Dynamics of Labor Migration Final

8/11/2019 Dynamics of Labor Migration Final

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Bangladesh is a developing country. People of this country are sufferingfrom unemployment problem. And this unemployment problem isreducing by migration of Bangladeshi laborers. For earning money peopleof this country are migrating to other countries. From seventies

Bangladeshi laborers are migrated all over the world, especially to theMiddle East.

Migrant workers recruitment process is complicated. The whole processis characterized by a host of intermediaries, some authenticate andreasonable, while others are illegal and unsafe. The remittances thatmigrant workers send are important source of family welfare, socialdevelopment and macroeconomic growth of Bangladesh. Remittancesmainly come in Bangladesh by hundi system which is a method those

by-passes the banking system.

Bangladeshi workers are not interested to migrate due to lack of rules,migration norms and expertise in migration management, both locally andglobally. Bangladesh does not have any institution to develop labors skilland adopt the migration of undocumented workers.


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People are now leaving not only their own motherland but also they crosstheir geographic area for better living conditions, employment, educationand freedom. The movements of people enrich societies and developeconomy. Because of globalization migration of laborers spread all over

the world.

For the development of Bangladesh migration is one of the mostimportant issues. The interested workers who are interested to go abroadhad increased in late 1970. In Bangladesh migration is considered centralcomponents of economic development.

Bangladesh lies in the north eastern part of South Asia having borderswith India, Myanmar and the Bay of Bengal on the southern side. Thearea of the country is about 148,000 sq. K.M. Bangladesh is a denselypopulated country of the world, its population is about 123 million (2001).

Bangladesh is an agriculture based country. Highest amount of GrossDomestic Product come from this sector. GDP growth of this country was5% during 19962000 and 6% present in present fiscal year. In thiscountry population growth rate is high but GDP growth rate is very low.


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The countrys payments exceed its receipts. In the year 2001 exports

consisted of 13.78% of GDP and annual workers remittances as % of

GDP rose from 1.37% in 1980 to almost 5.00% in 2002.

A large number of people are living under thepoverty line. Its per capitalincome is Tk. 19,617 (US$ 364). Among 123.1 million populations, 62.7male and 60.4 female and the annual growth rate is 1.47%. Itsunemployment rate is 3.7 percent which is conducted by the BangladeshBureau of Statistics (CBBS) in 1999-2000.

In Bangladeshi human resource market there exist significant imbalances.Because of rapid population growth and natural calamities like floods,drought etc., and Bangladeshi laborers migrate to other countries foremployment and better earning. A large number of Bangladeshi workerswork to the Middle East and other parts of the world like Europe, NorthAmerica, Australia and Asia. During 1996 to 2002 about 3.24 millionBangladeshis have migrated for employment. Now per year 20, 00,000

persons migrate abroad.

Migration increases when a country open up new markets, removerestrictions in some of the earlier markets and increase its labor mobilityacross the world. Skill workers are demanded in the market but


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Bangladeshi labor forces are unskilled or semi-skilled male workers. Inthe survey reports of 2001 we can see that 58 percent of unskilled

workers, 16 percent of semiskilled workers and 23 percent skilled workersare shifted to abroad. For migration there should be accurate policy,strategy and programmers. Because of globalization and demandedmarket Bangladeshi labor forces demand is now increasing. There ishuge competition in labor surplus countries like Bangladesh, India, SriLanka, Philippines, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia etc. to migrant people. Toface the competition Bangladesh needs to develop information system andmake the manpower skilled.

The recruitment process depend on labor need in the receiving country,taking interview for selection, finalization of contract, cost of the workvisa, travel, placement with the employer and settling down of theemigrant worker in the receiving country.

But sometimesthese processes become complex and risky due to

differences in the laws, geography, climate, language and culture of theimmigration and migration countries. Workers go to Middle Eastcountries and other Asian countries according to the deal of a workcontract and after the contract ends they are bound to return toBangladesh. They can hardly make their placement permanent there.However workers who go to various parts of western countries get some


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rules and regulations through which they enjoy the chance to work therepermanently and hardly return to Bangladesh.

