occupational pattern of the people of fringe villages. It is the


73

„pure factor‟ of the city which attracts the rural population and really determines the

occupational structure of the fringe dwellers. The decrease in number of agricultural

workers and increase in the number of non-agricultural workers is the common

phenomenon which is observed in the villages of the fringe area both of primary fringe as

well as secondary fringe area. During last three decades, the people have diverted their

attention from crop cultivation to vegetable growing, milk business, household industries

and similar more productive work in villages of the fringe area.

The activities of semi-skilled workers e.g. masons, thela and scooter rickshaw,

drivers of cycles riksha and other vendors have also grownup in city with a view to earn

more income.

The table 4.1 shows a homogeneous change in the occupational structure among

all the sample villages of rural-urban fringe of the city during last three decades. The total

number of workers lying in the primary fringe village especially along the roads has been

decreasing. It is because joint family system is breaking, hence in a single family hardly

one or two members are earning and the remaining are dependent. Whereas among the

secondary fringe village work force showing the increasing trend.

If we take a look on the table 4.1 it reveals that the percentage of agricultural

workers show gradual decline from 1981 to 2011. A decrease of 60% and even more

than that has been found. In some of the village decrease in agricultural workers is quite

alarming. The percentage of agricultural workers in 1981 in village Sunjwan were

44.74% which is plunged to 13.08% in 2001 and only 7.14% in 2011. Same is the case

with Thathar in 1981 about 60.78% of workers were engaged in agricultural activities but

it 2011 it has gone down to 6.09% only. In village Kanhal percentage of agricultural

workers has gone down to 13.9% in 2011 in comparison of 75.25% of workers in 1981.

There are also some villages which show increase in the percentage of agricultural

workers. These villages are Gajansoo (i.e. from 48.48% in 1981 to 60.46% in 2001 to

51.92% in 2011) and Chak Agra (i.e. from 42.63% in 1981 to 43.73% in 2001 to 47.36%

in 2011 (Map 4.3).


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Table 4.1: Occupational Structure in Sample Villages (1981 - 2011)

Fringe

Zone

Name of

Village

Total Workers Agricultural & Allied Workers Household and Manufacturing Industries Other Workers

1981 2001 2011 1981 % 2001 % 2011 % 1981 % 2001 % 2011 % 1981 % 2001 % 2011 %

Primary

Fringe

Village

Sunjwan 1133 2629 5206 507 44.74 344 13.08 372 7.14 7 0.61 12 0.45 36 0.69 282 24.88 2273 86.45 4798 92.16

Patoli

Brahmana 505 427 587 112 22.17 82 19.2 51 8.68 3 0.59 1 0.23 9 1.53 197 39 342 80 527 89.77

Hakal 644 843 1404 229 35.55 95 11.26 70 4.98 7 0.1 18 2.13 15 1.06 353 54.81 730 86.59 1316 93.73

Aqilpur 79 617 658 60 75.94 290 47 313 47.5 3 0.37 6 0.97 21 3.19 16 20.2 321 52.02 324 49.24

Thathar 153 377 574 93 60.78 112 29.7 35 6.09 1 0.65 1 - 1 0.17 46 30.06 267 70.82 530 92.33

Bain

Majalta 268 2196 1079 256 95.52 191 83.33 100 42.5 - - 6 - 19 1.76 12 4.47 2705 92.76 960 88.97

Mandal 163 239 316 84 51.53 89 37.23 54 17.08 - - 1 0.41 17 5.37 46 28.22 150 62.76 245 77.53

Darap 156 293 267 141 90.38 137 46.75 105 39.32 - - 1 0.34 3 1.12 15 9.61 155 52.9 159 59.55

Secondary

Fringe

Village

Gajansu 1031 989 1015 500 48.49 598 60.46 527 51.92 9 0.87 9 0.88 5 0.49 213 20.65 391 39.53 483 47.58

Amb 697 1069 1281 367 52.65 490 45.83 499 38.95 8 0.11 14 0.1 4 0.32 322 46.1 560 52.38 771 60.18

Kanhal 497 513 538 2374 75.25 177 34.5 75 13.9 7 0.14 6 0.11 3 0.55 116 3.21 330 64.32 460 85.5

Khojipur 85 323 490 27 31.76 132 40.86 248 50.61 1 0.11 12 0.37 - - 9 1.8 179 55.4 41 8.36

Saleher 1127 1449 1161 648 57.49 1090 75.22 308 26.5 31 2.75 4 0.34 5 0.43 254 22.5 355 24.49 846 72.86

Ranjan 815 801 1031 388 47.6 470 58.67 541 52.47 7 0.85 53 6.6 13 1.26 145 17.7 277 34.58 457 44.32

Chak Agra 713 519 475 304 42.63 227 43.73 225 47.36 10 1.4 12 2.31 2 0.42 165 23.42 280 53.94 248 52.25

Purmandal 245 439 334 81 18.45 142 32.3 147 34.4 18 7.35 53 12.07 1 0.29 146 19.5 282 64.25 28 8.38

Source: Census of India 1981, 2001 and 2011


75

The mean percentage of workers engaged in non-agricultural occupation to the

total workers for the total fringe sample villages has been 78.40% in the primary rural-

urban fringe and 60% for the secondary fringe.

It is evident from the above table that the percentage of persons employed in the

household and manufacturing industries are very low in both of the fringe areas. In 1981

maximum percentage of non-agricultural workers are engaged in other services which is

evident from some of the villages like Hakal (54.81%), Sunjwan (64.88%, Kanhal

(64.31%), Thathar (70.82%). But at present (2011) the position has been changed

percentage of non agricultural workers in other services has increased to 93.73% in

Hakal, 92.16% in Sunjwan, 85.50% in Kanhal, 92.33% in Thathar (Map 5.2, 5.3).

Thus it is clear from the above analysis that the villages which are closer to the

city are undergoing the process of urbanization as high percentage of the worker are

engaged in non-agricultural services while the village falling under the secondary rural-

urban fringe area are still having high percentage of agriculture workers engaged in

primary activities. It is also clear that percentage of non-agricultural workers goes not

decreasing with the increasing distance from the city.

4.4 LITERACY

Socio-economic achievements of a particular society are usually reflected by the

literacy level. In case of fringe villages of Jammu city enhancement in percentage of

literacy has been observed during the review period. This reveals that the population of

the fringe villages is affecting and transforming the traditional and old living style and

consequently the surrounding environment is gradually changing from rural to urban and

its impact is dominating over their hereditary system. The children of the core villages

are now aware of educational importance in their lives. This depicts the impact of

urbanization in the surrounding villages of the city. All the sixteen sample villages

exhibit an absolute transformation with regard to literacy in three point of time i.e. 1981,

2001 and 2011. Average literacy percentage of 1981 has gone up from 34.51% (1981) to

68.61% by 2011. Table 4.2 lucidly reveals the village-wise change in literacy level of the

Rural-Urban fringe of Jammu city.


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Table 4.2: Literacy Level in Sample Villages

Name of

Village

Total Population No. of Literates

1981 % 2001 % 2011 % 1981 2001 2011

Male % Female % Male % Female % Male % Female %

Sunjwan 2780 24.31 9708 61.19 14808 71.54 543 19.53 133 4.7 3518 32.52 2423 24.95 6703 45.26 3891 26.27

Patoli

Brahmana 1054 37.95 1602 70.34 4165 79.25 276 26.18 124 11.76 625 39.01 502 31.33 1817 43.62 1484 35.63

Hakal 2422 37.28 3618 69.29 4192 73.68 612 25.26 291 12.01 1469 40.60 1038 28.68 1718 40.98 1371 32.70

Aqilpur 1615 36.65 2158 65.56 2363 74.98 415 25.69 177 10.95 829 39.15 586 27.15 1006 42.57 766 32.41

Thathar 686 47.66 1390 68.2 1868 70.77 222 32.36 105 15.30 542 38.99 406 29.20 751 40.28 571 30.56

Bain Majalta 633 9.7 293 55.68 1636 36.58 32 5.05 3 0.47 70 23.89 93 31.79 135 8.25 98 5.99

Mandal 450 43.77 813 57.93 1001 63.33 109 24.22 88 19.55 259 31.85 212 26.07 352 35.16 282 28.17

Darap 727 31.77 1083 64.63 1029 75.8 162 22.28 69 9.49 374 31.8 326 30.01 441 42.85 339 32.94

Gajansu 2660 29.13 3214 64.96 3395 71.84 528 19.84 247 9.09 1205 37.49 883 27.47 1404 41.35 1035 30.48

Amb 2736 37.5 4277 64.39 4868 74.69 713 26.05 313 11.44 1523 35.6 1231 28.36 2057 42.25 1579 32.43

Kanhal 1131 51.81 1618 72.37 1820 78.18 369 32.62 217 19.18 674 41.65 497 30.71 801 44.01 622 34.17

Khojipur 655 58.32 898 66.92 1059 71.48 299 45.64 83 12.67 352 36.19 249 27.72 439 41.45 318 30.02

Saleher 3140 38.31 4238 66.23 4941 68.34 762 24.26 441 14.04 1572 37.09 1235 29.14 1867 37.78 1510 30.56

Ranjan 2106 28.67 3089 52.4 3859 64.05 430 20.41 174 8.26 1039 33.63 765 24.76 1396 36.17 1076 27.88

Chak Agra 1260 28.33 1640 55.67 1901 63.91 230 18.25 127 10.07 504 30.7 409 24.93 669 35.19 546 28.72

Purmandal 874 47.36 1179 61.14 1276 67.55 258 29.51 156 17.84 425 36.04 296 25.10 495 38.79 367 28.76

Source: Census of India 1981, 2001 and 2011


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In 1981 percentage of literacy was 24.31% in Sunjwan, 47.66% in Thathar,

43.77% in Mandal, 36.65% in Aquilpur, 58.32% in Khojipur, 29.13% in Gajansu,

28.33% in Chak Agra, 37.5% in Amb, 31.77% in Darp, within the thirty years time, due

to the impact of Jammu city the fringe villages have recorded striking increase in their

literacy rate Map 5.4 by the year 2011 it has rose to 71.54% in Sunjwan, to 70.77% in

Thather, to 63.33% in Mandal, to 74.98% in Aquilpur, to 71.48% in Khojipur, to 71.84%

in Gajansoo, to 63.91% in Chak Agra, to 74.69% in Amb, to 74.80% in Darp. Other

villages have also recorded remarkable change in literacy level from 1981 to 2011.

Female literacy has also shown as increase from the year 1981 to 2011. It is a

good indicator of social status of living standard in an area. In village Patoli Brahmana

the female literacy has gone up from 1.1% (1981) to 24.9% (2001) to further 26.27%

(2011). In village Sunjwan it has gone up from 4.7% in 1981 to 26.27% in 2011, in Rajan

from 8.2% (1981) to 27.8% (2011), in Darp female literacy has gone up from 9% in

1981, 30.10% in 2001 and 32.9% in 2011. Other villages have also recorded remarkable

change in female literacy level as shown in table 4.2 from 1981 to 2011 period.

The villages falling in the primary fringe area are having the higher average

literacy of more than 71% while those falling in the secondary fringe are showing

average literacy rate of below 68%. The reason for the increase in the average literacy in

the last 3 decades is awareness among the people about the importance of education in

their lives, which ultimately transform the standard of living and change their social

structure also. Increase in number of schools, colleges and other technical institutes also

play an important role to increase literacy rate in the sample villages. Role of multimedia

and NGO‟s is also responsible for this increase.

4.5 POPULATION DENSITY

Population density is one of the most important determinant to show the changing

nature of the fringe of Jammu city. There are various factors which effecting the density

of population viz., availability of good transport facilities, water facilities, job as well as

educational facilities health facilities provided by the area and surroundings.


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Table 4.3: Population Density in sample villages (1981-2011).

(Persons/ Sq. Km.)

S.No. Name of Village Area Total Population Population Density

Hectare 1981 2001 2011 1981 2001 2011

1. Sunjwan 2050.16 2780 9708 14808 135 480 722

2. Patoli Brahmana 141.24 1054 1602 4165 746 1134 2948

3. Hakal 265.48 2422 3618 4192 912 1362 1579

4. Aquilpur 260.62 1615 2158 2363 620 828 907

5. Thathar 412.78 686 1390 1868 166 337 453

6. Bain Majalta 681.09 633 1228 1636 93 180 240

7. Mandal 182.11 450 813 1001 247 446 550

8. Darap 165.92 727 1083 1029 438 653 620

9. Gajansu 321.73 2660 3214 3395 827 999 1055

10. Amb 856 2736 4277 4868 320 500 569

11. Ranhal 115.34 1131 1618 1820 981 1403 1578

12. Khojipur 239.17 655 898 1059 274 375 443

13. Salehar 619.90 3140 4238 4941 507 684 797

14. Ranjan 1730.3 2106 3089 3859 121 179 223

15. Chak Agra 415.62 1260 1640 1901 303 395 457

16. Purmandal 696.88 874 1179 1276 125 169 183

Table reflects that the density of population in the fringe area generally goes on

increasing in every sample village from 1981 to 2011. If we talk about primary fringe

village, every village show tremendous increase in the density. In village Patoli

Brahmana the density of population increases from 746 person/sq. km. in 1981 to 1134


79

persons per sq. km. in 2001 to 2948 persons per sq. km. in 2011, followed by village

Hakal i.e. from 912 person/sq. km in 1981 to 1579 person/sq. km. in 2011 in Aquilpur

from 619 persons/sq. km. in 1981 to 906 persons/sq. km. in 2011, in Sunjwan from 135

persons/sq. km. to 452 persons/sq. km., in village Darap from 438 persons/sq. km. to 620

persons/sq. kms. So it is clear from the above discussion that every village has undergone

an increase in density of population for last thirty years. The reason being the more

influence of the city on primary fringe villages in terms of better educational facilities,

good job opportunities, excessive migration from valley in the year 1990 onwards

because of militancy and comparatively low land prices from the main city.

On the other hand among the secondary fringe villages rate of increase in density

is less as compare to the villages in primary fringe. In village Gajansu density of

population increase from 827 persons/sq. km. in 1981 to 1055 persons/sq. km in 2011, in

Kanhal from 981 persons/sq. km. to 1578 persons/sq. km in Saleher from 507 persons/sq.

km. to 797 person/sq. km., in village Amb from 320 persons/sq. km. to 569 persons/sq.

for last thirty year. It is observed during the course of field survey that the villages lying

at the peripheral area i.e. far away from the city the rate of increase in density is low. The

reason of less increase in the density of population as compare to increase density in

secondary fringe village is the farness from the city, less influence of the city, lack of

good education, lack of water, medical and transport facilities, a result of shortage of

these facilities people living in the peripheral rural areas tends to move towards the

primary fringe area, which in turn increase the density of population in this area.

4.6 URBAN AMENITIES

Availability of urban amenities is one of the important indicators to check the

urban influence on the fringe villages. Above table indicates that the urban amenities are

gradually springing up in the fringe villages. Among all the sixteen villages brick-

paved/pukka streets have been constructed with the financial support given under the

Block Development programme. Till 1981 all the inner roads approaching to the main

road were kaccha. But now on a whole construction of inter village road and streets have

taken place. Due to the introduction of Pradan Mantri Sadak Yojna introduced in 2001,

each and every village of the nation is now connected with the main road. Hence the


80

change with respect to transport communication facilities is obvious. Now all the villages

of the fringe area are connected to the main road through pacca or metalled road which

were totally or partially kaccha in 1981 as shown in table.4.3.

Again table 4.3 depicts that till 1981 wells and hand pumps were the main source

of water in fringe villages. In village Bain Majalta, Khojipur, Saleher, Chak Agra and

Purmandal even tank water was used. In Saleher, Khojipur and Chak Agra people used

canal water for household and other domestic purpose in 1981. Even in village Ranjan,

Purmandal, Amb pond water was also used for various purposes, these villages fall in

kandi belt. But by 2011 all the sample villages enjoy the tap water facilities, there are

some villages which enjoy the facility of tube well and hand pump also. In village

Khojipur, Kanhal, Chak Agra, Saleher people used bore well‟s water for irrigating land or

field.

All the sample villages are provided with the postal service within the range of

5km. In 1981 village Sunjwan, Mandal, Gajansu, Kanhal, Saleher and Purmandal were

having the facilities of post office. But now the post offices have been opened in village.

Hakal, Aquilpur, Kanhal. It has been noticed that postal services have been satisfactorily

extended in the entire fringe zone.

Table 4.3 reveals that increase in medical facilities during last three decades was

also improved the health standard of the people living in the fringe area. In 1981 there

exists only dispensaries and those in village Aquilpur, Gajansu, Amb, Kanhal, Khojipur,

Saleher and only one primary health centre in village Purmandal. But now different types

of health care facilities including 8 Primary Health Centres, 4 Dispensaries, 5 Child

Welfare Centres, 2 Maternity and Childcare Centres and 2 Ayurvedic Dispensaries have

been opened in the sampled fringe villages.


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Table 4.4: Urban Amenities in Sample Village (1981 - 2011)

Name of Village Source of Drinking Water Post Office Medical Institution

1981 2001 2011 1981 2001 2011 1981 2001 2011

Sunjwan T T,Tw T,W,Tw P.O. P.O. P.O. PHC (I) PHC PHC (I)

Batoli Brahmana Hp T,Hp T,Hp - - - - Disp (I) Disp

Hakal T,Hp T,Tw,Hp T,Hp - - - - PHC (I) PHC (I)

Aqilpur T,Hp T,Tw,Hp T,Hp - P.O. P.O. - Ayu Disp (I) PHC (I)

Thathar T Tk,T Tk,T - - - - - -

Bain Majalta T T,Tk T,Tw P.O. - - - - -

Mandal W,Hp Tk,Tw, Hp Tw,Hp P.O. P.O. P.O. - PHC (I) PHC (I)

Darap T Tap,Tw T,Tw - - - - PHC (I) PHC (I)

Gajansu W,Hp T,Hp,Tw T,Tw,Hp P.O. P.O. P.O. D (I) Ayu Disp (I) CWC (2) CWC

Amb T,W T,W T,Tw,T - P.O. P.O. D (I) MCW (I) CWC (I) MCW, CWC

Kanhal T,W T,W,Tw, Hp T,W,Tw,Hp - - - D (I) CWC, MCW CWC

Khojipur T,W,Tw, Hp T,W,Tw, Hp T,Tw,Hp - - - D (I) CWC PHC(I) PHC (I) CWC

Saleher T,Hp,W T,W,Tw, Hp Hp,T - - - D (I) PHC (I), CWC PHC, CWC

Ranjan T,W,Tw, Hp W,T,Tk T,Tk P.O. P.O. P.O. - Disp (I) Disp

Chak Agra Tk,Hp T,W,T,Hp T,Hp - - - - Disp (I) Disp

Purmandal T T,Hp T,Hp - - - - - -

Source: Census of India 1981, 2001 and Primary Survey 2011

T – Tap PHC – Primary Health Centre Disp. – Dispensary

Hp. – Hand pump CWC – Child Welfare Centre

W – Well D – Registered Doctor

Tw – Tube well P – Partially Pucca

PO – Post Office Ayu Disp. – Ayurvedic Dispensary


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4.7 CHANGING LAND USE PATTERN

The fringe character is clearly depicted by the changes in the land use pattern in

the simple villages. To reveal this changing character in the rural urban fringe area of

Jammu City, the 1981, 2001 and 2011 data have been compared. The 1981 and 2001 data

has been collected from different secondary sources viz. census, Tehsil records, district

handbook, whereas the 2011 data is based on primary socio-economic and household

survey of these sixteen sample villages conducted during the course of study through

field work.