Government gives license to the agents for migrant recruitment agenciesand every year they have to renew it. Bangladesh Association ofInternational Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA) is handling the migrationprocess. Only recognized recruitment agents can do the recruitmentprocess but many individual do it without having any license. First agentsgive advertise in the newspaper for recruitment of workers. Then receiveapplication and take interview, medical test and go for the contract foremployment. The agents charge government specified fees for the entire

process.

Bangladesh Overseas Employment Services Ltd. (BOSL), which is awholly owned company of the government plays insignificant role in therecruitment of migrant workers. The selection of workers by the BOESLis done in two ways. Some migrants go by formal channels while theother migrants are illegal or unauthorized which is large in number.


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To migrate to other countries a worker expenses money. The expensesinvolved are passports, medical tests, and airfare for travel, visa chargesand other charges, which are almost predetermined. And there are alsomany personal costs like clothing and other necessary items. Agenciesdoing the whole recruitment process to earn some money. At the earlystage agencies get commission from the overseas employers. At that timeplain fare was also borne by overseas employers. But now time haschanged. In this due to competitions and increased demand now

recruitment and plain fare is borne by the workers.

The main cost of the payment to the recruitment agent is the visa fees.This amount is unusually high in Bangladesh when compared to othermigrant sending countries in South and South East Asia.


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Migrant labors send most of their earnings to their family, means to theirhome country. If workers migrate for a short period then remittanceincreases. And this happens in migration from Bangladesh to Middle Eastand East Asia countries. Remittances are high when they come fromwestern countries. During 1996 and 2002 foreign money that came toBangladesh is about 23.7 billion US dollar. Bangladesh bank records thisdata. This remittance is used for the development of Bangladesh and thisalso improved balance of export-import payments.

There are two channels through which the migrant workers send theirremittances. First is the official media that is by bank, telegraphic transferand postal orders. And other is the non-official way which is the hundisystem. By hundi system people transfer money or goods through friends,relatives or trusted agents.


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Remittance is used to the improvement of the family. One surveyindicated that 16% remittance uses for credit repayment which wasborrowed for financing for migration. Others include house purchase11.2% and land purchase about 12%. This remittance is one of the majorsources of development of this country and increase GNP.

We can see the positive effect of remittance if the money is invest in anyproductive sector. Bangladesh government does not take any tax onforeign money. New opportunities and possibilities can be come from thisside.

There are mixed views about the costs and benefits of migration of

workers from Bangladesh. Some appreciate it. On the other hand somecriticize it. Migration effects are seen in private, social and macro-economic levels. Foreign money is an important source of balance ofpayment, commodity exports, business profits, government revenues andproductive use.


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The migration involves costs and expected to result in benefits to themigrant and his/her family. If a benefit substantially overweighs the cost,the migrant will be beneficial to an individual. The economic benefits ofmigration come in the form of direct remittances to the household.

For going abroad a worker spends 95, 000 TK which is given to the

recruitment agencies. It is surveyed before. The main reason of workingabroad is higher income and improvement of the familys financialcondition. Its beneficial for both migrant and migrants family. There arealso some non-monetary costs and benefits associated with migration. Onthe other hand, migration decrease womens financial task. Because intheabsence of male members, the woman maintain the household works.

Migration has some impacts on the society. There are direct and indirectimpacts on private and public consumption and investment. The migrantworkers travel by home or host country airlines. In addition governmentreceives increases due to passport issuance and renewal fees.

Labor migration solves the un-employment and under-employmentproblem in the home countries. With the help of remittances, migranthouseholds bear the greater burden of the unemployed members andeducation of aged members is ensured. It increases human capitalinvestment. Remittances are major source of foreign exchange earnings.According to official estimates Bangladesh earned about US$ 11.5 billionremittances from the NRBs during financial years 1977-99.


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Remittance has a great impact on macro-economics. Remittances ensurethe imports of capital goods and raw materials for industrial development.It solve unemployment problem, then improved the standard of living andimprove the income distribution in favor of the poorer and the less skilled

workers.

Remittances macro-economic impacts involve gross domestic product(GDP), annual development budget (ADB), foreign exchange earnings,merchandise export receipts, import payments, trade balance, currentaccount balance, foreign aid and annual debt service payment. Foreignmoney reduces poverty. Remittance increases the level of householdsurplus and improves rural peoples financial condition. For earning

foreign money migration process should be systemically improvedthrough regulatory framework, education and skill development ofworkers.


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Every year many workers come back towards Bangladesh after thecontract get expired. Labors are returning especially from Asian countries.The people who come back are called returnee migrants.

Then return migrants face huge problem because of searchingemployment. They do not get any help from government. They try tomanage their employment with the help of family and friends. SometimesBMET helps but very little. IMO surveyed that 988 thousand personsreturned on 1999. Return migrants need social and economic integrationand rehabilitation. It must be ensured that returnee migrants can investtheir remittance properly. Return workers cannot cope up within the homecountries. So reintegration program would help the migrant workersprepare for return while still working abroad.


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Returnee migrants face many economic and social problems afterreturning home. In Bangladesh there are no institutions to support them.They remain unemployed and stay under pressure. In our country there isno comprehensive program for the returnee migrant workers. MoreoverBMET also failed to incorporate the problems. Now some non-government sector has taken some initiatives for the migrant workers.Initiatives for co-operative ventures for the countrys employment,information on potential investment opportunities, loan and bankingfacilities and sources of technical assistance for developing micro or smallenterprise development should be made available to the potentialreturnees. The government should consider underwriting certain

percentage of loans granted to projects of returnee migrants provided bycommercial banks. Wage Earners Welfare Fund (WEWF) is a

contributory fund of migrant workers. Its work is to provide soft termcredit opportunities to the returnee migrants. The management of the Fundis returnee migrants.


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Globalization along with local factors has made the management of thelabor migration complex. In Bangladesh there is very little institutionwhich is dealing with international migration process. Maximum agenciesare in private sector. The interest of migrant workers has been

marginalized due to lack of rules, migration norms and expertise inmigration management, both locally and globally. The Ministry of Laborand Employment (MOLE) created the legal framework through theBangladesh Emigration Ordinance of 1982, which amended theEmigration Act of 1922. The MOLE established BMET in 1976 to workas a regulatory agency for migrant workers and later established BOESLas an emigrant worker recruitment company owned by the government.BOESL operates as a government owned recruitment agent but itscontribution to the migration of workers is grimly low. The Ministry ofForeign Affairs through its diplomatic missions abroad, more particularlyacts as a facilitator for migrant workers.

BMET is the lead agency of the government in providing nationalemployment services to migrant workers including regulation, policyimplementation, repatriation as well as skill development. The presentgovernment came to power in 2001 has recently created the Ministry ofExpatriate Welfare and Overseas Employment (MEWOE) with clearmandate for evolving policy and programs for promoting overseasemployment market and ensure welfare of emigrant workers in the hostcountry as well as on return. The ministry has already taken initiatives to

resolve disputes in entry to overseas market and in exploring new marketsfor employment. Besides, a number of practical steps have been initiated.

The institutional arrangement to deal with international migration issues isinadequate in Bangladesh. The Emigration Ordinance of 1982 serves as


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the basis for administering the overseas employment program of Bangladesh. BangladeshGovernment still has to finalize the rules to effectively enforce the 1982 Ordinance.Bangladesh is yet to formulate a well-defined policy on international migration. The only

discernible policy at this stage is the encouragement for labor migration to ease un-employment and earn foreign exchange. The MOLE and MEWOE can jointly address theissue of policy formulation the emigration ordinance was framed in 1982 but thegovernment is yet to finalize rules to effectively operationalize the ordinance. Bangladeshfinds itself rather late at present in terms of developing the rules and regulations toimplement the Migrant Act 1982 but feels better in terms of being in a position to reformand strengthen its international labor migration system without necessarily havingexperience of slow progress like other countries. The MOLE and MEWOE need to planeffectively so that they can accelerate the pace of development.

Arrangements for development of skills of the migrants and prospective migrants are notadequate in Bangladesh. Many young men and women in Bangladesh are educated innon- marketable skills and cannot pursue higher education due to opportunity orresource constraints and are unemployed.