The impact of Jammu city is highly reflected through the dynamics of land use

changes. Various factors viz. accessibility, transport facility, topography, distance from

the city centre have stimulated the conversion of forest land, agricultural land, cultivable

waste land into the urban land use or non-agricultural uses. Usually, greater is the

physical contact of a settlement with the city more diversified is its land uses. The

existing land use pattern among the sample villages of rural-urban fringe of Jammu city

reveals the mixed pattern that can be lucidly depicted through the table 4.4.

The intensity of the land use change is reciprocal to the distance from the city.

Above table reveals that in all the sample villages the land under cultivation has

decreased. If we take a look on the above table it is found that in the primary fringe

villages a major part of the cultivated land has been put to cash cropping or other non-

agricultural purposes. In village Sunjwan agricultural land deceased from 16.32% to

10.12% from 1981-2011 and in Darap it decrease from 88.28% to 64.18%. If we take a

look on village Hakal the agricultural land has decreased from 80.29% to 67.16 from

1981-2011. The main reason for decrease of agriculture land is being the nearness of the

primary fringe village to the Jammu city. These villages have to absorb the immigrants,

mostly low class people comprising laborers, masons and artisan from other area. On the

other hand availability of good transport facilities, better educational facilities, and health

facilities forces the people to be settled down in the vicinity of the city which in turn

swallow up vast tract of agricultural land for building/settlement purposes. Also the good

transportation and good market facility in the primary fringe villages motivates the

inhabitants of that area to grow vegetables, fruits for higher economic gain instead of


83

grain farming consequently there occur a general decline in agricultural land. Also many

speculators and developers have purchased the agricultural land and converted it into a

number of plots. Many plot have already been used for residential purpose but if we take

a look on the secondary fringe villages decrease in the cultivated land has been found less

than that in the primary fringe villages Table 4.4 shows that in village Amb the

agricultural land in 1981 was 75.76% which has decreased to 73.48% in 2011. While in

Khojipur it shows the decreasing trends from 75.80% in 1981 to 70.28% in 2011. If we

talk about village Salehar than agricultural land has decreased from 91.18% in 1981 to

88.38% in 2011. In Chak Agra cultivated land has decreased from 79.45% to 71.96%

from 1981 to 2011. While in Purmandal cultivated land show less decrease i.e., from

11.73% to 11.17%. The reason being farmers from the city and less development in that

area. The difficulty of daily communication has also diminished the changing intensity in

the rural fringe area.

On the other hand sample villages have shown an increase in the land put to non

agricultural uses which includes area under settlements, roads, brick kilns and other land

uses except agricultural land. Above table shows that both the primary as well as

secondary fringe villages shows increasing trends of land under non agricultural uses

from 1981 to 2011 (Map 4.6, 4.7). It is clear from the Table 4.4 that the percentage of

land under non-agricultural uses in Sunjwan has increased from 33.55% to 43.03%, in

Patoli Brahmana from 25.67% to 36.27%, in Darap from 11.71% to 35.81%, in Thathar

from 60.14% to 68.65%, in Gajansu from 9.97% to 36.21%, in Salehar from 6.78% to

10.10%, in Amb from 11.24% to 15.72%. If is found that in primary fringe villages the

rate of conversion is taking at faster pace than in the secondary fringe village. The reason

being the immigration in the primary fringe area from the rural peripheral area. By the

virtue of vicinity of the city, the villages in the primary fringe enjoys the good medical,

educational, job facilities, which is the main source of attraction for the people living in

the secondary or rural peripheral area, who ultimately made their houses in the area

closer to the city i.e., in primary fringe, which require conversion of agricultural or other

land for construction. Therefore number of residential houses has increased in some

village.

84

Table 4.5: Land use Pattern in Sample Villages (1981 - 2011)

Name of

Villages

Area in

Hect. Cultivated Land Culturable Waste Land including tree crops and grooves Area not available for cultivation Land under Forest

1981 % 2001 % 2011 % 1981 % 2001 % 2011 % 1981 % 2001 % 2011 % 1981 % 2001 % 2011 %

Sunjwan 2050.16 334.68 16.32 297.68 14.52 27.41 10.12 - - - - - - 1687.97 33.55 753.49 36.75 882.28 43.03 1027.51 50.11 998.96 48.72 960.41 46.84

Batoli

Brahmana 141.24 104.98 74.32 97.94 69.34 90.00 63.72 - - - - - - 36.26 25.67 43.3 30.65 51.24 36.27 - - - - - -

Hakal 265.48 213.16 80.29 198.46 74.94 17.83 67.16 - - - - - - 44.07 16.6 49.37 18.59 87.18 32.28 - - - - - -

Aqilpur 260.62 249.06 95.56 247.67 95.03 235.50 90.85 7.37 2.8 8.25 3.1 7.31 2.8 4.19 1.6 4.7 1.8 17.79 6.8 - - - - - -

Thathar 412.78 164.30 39.80 137.59 33.33 129.40 31.34 - - - - - - 248.48 60.19 275.19 66.66 283.38 68.65 - - - - - -

Bain Majalta 681.09 215.30 31.61 277.06 30.99 197.51 29.00 86.2 12.65 84 11 73.41 9.8 410.35 58.92 104.84 59.42 422.27 62 55.44 8.13 54.48 8 46.99 6.9

Mandal 182.11 128.86 70.75 125.03 68.65 114.20 62.87 8.1 4.44 6.51 3.57 4.31 2.36 45.15 24.79 50.57 27.76 63.6 34.92 - - - - - -

Darap 165.92 146.49 88.28 114.86 69.22 106.49 64.18 - - - - - - 19.43 11.71 51.14 30.21 59.43 35.81 - - - - - -

Gajansu 321.73 289.64 90.02 254.96 79.24 205.21 63.78 - - - - - - 32.09 9.97 66.77 20.75 116.52 36.21 - - - - - -

Amb 856.00 648.52 75.76 662.67 77.41 629.00 73.48 111.2 12.99 101.58 11.86 92.31 10.78 96.28 11.24 97.75 11.41 134.64 15.72 - - - - - -

Kanhal 115.34 103.20 89.47 101.93 88.37 84.00 72.82 - - - - - - 12.14 10.52 13.41 11.62 31.34 27.17 - - - - - -

Khojipur 239.17 181.31 75.80 180.00 75.26 168.10 70.28 18.21 7.61 18.21 7.61 10.41 4.35 39.65 16.57 40.96 17.12 60.66 25.36 - - - - - -

Saleher 619.90 565.35 91.18 563.00 90.80 548.00 88.38 12.55 2.02 12.53 2.09 9.31 1.5 42.09 6.78 44.46 7.17 62.68 10.1 - - - - - -

Ranjan 1730.31 593.32 57.58 521.65 50.62 503.12 48.83 - - - - - - 437.04 42.41 508.69 49.37 527.22 51.16 - - - - - -

Chak Agra 415.62 330.23 79.45 321.23 77.28 299.10 71.96 - - - - - - 85.39 20.53 94.39 22.71 116.52 28.03 - - - - - -

Purmandal 696.88 696.88 81.76 79.14 11.35 77.91 11.17 - - - - - - 359.36 51.56 371.63 53.32 409.86 58.81 255.76 35.31 246.11 35.31 209.11 30

Source: Census of India 1981, 2001 and Primary Survey 2011

85

These villages also show decrease in land under forest and culturable waste land

including tree crops and grooves from 1981 to 2011. Village Bain Bajalta has shown a

decrease of culturable waste land from 4.44% to 2.36%, Amb from 12.99% to 10.78%,

Khojipur from 7.61% to 4.35% and Ranjan from 2.02% to 1.50%. This culturable waste

land has been converted into the residential settlement and other urban land use, due to

the pressure of increasing population.

The land under forest also shows the decreasing trends. As in the study area only

few patches are consist of forest. Out of this Sunjwan shows a decrease in forest land

from 50.11% to 46.84% from 1981 to 2011, while Bain Bajalta from 8.13% to 6.9% and

Purmandal from 36.69% to 30.00%.The reason being cutting down of forests to fulfill the

needs of greedy man. Forests are cut down to expand agricultural activities to set up

industries for furniture in houses, for firewood in the rural areas and so on.

4.8 AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION

The role of an individual in a family or a society is deeply associated with the age

and sex. It is, therefore, natural that these form the important threads of demographic

pattern or texture of a region, caste or class of people. They are visible, indisputable and

convenient indicator of social status and labour force.

Table 4.6: Rural – Urban Fringe: Age - Sex Composition

Age groups in

years

Male (in %age) Female (in %age) Total (in %age)

0-14 28.7 17.6 24.3

15-59 58.1 68.2 62.1

Above 60 13.2 14.1 13.6


The different ages are grouped and related to sex distribution as shown in table

4.6 The survey done for the study reveals that in the rural-urban fringe of Jammu city

nearly half of the population is under the age group of 15-59 years in which the 58.1 % of

population is of male and 68.2% is of females. This shows that they are largely matured


86

group and less dependent. This group of population is mostly migrants, who settle down

in close proximity of city along or without their families in search of livelihood, for good

education facilities, job opportunities, health facilities etc.

Fig.4.1: Rural Urban Fringe : Age Composition

Table 4.6 further reveals that the percentage of children 10-14 yrs is 24.3% of

total population. Only 13.6 of the total population of sampled households in fringe area is

above 60 years of age, this is dependent class, their percentage is low in fringe area

because they prefer to live in their place of origin and less tendency to migrate.

4.9 EDUCATION LEVEL AND MONTHLY INCOME OF SAMPLED

HOUSEHOLDS

For this study five income categories have been selected against screened

categories of education level/ status as shown in table 4.7. In some of the households

respondents were reluctant to respond their correct monthly income. Therefore, their

income was estimated on the basis of the assets they were in possession.

24.3

62.1

13.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0-14 15-59 Above 60

%ag

e

Age group in years

Total (in %age)


87

Table 4.7: Education status and monthly income of the sampled households in

Rural-Urban Fringe of Jammu city 2011.

(Monthly income in rupees/ Households in percentage)

Monthly Income (in Rs.)

S.

No.

Education Status 1,500-

5,000

5,000-

10,000

10,000-

15,000

15,000-

20,000

Above

20,000

1. No formal 4.15 31.4 5.1 8.5 3.3

2. Incomplete primary 28.9 20.0 17.8 15.6 15.5

3. Primary completed 31.8 22.7 15.9 11.4 18.2

4. Incomplete Secondary 33.3 21.2 6.1 24.2 15.2

5. Secondary completed 24.5 28.3 13.2 11.3 22.6

6. Graduate 20.0 23.3 16.7 20.0 20.0

7. Post Graduate/

Technical Degree

- 2.0 3.0 10 40


Fig.4.2: Monthly Income and Education Level in Sampled House-hold

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Mo

nth

ly In

com

e (

in R

s.)

Education Level

1500-5000

5000-1000

10000-15000

15000-20000

Above 20000


88

A careful examination of table 4.7 reveals that education status and monthly

income of the sampled households is a mixture of rural and urban socio-economic

features. However, predominance of ruralness is evident from the fact that most of the

respondents have no formal education and were mainly fall in low income group with

majority earning below Rs.5000 per month. In almost all the education level the

percentage of low income households are very high i.e. about 41.5 % in no formal

education category, 31.8 % in the category of those who have completed their primary

education, 28.9% in the not completed primary education category, 33.3 % of households

in the category of incomplete Secondary education, 24.5 % of the households fall in

category of completed Secondary education and 20 % of the households are graduate. It

is clear from table that not even a single household fall in the low income group who had

completed the post-graduation or other technical degree.

Majority of these households are laborers, shopkeepers, drivers, vendors etc. who

earn even less than Rs.100-200 per day.

It is clear from the table that there was significant proportion of educated elites

i.e. 28.3 % with secondary school education which falls in the category of 5,000-10,000

income per month.

It is also clear from the above table that no one is found in low income group in

the category of post graduation/ Technical degree. Maximum households i.e. about 40 %

are earning above 20,000 per month are in this category and fall in high income group.

They are mainly engaged in high class jobs, good business or other economic activities.

Thus it is found that there is a significant relationship between the level of education and

income of the respondent from the above discussion.

4.10 DISTRIBUTION OF SEPARATE KITCHEN, TOILET FACILITIES AND

TYPE OF HOUSES IN FRINGE AREA OF JAMMU CITY

The detailed study of sample villages indicates that most of the houses in the

fringe area are deprived of modern housing facilities like separate kitchen,

bathroom/toilet and housing.


89

i) Toilet Facilities:

Table 4.6 reflects the distribution of separate toilet and kitchen facilities and type

of houses in the sample villages of fringe area of Jammu city. In case of toilet facility

about 27.40% of the households do not have any kind of toilet facilities, they usually go

use open fields for this purpose. If we take a look on the primary fringe villages about

84.2% of the households are having the separate toilet facilities and only 15.8% of the

households go in open. Village Patoli Brahmana is having the highest percentage of the

households i.e. about 92.01% which are having toilet facility followed by village Thathar

(89.93%) and Sunjwan (84.24%). But in village Bain Majalta and in village Darap about

21.49% and 27.69% of the households are devoid of toilet facility.

Table 4.8: Distribution of Toilet, Kitchen Facilities and Type of Houses in Sample

Villages (2011)

S.No. Fringe

zone

Name of

Village

Toilet Facilities Separate Kitchen

Facilities

Type of House

Yes No Yes No Pucca Kaccha

1.

Primary

Fringe

Villages

Sunjwan 84.24 15.76 90.32 9.68 98.91 1.09

2. Patoli

Brahmana

92.01 7.99 98.91 1.09 99.03 0.97

3. Hakal 88.34 11.66 95.31 4.69 98.99 1.01

4. Aquilpur 87.42 12.58 94.91 5.09 98.32 1.68

5. Thathar 89.93 10.07 96.32 3.68 99.36 0.64

6. Bain Majalta 78.51 21.49 79.91 20.09 89.69 10.31

7. Mandal 80.84 19.16 93.41 6.59 96.92 3.08

8. Darap 72.31 27.69 82.81 17.19 94.31 5.69

Total 84.2 15.8 91.37 8.63 96.90 3.1

9.

Secondary

Fringe

Villages

Gajansu 73.18 26.82 89.34 10.66 97.93 2.07

10. Amb 67.31 32.69 84.98 15.02 93.31 6.69

11. Kanhal 88.14 11.86 98.91 1.09 98.21 0.59

12. Khojipur 69.94 30.06 88.61 11.39 92.31 7.69

13. Saleher 67.31 32.69 82.81 17.19 88.91 11.09

14. Ranjan 69.41 30.59 84.91 15.09 95.31 4.69

15. Chak Agra 37.31 62.69 46.61 54.39 52.41 48.59

16. Purmandal 63.31 36.69 82.33 17.67 89.31 10.69

Total 70.73 29.27 82.33 17.67 88.46 11.54

Total 77.46 22.54 86.91 13.09 92.70 7.3



90

Fig. 4.3: Percentage of Households with Toilet facilities in sample villages (2011)

If we take a look on table then in secondary fringe village about 70.73% of the

households are having toilet facilities and about 29.27% of the households are devoid of

toilet facilities. It is clear from the figure that only 37.31% of the households in Village

Chak Agra and 63.3% of the households in village Purmandal are having the facility of

toilet. The reason of low percentage in these villages as compared to other villages is

being the farness from the city, lack of awareness related to health hygiene among the

people. It has been noted during the field survey that mostly available toilet facilities

were unhygienic and service type in secondary fringe village.

ii) Type of Houses:

Among the sampled villages of the fringe area all the houses are generally made

up of cement and bricks except certain old houses which are totally made of mud walls

and toilet or thatched roofs. Figure highlights the housing conditions of fringe dweller of

the selected sample villages. The percentage of the household who live in concrete

houses i.e pucca houses is 92.70% and only 7.3% of the houses are kuccha or partially

kuccha having concrete or mud walls and thatched/steel roofs. The concentration of

Kuccha partially kuccha houses are more in secondary fringe villages i.e. about 11.54%

0102030405060708090

100

Sun

jwan

Pat

oli

Bra

hm

ana

Hak

al

Aq

uilp

ur

That

har

Bai

n M

ajal

ta

Man

dal

Dar

ap

Gaj

ansu

Am

b

Kan

hal

Kh

ojip

ur

Sale

her

Ran

jan

Ch

ak A

gra

Pu

rman

dal

%ag

e

Sample Villages

Toilet Facilities Yes

Toilet Facilities No


91

as compared to 3.06% in primary fringe villages. High percentage of Kuccha houses is

found in village Chak Agra (52.41%) because of dominance of Gujjar population who

live in thatched huts along with their livestock, followed by Salehar (88.91%), Purmandal

(89.31%) and Bain Majalta (84.69%). The houses of economically backward

communities, situated on the out skirts of the main village settlement are generally built

of thatched/mud walls. They lack in proper ventilation, suffer from darkness and usually

have kuccha courtyard or varandahs. The reason being economical weaker section,

dominance of rural character and poverty.

Fig. 4.4: Percentage of Type of House (Kaccha / Pucca) in sample villages (2011)

iii) Separate Kitchen Facility:

The study of sampled villages reveals that there are some of the households in the

fringe area of Jammu city which are deprived of separate kitchen facilities those who

don't have separate kitchen facilities usually cook food in varandahs or courtyard. The

above table shows that about 13.09% of the households in the fringe belt are devoid of

separate kitchen facilities. If we take a look on the primary fringe villages then about

91.37% of the households are having the separate kitchen facilities and only 8.63% of the

households are deprived of it.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sun

jwan

Pat

oli

Bra

hm

ana

Hak

al

Aq

uilp

ur

That

har

Bai

n M

ajal

ta

Man

dal

Dar

ap

Gaj

ansu

Am

b

Kan

hal

Kh

ojip

ur

Sale

her

Ran

jan

Ch

ak A

gra

Pu

rman

dal

%ag

e

Sample Villages

Type of House Pucca

Type of House Kaccha


92

Among the secondary fringe villages about 82.33% of the households are

provided with separate kitchen and 17.67% of households are not having the separate

kitchen. They cook their food in varandas or courtyards (Twalas) usually on chulas.

Mostly the houses in this part are of old type having kitchen outside the main living.

Fig. 4.5: Percentage of Households with Separate Kitchen facilities in sample

villages (2011)

4.11 CONCLUSION

In this chapter the changes in the rural-urban fringe of Jammu city are analyzed

through the detailed study of 16 sample villages at three point of time i.e. in 1981, 2001

and 2011. These villages were selected from each corner of the fringe, lying at varying

distances from the city, care has been taken to assure that the sample villages must

represent each of the fringe delimited. The primary survey has been conducted in these

sample villages by using the detailed questionnaire, so that the heterogeneous

characteristics of the primary and secondary fringe may be lucidly exposed. In this

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sun

jwan

Pat

oli

Bra

hm

ana

Hak

al

Aq

uilp

ur

That

har

Bai

n M

ajal

ta

Man

dal

Dar

ap

Gaj

ansu

Am

b

Kan

hal

Kh

ojip

ur

Sale

her

Ran

jan

Ch

ak A

gra

Pu

rman

dal

%ag

e

Sample Villages

Separate Kitchen Facilities Yes

Separate Kitchen Facilities No


93

chapter discussion is made on the demographic and socio-economic conditions of the

sampled village.

In case of occupation structure, it is found that percentage of agricultural workers

show gradual decline from 1981 to 2011 and the decrease is even more than 60 %. The

decrease in agricultural workers is quite alarming e.g. in village Sunjwan percentage of

agricultural workers decreases from 44.74 % in 1981 to 13.08 % in 2001 and only 7.14 %

in 2011, in village Mandal from 60.78 % in 1981 to 6.09 % in 2011. The decrease is

more sharp in primary fringe area than in secondary fringe.

It is also found that the percentage of persons employed in the household and

manufacturing industries are very low in both the fringe areas.

The percentage of non-agricultural workers engaged in other services also show

increase from 1981 to 2011. It is found that in village Hakal it has increased from 54.81

% to 93.7 %, in village Sunjwan from 64.88 % to 92.16 % and in village Kanhal from

64.31 % to 85.50 %.

All the sample villages also show an absolute transformation with regard to

literacy in all three points of time i.e. in 1981, 2001 and 2011. It is found in course of

study that average percentage of literacy in 1981 was 34.51 % which has gone upto 68.61

% by 2011 in the study area. It is found that almost all the sample villages show

remarkable increase in the literacy rate. Female literacy has also shown an increase,

which is the good indicator of social status of living standard in an area. Female literacy

rate has gone up from 1.1 % to 26.27 % in village Patoli Brahmana and from 8.2 % to

27.8 % in village Ranjan. The reason for the increase in the literacy rate is awareness

among the people about the importance of education in their lives. Also increase in

number of schools and colleges in the last three decades and government schemes and

accelerated the growth of literacy in the study area.

It is also found in the course of the field survey that urban amenities in the fringe

area are also springing up. In 1981, all the roads approaching to the villages were kucha

or brick paved, but now the position is totally changed almost all the villages are now


94

connected to the main road through pucca road. Again in 1981 wells and tanks, hand

pumps were the main source of water for fringe dwellers but in course of field survey it is

found that almost every household in the fringe is now provided with the tap water

facility. In villages Bain Bajalta, Salehar, Chak Agra and Purmandal, tank water was used

for household purpose in 1981. All the sample villages are also provided with the postal

service within the range of 5 kms and have been satisfactorily extended in entire fringe

zone.

Increase in the medical facilities during last three decades also improved the

health standard of the people living in the fringe area. Now each and every sample

village is either provided with the Primary Health Centre or Dispensary.

If we take look on the landuse pattern of sample villages, it is found that the

intensity of the landuse is reciprocal to the distance from the city. It is found that the land

under cultivation has decreased in all the sample villages from 1981 to 2011. In village

Sunjwan, it has decreased from 16.32% to 10.12%, in Hakal from 80.29 % to 67.16%, in

Darap from 88.28% to 64.18%, in village Amb agricultural land decreases from 75.76%

to 73.48%, in village Khojipur from 75.80% to 70.28%, in Salehar from 91.18% to

88.38%, in Purmandal from 11.73% to 11.7%. It was found that the rate of conversion of

agricultural land to non-agricultural purpose is found more in primary fringe village than

in the secondary fringe villages, because the impact of city on primary fringe area is more

and these villages absorb the immigrants from other areas, also availability of all the

desirable facilities forces the people to be settle down in the vicinity of the city which in

turn swallow up vast tract of agricultural land for building or settlement purposes.

On the other hand, it is found that all the sample villages have shown an increase

in the land put to non-agricultural use e.g. in village Patoli Brahmana it increases from

25.67% to 36.27%, in Thathar from 60.14% to 68.65%, in village Gajansu from 9.97% to

36.21%, in Salehar from 6.68% to 10.10%, in Amb from 11.24% to 15.72% from 1981 to

2011. It is further observed the rate of conversion is taking at faster pace than in

secondary fringe villages. The reason being primary fringe being lying in vicinity of the

city, enjoys the good medical, educational, job facilities which ultimately attract people


95

living in secondary or rural peripheral area, which require conversion of agricultural or

other land for construction or for residential purpose.

In the sample villages land under forest also shows decreasing trend though only

few patches are consist of forest. The reason being cutting down of forests to fulfil the

needs of greedy man, for expanding agricultural activities, to set up industries and so on.

The density of population in the sample villages also shows increasing trends

from 1981 to 2011. The rate of increase in the density is more rapid among primary

fringe villages than in secondary fringe. In the primary fringe village every village show

tremendous increase in the density in village Patoli Brahmana the density of population

increases from 746 persons/ sq km. in 1981 to 2948 persons / sq km in 2011, in Hakal

from 912 persons / sq km to 1579 persons / sq km, in Aquilpur from 619 persons / sq.

kms to 906 persons / sq km, in Sunjwan from 135 persons / sq km to 452 persons / sq km.

Among the secondary fringe village the increase in density is less as compared to the

villages in primary fringe. In village Gajansu density increased from 827 persons / sq km

to 1055 persons per sq km from 1981 to 2011, from 507 persons / sq Km to 797 persons /

sq km in village Amb from 320 persons / sq kms to 569 persons / sq km for last thirty

years. It is found in the course of study that rate of increase in density in villages lying at

peripheral area is low. The reason being farness from city, lack good education, lack of

transport facilities etc. which force the people living in peripheral areas to move towards

the city.

The study of sample villages reveals that in the rural urban fringe of Jammu city

nearly half of the population, is under the age group of 15-59 years in which 58.1 % of

population is of male and 68.2 % is of females, which shows that they are largely

matured and less dependent and mostly migrants which settle down in close proximity of

city along with their families for good job, educational and medical facilities etc.

A very close relationship is found between the educational level and monthly

income of sampled villages. It is found that in almost all the education level the

percentage of low income households are very high and maximum households i.e. about


96

40 % who have completed post-graduation or other technical degree are found in high

income group.

Distribution of basic facilities in the sampled households also show contrasting

characteristics. It is found that in primary fringe villages about 84.2 % of the households

are provided with Toilet facilities, 91.37 % with separate kitchen facilities 96.90 % of

households with pucca houses. But among secondary fringe villages only 70.73 %

households are provided with toilet facilities, 82.33 % of the households with separate

kitchen facilities and 88.46 % with pucca house. The reason of low percentage in

secondary fringe village as compared to primary fringe villages is being lack of

awareness related to health hygiene among the people and lack of economic facilities.

CHAPTER – 5

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL-URBAN

FRINGE

Chapter – 5 Characteristics of Rural Urban Fringe

97

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The rural – urban fringe generally surrounds the city area as a circumference belt

of mixed rural and urban land uses and manifests strong interaction with the city in terms

of daily communication, exchange of goods and services and changing land use pattern

proportion with the growth dynamism of the city. The urban impact is discernible in its

prevailing land use, occupational structure and morphological characteristics.1

The origin of rural – urban fringe depends on the interplay of pull and push

factors of urban centers. Its development is attributed to various socio-economic and

cultural factors which generate the process of urbanization.2 The transformation of

landscape starts with the acquisition of rural land for urban uses. The fringe zone

developed in such a haphazard way on outskirts of corporate limit and sometimes within

the limits, has been termed as „urban fringe‟, „no man‟s land‟, „peri urban land‟,

„heterogeneous region‟, „urban district‟, and „metropolitan zone‟. Actually this is a zone

of transition in function, form, demography and social life in between the city and the

country side.3

In rural – urban fringes there is found a mixture of land uses, mainly

related to farming and urban interest. Rodehaver pointed out character of fringe that

“new residents converge upon the fringe both from urban places and rural areas”4

Deway

observed in the fringe area an intermingling of two kinds of population, agricultural

workers as well as those engaged in urban occupations having adopted urban way of

life.5 Pryor worked out that the rural-urban fringe is characterized by the incomplete

availability of utility services inadequate network of public transport and relatively high

ownership ratio of residential houses.

1 Solanki, R.S., (1991), “The Rural-urban Fringe: Concept and Application”, in S.D. Maurya (Ed.),

Settlement System in India, Chung Publication, Allahabad, Vol. II. p.88. 2 Ibid, pp.88-89.

3 Nangia, S., (1976), “Delhi Metropolitan Region: A Case Study in Settlement Geography”, K.B.

Publications, New Delhi, p.81. 4 Rodehaver, M.W., (1947), “Fringe Settlement as a Two Directional Movement”, Rural Sociology, Vol.

12, p. 49-57. 5 Dewey, R., (1960), “Peripheral Expansion in Milwaukee country”, American Journal Sociology, Vol.

54, p.119.


98

5.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL–URBAN FRINGE

“The space into which the town extends as the process of dispersion operates, has

created the concept of a rural-urban fringe, an area with distinctive characteristics which

is only partly assimilated into the growing urban complex which is still partly rural and

where many of the residents live in the country but are not socially and economically of

it”.

A large amount of literature appeared roughly during the period from the mid-

1940‟s to the beginning of 1960‟s which was concerned with the physical delimitation

and the defining features of the rural – urban fringe.6 In lands-use terms Wissinsk has

called it an area of great differentiation,7 while Golledge used the term, „a geographical

no man‟s land‟. Both these expressions are derived from the wide variety of uses found in

an area which has been only partly brought into the urban complex.8 The city does not

grow outwards in well defined, advancing rings of rapidly completed development. It

extends haphazardly, making rapid advances at one point and hardly moving at another.

It is this process which occasions the incoherent land-use pattern which is taken as

representative of the fringe. This is not something associated particularly and uniquely

with present metropolitan growth. Golledge in a study of Sydney prescribed seven

propositions regarding rural- urban fringe.9

1. There is a constantly changing pattern of land occupancy.

2. Farms are small

3. Crop production is intensive

4. The population is mobile and of low or moderate density.

5. Residential expansion is rapid.

6. The provision of services and public utilities is incomplete.

7. Speculative building is common.

6 Kurtz, R.A., and Eicher, J.B., (1958), “Fringe and Suburb: a confusion of concepts”. Social Forces

Vol. 37, pp. 32-37. 7 Wissink, G.A., (1962), “American Cities in Perspective: With Special Reference to the Development

of their Fringe Areas”, Social Geog., Studies, No. 5. 8 Golledge, R.G., (1960), “Sydney‟s Metropolitan Fringes: A Study in Urban Rural Relationship,” Aust.

Geog. Vol. 7 pp.243-45. 9 Ibid, pp.246-48


99

These conditions reflect the nature of the fringe as already outlined and represent

the push into rural surrounds of young, mobile, middle class populations and the attempts

by speculative builders to provide for them at a rate which, in some case, outreaches the

input of services and utilities. The only additional feature Golledge includes are farm

size and crop production, presumably related to urban demand.10

R.E. Pahl has also attempted to summarize the characteristics of the fringe and his

four main headings take in many of the characteristics proposed by Golledge.11

A. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

i) Segregation:

The ability to pay for the new housing of the fringe results in a pattern of

segregation appearing. The major residential tract of sub-urbs old villages, private

housing, council estates and minor estates – are all clearly segregated, with the

private estates generally located closest to the old village cores. Large planned

tracts are given to commercial, educational and institutional uses.12

Similarly, the rural urban fringe is often regarded as „green field site‟

(undeveloped sites outside the existing built up urban area) which are favored by

large firm/organization seeking location for new developments such as

headquarters, offices, housing and industrial estates. Greenfield sites have the

advantage of being virgin sites uncluttered by any previous development and are

normally available as extensive tracts in a single property deal so facilitating land

acquisition. It is possible, therefore, for planner to allocate land for schools, light

industry and housing, so that there is functional as well as social segregation of

land-use.13

10

Ibid. pp.248-49. 11

Pahl, R.E., (1965), “Urbs in Rure. The Metropolitan Fringe in Hertfordshire”, London School of

Economic and Political Science, Geog. p.2. 12

Giggs, J., (1970), “Fringe Expansion and Suburbanization Around Nottingham A Metropolitan Area

Approach” E. Midland Geogs. Vol. 5, pp. 9-17. 13

Mukherjee, (2001) “Cities, urbanization and urban system”,


100

ii) Selective Immigration:

The rural-urban fringe will attract in particular mobile, middle class

commuters who tend to live and work in distinct and separate social and

economic worlds from the established population.14

Those who come to live in

the fringe constitute a small section of the whole urban community and they tend

to retain their orientation towards the city.

iii) Commuting:

People living in the fringe area commute daily to their place of work. This

creates the dual problem of traffic congestion in the city and total inactivity

during the day in dormitory villages. The city government is faced with the task

of providing transport services capable of handling peak (rush hour) load.

However, these services remain under-utilized for rest of the day.15

iv) Collapse of Geographical and other hierarchies:

This is one of the most interesting of Pahl‟s conclusions and advances the

concept of a distinctive fringe. With the populations partly directed towards other

parts of city for certain services, then the service content of fringe settlements

become modified. They do not need to carry an array of goods and services

commensurate with the population they serve, but can become specialized in

particular directions. It is possible that conventional central place idea would not

apply in direct fashion and that something alien to the dispersed bundles of

functions at particular hierarchical levels collected at appropriate modes the

various functions are being dispensed in specialized or segregated bundles, the

whole process being precipitated by the mobility of the population likewise, the

aggregation of incoming groups with their links back to the city reflects the

traditional social hierarchies of the rural area.16

14

Pahl, R.E., (1965) op. cit. p. 72. 15

Mukherjee op. cit., pp.128-129 16

Pahl, R.E., op. cit. p.72-73.


101

B. LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS

i) There is constantly changing pattern of land occupations.

ii) Farms are small with intensive crop production.

iii) Residential expansion is rapid.

iv) Services and other utility facilities are inadequate.

v) Speculative building is common.17

Sudesh Nangia (1976)18

while studying the rural urban fringe of Delhi

Metropolitan region highlighted the following characteristics:

a) A mixed form of land-use is found here.

b) The area suffers from urban facilities.

c) In rural-urban fringe the living conditions of both rural and urban areas are found.

d) The area suffers from the urban facilities.

e) It is difficult to continue agricultural land-use on a permanent basis.

Walter Fiery19

has studied the characteristics and problems of Flint City of

Michigan State of USA and he has drawn the following conclusions:

a) Fringe withdraw the land from agricultural production;

b) A lot of differences are found in the distribution of plots and industries cropped

up here and there;

c) One has to pay heavy taxes in order to manage urban amenities in fringe area.

d) One could observe a shift change in characteristics of population; and

17

Mukherjee op. cit. pp.127-130. 18

Nangia, Sudesh, (1976), “Delhi Metropolitan Region ; A Study in Settlement Geography”, K.B.

Publisher , New Delhi,pp.81-102. 19

Walter, F., (1946) , Ecological Consideration in Planning for Urban Fringe”, Amer. Social Rev. Vol.

11, p.411.


102

e) Due to construction of houses the price of the land shoots up very high which

favors withdrawal of the land from agriculture.

According to Pryor20

Rural-Urban fringe exhibits the following characteristics:

a) The urban facilities are always inadequate by all means

b) The zonal arrangement is not interlinked.

c) The areal extent covers the land even beyond city boundary.

d) There is always chance of the increase of population density.

5.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL-URBAN FRINGE OF JAMMU CITY

The rural urban fringe of Jammu city exhibits some characteristic features,

governed by physio-cultural impact of the city and its environs. The villages of the fringe

today are likely to become an integral part of the city tomorrow. However, the rural

urban fringe area of the Jammu city expose certain typical characteristics pertaining to

economic base and social setup, increase in commuting population and conversion from

farm to non-form land uses. The emergence of the rural-urban fringe on the outskirts of

the Jammu city is a recent phenomenon. The unprecedented growth of urban centers after

the independence and migration from the different areas of the hinterland resulting in

congestion and overcrowding in the city and surrounding on the one hand and

development of modern means of transport and communication on the other. The

emergence of fringe zones the complex problem of adjustments between the rural urban

ways of life. It exhibits quite interesting characteristics revealing remarkable changes in

land use, mobile and low public utility, fast expansion of residential areas and trans-

communication channels.

Thus, in this chapter the apparent characteristics of the rural – urban fringe of

Jammu city in regard to the following indicators have been analyzed.

a) Population growth

20

Pryor, R.J., (1965), “Expansion of the Urban Fringe: A Simulation Experiment”, Paper of Region

Science Association, Vol. 15, pp. 885-95.


103

b) Literacy

c) Occupations structure (ratio of non agricultural workers)

d) Sex ratio

e) Population density

Land use and land values of the fringe areas are also taken into consideration.

After calculating the mean and standard deviation of each indicator, their

standardized values are found and after that on the basis of the mean and standard

deviations the values of above four indicators are grouped into five categories. These

values are checked for literacy, sex ratio, population density and ratio of non-agriculture.

Table 5.1: Range of values for different indicators

Categories Range of Values

Very High Above mean +3 S.D

High mean +2 S.D to mean +3 S.D

Medium mean +1 S.D to mean +2 S.D

Low mean to mean +1 S.D

Very Low Below mean

Thus, the basis of above values the villages following in the study area are

divided into five categories. The villages falling between the value of above mean + 3S.D

comes under the category of very high, villages whose values ranges between mean +

2S.D to mean + 3S.D falls under the category of high. While villages whose values lies

between mean + 1S.D to mean + 2S.D fall under medium category and villages with

values lying between mean to mean + 1S.D and below mean falls under the category of

low to very low respectively.


104

Table 5.2: Rural-Urban fringe –Population Density, Sex Ratio, Literacy Rate,

Non-agricultural workers by 2 km distance zones

Distance

Zones

Zone-

1

Zone-

2

Zone-

3

Zone-

4

Zone-

5

Zone-

6

Zone-

7

Zone-

8

Population Density (Persons per Sq. Km)

1981 631 598 541 515 461 325 291 221

2001 1045 998 891 864 865 602 613 521

2011 1243 1032 984 906 912 768 756 659

Sex Ratio

1981 885 890 891 901 898 909 915 925

2001 857 854 849 862 871 892 906 901

2011 850 852 863 860 882 889 902 909

Literacy

1981 59.04 54.02 53.97 51.13 43.02 39.08 37.4 35.1

2001 71.55 70.55 71.1 64.97 63.18 61.79 62.44 59.85

2011 74.66 73.53 72.86 72.26 71.54 69.31 68.83 68.63

Percentage of Non-Agricultural Workers

1981 78.21 73.95 69.1 54.9 46.31 39.91 36.51 35.21

2001 87.51 83.75 79.61 72.51 65.25 59.51 56.71 54.9

2011 89.54 85.6 83.39 77.69 74.23 69.88 68.51 65.22

Source: Census of India 1981, 2001 and 2011.

5.4 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

In order to understand the characteristics of the rural- urban fringe of Jammu city,

it is needful to analyze various demographic aspects of the fringe zone. Demographic

characteristics are directly associated with the pattern, its distribution, density, literacy

and composition. Therefore, characteristics of the fringe zone related to demographic

aspects are discussed below:


105

i) Literacy:

Literacy is one of the most important indicators that reflect the socio-economic

achievement of any society.21

On the shadow of urban area i.e. in the primary fringe, the

numbers of educated persons are more than in the secondary fringe. In the fringe area of

Jammu city also, the percentage of the literates has been found increasing with the

increase in the level of literacy and education as per census records.