As a developing country migration is very necessary for Bangladesh. The globaldevelopment trends, priorities and changes are reshaping management of migration. Ourgovernment should take steps to give facilities to the migrant workers and to protection ofthe migrants rights and their effective reintegration on return. Foreign remittances

increase our GNP. For better understanding of migration dynamics in Bangladesh as wellas its impact on the economy and society, the government has to create facilities topromote this discourse and pave the way for practical solutions.


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Labor migration to foreign country has become a lucky charm forBangladeshs economy. It contributes the major portion of our GDP

through remittance. However, the system of migration in a country likeBangladesh is Quite complex. There is an absence of migration friendlypolicy and reintegration policy for NRBs. The countrys balance of

payment is also unfavorable. There is a significant imbalance in thehuman resource market in the country. The laws and procedures make theprocess complex and there are no proper training facilities for migrantworkers. The emigration ordinance for migrations is complicated and timeconsuming. When government restricted Recruitment to licensedrecruitment agent, they started to share their stamp approval to non-approve agent against a fee. Government plays very poor role in thesystem of migration. Due to the increased competition among home

countys government and recruiting agencies, the workers have to bearhigh cost. Though treat is a fixed level of fees to be charged, it is hardlyenforceable and agencies easily take the chance to charge more rather thanthe real level. There is also a lack in policy for maximizing earning and asolid bilateral agreement to protect the rights of migrant workers. There isalso absence of adequate financial institution for helping the employees tobear the cost.


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How Bangladesh government can establish efficient and cost effectiverecruitment policy and also develop policy to protect human rights of

migrant workers to gain a negotiable position in the overseas job marketthat will strengthen their reputation to the receiving countries?


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As large number of people earns a lot of money through foreignemployment, it helps to reduce our poverty level and as this money helpsto increase the standard of living, the benefit to cost ratio is also high.

During 1977-99 migrated labors remitted US$16 billion. This remittancealso helps in economic development of Bangladesh. This also helps toreduce the unemployment rate and after the migration period the family ofmigrated workers enjoys enormous growth in their income level. For allthese, the benefit to cost ratio is high. As the labors remit a lot of moneyto the country and the families become solvent, they move from thepoverty line.

The economic condition of Bangladesh is not so good. As a lot of workersmigrated from Bangladesh, they contribute a lot in the economy of our

country. This remittance also helps in social, personal, andmicroeconomic development of Bangladesh. These increase the benefit tocost ratio.


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Remittance cannibalize the traditional pattern of export earnings and thisalso increase the GDP growth

Remittance plays a significant role in the foreign exchange earning of thecountry. It helps to increase the level of earning and help in developmentwork of the country. The sending country enjoys some positive outcomes.This high amount of remittance also helps to increase the GDP level. Thisgrowth in GDP helps to offset the unfavorable balance of payment.According to the case the remittance provide 30% of the export earningsand 20% of the import payments.

If workers go abroad and send remittance this becomes a high profit forthe countrys economy. If the remittance can contribute to the welfare and

development of the country then Bangladesh can become a developedcountry and if the GDP rises then it will be beneficial for the county andthe country get respect from the foreign countries.


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High remittance help Bangladesh government to increase their revenueand as a result of the high revenue unemployment reduces and for thatreduction in unemployment standard of living increases.

Bangladesh sends a lot of workers to foreign countries for work. Theywork hard and send money in the form of remittance. Because of thatremittance the earning of the families increases to a significant level. Thisenormous growth in earning increase the standard of living of the familiesand this earning also contribute to the welfare of the country.

If employee goes to work abroad then the unemployment will be

eradicated from our country and the families of migrated workers becomesolvent. As a result their standard of living increase which makes thecountry developed.


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Migrations of workers who work improve family bonding of the migratedworkers by which they can come closer to each other in the family.

Through migration the whole family gets closer to each other. Thishappens as the whole family contributes to the cost and also participatesin the process. After immigration the status and reputation of the familyincreases in the society due to the enhancement in the income.