Table 5.3: Rural-Urban fringe - Literacy Rate 2011

S.No. Fringe

Zone

Distance

from the

centre of city

Total

Population

(2011)

Population

Literate

(2011)

Literacy Rate

(2011)

1

INNER

FRINGE

4-6 50427 37649 74.66

2 6-8 91597 67351 73.53

3 8-10 90138 65512 72.68

4 10-12 88047 63623 72.26

5 12-14 89317 63897 71.54

6 OUTER

FRINGE

14-16 77931 54014 69.31

7 16-18 71543 49246 68.83

8 18-20 61018 41877 68.63

Source: Census of India 2011.

Fig.5.1: Rural-Urban fringe - Literacy Rate 2011

21

Lal, H., (1987), “City and Urban Fringe,” Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, p.31.

74.66

73.53 72.86

72.26 71.54

69.31 68.83 68.63

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20

Lite

racy

Rat

e (

20

11

)

Distance from the Centre of City

Literacy Rate (2011)


106

Above table depicts the distance wise literacy in the rural – urban fringe of

Jammu city. The distance zones from the city centre are divided into eight zones i.e.

from 4-6 km 6-8 km, 80-10 km, 10-12 km, 12-14 km, 14-16 km, 16-18 km and from 18-

20 km having the interval of 2 km each.

The primary fringe villages record their average literacy as 72 % while it is 68.92

% in the rural or secondary fringe villages in 2011 against the average of 52.23 % of

literacy in primary fringe and 37.19 % of literacy rate of secondary fringe in the year

1981(table 5.2). This ratio has increased to 20 % in 2011. There exists a great variation

in percentage of literacy from zone to zone ranging from 74.66% in 4-6 km zone to 72.26

% in 10-20 km zone and 68.63 % in 18-20km distance zone. Further it is observed that

there is abrupt fall in the level of literacy as we move away from the city (table no.5.3)

The level of literacy decreases from 74.66% in 4-6 km zone to 68.63% in 18-20 km zone,

but if we compare it with literacy of 1981 then it was 59.04 % in 4-6 km zone and more

down to 35.1 % in 18-20 km zone. This shows that literacy decreases with the increase

in the distance from the city. This also indicates that number of literates is increasing

every year and the increase in the level of literacy is quite satisfactory (Table 5.2).

It is clear map 5.1 that there are about 179 villages which comes under the

category of very high to high literacy rate and about 82 number of villages in the fringe

area are in the category of having very low to low literacy rate .While 266 number of

villages fall in the category of medium literacy rate. Further it is clear from the map.5.1

that the literacy rate is high near the city, but as we approach towards the peripheral area

it generally goes on decreasing. Map 5.1 shows that in Deeli, Barnai, Sultanpur, Nougran,

Rakh Chatha, Patoli Brahmana, Top Manhasan, Chak Nowade, Raipur Domana, Chak

Ratnu etc. villages more than 75 % inhabitants are literates. Thus the literacy is closely

linked with the distance factor but the living standard of the inhabitants of these villages

have also influenced the literacy.

ii) Sex Ratio:

The sex ratio is a suitable demographic indicator reflecting the population

comparison of the area and the economic and social implications thereof. It is interesting


107

to note that male female ratio in primary fringe of Jammu city remains more or less the

same for last two decades (Table 5.4). An analysis of sex ratio reveals that it tends to

become more uneven among the primary fringe villages than in the secondary fringe

villages. Unprecedented migration of male to the city and its vicinity in search of

employment increases not only the growth and density of population in the adjoining

villages, but also creates uneven sex ratio.

Thus it is found that closer to the city females per thousand of males are less and

it shows increasing trends as we move towards the peripheral areas. The average sex

ratio for the primary fringe for 2011 comes out to be 861 and for secondary rural-urban

fringe it is about 900 females per thousand of males.

Table 5.4: Rural-Urban fringe – Sex Ratio 2011

S.No. Fringe Zone

Distance

from the

centre of city

Male

Population

(2011)

Female

Population

(2011)

Sex

Ratio

(2011)

1

INNER

FRINGE

4-6 16447 13980 850

2 6-8 49458 42135 852

3 8-10 49095 41043 863

4 10-12 47337 40710 860

5 12-14 47459 41858 882

6 OUTER

FRINGE

14-16 41255 36676 889

7 16-18 37617 33931 902

8 18-20 31963 29054 909



108

Fig.5.2: Rural-Urban fringe – Sex Ratio 2011

Table 5.4 depicts that the sex ratio tends to increase with the increasing distance

from the city. There is a marked decrease in the female population from 1981 to 2011 in

each distance zone (table 5.2).It is clear from the above table that female per thousand of

males were 850 in 4-6 km zone which increases to 882 in 12-14 km zone and then to 909

in 18-20 km distance zone.

Fig.5.2 makes it clear that sex ratio goes on increasing with the increasing

distance from the city. There are about 365 number of villages which fall under the

category of having very high to high sex ratio and is generally located far away from the

city. About 63 number of villages showing medium sex ratio and about 94 number of

villages fall in the category of having very low to low sex ratio. The low sex ratio is

found near to the city map 5.2 because of dominance of the male population near the city

in search of livelihood, which ultimately create uneven sex ratio.

iii) Density of Population:

The density of population is one of the most important, indicator which

successfully determines the fringe character of the city. The density of population in the

fringe area of Jammu city is certainly lower than the central city. The average density of

850 852

863 860

882 889

902 909

820

830

840

850

860

870

880

890

900

910

920

4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20

Sex

Rat

io (

Fem

ale

/10

00

of

Mal

es)


Sex Ratio (2011)


109

population in the primary fringe comes out to be 1015 persons per square km while in the

secondary fringe area it has been 727 persons per sq km.

Table 5.5: Rural-Urban fringe – Population Density 2011

S.No. Fringe Zone

Distance from

the centre of

city

Total

Population

(2011)

Population density

(2011) (persons

per Sq. Km)

1

INNER

FRINGE

4-6 50427 1243

2 6-8 91597 1032

3 8-10 90138 984

4 10-12 88047 906

5 12-14 89317 912

6 OUTER

FRINGE

14-16 77931 756

7 16-18 71543 768

8 18-20 61018 659


Fig.5.3: Rural-Urban fringe – Population Density 2011

It is clear from above table that villages of the rural urban fringe exhibit great

variation in the population density from very high population density i.e. 1243 persons/sq

1243

1032 984

906 912

756 768

659

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

4-6 6-8 8-10 10-1212-1414-1616-1818-20

Pe

rso

ns

Pe

r sq

. K

ms

Distance from the Centre of Ciry

Population density (2011)(persons per Sq. Km)


110

km is found in the village lying closer to the city i.e. between the distance zone of 4-6 km

and as we move away from the city the density goes on decreasing, in 10-12 km zone it is

906 persons per sq. km., which further increase to 912 persons per sq.km. in 12-14 km

zone. The reason for high density in this zone being presence of satellite town Bari-

Brahmana and census town Bhalwal. The density of population is found to be low in 18-

20 km distance zone i.e.659 persons per sq. km.

Fig. 5.3 make it clear that there are about 100 villages which fall in the category

of very high to high density of population and about 37 villages are there which are

under the medium category and 390 number of villages come under the category of low

to very low density of population . In some village which are closest to the city, the

density of population is very high like 3219 persons per sq km in Muthi, 1127 in Barnai,

1804 in Patoli Brahmana, 1544 in Kangrail, 2851 in Khanpur, 2527 in Tikri Dayal, 2288

in Hazuri Bagh, 1964 in Pouni Chak (Map 5.3). All these villages lie in 4-8 km zone and

experiencing high density of population out of these village Muthi, Barnai, Hazuri Bagh,

Khanpur are considered as outgrowth of Jammu City.

The reason of higher population density is being influence of the city and

availability of all the facilities like good education jobs and medical facilities good

accessibility etc. which work as pure factor for the people living in the area which are

away from the city. But there are also some villages in the fringe area in which lowest

population density is found. The population density is only 25 person/sq in Majra Kotli,

53 persons/sq km in Dhung, 16 persons/sq km in Seri Kalan, 90 persons/sq km in

Surinsar, 11 persons/sq km in Sail Gaihr, 12 persons/sq km in Rakh Chikran, 10

persons/sq km in Harsa Dabbar. The reason being farness from city, non availability of

water facilities, poor accessibility, lack of education and medical facilities and main

reason being these areas fall in kandi belt of study area.

5.5 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

The ratio of working force to the rural population is a good indicator through

which the impact of city may be strongly proved. The villages lying in the vicinity of the

Jammu city seem to have changed their characteristics more conspicuously than those


111

situated away. In fact the growing tendency towards non-agricultural occupation

measures the degree of urban influence upon its region.22

Table 5.6: Rural-Urban Fringe – Non-Agricultural Workers 2011

S.No. Fringe Zone

Distance from

the centre of

city

Total

Population

(2011)

Percentage of

Non-Agriculture

workers (2011)

1

INNER

FRINGE

4-6 50427 89.54

2 6-8 91597 83.39

3 8-10 90138 85.60

4 10-12 88047 77.69

5 12-14 89317 74.23

6 OUTER

FRINGE

14-16 77931 69.88

7 16-18 71543 68.51

8 18-20 61018 65.22


Fig.5.4: Rural-Urban Fringe – Non-Agricultural Workers 2011

22

Pandey, J., (2010), “Rural Urban Fringe in Indian Cities,” Radha Publications, New Delhi, p.113.

89.54 83.39 85.6

77.69 74.23

69.88 68.51 65.22

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20

%ag

e o

f N

on

-Agr

icu

ltu

ral W

ork

de

rs


Percentage of Non-Agricultural workers(2011)


112

Table 5.6 depicts the change in percentage of non-agricultural workers with the

increasing distance from the core of the city. It is clear from the table 5.6 that in all time

period the percentage of non-agricultural workers decreases with the increase of distance

from the city and also there is an increase in the percentage of non-agricultural workers

from 1981 to 2011.The mean percentage of the workers engaged in non-agricultural

occupation to the total workers comes out to be 82.09 % for primary fringe and 67.87 %

for secondary fringe in 2011.It is obvious from table 5.6 that the percentage of non

agriculture workers goes on decreasing with the increasing distance from the city. The

percentage of non agriculture workers in 4-6 km zone is 89.54% which fall down to

74.23% in 12-14 km zone and further come down to 65.22% in 18-20 km distance zone.

In Jammu city rapid increase in the percentage of non-agricultural workers has been

observed such an increasing ratio of non-agricultural workers proves the dynamic

character of workers and diversification of occupation.

Map 5.4 shows that there are about 104 number of villages which fall in the

category of very high to high percentage of non agriculture workers, about 158 number

of villages are in the medium category of non agriculture workers and more than 255

number of villages fall in very low to low category of non agriculture workers. In the

rural peripheral area the percentage of non agriculture workers is very low. The reason

being the dominance of rural character and far from the urban encroachment .The

decrease in percentage of non agriculture workers could be attributed to the fact that fast

rates of land transformation in the immediate distance zones of the city results in large

scale encroachment in agricultural land. The workforce previously engaged in

agricultural and other primary activities are forced to engage themselves in industrial and

other service sectors which are primarily in response to the demand of the urban dwellers.

5.6 LAND VALUES

The changing land value in the rural-urban fringe also plays an important role in

determining the urban impact. The value of a particular piece of land is controlled by

many factors. Alonso has considered two variables, quantity of land and amount of


113

disposal income devoted to land and transport cost.23

If the amount of service is constant

and the relationship between quantity of land and distance is considered, the price of land

decreases with increasing distance from the city centre while the quantity of consumption

of land increases. But if the transport cost also increases with increasing distance, then

the amount of land to be purchased decreases. But in case of fringe area of Jammu city,

in course of survey (2011), it was observed that the cost of land is quite high near the city

limits, which gradually goes on decreasing as one move away from the city towards the

rural area. The land lying closer to the Municipal Corporation limit and linked with the

roads diverging from the city is costlier than that being far away from the roads.

Table 5.7: Rural-Urban Fringe- Land Values in 2014-15

S.No. Name of the

village

Value per kanal in lac.

Value for small piece of

land per kanal in lac in

rural areas

Irrigated Un-irrigated Commercial Residential

1 Rakh Raipur 8.10 4.20 41.80 14.85

2 Thangar 0.00 36.00 72.00 36.00

3 Narwal Bala 0.00 18.00 85.00 48.00

4 Muthi 0.00 4.00 30.25 19.35

5 Dharmal 6.00 3.85 30.25 18.70

6 Gho Brahmana 0.00 3.10 29.70 14.30

7 Chak Jallu o.00 18.00 43.00 25.00

8 Deeli 35.00 30.00 50.00 35.00

9 Bain Bajalta 2.45 1.25 4.40 3.30

10 Amb 2.30 1.20 5.25 3.60

11 Top Manhasan 0.90 0.65 1.45 0.90

12 Ban 0.00 1.80 5.30 4.15

13 Khojipur 2.5 1.5 2.5 7.5

14 Chak Magna 1.00 0.65 0.00 1.05

15 Gajansu 1.75 1.50 4.10 3.00

16 Mandal 2.50 1.70 3.60 3.00

Source: D.C office, Revenue Department Jammu, 2014-15 23

Alonso, W., (1964), “Transportation and Urban Land,” Washington, p.68.


114

Above table depicts the land values of various villages lying at varying distance

from the city limit. The villages lying closer to the municipal limits or primary fringe

villages viz. Narwala bala, Muthi, Rakh Raipur, Thangar, Chak Jallu, Deeli, Patoli

Brahmana, etc. Land values for commercial and residential purpose varies from 30 lac to

80 lac per Kanal. While the land values of agricultural land (irrigated and unirrigated)

varies according to its quality, location and surroundings i.e. it varies from 3 lac to 36 lac

per kanal in the villages closer to the city. All these villages lying closer to the municipal

corporation limit and linked with the roads diverging from the city which is the main

reason for high value of land in this zone.

In the secondary fringe area of the city the land values of the commercial and

residential land varies from 50,000 to 8 lac per kanal, in village Khojipur lying at a

distance of 14 kms from the city the commercial and residential land value is between 2.5

lac to 7.5 lac respectively while the village Top Manhasan the commercial and residential

values of land is 1.45 lac and 0.90 lac respectively. While the agricultural land value

varies from 0.65 to 2.50 lac in the secondary fringe villages. It is observed that cost of the

land generally goes on decreasing as one moves away from the city.

5.7 LAND USE PATTERN IN THE FRINGE

Rural – urban fringe around a city is a dynamic zone which undergoes

considerable changes from time to time in terms of area and functional land use changes

in the land use / land cover are most important. Land use/ land cover change is gaining

recognition as a key driver of environmental change. Land use and land cover detection

and ecosystems have been analyzed by many researchers. Pastalan, considering the land

use changes as the main factor, mentions that in fringe zone “Rural land uses are gaining

way to urban land uses”.24

Kinen also supported this change as an „effective‟ display in

the fringe area.25

The conversion of agricultural land into the urban land uses is a

continuous phenomenon which gets stimulated as a result of the centrifugal forces of the

city and their influences on the region. The most powerful contemporary forces that

24

Pastalan, L.A., (1967), “Towards an Operational Definition of the Rural Urban Fringe”‟ Indian Social

Bulletin, No. 15, p. 223. 25

Rikkinen, K., (1972), “Boundary Changes in a Rural- Urban Fringe Areas”, Acts. Geographical, Vol.

26, p.25.


115

drive land changes are increasing human activities and climatic change. These forces

may produce a clustering and localized pattern of urbanization, where new development

has tended to in fill around existing development, as well as a dispersed trend wherein

urban land uses increasingly spread out across a metropolitan region.26

The land use

pattern in the part of city‟s fringe is the result of several interrelated forces emerging

from spatial and socioeconomic structures and private and public decisions. The factors

like accessibility, nature of the relief, distance from the city centre, increased transport

facility, inefficient control and lack of coordination among the developmental bodies

have stimulated the conversion of agricultural land into urban areas.27

The impact of Jammu city on the fringe is highly reflected through the dynamic of

land uses. Generally it is found that greater the physical contact of a settlement with the

city, the more diversified are its land uses. In addition cultural elements such as caste

structure, standard of education and the way of living together with physical elements

like soil fertility, water supply and general character of land, play important role in

developing the type and intensity of land use

Fig. 5.5: Pressure on Urbanization on Agricultural land

26

Irwin. E.G., (2004), “Heteriogenity in the Hinterland: A Typological Analysis of Ohio Exburan Area”,

Paper Presented at Joint Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society and the American Agricultural

Economics Association, Monetral, Canada. 27

Lal, Hira,(1986), „City and Urban Fringe: A Case Study of Barielly”, Concept Publishing Company,

New Delhi, pp.96-99.


116

The existing land use pattern of Jammu reveals a mixed type of land use and quite

distinctly its transitional character. It is use of the land which differentiates the rural

landscape from the urban one. In the fringe area the land uses are in state of flux. On

account of emergence of new road – linkages and encroachment in land use, the primary

sector land uses are replaced by secondary and tertiary uses. Thus much over lapping and

intermingling of land uses is observed in the fringe area, which reveals an extremely

dynamic and transitional land uses pattern.

Wehrwien considered this typical land use pattern as a sole character of the fringe

area. The fringe area is indeed an area, characterized by mixed land uses, lying beyond

the part of the city which is under emerging roads and streets. It is an area of transition

between well reorganized urban land uses and the land devoted to agriculture. While

evaluating the fringe area, Ellefsen also considers the land uses pattern as its basic

character. In his words, “The old village centers lying at the edge of cities are gradually

becoming more densely populated and the pockets of agricultural land are now the sites

of new building activities”.28

The analysis of land uses in the rural – urban fringe of the

city provides a basis for the assessment of the overall urban impact in the adjoining rural

areas.

Land use Rural Urban Fringe Jammu City (2011)

The high population growth and excessive migration to the fringe area has

resulted in the large state transformation of agriculture and barren land to built up other

non-agricultural purposes, which is in response to the increasing demands of the main

city. The enormous growth in respect of various socio-economic and cultural attributes

has resulted not only in land use conversion within the city limits but has engulfed vast

expanse of agricultural land in the fringe area. The ever increasing population pressure

coupled with limited land available in the city lead to the urban sprawl and resultant

encroachment in gross spaces of the fringe area.

28

Ellefsen,(1962), “City Hinterland and Relationship in India”, Vide India Urban Future, ed., Turner

Roya, Univ., of California Press, Barkelley, p. 92.


117

Table 5.8: Rural- Urban Fringe Land Use Status 2011

S.No. Category Area (kms) Percentage

1 Agriculture field 5765.7 43.1

2. Dense forest 242.15 18.06

3. Open forest 188.41 14.05

4. Settlement 142.78 10.65

5. River bed 93.95 7.00

6. Barren land 53.02 3.95

7. Fallow land 39.55 2.95

8. Wetted area 2.24 0.17

9. Valley land 1.52 0.086

10. Water body 0.28 0.02

Total 1340.59 1.00

Source: Generated in Arc GIS

Fig.5.6: Rural-Urban fringe – Land Use Status 2011

43.1

18.06

14.05

10.65

7

3.95

2.95 0.17 0.086 0.02

Agriculture field

Dense forest

Open forest

Settlement

River bed

Barren land

Fallow land

Wetted area

Valley land

Water body


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It is clear from table 5.8 and map 5.5 that agriculture constituted 43.02 % of the

total area followed by dense forest (18.06 %) and open forest (14.05 %). Settlement

constitutes about 10.65 % of the total area of the fringe. 7 % of the total land is occupied

by River bed, while barren land and Fallow land constitute about 3.95 % and 2.95 % of

total fringe area respectively. Further wetted area and valley field constituted about 1.7

% and less than 1 % of the land is constituted by water body and valley field.

5.8 CORRELATION ANALYSIS

The correlation is the extent of relationship between any two variables. It is a

measure of relationship between two variables. The relationship is described through a

quotient ratio or coefficient and hence, called coefficient of correlation. A correlation

coefficient is a pure number, limited by the values ranging from -1.00 through +1.00 that

reflects the extent of relationship and expresses the degree of relationship between two

sets of variables. The letter „r‟ is usually used to represent the coefficient of correlation.29

A casual relationship between the two characteristics exists when one of them may

logically be considered as the cause of other. The factor which is supposed to be the

cause is known as the independent variable and the one which is supposed to be the effect

is known as dependent variable. In another case, if an increase in the independent

variable also tends to cause an increase in the dependent variable, the correlation is said

to be positive. On the other hand if an increase in the independent variable tend to cause a

decrease in the value of dependent variable, the correlation is said to be negative. The

value of +1 or -1 indicates a perfect positive or perfect negative correlation. As the extent

of correlation decreases the value of „r‟ approaches zero.30

There are two different methods of studying correlation.

1) Pearson‟s Product Moment Method and

2) Spearman‟s Rank Difference Method

29

Verma, L.L., and Sharma, N.R., (2005), “Educational Measurement and Evaluation” Narendera

Publishing House, Jalandhar. p.127-32. 30

Ibid. pp.126-35


119

In the present study the relationship between the two variables has been calculated

by using the Spearman‟s Rank Difference Method. Here rank correlation (r) is given by

r = 1 – 1

6

2

2

NN

D

Where, r = rank correlation

D2 = Sum of squared difference

N = Number of individuals.

In this study correlation analysis has been done to understand the relationship

between the different distance zones raring from 4 to 20kms from city‟s centre and

different determinants viz. literacy rate, population density, non-agricultural workers and

sex ratio.

Table 5.9: Correlation of Distance Zones (4-20 km) with following Variables.

S.No. Variables Correlation Values

1. Literacy Rate -0.98

2. Sex Ratio +0.97

3. Non-Agricultural Workers -0.95

4. Population Density -0.95

The above table indicates the different correlation values between the distance

zones from the city and different indicators i.e. with literacy, sex ratio, non-agricultural

workers and population density. Above table reveals that there exists negative correlation

between the distance from the city and literacy i.e. r = – 0.98. It is quite convincing also

that with the increasing distance the literacy level decreases. The inverse relationship

between distance and literacy proves the distance decay effect. Thus it is clear that

literacy is closely linked with the distance factor.


120

Further it clear from the table that coefficient of correlation between the distance

zones and non-agricultural workers is equal to r = -0.95 showing high negative

correlation which is also revealed in Fig.5.4 which shows inverse relation between the

variables plotted i.e. decrease in percentage of non-agricultural workers with the

increasing distance from the city limits.

The coefficient of correlation comes out to be r= 0.98 between distance from the

city and sex ratio, which means that these two variables are positively correlated with

each other and shows that there is almost corresponding increase in sex ratio with

increasing distance from city centre.

Again it is clear from the table 5.7 that a negative correlation with the value of r =

-0.95 is found between the distance zones from the centre of city and density of

population. It is clear from the Fig.5.3 that with the increasing distance from the city the

density of population goes on decreasing.

5.9 CONCLUSION

This chapter highlights the characteristics features governed by socio-culture

impact of city and its environs on fringe area. The rural urban fringe area of the Jammu

city expose certain typical characteristics, revealing remarkable changes in land use

pattern, fast expansion of residential areas, trans-communication channels, conversion of

agricultural land to non-agricultural land uses, rising land values, improving

infrastructural facilities, urban sprawl etc.

In this chapter an attempt have been made to throw light on the apparent

characteristics of the rural-urban fringe of Jammu city with regard to the following

indicators:

(i) Literacy; (ii) Sex ratio; (iii) Population density; (iv) Ratio of non-agricultural workers;

(v) Land use pattern, land value and infrastructural facilities have also been taken into

consideration. By calculating the mean and standard deviation, the value of each indicator

is calculated and put into five categories i.e. very high, high, medium, low and very low.

Further for the detail analysis demographic occupational, land use and land values


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characteristics of the fringe area of Jammu city is divided into eight distinct zones i.e.

from 4-6 km, 6-8 km, 8-10 km, 10-12 km, 12-14 km, 14-16 km, 16-18 km and 18-20 km

having the interval of 2 km distance from the centre of the city and then the characteristic

features of each indicator is evaluated zone wise.

In order to understand the characteristics of rural- urban fringe of Jammu city it is

needful to analyze various demographic aspects i.e. literacy, population density, sex

composition etc. If we talk about the literacy level in the fringe area, then it is found that

in the shadow of urban areas the number of literate are more and as we move away from

the city the literacy rate goes on decreasing. It is found that the primary fringe villages

record the average literacy as 72% while in the rural or secondary fringe villages it is

found to be 68.92% in year 2011 against the average of 12.3% of literacy in primary

fringe and 37.19% of literacy rate of secondary fringe in the year 1981. This ratio has

increased to 20% by 2011. There exists a great variation in the percentage of literacy

from zone to zone. It varies from 74.66% in 4-6 km zone to 68.63% in 18-20% zone

which ultimately reveals decreasing trend of literacy with increasing distance. Further it

is found that there exists a negative correlation between the distance from the city and

literacy rate i.e. about r=-0.98. It is found that there are about 179 number of villages

which come under the category of very high to high literacy rate and about 82 number of

villages in the category of very low to low literacy rate and 266 number of villages in the

medium literacy level.

In case of sex ratio, there exists a positive correlation with the distance zone i.e.

about (r = +0.97) this depicts the trend of increasing sex ratio with increasing distance. It

is found that the sex ratio in primary fringe villages is low because of unprecedented

migration of males to the city in search of jobs while in secondary fringe village it is

high. The average sex ratio in primary fringe is about 861 and in secondary fringe it is

found 900 females per thousand of males. Further, there are about 365 number of

villages which fall under the category of having very high to high sex ratio, about 94

number of villages fall in the category of having very low to low sex ratio and only 63

number of villages show medium sex ratio.


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The density of population in the fringe area of Jammu city is certainly lower than

the central city. There exists a negative correlation between the distance zone and

density of population i.e. r = 0.95. This means that the density of population goes on

decreasing with the increasing distance from the city i.e. it decrease from 1243 persons

per sq km in 4-6 km distance zone to 912 persons per sq km in 12-14 km distance zone to

659 persons per sq kms in 18-20 km distance zone. The reason being the decreasing

influence of city, lack of necessary facilities viz. lack of transport, educational, jobs and

health facilities.

It is found that the change in the percentage of non-agricultural workers with the

increasing distance from the centre of the city is very sharp. It is found that the

percentage of workers engaged in non-agricultural occupation to the total workers goes

on decreasing in both the fringes, but their decreasing is more sharp among the primary

fringe villages i.e. it is about 89.54 % in 4-6 km zone and 74. 23 % in 12-14 zone.

Further in secondary fringe, it decreases to 69.88 % in 14-16 km to 65.22 % in 18-20 km

zone. In Jammu city, a rapid increase in the percentage of non-agricultural workers has

been observed, such increasing ratio of non-agricultural workers proves the dynamic

character of workers and diversification of occupation. There are about 104 number of

villages which fall in the category of very high to high percentage of non-agricultural

workers, about 158 number of villages in medium and about 255 villages in very low to

low category. In the rural area the percentage of non-agricultural workers is very low, the

reason being the dominance of rural character and distance from the city. This decrease

in percentage of agricultural workers may be attributed to fact that fast rates of

transformation of land to non-agricultural uses and large scale encroachment in

agricultural land. Also there exists a negative correlation between the distance zone and

ratio of non-agricultural workers i.e. about (r = -0.95).

If we talk about the land values then there is sharp increase in the value of land as

comparison to 1981. In case of Jammu city during the course of field survey it was found

that the cost of land is quite higher near the city limits i.e. it varies from 30 lac to 80 lac

per kanal but as we move away from the city the value of land goes on decreasing i.e. it

ranges from 1.45 lac to 0.90 lac per kanal. The reason being the primary fringe villages


123

are more influenced by the charm of city life, which provide better education, job,

medical as well as recreational facilities, transport facilities etc. which attract people to

settle around the primary fringe area and the demand of land for settlement and other

purpose lead to increase in the value of land.

Since the rural-urban fringe zone is dynamic zone which undergoes considerable

changes from time to time. The land use pattern of Jammu reveals a mixed type of land

use and is in transitional character. It is observed that agriculture constituted about

43.02% of the total fringe area followed by forest i.e. 32.11%. Settlements and river bed

occupy about 10.65% and 7% of total land respectively while barren and fallow land

constitute about 3.91% and 2.95% of the total fringe area respectively. Further wetted

area and valley field constituted about 1.7% and less than 1% of the land respectively.

Thus much over lapping and intermingling of land uses is observed in the fringe area,

which reveals an extremely dynamic and transitional land use pattern.

With the growing population and sense of awareness among the people of the

fringe, the rural-urban fringe of Jammu city witnesses an increase in the literacy rate,

non-agricultural workers, decrease in sex ratio, increase in land values, diversified land

use and improvement in the infrastructural facilities.

CHAPTER – 6

IMPACT OF JAMMU CITY ON ITS

RURAL-URBAN FRINGE

Chapter – 6 Impact of Jammu City on its Rural – Urban Fringe

124

“I regard the growth of cities as an evil thing, unfortunate for mankind and the

world and certainly unfortunate for India. The British have exploited India through the

cities the latter have exploited the villages. The blood of the villages is the cement with

which the edifice of the cities is built.”

- Gandhi Ji

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Cities are the index of economic development of a region. Initially, urban areas

were generated through internal forces rather than through secondary diffusion. The

villages nearer to the city are constantly subjected to the threat of encroachment by

sprawling of the city. The process of expansion of the city ultimately leads to create a

transitional zone between the city and its rural areas. In this process land use changes

rapidly from rural, agricultural to urban area and both the urban and rural life styles occur

in varying degree in this zone. This zone represents the dynamic interface in which the

increasing impact of urban area introduce a new look to intensive agriculture to fulfil the

demand of city is turning into commercialization of agriculture.

Jammu city has exerted its impact on the all round development of the

surrounding countryside and progressively extend its social and economic influence to

the surrounding urban field. This creates mental or perceived urbanization of the nearby

rural settlements, i.e. social transformation of traditional rural societies into urban

societies. This outward spread of the urban centers into the nearby rural areas absorbs the

peripheral villages into the urban economic system. This process can be explained as the

urbanizing villages, urbanized villages and the suburban development and the rural urban

fringe1. It is mainly due to increasing population, over congestion and high land values

in the city.

Jammu urban area has been witnessing phenomenal growth both in terms of area

and population during recent years. The growth of Jammu city during the last century

(1901-2011) has been phenomenal. It has increased from 36,130 persons in 1901 A.D to

1 Latkar, S.R.,(2011), “Nasik City: A Study of its Urban Sprawl”, Ed. in Dutta, K. Dikshit , “The Urban

Fringe of Indian Cities”, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, pp. 210-212.


125

5,49,791 persons in 2001 and 5,76,198 persons in 2011 indicating nearly fifteen fold

increase amounting 149 percent growth with a net increase of 5,40,068 persons.

Table 6.1: Jammu city: Population Growth (1901-2011)

Year Area (kms) Population Decadal growth rate

1901 - 36,130 -

1911 - 31, 728 (- 12.2)

1921 - 31,506 (- 0.7)

1931 - 38,613 + 22.6

1941 4.00 50, 379 + 30.5

1951 - 76, 558 52.00

1961 18.3 1,02,738 34.2

1971 21.42 1,57,908 53.7

1981 61.42 214,737 36.0

1991 NA NA NA

2001 150.4 5,49,791 156.2

2011 288 5,76,198 4.80

Source: Census of India 1901- 2001; NA (Not available)

Fig.6.1: Jammu City Decadal Growth Rate (1901-2011)


126

Table 6.1 shows that the population in 1951 was about 76, 558 persons. Between

1951 and 1961 the population grew by about 34.2 per cent. In 1961-1981 the growth of

pop0ulation of the city was over 36.0 % and 1981-2001 the population grew to 5,49,791,

which amounts to a decade growth of 156.2 per cent. The main factor for this accelerated

population growth during this period have been in migration from Kashmir, increase in

birth rate and fall in death rate. This distinguishes Jammu as the fastest growing urban

area in the country which introduces urban agglomeration concept which brought a

number of rural areas under the jurisdiction of Jammu city. The ever increasing

population coupled with limited space and haphazard growth has resulted in expansion of

the city which is reflected from the fact that the city has only 4 sq km area before

independence which spread to 18.30 sq. km in 1969, which further increased to 21.42 sq

kms in 1970 and now expanded to 288 sq. kms. Therefore, registering an increase of 284

sq. km during last 50 years.

6.2 DEMOGRAPHY OF JAMMU CITY

As per provisional reports of Census India, population of Jammu in 2011 is

576,198 of which male and female are 303,689 and 272,509 respectively. The sex ratio of

Jammu city is 897 per 1000 males.

In education section, total literates in Jammu city are 464,730 of which 253,715 are males

while 211,018 are females. Average literacy rate of Jammu city is 80.65 percent of which

male and female literacy was 83.24 and 77.43 percent.

Table 6.2: Demography of Jammu City (2011)

Jammu City Total Male Female

Population 576,198 303,689 272,509

Literates 464,730 253,712 211018

Children (0-6) 42,655 23,317 19,338

Average Literacy (%) 80.65 83.54 77.43

Sex ratio 897

Child sex ratio 829

Source: Census of Jammu District 2011


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Total children (0-6) in Jammu city are 42,655 as per figure from Census India

report on 2011. There were 23,317 boys while 19,338 are girls. Child sex ratio of girls is

829 per 1000 boys.

Jammu city is governed by Municipal Corporation which comes under Jammu

Urban Agglomeration. Although Jammu city has population of 576,169 its

urban/metropolitan population is 651,826 of which 350,035 are males and 301,791 are

females.

6.3 THE OUTGROWTHS BEYOND THE MUNICIPAL LIMITS

Sometimes outside the limit of Municipal towns certain specialized functions

develop that these areas cannot themselves qualify to be treated as town, but they are

treated as outgrowths (OGs) by Census Department. These outgrowths may be either

totally new developments or overgrown and transformed rural settlements under the

impact of Municipal body2. The growth of the outgrowths depends on the size, function,

location and direction of inter urban interaction. The population of these outgrowths

constantly changing in the fringe area as it is developing rapidly. The number of

outgrowth have increase from 6 in 1981 to 36 in 2011 (Table 6.3). It is also clear from

the table that absolute population of the outgrowth has increased from 8602 to 1,88,614

from 1981 to 2011.

This outward expansion of the city engulfs several fringe villages (OGs) allowing

them to remain intact and compact as village pockets in urban dynamics.

The rural area of Jammu on the periphery of the city has special significance.

Jammu district has 1192 villages, out of which 1054 are inhabited. More than 1/4th

of the

villages are within the radius of 15-20km from the city. Rural area in the periphery of

Jammu city provide sufficient scope for current urban sprawl. Under the master plan

1974-94, 47 villages adjoining the city were included in the urbanizing limits3. The city is

expanding very fast in size and shape. The urban extensions have engulfed many more

2 Kulkarni, K.L.,(2011), “The Outgrowth Byond Municipal Limit in Gujrat”, Ed. in Jutta K. Dikshit,

“The Urban Fringe of Indian Cities” , Rawat Pub., New Delhi, pp.201-209. 3 Master Plan 2021 Jammu, pp. 14-15


128

rural areas especially towards the southern side. As a rough estimate, more than 1000 ha

of agricultural land is being converted to urban use every year4. Urban sprawl is also

depleting forest reserves. Ribbon development is occurring towards South on NH-1A

and along the railway line. Outgrowth of satellite town i.e. Bari Brahmana, Samba and

Birpur is also occurring and the land pockets with defense establishments around the city

periphery are also part of sprawl.

Table 6.3: Outgrowth of Jammu city 2001

S.No. Outgrowth Population S.No. Outgrowth Population

1. Nagrota 10357 20. Chatha 5720

2. Kamini 596 21. Rakh Raipur 141

3. Khanpur 1098 22. Chak Gulami 241

4. Setani 789 23. Gujral 3051

5. Narwal Bala 6696 24. Hazuri Bagh 669

6. Rakh Bahu 3718 25. Palora 21300

7. Chhani Rama 11901 26. Muthi 10027

8. Thabgad 760 27. Barnai 4182

9. Chhani Hemmat 18125 28. Dharmal 1985

10. Chhani Beja 5252 29. Chak Changadwan 9373

11. Gadi Garj 3592 30. Bhore 5877

12. Chhani Kamala 2846 31. Chinore 2950

13. Chak Talu 2299 32. Chawadi 2914

14. Sunjwan 9708 33. Keran 1990

15. Chak Kalu 5853 34. Gangial 4948

16. Deeli 10686 35. Digiyana 1404

17. Satwari 2499 36. Raipur 1096

18. Narwal Pain 113 37. Rakh Gadi Garh 4365

19. Gadi Garj 3592 38. Bhore 5877

Source: Census of India 2011

4 Ibid, pp. 14-18.


129

Table 6.4: Outgrowth of Jammu city 1981 (Population)

S.No. Outgrowth Population

1. Nagrota 2486

2. Satwari 1951

3. Narwal Bala 989

4. Digiyana 2500

5. Khanpur 410

6. Kamini 266

Source: Census of India 1981

This urban expansion swallows villages, transform agricultural land into either

residential or industrial land. Among several changes that occur in the fringe, those

related to land use, economy and social change are more important.

Jammu city, in its process of expansion has exerted its impact on the development

of the country side and more or less determined the character of social, occupational,

agricultural and commercial pursuits. Jammu city provides various facilities not only for

the population of its urban area but also for the villages lying its vicinity. It is the centre

of various functions pertaining to education, health and medical facilities, administrative

and commercial activities. Here exist advanced medical facilities, including, intensive

care units for specialized treatment, as well as emergency services to the victim of

accidents. Tele-communication and several other modern facilities are also available in a

large city. The rural population living in the fringe area is also benefited considerably by

these facilities of the city. All the urban facilities remarkably affect the population of the

fringe area. On the other hand, city also receives many articles of its daily use from its

fringe such as milk, fruits, vegetables, cereals etc. in addition to the servants and laborers.

There establish a reciprocal relationship between the city and its fringe area, Singh has

rightly remarked that “the city as a living organism depends for its vitality not only on its


130

internal resources but also on its capacity to tap the sap for its growth from a vast region

surrounding it”.5

6.4 URBAN SPRAWL

Urban sprawl and population trends in the city Urban sprawl refers to the area

expansion of urban concentration beyond what they have been. Urban sprawl can be

continuous, ribbons or check broad type. The in-crease population and rapid urbanization

causes great change in the center of the city and the problem of the expansion of the city

center is complicated by the fact that, it must take place within the built-up area which is

not possible. Thus the pressures of the continuous growing city center gradually change

the surrounding environment and neighborhoods. Sprawl generally refers to some type of

development with impacts such as loss of agricultural land, open space, and ecologically

sensitive habitats. In simpler words, as population increases in an area or a city expands

to accommodate the growth; this expansion is considered as sprawl. Usually sprawls take

place on the urban fringe, at the edge of an urban area or along the highways. The total

built up area inside the municipal boundary of Jammu city in 1972 was 14.90 sq.km with

a decadal increase of 20.38 sq.km in 1980, 33.08 sq.km in 1992 and 65.49 sq.km in 2011.

The city today has its centre at the core areas. Now it is growing largely towards all

directions along the main transport routes. The road structure of the city has not involved

to cater the changing pattern in the city and to cater its functions. Fig 5 shows the urban

sprawl from 1972-2011. Demographic pressure is the main cause of expansion, the

sprawl of Jammu has promoted an urge to correlate the population with the spatial

expansion. The city has in recent years, faced unprecedented growth of population due to

influx of migration from the valley and rapid growth of commercial and industrial

activities. The demand for serviced land increased tremendously to accommodate the

increasing population and diversified economic activities in and around the city. The

increased demand of serviced land could not match with supply. As a result, the city

experienced large scale development on private land without any planning norms which

are now causing severe environmental problems. The old city has been further densified

along with commercial activities thereby increasing the problems of traffic congestion,

5 Singh, R.L., (1950), “Banaras: A Study in Urban Geography”, Banaras, p.116


131

water and power shortage and environmental degradation. This scenario has led to a

severe urban sprawl. Thus, this chapter deals with the impact of Jammu city on its rural-

urban fringe.

6.5 IMPACT ON LAND USE PATTERN

Rapid urbanization and increasing land use changes due to population and

economic growth in selected landscapes is being witnessed of late in India and other

developing countries. The cities are expanding in all directions resulting in large scale

urban sprawl and changes in urban land use. The spatial pattern of such changes are

clearly noticed on the urban fringes city peripheral rural areas than in the city center. In

fact, this is reflected in changing rural urban land use patterns. The land use pattern of

surrounding villages and their agricultural specialization are invariably influenced by the

need of city. Agricultural pursuits are the most outstanding land utilization and

significant economic base among the fringe villages, of the Jammu city. The traditional

agriculture is being converted into cash crop farming and the non-agricultural land uses

are gaining importance in the study area. The impact of the city on the fringe villages,

have modified the traditional pattern of intensive cultivation. Due to the improved and

high yielding variety of seeds provision of various types of manures, increase in irrigation

facilities, double, triple as well as mixed cropping has been practiced.

i) Cropping Pattern:

Remarkable impact of Jammu city has been observed in the cropping pattern of

the fringe villages. Due to the awareness of the latest development and advanced

techniques researched out in the institute of SKUAST (Sher-e-Kashmir University of

Agricultural Sciences and Technology ) farmers are now giving way to the crop rotation,

mixed, double and triple cropping system. Increasing demand of the food grain and

fragmentation of land holdings, intensive cultivation in the fringe belt has been practiced.

More land is brought under commercial crops like vegetables and fruits, oilseeds and

pulses due to the availability of cheap transportation. The main motive of the fringe

dwellers is to earn more profit by immediate selling of their farm products in the city.


132

Table 6.5: Type of Cultivation in Rural-Urban Fringe

Distance from the

Core of City

Type of Cultivation

Cash Crops Vegetables and

Fruits in Percentage Food Grains in Percentage

4 – 6 84 16

6 – 8 72 28

8 – 10 61 39

10 – 12 48 52

12 – 14 42 58

14 – 16 30 70

Above 16 20 80

Source : Field Survey 2011

Fig.6.2: Type of Cultivation Rural Urban Fringe Jammu City

Above table shows relationship between distance and the proportion of cash crops

grown in the fringe village, it is observed that the villages falling 4-6 kms distance from

the city center are deeply influenced as about 84% of their total cultivated land has been

devoted to the perishable vegetables e.g., tomato, pumpkins, cabbage, cauliflower,

ladyfinger, brinjal, green peas, etc. and durable vegetables onion, potato, fruits like


133

melon, papaya, guava, mango, etc. as well as cash crop production. Only 16% of the land

area has been remained under food grains. The roadside villages of the fringe area have

devoted their 95% of cultivated land under fruits, vegetables and cash crops whereas the

interior villages have only 85%. About 72% of the cultivable land is devoted to cash

crops between 6-8 kms distance out of which roadside villages share more viz. Aquilpur,

Sangrampur, Patnihal, etc. The cash crop production decreases with the increase in

distance from city. The belt lying between 8-10 km, 10-12 km range show less interest in

cash cropping. Only 61% and 48% of the cultivated land is devoted to cash crop farming

while the remaining is under the cultivation of food grains. The people living in the range

of 12-14 km or 14-16 km range find it difficult to commute daily to the city, they put

only 42% and 30% of the cultivated land under cash crops. Beyond the distance of 16 km

only 20% of the cultivated land is devoted to cash cropping. Among them only few

villages, through which the road passes have active contact with the city. The fringe belt

beyond 18 km has least influence of the city. The green vegetables being perishable in

nature require immediate selling, which is least possible from these villages. The factor

which favour the rate of cash crop production with the increasing distance is easy

accessibility people living close to the city i.e., upto 16 km distance commute daily by

city bus, cycle, rikshaw and even on foot and return late in evening but the farmers living

away from the city visit city market only twice or thrice in a week.

ii) Establishment of Brick Kilns:

Another remarkable impact of Jammu city has also been observed on the fringe

villages in the form of establishments of several brick-kiln. These brick-kilns consume

large fertile cultivated land and convert them into derelict land. This is indeed a worse

impact of city on the fringe area. But the emergence of the brick-kiln in the nearby fringe

area is the result of expansion of the city, which in turn require building material from

nearby area. Maximum concentration of Brick Kiln is along the Akhnoor Road and along

from national Highway of Bari Brahmana. Brick Kilns are more beneficial and provide

more economic return than farming activity. Large number of Brick Kilns are set up on

the fertile land of village Khojipur, Kanhal, Mishriwala, Gajansu, Chak Agra, Salehar,

Sangrampur, Pouni Chak, Barnai, Aquilpur, Kanachak etc.


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6.6 ECONOMIC IMPACT

Specialized functions of the city are responsible for the economic upliftment of

the region. Jayaranjan states that “Beyond the municipal limit the land which was at a

time under cultivation with the struggling villages is steadily being converted into

intensive colonies varying from a few scattered buildings to the well organized suburbs

along the transportation route radiating from the city”. Due to the urban sprawl the

impact on the economy of peri-urban villages of Jammu city has been observed mainly

along the axial route. The urban economic functions have affected the firm of agriculture.

The land which has once devoted to the cropping of cereals is now converting into the

intense cash crop farming, i.e., fruit, vegetable and some remunerative crops such as

lemon, guava, potato, flowers, cucumber, oilseeds, etc. In this reference the observation

of rural-urban fringe villages of Jammu are notable. “Due to increasing area under

irrigation, total cropped area and fertilizers. The latter exhibited by an increase in area

under cash crop, in some cases introduction of relatively more remunerative crops. The

rural sector becomes diversified and there is increase in area under settlement and paths

resulting further decline in total cropped area6”. Due to the impact of the city the area

under non-farm uses may increase further resulting in further decline in total cultivated

land. In this way, the villages near city of Jammu transform its economy and may be

incorporated in the urban agglomeration.

i) Change in Occupational Structure:

With the incoming of the city-buses, auto-rickshaws the distance factor has been

reduced, giving rise to residential decentralized from Jammu city to the surrounding

fringe area-simultaneously the decentralization of commerce and industry is also taking

place in similar pattern and may yield the place to secondary and territory activities. The

shift had been mainly from the agricultural to non-agricultural occupation and services.

There are example of young farmers who practice intensive and commercial farming and

also engage themselves in other part time jobs available in the urban areas of the city.

The occupation character of fringe villages which was entirely rural, has changed due to

the impact of the city. Jammu city being urban centre offers diverse employment

6 Singh, R.B., and Singh, B.N., (2003), “Land Use Transformation and Crop Substitution in Peri- Urban

Fringe of Varanasi”, National Geographical Journal of India, pp. 26-27.


135

opportunities. The unemployed labor from the agricultural sector of the fringe villages

diverted towards the city where they easily get the job of chowkidar labourer,

construction workers, artisans etc. Besides this the skilled or educated persons of the

fringe villages are absorbed a clerks, accountants, typists, high official and administrative

officers in various institutions of the city.

Table 6.6: Percentage of Non Agricultural Workers in Fringe : Zone Wise

S.No. Distance from City Percentage of Non Agricultural

Workers

1. 4 – 6 89

2. 6 – 8 85

3. 8 – 10 83

4. 10 – 12 77

5. 12 – 14 74

6. 14 – 16 69

7. 16 – 18 68

8. 18 – 20 65


Fig.6.3: Percentage of Non-Agricultural Workers in Rural-Urban Fringe


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The economic impact of the city varies according to the distance of the villages

from the city. Above table depict that the percentage of non agriculture workers decreases

as we move away from the city. It is clear from the above table that the highest

percentage of non agricultural workers i.e. 89%, including office workers, laborers,

handicraft workers, milkmen, rickshaw pullers etc. is found between the zones of 4-6 kms

as this zone has great influence of the city and has good opportunities of jobs and

employment in different sectors of city. About 85 percent of total workers of fringe area

are engaged in non farming activities in 6-8 km zone. Similarly in 8-10 km zone the

percentage of non agricultural workers is 83. But in 14-16 km zone the nature of fringe

area is slightly change, the percentage of non agricultural workers is decreases to 69 %

and about 31% of total workers are engaged in farming activities, further the percentage

of non agricultural workers decreases to 65% in 18-20 km zone. The percentage of the

non agricultural workers goes on decreasing with increasing distance from the centre of

city. Most of the workers prefer jobs in the nearby villages because of the difficulty in

daily commuting to city.

ii) Establishment of Industry:

There are number of small and medium scale industrial units located in Digiana,

Gangyal, Birpur and Bari Brahmana. These industries are regulated and controlled by

Development Corporation (SIDCO) at Bari Brahmana and Small Industries Corporation

(SICOP) at Digiana, Gangyal and Birpur. These major units deals in manufacturing of

resins, vegetable ghee, textile, paper, detergent powder, iron works, cold drink bottling

plant and plastics. Besides these established units there are small domestic units dealing

with Kashmir handicraft, handloom, small electrical/electronic goods, weaving

embroidery, cardboard etc. These industrial units provide employment opportunity to the

large number of unemployed youth in the fringe area. Thus Jammu city has exerted great

economic impact on the fringe population as it has got vast employment potential and

thus attract large number of unemployed youth from the fringe area.

6.7 IMPACT ON SOCIAL STRUCTURE

The social and cultural aspects of the fringe villages is governed by the social

structure of the city. The rapid economic change occurring in the fringe area is a sole fact


137

or for modifying the social structure to a great extent. It is indeed the economic status of

an area which determines its social status7. The social impact of city on the fringe area

can be analysed through number of variables.

Population growth, sex ratio, population density, educational facilities, presence

of urban amenities and changing traditional social structure.

The population is constantly growth in the fringe area due to two causative

factors:

(i) Improved medical and health care facilities

(ii) Immigration from the rural areas

Increasing literacy rate is also one of the most important aspects of the social

structure. The female are now acquiring equal status gradually and are also being

provided with the opportunities and facility for receiving higher education through

establishment of many prestigious public convent schools also mass awakening toward

education. A large number of District Board Schools, middle schools and many technical

colleges have been established in the Rural-Urban Zone; these altogether improve the

literacy conditions in the fringe zone.

The students from the fringe area are now attracted towards university education

to study medical sciences, agriculture, engineering, business management, computer

science and several other advanced courses in the city. The state even has the distinction

of providing primary school facilities at a distance of one kilometer as against the all

India norm of two kilometers (National Sample Survey Report, 1991). Therefore, it can

be asserted that it is the education which has influenced the course of behaviour of both

society and its individuals in the region. The dwellers of fringe area are now finding the

employment in different offices of the city and make their residence there. Most of such

villagers have attained good living standard whenever visit their native place, they

substantially influence the new generation.

7 Pandey, J., (2010), “Rural Urban Fringe in Indian Cities: A Case Study of Varanasi”, Radha

Publication, New Delhi, pp. 68-70.


138

The housing condition as well as urban amenities in the fringe area has also been

affected by urban impact. Improved communication link with the city and availability of

cheaper brick kilns in the fringe area has been responsible for it. Urban amenities have

also been brought in the fringe villages. Fringe populations now avails usually the

medical aid from the primary health centers situated in the villages. Some registered

doctors have opened their well equipped dispensaries in different parts of the fringe area

along major roads.

Electricity has reached almost all the villages of rural-urban fringe of Jammu and

has appreciably encouraged the use of radio, television, fans, room heaters and other

electrical appliances, in the rural families. The drinking water facility has also being

improved in the fringe area. All the villages of the fringe area are now provided with the

water tap facility. Most of the villages are having hand pump facilities.

Sewage system is also slowly developing in some village especially of primary

fringe village. The government is also helping villagers to have their own soak-pits and

sewage disposal system. Many brick paved roads are being constructed now by village

chiefs (Grampradhans) through the financial aid provided under „Jawahar Rojgar

Yojana‟.

Not only that, the other facilities like extension of newspaper, telecommunication

and postal services in the fringe villages have created positive change in their social and

cultural landscape. With the increasing impact of urban life of city. The traditional social

structure in the fringe village of the Jammu city is crumbling down. Jammu city

constantly influencing the social and cultural life and creating awareness among the

people of its rural-urban fringe. Fringe dwellers are greatly influence by urban way of

life. The joint family system is being replaced by nuclear family system, social evils like

untouchability, castism are being uprooted. Due to increased economic opportunities,

social and human values are fastly changing, hereditary occupations based on castes are

also being vanishing fast.


139

6.8 CONCLUSION

This chapter highlights the impact of the city on all round development of

surrounding countryside. The impact of urban sprawl upon peri-urban society will

inevitably enhance the economic efficiency of its people and accelerate their living

standard as in past too. The continuity of these impacts will be in full swing; then

undoubtedly these peri-urban villages will be able to join the mainstream of the city life.

Life in the villages of this zone is in the phase of transition. The traditional life and

ethical values which once well-known framework of harmonious life in fringe villages

are now transformed to cope with the new waves of changes and valuation of life in

which consumerism, individuals and market-oriented life ways are the common

consequences.

CHAPTER – 7

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Chapter – 7 Problems and Prospects

140

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Like the cities of the West, Indian cities and towns have also experienced an

unprecedented increase of population within last few decades. Due to rapid

urbanization process, the urban areas are expanding, in order to receive and

accommodate urban population. This gain in population has presented several

problems of haphazard and imbalanced development which call for a second base for

reconstruction, restructure and planning.

The problems of the rural – urban fringe areas of the cities of India and abroad

have been pointed out by many scholars, but so far little attention has been paid to the

specific issues pertaining to the fringe area. An unprecedented growth of urban

population within last few decades has posed the problems for the fringe village of

cities all over the country. As such Varanasi city has also undergone vertiginous

growth of population during last fifty years, which has caused several problems of

haphazard and imbalanced development in its peripheral zone. Large the city the

greater is the incoming of out born persons, which ultimately results into an

unbreakable crowding in it. Such exceeding crowd started sprawling beyond the city

limit into the fringe area. Thus it may be stated that this development has been brought

about unconsciously without realizing the seriousness of consequent problems and

without exercising any planning efforts1. From the above analysis it is imperative that

the fringe area exhibit quite unsatisfactory conditions of habitat economy,

administration, landuse, as well as infrastructure. In this context, it is worthwhile to

discuss the problems of rural – urban fringe area of Jammu city.

7.2 PROBLEMS OF FRINGE AREA

Most of the problems are related to the weaknesses of our present

administrative framework and its inability to cope with the rapidly changing

landscapes of rural – urban fringe of Jammu.

1 Yadav, C.S., (1987). “Perspectives in Urban Geography: Rural Urban Fringe”, Vol. 9, Concept

Publishing Company, New Delhi, p. 9.


141

i) Land Use Problems:

Jeen Gottman and J.R. Vence In this context stated that, “The problems of land

use caused by urban explosion become chronic2” which need an efficient control and

rational planning of the rural urban fringe, in consonance with the city planning. Due

to the rapid urbanization process, the population of the Jammu Metropolis is

increasing at faster rate. This in turn has increased the demand for cheaper lands for

residential purposes. The transformation of landscapes starts with the acquisition of

rural land for urban uses. The vacant and agricultural lands are acquired by various

agencies and built in their own way. The rural urban fringe is often used for dumping

garbage and sewage of the city, for the relocation of city‟s slums and location of

factories etc. “Dickinson has remarked that much good land is sold for houses and

factories and much farm land lies derelict; the threat of the builders over shadows and

sterilizes it”.3 Physical proximity to urban land uses also caused difficulties for the

farmers encroachment upon the farmland for the establishment of brick kilns, houses

institutions etc. may cause damage to crops and disturb the farming activities. These

are the harmful conditions which prevail usually in the urban fringe of the Jammu city.

Due to the mixed land use pattern, the fertility of the soil has gone down,

which has lowered considerably the agricultural productivity and yield of the crop in

the fringe area.

A large agricultural tract is left vacant in the fringes which are purchased by

colonizers, entrepreneurs as well as other speculators. Wehrewein4 has also narrated

that much of the land in the rural – urban fringe are getting frozen by speculative

individuals, parties and firms. In Jammu such instances are obvious on Jammu Bari

Brahmana road in the South, along Jammu- Channi bye pass road, Satwari-Kunjwani

2 Gottman, J., (1957), “Megapolis or The Urbanization of Northern Seaboard”, Eco. Geog., Vol.33.

p.196. 3 Dicikinson, R.E., (1964), “A Geographical Interpretation of Rural Urban Fringe , City and

Region”, pp. 171-76 4 Wherwein, G.S., (1942), “The Rural –Urban Fringe Reading in Urban Geography”, Ed. in Mayer

and Kohn, Chicago Publisher, p. 548.


142

road etc. in the South of the city. Sen Gupta5 considers the increase of population

pressure for the conversion of farmland into non-farm land.

Above all urban sprawl and immigration of people beyond the corporate limit

have added to the problems of the fringe area. Relatively cheaper and open land

existing along the main road, although being far away from the city, attracts many

individuals and entrepreneurs towards making investments primarily for establishment

of some industrial units.

ii) Administrative Problems:

Lack of proper administration, is one of the serious problems which has been

faced by the fringe areas of cities. Unlike the administration of the city, the fringe

consists of villages and hamlets which are administered by village Panchayat, so the

development of a village depends mainly on the local administrators‟ viz. village

Chiefs (Gram Pradhan). The main reason why the fringe villages are not developing

homogeneously on a uniform pattern is that they are at a time under the influence of

more than one administrative agencies. Moreover, there is lack of integration and tug

of war between them with regard to jurisdiction aspect. Although in some of the fringe

villages of Jammu Gajansoo Marh, Allah, Aqalpur, Maralia, Bishnah, Chatha etc. the

development of infrastructure is taken care of but it is not so throughout the study

area.

iii) Infrastructural Problems:

The rural-urban fringe of Jammu lacks most of the infrastructural facilities viz.

poor condition of transportation, housing, lack of shopping, medical, banking and

other services are the serious problems. These problems of fringe area are ignored by

both urban and rural authorities because they fall outside their territory. Besides the

main roads, the inter-villages roads are also found usually in bad condition. The major

roads and some link roads of the fringe area are metalled while other roads remain

5 Sen, Gupta, (1987), “Residential Pattern of Suburbs”, Concept Pub. New Delhi. P.205.


143

unmetalled and kacha or brick paved and semi metalled. Most of the inter-village

roads are water logged and broken at places during rainy season.

The primary urban facilities, such as water supply, sewerage etc. are in most

part, not available because the city provides these services only to places within the

Municipal limits. Most of the villages bring out drinking water from open wells.

Among some villages the facilities of running water taps and hand pumps have been

extended by the government, but they are not enough to fulfill even a small fraction of

the total demand of fringe population.

Other urban services like – electricity supply, telephone services, disposal

systems, educational institutions, health care and medical facilities are also not very

satisfactory in the fringe area. Also fringe area lacks in recreational activities viz. park,

cinema, restaurants, play ground etc. are also absent in this part. Shops in the fringe

area are also inadequate to cater the demands of fringe dwellers. Inhabitants of the

fringe have to go to the city to buy essential elements.

The educational institutions in fringe area are also inadequate in number. Upto

higher Secondary level the situation is more or less satisfactory but for higher

education and vocational teaching studies depend on city.

The dearth of medical facilities also causes problems for the fringe dwellers.

Although some villages are provided with the health centers but most of them do not

have adequate facilities. Private clinics and nursing homes are distributed in the area

but due to their high consultation charges, they are beyond the reach of the masses.

Therefore, the people have no option but to move to the city for emergency medical

care and treatment of serious diseases.

Old villages of the fringe area in Jammu are deprived of many basic amenities

like sewage and sanitation, water supply and proper inter – village connectivity, on the

contrary the newly developed areas of the fringe are better in respect of these facilities.


144

iv) Housing Problems:

The rapid growth the Jammu Metropolis has generated a zone of transition

between the rural and urban landscapes. Population has increased most rapidly in the

fringe zone than in the city proper resulting in an unplanned and haphazard growth of

new residential colonies. Though middle class people could afford the housing charges

but it is the poorest people who suffer most. Since the land prices are such a high that

they cannot afford decent housing.

iv) Rural Slums:

During the course of field work it was observed that considerable land of fringe area is

under unhygienic conditions of habitation. Lower class people working as thela walas,

masons, domestic servants, brick kiln laborers, sweepers etc. usually try to settle down

near the place of work, especially along the roads. The fringe area thus got distinct

growth of slum pockets around the work centers. Due to poor economic conditions

many inhabitant suffer from illiteracy, diseases and anti social evils. In study area

these slum pockets were found around Bari-Brahmana road, along Akhnoor road

along the source of brick kilns. Maximum laborer in these areas are from Bihar, Utter

Pradesh, Orissa.

7.3 SUGGESTIONS FOR PLANNING AND FRINGE DEVELOPMENT

The rural urban fringe of Jammu city is getting rapidly urbanized. This area is

served by city based essential services, i.e. transport facilities, health care, education,

water supply, retailing and so on. The process of urbanization operating in the fringe

has given rise to many problems as discussed earlier. Government intervention

required to guide urban development for achieving an orderly development of

different areas of the city so as to improve the quality of the city and the standard of

life of people. Various proposals have been stated by the government for arresting

urban sprawl and encouraging the planned and orderly development of the fringes

areas of Jammu city. This process involve the spatial planning to ensure better land

use distribution of necessary urban infrastructure and services judiciously proper

implementation of the plan and smooth management of urban functioning of the


145

services have been encouraged. Planning for the development of rural urban fringe of

Jammu city is important as its development will directly affect the city. Moreover it is

the interaction between city band fringe that decide the development of city and this

interaction needs to be enhanced and coordinated by appropriate planning measures.6

The problems and prospects of the fringe are ignored by both urban and rural

authorities because they fall outside their territory. Thus, an independent separate

authority should be developed and established to solve the problems of the fringe.

There is need for efficient planning and control of the rural urban fringe in full

adjustment with the city planning because the fringe of today is the city of tomorrow.

For this, rigid action will have to be taken so as to ensure as well organized fringe

development. Given below are some of the planning measures ought to be taken not

only in but also for main city.

i) Land Use Planning:

Planning and development of fringe landuse planning is one of the most

important aspect of fringe development. The government must strictly implement all

„Act‟ pertaining to land uses. It involves allocation of land for different purpose, such

as residential colonies, recreational, ground, disposal sites, industrial areas etc.

Planning should be done in such a way so that agricultural lands remain unaffected.

Industries are set on that land inappropriate for the agricultural activities. Low lands

have been suggested for building tanks and dumping garbage.

ii) Locating of Brick Kilns:

Brick Kilns are the requirement of the fringe area, besides consuming the

valuable agricultural land it convert it into derelict land, and also causes environmental

population. Their chimney smoke hampers the growth of crops and also pollute

surroundings, so the height of chimneys need to be kept not less than 60 feet in order

to control this problems and removal of brick kilns atleast from primary fringe area is

desirable.


146

iii) Residential Planning:

The rapid growth of population both in the city and fringe area of Jammu

required a proper planning for residential areas. Due to the increase in pollution, traffic

problems, housing shortage etc. People prefer to shift to the open outskirts of the city.

Hence the fringe area although providing shelter to them today, is likely to be crowded

in the years to come. Therefore to make certain „laws‟ and impose limitation so as to

regulate the building activity in the fringe belt of the city is the need of the hour.

iv) Agricultural Planning:

As there is ever increasing demand for fruits, vegetable in the city and fringe

areas, the farmers of the area should be motivated and encouraged to grow seasonal

fruits and vegetable which can be grown in this particular climate. Vegetables like

carrot, cauliflower, brinjal, bitter guard, lady fingers, green chilli, reddish etc and fruit

like orange, mango, guava etc which ultimately will result in high profit to the farmers

and also catering to the high demand of the city and fringe areas for fruits and

vegetables organic farming can be done by the farmers of an area to keeping in view

the ill effects due to the use of pesticides etc and will further result is none profit to the

farmers.

v) Industrial Planning:

In order to avoid pollution, which results to the environment degradation and

health problems to the residential population, the Industrial zones should be separated

from the residential area. The industries should be set up at a site, which is not good

for agricultural purposes only agro based industries should be established in

agricultural areas such as rice, flour and oil mills, dairy etc. There are SIDCO, and

SICOP. Industrial development corporation for the development and progress of

Industries in the area.

vi) Medical Planning:

During the course of field survey it was observed that there is dearth of

medical facilities in the study area. Medical facilities are among the basic facilities


147

required by the fringe people. So it is suggested that each village or cluster of villages

of the fringe area should be provided with adequate medical facilities. There should be

health centres, dispensaries and medical stores, in the fringe area to meet the health

related needs of the fringe population.

It is also proposed that there should be a clinic for general and maternity

purpose, accomplished with doctors and other paramedical staff including nurses etc.

vii) Educational Planning:

During field survey it was observed that most of the villages lack in good

education facilities. It is suggested that every village should have at least one primary

school. Adequate number of high schools should be there within the distance of 2km

and higher secondary schools within the radius of 3km and a college is suggested with

the radius of 5-6km distance. Participating of the private sector in educational field

should be encouraged. Even these schools are provided with the trained and adequate

staff.

viii) Recreational Facilities:

Fringe area lacks in recreational activities there is almost absence of park,

playground, restaurant, cinema etc. so it is proposed to develop few parks and

surpanchs in this regard.

In last coordination between various agencies like gram panchayats and town

planning organization should be promoted for overdue development of the fringe. If

the above proposals are implement after the careful examination and evaluation then it

will not only help in solving various problems which are multiplying due to the

haphazard and vertiginous urbanization of Jammu city but also help in balanced,

rational and healthy development of the rural urban fringe of Jammu city.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion

148

CONCLUSION

Urbanization is considered to be an important process of socio-economic

development and cultural transformation. All over the world, urban centers, cities and

small towns are expanding by migration and natural increase in population. One of the

most important aspects of urbanization in India is the tendency towards concentration of

population in large urban centers, this has serious implication. The cities are growing

rapidly and services are not able to keep up with the pressure of population. These

growing cities have literally expanded into the surrounding leading to change in land use

pattern, morphological character and social and economic lives of the rural folk living in

the peripheral areas of cities.

It is this undeveloped space into which a town or city expands by circumferential

or radial growth. Generally, their development happen to be in a haphazard, spontaneous

and unplanned manner. In this type of development, there is a revenue flow of people

from the city to the countryside. It is a continuous process through which rural landscape

on the periphery of the cities is being replaced by urban and semi urban development.

This rural urban interaction between the town and countryside has created a rural urban

fringe around them, which exhibit an intermixing and overlapping of urban and rural

character. “The term Rural- Urban Fringe” has been used to designate such areas where

we have a mixture of rural and urban land uses”.

The term rural-urban fringe is generally used to describe the zone of transition

between built up urban areas and the surrounding countryside. It is a zone of mixed land

use pattern and characteristic in which rural activities and modes of life are in a rapid

retreat and into which not only residential, but also commercial, educational, recreational,

public service and other largely extensive uses of land is going through transformation. It

is the zone of mixing and overlapping of rural and urban character. The term fringe

denotes such transitional character and its study is relevant in view of land use planning

of cities and surroundings. The city of Jammu is no exception of this phenomenon of

accelerated population growth and resultant urban sprawl. The following are some of the

specific observations:

Conclusion

149

The present study comprises of seven chapters. Chapter first deals with the

introduction laying emphasis on Urban Geography and it meaning. Definition, concept,

classification and origin of rural-urban fringe. Main objective of the study, statement of

problem and hypothesis are also included in this chapter. In this chapter sound

methodology has been adopted including application of statistical techniques for

tabulation and analysis of data. Review of literature are also taken into consideration.

This chapter form the base for the study.

Second chapter deals with the geographical appraisal of the study area which is

extended between 32032 N to 32

054 N latitudes and between 74

0 39 E to 75

0 4 E

longitudes. It is bounded by Akhnoor Tehsil in the north west, Samba district in the south

east, R.S. Pura Tehsil in the south west and Bishnah Tehsil in the south. Western parts of

the study area shares the international border with Pakistan. Fringe area of Jammu city is

characterized by diverse physiographic ranging from the hills, the plains, the kandi belt.

The fringe area falls in sub Himalayan region divided into four physiographic division.

i.e. i) Outer plains ii) Chenab Tawi Plain iii) Jammu Shiwalik east and Jammu Foot Hill

Plain. Climate of Jammu varies between tropical to monsoon type, with marked

temperature contrast in summer and winter months. The summer temperature fluctuates

between 31°C–42°C. In winter the temperature range from 8°C-13°C and experience

rainfall of about 85-135cm. The region also gets winter rain as a result of western

disturbances.

River Chenab and River Tawi are the two main rivers flowing in the study area.

Devak and Bein are other important streams in the study area. There are also some

nullahs and Choes i.e. Purmandal Choe and Aik nullah. The principal rock types noted

within the study region are the sandstone, siltstone, shale, pseudo, conglomerate and

boulder beds.

The vegetal cover comprises of sparse and dry scrub jungle and patches of

deciduous forest. The study region is inhabited by Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains,

Christians and some unclassified depressed classes. Besides Rajput other castes

inhabiting the functional region consists of Arora, Jhiwar, Jogi, Khatri, Labana, Mahajan

etc. Muslim are comparatively few in number.

Conclusion

150

Broadly speaking, the soils of the study area consist of shallow black, brown and

alluvial. The soil types found in the region are a) Gora Abbi, b) Hail Nehari (Clayey

loam) c) barani (Sandy Soil) d) Nahari (Sandy Loam) d) Mail Nehari (loamy).

In chapter third an attempt has been made to delineate the rural urban fringe of

Jammu city by using two set of indices or determinant as follows:

A) Economic Services: (i) Milk Supply ii) Vegetable supply (iii) The bus service (iv)

The commuter Zone (v) The brick kiln zone.

B) Demographic determinant: (i) Density of population (ii) sex ratio (iii) Literacy

C) Occupational structure: i) Ratio of non-agricultural workers

All these determinants except economic services of delimiting the rural urban

fringe are subjected to the standard deviation method, and mean percentage of the district

in each determinant has been taken as the lower limit of defining rural-urban fringe. All

these determinants when plotted on the city map of Jammu superimposed over the other

to give the clear implication of city. The villages in the fringe area which have attained

atleast any four of the indicator i.e. adjoining to the city are included in the rural – urban

fringe of Jammu city. Thus the rural urban fringe of Jammu city is divided into Primary

Fringe and Secondary Fringe. In all 527 villages reveals fringe character, out of which

157 villages are from primary fringe and 370 villages from secondary fringe with an area

of 438.2677 sq. km. and 758.897 sq. km. respectively. The rural urban fringe is extended

between 5-20 km from the city centre is nearly circular in shape. It will be unscientific

and laborious too to consider a village as a basic unit for fringe delineation. Therefore

eight buffers of 2 km each in radius were generated and different land use, demographic,

occupational and socio-economic parameters of the said zones are evaluated. All these

above discussed indicators have resulted in the expansion of the city mainly towards the

south and south east direction especially along bypass of national highway. The rural

urban fringe of Jammu city begin from the outer boundary of municipality limits. Jammu

city being primate city exerts a great impact on the adjoining country side.

Conclusion

151

In fourth chapter light has been thrown on the changing environ of fringe area. In

the rural-urban fringe of Jammu city changes in terms of socio-economic and

demographic conditions is obvious and these changes analysed through the detailed study

of 16 sample village at three point of time i.e. 1981, 2001 and 2011. The villages selected

from primary fringe are Aquilpur, Mandal, Thathar, Bain Majalta and Darp and villages

Kanhal, Gajansu, Ranjan, Amb, Chak Agra, Salehar, Purmandal, and Khojipur are

selected from secondary fringe. These villages are choose from different location and

different direction from the centre of city, and about 15-20 household were interrogated

from each village in all 300 household were interrogated by using detail questionnaire.

On the basis of the detail investigation changes in the literacy level, occupation structure,

land use, population density, urban amenities and other socio-economic conditions of the

fringe dwellers of Jammu city is analysed.

All the sixteen sample villages of the fringe belt exhibit mixed occupation

structure. Almost all the villages of fringe area show decrease in the percentage of

agricultural workers from 1981 to 2011. In village Sunjwan agricultural workers

decreases from 44.74% in 1981 to 7.14% in 2011. Same in the case with Thathar (i.e.

from 60.78% to 6.09%). The mean percentage of workers primary rural – urban fringe is

78.40% and in secondary rural-urban fringe it is calculated as 60%. It is found that the

percentage of non-agricultural workers has increased in almost every sample village. It is

found during the course of study that the percentage of persons employed in household

and manufacturing is low in fringe belt. While the percentage of workers engaged in

other services shows increase from 1981 to 2011 in all the villages, but there percentage

is higher closer to the city i.e. 93.73% of Madal, 92.16% in Sunjwan, 92.22% in Thathar,

85.50% in Kanhal. The villages falling under the secondary rural – urban fringe area are

still having high percentage of agriculture workers engaged in primary activities.

Literacy rate in all the sample villages show increase from 1981 to 2011. Average

literacy percentage has gone up from 34.51% in 1981 to 68.61% by 2011. Female literacy

has also shown an increasing trends in last three decades. In village Patoli Brahmana the

female literacy has gone up from 1.1% (1981) to 24.9% (2011), in Sunjwan from 4.7% to

26.27% in Darp from 9% to 32.9%. Other sample villages have also recorded remarkable

Conclusion

152

increase in female literacy rate. The villages falling in primary rural urban fringe are

having higher average literacy of more than 71% while those falling in the secondary

fringe are showing average literacy of below 68%.

Urban amenities are gradually springing up in the sample village. Almost all the

sample villages are provided with the post office facility, healthy facility and water

facility about 77.46% of the fringe villages are having toilet facility, 13.09% of the

households in the fringe belt are not having kitchen facility and only 7.3% of the

households are living in kaccha or mixed house.

Further density of population has also shown a remarkable increase in every

village from 1981 to 2011. The reason being the migration from valley in 1990 in

particular and from outskirts in general. All the primary fringe villages show remarkable

increase in density of population in comparison to the less increase secondary fringe

villages.

The land use pattern in the fringe village also show changes. In almost all the

sample villages agricultural land is decreasing and is being converted into non

agricultural uses and land under non agricultural uses is being increases at a faster pace in

primary fringe villages in comparison to secondary fringe villages.

The characteristics of the Rural-Urban fringe of Jammu city have been discussed

in detail in chapter fifth with special reference to demography, occupational structure

land use pattern and land values. Thus, in this chapter the apparent characteristics of the

rural – urban fringe of Jammu city in regard to the following indicators have been

analyzed.

a) Sex ratio, b) Literacy, c) Occupations structure (ratio of non agricultural

workers), d) Sex ratio, e) Population density, land use and land values of the fringe areas

are also taken into consideration.

After calculating the mean and standard deviation of each indicator, their

standardized values are found and after that on the basis of the mean and standard

Conclusion

153

deviations the values of above four indicators are grouped into five categories. These

values are checked for literacy, sex ratio, population density and ratio of non-agriculture.

It has been found that there exists a negative correlation between the literacy and

distance from the city. Average literacy rate for primary fringe was recorded as 72% and

68.92% in rural or secondary fringe. While positive correlation is found between the sex

ratio and distance from the city. Density of population also shows a positive correlation

with the distance from the city. It is found that the density of population is highest nearer

to the city i.e. in 4-6 km, and decrease to 659 persons per km2

in 18-20km zone changing

land values in the fringe also play an important role in determining the urban impact. The

land lying closer to the Municipal Corporation Limit and land linked with the road

diverging from the city is costlier than being away from the road. Land values are higher

in the primary fringe area. The discussion made in this chapter proved the pre conceived

idea of existing negative correlation between the distance from the city and ratio of non

agricultural workers, literacy and population density.

In chapter sixth discussion is made on the impact of Jammu city on its fringe area.

Jammu city has exerted a great impact on all round development of the surrounding

countryside and progressively extent its social and economic influence to the surrounding

urban area. Jammu, winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir State, is beautifully perched on

the hillock at the foothill of which flows river Tawi. The foundation of Jammu city is said

to be very ancient and according to Dogra tradition, it was founder by Jambu Lochan, a

Dogra ruler but there is no positive historical record prior to early 15th

century. The city

has experience slow growth rate upto 1900. During the last century the population in

1901 A.D to 5,76,198 persons in 2011 A.D indicating nearly fifteen sold increase

amounting 1495 percent growth with a net increase of 5,40,068 persons.

The city is expanding very fast in size and shape and in this process of outward

expansion, has engulfed may more rural areas especially towards the southern side. As a

rough estimate more than 1000 hec. of agricultural land is being converted to urban use

every year. Ribbon development is occurring toward & south on NH-1A and along the

railway line. The city has exerted a great impact on the land use pattern of fringe area.

The traditional agricultural is being converted into cash crop farming and non-

Conclusion

154

agricultural land uses are gaining importance in the study area. Farmers are now giving

way to crop rotation. In primary fringe land is subjected to mixed, double cropping and is

brought under commercial crops like vegetables and fruits, oilseeds and pulses due to the

availability of cheap transport and there demand in the city. Beyond the area distance of

16km only 20% of the cultivated land is devoted to cash cropping.

Another remarkable impact of city on the fringe area is establishment of several

brick-kiln. Inspite of consuming fertile land, it convert it into derelict land. This is indeed

the worse impact of city on its fringe area. Along the Jammu Akhnoor road, Bari

Brahmana road number of brick kilns are established on fertile land in order to meet the

demand of city.

Now, as a result of this fringe villages are loosing interest in agriculture and

showing an increase in the percentage of non-agricultural workers. The non-agricultural

activities have been observed decreasing as one goes away from the city.

Thus it is indeed the economic status of an area which determines its social status.

The social impact of the city on the fringe area can be analysed through improved

medical and health facilities and immigration from the rural areas. Increase in the literacy

rate is also one of the important aspect of the social structure. The females are no

acquiring equal status with male and are now being provided with the opportunities for

receiving higher education through establishment of many prestigious schools and also

mass awaking towards education. Large numbers of the District Board Schools, Middle

Schools and many technical colleges have been established in the rural-urban fringe zone.

The housing conditions as well as urban amenities in the fringe area has also been

affected by urban impact. The drinking water facility has being improved in the fringe

area, almost every village is now provided with the tap facility. Most of the villages are

having hand pump facilities. Sewage system is also developing in some villages

especially of primary fringe village. The government is also helping villagers to have

their own soak-pits and sewage disposal system. Many concrete or brick paved roads are

being constructed by village Chief (Grah Pradhans) through the financial aid provided by

the government.

Conclusion

155

Now every villages in the fringe of the city are provided with the extension of

newspaper, telecommunication and postal services. Thus with the increasing impact of

urban life of city, the traditional social structure in the fringe village of the Jammu city is

crumbling down. The joint family system is being replaced by nuclear family system,

social evils like untouchability, castism are being uprooted. Thus if the continuity of

these impacts will be in full swing, then undoubtedly these per-urban villages will be able

to join the mainstream of the city life.

In the last chapter an attempt has been made to evaluate the problems and

prospects of the rural fringe of Jammu city. In the last chapter an attempt has been made

to evaluate the problems and prospects of the fringe of Jammu city. Due to the rapid

urbanization process, the urban areas are expanding in order to receive and accommodate

the population. This gain in population has presented several problems of haphazard and

imbalanced development which call for a proper planning and management. Following

are some of the problems of the fringe area which are caused due to the sprawling of

administrative boundaries:

i) Due to the mixed land use pattern the fertility of soil has gone down.

ii) The rural urban fringe is often used as a dumping site.

iii) Large agricultural land is kept vacant and purchased by colonizers, entrepreneurs

and speculators, for non-agricultural uses i.e. for sale of plots, for construction of

houses, for building roads etc.

iv) Encroachment upon the farm land for establishment of brick kiln, houses,

institutions etc. cause damage to the crops and disturb the farming activities.

v) Lack of proper administration is another problem which is faced by the fringe

area. Fringe area is discarded by both the Municipality and District Boards.

vi) Rural urban fringe area of Jammu city lacks most of the infrastructural facilities

viz. poor condition of transport, housing, lack of shopping, medical, parks, play

grounds and other services are serious problems.

Conclusion

156

vii) Rural slum are also found in fringe area. Unskilled labourers, rickshaw wallas,

thela pullers, cycle repairer, brick kiln labourers, mason etc. occupy fringe are

mainly around the roads for living and in course of this part of the fringe is

converted in slum pocket.

The problems of the fringe area are ignored by both urban and rural authorities

because they fall outside their territory. Thus, an independent separate authority should

be developed and established to solve the problems of the fringe. There is need for

efficient planning and control of the rural-urban fringe in full adjustment with the city

planning and control of the rural urban fringe in full adjustment with the city planning

because the fringe of today is the city of tomorrow.

i) Planning should be done in a way so that agricultural lands remain unaffected.

Industries should be set up on land inappropriate for agricultural activities,

lowlands have been suggested for building tanks and dumping garbage.

ii) Brick kiln should be removed from atleast the primary fringe area is desirable and

height of chimney needs to be kept not less than 60 feet in order to control

pollution, which hampers the growth of crops.

iii) Fringe area although providing shelter to people today, is likely to be crowded in

years to come, so to make certain law and impose certain limitation so as to

regulate the building activity in the fringe belt of the city is need of hour.

iv) Industrial zone should be separated from the residential zone. Industries should

be kept on the site which is not fit for cultivation.

v) Land price in the fringe area should be fixed by the government department.

vi) Urban amenities like good medical, education, recreation facilities, play matter

facilities, transport facilities, sewage facilities should be extended in the fringe

area.

Thus, the above mentioned policies and programme should be strictly

implemented comprehensively for an organized development of the rural-urban fringe

area because the “Fringe of today is city of the tomorrow”.

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APPENDIX

Appendix – I

170

Appendix – I

NAME OF VILLAGES IN RURAL-URBAN FRINGE OF

JAMMU CITY

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

1. Birpur 1 30. Bain Bajalta 44

2. Rajpur Kolla 2 31. Pargalta 45

3. M.C. Bari Brhamana 3 32. Chak Ladgan 46

4. sechoura 4 33. Sidhra 47

5. Skinderpur 5 34. Khana Chargal 48

6. Chak Lalla 6 35. Majheen 49

7. Chak Jarallan 7 36. Regora 50

8. Ismailpur 8 37. Deora 51

9. Chak Chuha 9 38. Raika 52

10. Bassi Khurd 10 39. Dungian 53

11. Mehmoodpur 11 40. Sunjwan(U) 54

12. Prithipur 12 41. Narwal 55

13. Jinder Khurd 13 42. Bathendi 56

14. Kanhal 14 43. Rakh-Bahu 57

15. Nougran 15 44. Chowadhi 58

16. Paatyari 16 45. Kaluchak 59

17. Sarore 17 46. Rattnuchak 60

18. Palli 18 47. Mee Charkan 61

19. Chak Avtara 19 48. Jallochak 62

20. Chak Murar 20 49. Dhindey Khurd 63

21. Kadyal 21 50. Fatwal 64

22. Kharian 22 51. Bishna 65

23. Jassore 23 52. Bhalwal(U) 66

24. Bansultan 24 53. Kangrial 67

25. Nari 25 54. Upper Kote 68

26. Malik Pur 26 55. Kheri 69

27. Kheper 27 56. Raipur. 70

28. Makhanpur 28 57. Raipur Domana M.C. 71

29. Dhindey Kalan 29 58. Keran 72

Appendix – I

171

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

59. Murallian 30 93. Lower Thather 73

60. Kalas Kullian 31 94. Chinore 74

61. Nihal Pur Simbal 32 95. Gurah-Brahamina 75

62. Darsopur 33 96. Mashlian 76

63. Kotli Mian Fateh 34 97. Gaje Singh Pura 77

64. Gandha 35 98. Patoli Brahmina 78

65. Tootren 36 99. Barnai 79

66. Rattian 37 100. Darnail 80

67. Langolian 38 101. Muthi 81

68. Mehsian 39 102. Jagti 82

69. Chak Allawal 40 103. Seri Khurd 83

70. Phar-Grah 41 104. Dhammi 84

71. Malori Jagir 42 105. K.Batal 85

72. Kupper 43 106. Nagrota 86

73. Nadore 87 107. Pouni Chak 131

74. Kamini 88 108. Patniyal 132

75. Narayan 89 109. Assray Chak 133

76. D.Waziran 90 110. Flora Harm Kund 134

77. Khanpur 91 111. Budhu Chak. 135

78. Ch.Rakwala 92 112. Brahmana Dhamwal 136

79. Sitli B. Pass 93 113. Pachnand Pur 137

80. Bacheyal 94 114. Singhu Chak 138

81. Chak Jaffer 95 115. Chowhana Chak 139

82. Paryal 96 116. Rattanpur 140

83. Channi Manalian 97 117. Sarora 141

84. Kothey Dhokerian 98 118. Band waziran 142

85. Wand Ghai. 99 119. Rathua 143

86. Jaswan 100 120. Rattanpur Paras 144

87. Shekapeer 101 121. Saharan 145

88. Ladore 102 122. Hazuri Bagh 146

89. Halqa Dhokerial 103 123. Tirlokpur 147

90. Flora Nagbani 104 124. Tomal Jattan 148

91. Hira Chak 105 125. Taru chak 149

92. Chatha Gujran 106 126. Dehi Chak 150

Appendix – I

172

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

127. Ladori. 107 161. Gole Gujral 151

128. Halqa 108 162. Tikri Rakhwallan 152

129. Marh Bagh 109 163. Tikri Dayalan 153

130. Kalasay 110 164. Gulami Chak 154

131. Rakh Nagbani 111 165. Seri Rakhwalan 155

132. Dina Chak 112 166. Lohri Chak 156

133. Galvaday Chak 113 167. Khirayian 157

134. Chak Jagger 114 168. Khanpur 158

135. Manyal Brah. 115 169. Ranjeetpura 159

136. Karloop 116 170. Bhadore 160

137. Dhateryal 117 171. MC Gho-Manha-san 161

138. Patyali Chak 118 172. Kharbujjay Chak 162

139. Sangrampur 119 173. Ghomanhasan. 163

140. Smailpur 120 174. Sehora 164

141. Parwah 121 175. Raipur Jagir 165

142. Chak Koulan 122 176. Sandwan 166

143. Deoray Kubey 123 177. Bhagatpur 167

144. Tikri Kahani 124 178. Thera 168

145. Akalpur 125 179. Nandpura 169

146. Durgo Chak 126 180. Gasitpur 170

147. Buley Chak 127 181. Nandpur 171

148. Gangwan 128 182. Sohajana 172

149. Nai Basti 129 183. Gandhu chak 173

150. Sujadpur 130 184. Gandu Chak 174

151. Chani Nanak 175 185. Lalyal 218

152. Thalwal 176 186. Khandwal 219

153. Thera 177 187. Gadigarh 220

154. Doult Chak 178 188. Babliana 221

155. Allora 179 189. Jawalpuri 222

156. Ch A.S Singh 180 190. Bhour 223

157. Rakh Raipur 181 191. Nandwal 224

158. Parldpur 182 192. Ch. Chobiana 225

159. Taraf Krian 183 193. Rakh Chatha 226

160. Kirpalpur 184 194. sajadpur 227

Appendix – I

173

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

195. Ganesh Ch. 185 229. Nandpura 228

196. Ch. Lalu Shah 186 230. Chak Alam 229

197. Mandal 187 231. Mangu Ch. 230

198. Chak Habib 188 232. Darap 231

199. Ch.Sheru 189 233. Rakh Rajpur 232

200. Ch.Burey 190 234. Sultanpur 233

201. Ponatrychak 191 235. Bag Jogian 234

202. Surey Chak 192 236. Kotli Charkan 235

203. Murarpur 193 237. Bhadurkhan 236

204. Tiko Tera 194 238. Simbal Camp 237

205. Ch.Bandrali 195 239. G.P.Kullian 238

206. Ch.Jogi 196 240. Kotli Mian Fateh Gazian 239

207. Raipur 197 241. Meen Sarkar 240

208. Rambagh 198 242. Marh 241

209. Chatha 199 243. Sujatpur 242

210. Ch.Gosian 200 244. Chak lal Din 243

211. Deeli 201 245. Hari Pur Manhasan 244

212. Kerwal 202 246. Gidder Ggallian 245

213. Kallian 203 247. Khawas Khan 246

214. Ch.Bhabpat 204 248. Bari 247

215. Sumparnpur 205 249. Badhori 248

216. Nowada 206 250. Bagla Raya 249

217. Mukhra 207 251. Tarore Khedgyal 250

218. Hakal 208 252. Patti 251

219. Satwari 209 253. Tarore 252

220. Dundpur 210 254. Gowal 253

221. Lachmanpur 211 255. Baroi 254

222. Dangah 212 256. Rakh Badoi 255

223. Malkay Ch. 213 257. Kalwal 256

224. Ch.S.Desa Singh 214 258. Najwal 257

225. R.Gadigarh 215 259. Krishanpur 258

226. Sum 216 260. Chak Milan S.Singh 259

227. Top Manhasan 217 261. Godwal 260

228. Madoon 261 262. Melhowal 305

Appendix – I

174

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

263. Kheri 262 297. Puro Bana 306

264. Karyal Brahmana 263 298. Bagga Marh 307

265. Chak Milan Chail Sin 264 299. Banagarh 308

266. Khojipur 265 300. Tanda 309

267. Dabuz Shahzada 266 301. Chak Shian 310

268. Dalani 267 302. Chak Talab 311

269. Soungli 268 303. Mamka 312

270. Shahpur 269 304. Kirpind 313

271. Chak Patyara 270 305. R.S.Pura 314

272. Chak Quadir 271 306. Bhou 315

273. Raika Lubana 272 307. Khamp 316

274. Atampur 273 308. Bagga Zanna 317

275. Chak Keshav 274 309. Chohalla 318

276. Majua utammi 275 310. Rangpur 319

277. Bhi Karama 276 311. Draptey 320

278. Sangyal 277 312. Moteey 321

279. Chak Jajua 278 313. Purana Pind 322

280. Badyal Brah. Uppe 279 314. Jindlehar 323

281. Magral 280 315. Sidher 324

282. Kotla Manhasan 281 316. Sunder Pur 325

283. Chak Hanso 282 317. Mokhey 326

284. Khar Khola 283 318. Chak Mussa 327

285. Sangral 284 319. Koulan 328

286. F.P.Brah 285 320. Gondla 329

287. Chak Agra 286 321. Chak Mohd Yar 330

288. Kotil Kuklan 287 322. Chak Aslam 331

289. Shahpur Tokenwali 288 323. Rai Pur 332

290. F.P.Salarian 289 324. Qutam Nizam 333

291. Kotli Kanagoian 290 325. Jinder 334

292. Raipur Saiden 291 326. Melu 335

293. Samka 292 327. Talhar 336

294. Bera 293 328. Padal 337

295. Choga 294 329. Aithem 338

296. K.A.Singh 295 330. Sail Gahir 339

Appendix – I

175

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

331. Kotli Shah Doula 296 365. Deon 340

332. Thikrian 297 366. Purmandal 341

333. Banota 298 367. Khara madana 342

334. Langrial 299 368. katwalta 343

335. Baspur 300 369. Sumbli 344

336. Chak Khana 301 370. Rakh Chirkan 345

337. Khuttian 302 371. Kartholi 346

338. Kotli Gala Bana 303 372. Sadral 347

339. Gagian 304 373. Rajinderpura 348

340. Ismailpur 349 374. Drabi 393

341. Badwal 350 375. Panjgrain 394

342. Nathwal 351 376. Chiba 395

343. Pakhari 352 377. Dammuni 396

344. Chak Bana Brah. 353 378. Suketar 397

345. Harsa Dabber 354 379. Majra Kotli 398

346. Chumbian Brah. 355 380. Chapper 399

347. Chorli 356 381. Sandrota 400

348. Deoli 357 382. Panjali 401

349. Chumbiantattan 358 383. Seri Kalan 402

350. Ratnal 359 384. Dansal 403

351. Khour 360 385. Kheri Didyal 404

352. P.S.Pura 361 386. Janakha 405

353. Phinder 362 387. Bunn 406

354. Laswara 363 388. Kore Jagir 407

355. Chak Waziroo 364 389. Chilla 408

356. Chak Ratnal 365 390. Panjoa 409

357. Kotli Bhagwan singh 366 391. Rajpur 410

358. Budha Pehal 367 392. Manal Brah. 411

359. Krail Manhasan 368 393. Dub Sudan 412

360. Makhanpur 369 394. Dub Ditta 413

361. Chak Hasal 370 395. Dab-Karam Din 414

362. Chak Harni 371 396. Chak Mani 415

363. Traf Brah. 372 397. Gurah Singhu 416

364. Pandorian Brah. 373 398. Panjore 417

Appendix – I

176

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

399. Nandrol 374 433. Shama Chak 418

400. Rehal Dhamalian 375 434. Kalyanpur 419

401. Rehal Kalandrian 376 435. Kana Chak 420

402. Chak Jawahar Singh 377 436. Lalyal jagir 421

403. Pandorian Manhasan 378 437. Buraj 422

404. Sarota 379 438. Beli Anzmat 423

405. Nargard 380 439. Simbli. 424

406. Bhatta 381 440. Sui. 425

407. Ghaink 382 441. Gaitla 426

408. Malpur 383 442. Nanon Chak 427

409. Gharata 384 443. Makhyal 428

410. Dhar-Darochan 385 444. Chak Umra 429

411. Ban 386 445. Deoray Napoo. 430

412. Amb 387 446. Gole Pattan 431

413. Seri Panditan 388 447. Gango Chak 432

414. Chak Bhalwal 389 448. Gajansoo 433

415. Barn 390 449. Bathoor 434

416. Churta 391 450. Bali Tooran 435

417. Dhung 392 451. Kirpalpur 436

418. Dhan Kote 437 452. Chak Bana Jatan 480

419. Chak Magna 438 453. Rakh Chang 481

420. Salalpur 439 454. Salehar 482

421. Beli Bakayan 440 455. Chak tara 483

422. Chanore 441 456. Saidgarh 484

423. Pangore 442 457. Mangal 485

424. Machyal 443 458. Chak Jagtu 486

425. Sohagani 444 459. Bumnal 487

426. Chargali 445 460. Bidipur 488

427. Kukeryian 446 461. Chak Keema 489

428. Channu Chak 447 462. Chak Majra 490

429. Thub 448 463. Chhowa 491

430. Jhumbian Bhawan 449 464. Jandial 492

431. Haripur 450 465. Ram -Garh 493

432. Makwal. 451 466. Chak -Singha 494

Appendix – I

177

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

S.No. NAME OF

VILLAGE ID

467. Singoo Tehra 452 498. Agore 495

468. J.Kotli 453 499. Ranjan 496

469. Marh. 454 500. Gurah-Pattan 497

470. Dammi 455 501. Dumi 498

471. Chadli 456 502. Rakh Kharoon 499

472. Samral 457 503. Jajyial 500

473. Tarah 458 504. Garkhal 501

474. Baggain 459 505. Sidhar Wan 502

475. Urlani 460 506. Khatmariyan 503

476. Pota 461 507. Begga 504

477. Kah 462 508. Barsal Pur 505

478. Tardala 463 509. Korotana Kaloin 506

479. Ch.Chilla 464 510. Kang Dher 507

480. Dabbar 465 511. Aminpur 508

481. Taryar 466 512. Badyal Quazian 509

482. Sruinsar 467 513. Towana 510

483. Sagoon 468 514. Satryan Khurd 511

484. Siral 469 515. Dablehar 512

485. Jamudah 470 516. Agwan 513

486. Sanger 471 517. Chak Baktwar 514

487. Anandpur 472 518. Bokari 515

488. Gurha Slathia 473 519. Seer 516

489. Sangwal 474 520. Chak Bala 517

490. Pakhari 475 521. Rathana Camp 518

491. Bagla Jakh 476 522. Chak Nanak 519

492. Dabuz Kaka 477 523. Barga 520

493. Chak Suba 478 524. Patli 521

494. Raika Mehgoor 479 525. Chak Umra 522

495. Pasgal 523 526. R.P.Mullana 526

496. Morchapur 524 527. Sandhey 527

497. Poondowal 525

Appendix – II

178

Appendix – II

BUFFER ZONES 2-20 KM FROM THE CENTRE OF THE

CITY

Documents

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