In Bangladeshi culture family bonding is very important and sensitive. Welove to be together whenever we get any occasion to enjoy. During themigration the whole family come close to each other and contributes inthe costs. This makes their family bonding strong. In Bangladesh ifsomeone can earn more that family get the utmost attention in the society.Increased income through migration also works in this process.


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The remittance earned by the government of Bangladesh help to relief thecountry form the danger of facing foreign exchange shortage and this alsohelp the country to reduce the dependency on foreign aid and reduce theobligation of debt.

In 2001, the increased remittance helps the country to get rid of theforeign exchange shortage which the country was facing at that time. Thisremittance indirectly contribute to the macro- economic development ofthe country which includes GDP, ADB, foreign exchange earnings,merchandise export receipts, import payments, trade balance, currentaccount balance, foreign aid and annual debt service payment.

For any country remittance is the major part of the economic income andit helps the country to reduce all the problems. Through remittanceBangladesh can increase its foreign exchange reserve. Through remittanceBangladesh can pay off all the debt and get rid of the obligations.


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The Ministry of Expatriate and welfare and overseas employment hasestablished with a mandate to ensure the welfare of emigrant workers inthe host country.

MEOWE have established an effective agreement for saving the workersfrom the harassment regarding accommodation and wages. This alsolooks after the rights of migrant workers in the foreign country and makestheir work easier.

By this law the government will be able to control the foreignemployment condition and they will be able to protect the rights ofworkers and help the country to get a better outcome for the whole nation.


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The recruitment process of migrant workers is very complex in the

context of Bangladesh which is longer and time consuming. It is becausethere is a lack in administrative power enforcement by the regulatoryauthority.

There is some complicacy in the migration process of our country. In thepublic sector the process is designed in such a way that the interestedworkers have to go through a lengthy and step by step process. It is alsooperated by keeping secrecy and honesty. Because of this they have towait for a long time to complete the formalities of going abroad. For thisproblem the migration process is now dominated by the private sector. As

a result the labor has to bear high cost.

If the process of migration becomes so lengthy and time consuming thenit becomes time consuming. For this time period some workers sit at homebeing unemployed and this create a huge problem in family.


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Before migration started the GDP growth rate of Bangladesh was verylow and the balance of payment situation of Bangladesh was unfavorable.

Bangladesh was only an agricultural country during 1973. Agriculture

contributed the major portion of the gross domestic product (GDP). Thecountry witnessed 5% growth in 1996- 2000and 6% in later years. On theongoing population growth of Bangladesh, 2.7% GDP growth isinsignificant. This also leads to low level of saving and investment of theeconomy. Moreover the balance of payment position is unfavorable. Thatmeans payment exceed the receipts of the country.

The resources of our country are divided in two parts. One is the exportsof garment sector and the other one is the remittance. If the GDP of thecountry remains low then it becomes a big problem for the country and

the country remains under developed. On the other hand if balance ofpayment remains negative then the country run a loss project.

One of the main weaknesses of migration is because of migration theconjugal relationship suffers and along with this proper growth of childrenhas become an issue.


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Due to international migration the womens economic and entrepreneurial

activity which is already low in Bangladesh is going down. Women

become the only member to take the responsibility of taking care of thewhole family. Moreover there is a risk for the workers to be cheated. Asfamily can not accompany with the migrant, there remains a huge gapbetween family and the individuals migrated. The spouses have to wait fora long time for their partners to come back home. Moreover the childrengrow up with single parents which create a gap between them.

Bangladesh is culturally very rich. Family value is very important here. Ifthere will be a gap between spouses then it will also affect the whole

family. The children are affected the most. They cannot have the attentionof both the parents and because of this they grow up with abnormal brainsand defected values

As all the skilled labors are going abroad then Bangladesh will sufferfrom skill shortage and when they send money to the family then theprices of commodities get high.

During migration the workers get proper and efficient training which theyare utilizing in abroad. The cost of this training is bared by thegovernment of our country. But as they are going out of the country, ourindustries suffer from the shortage of skilled labors and as a result thedevelopment of our country becomes disrupted. Moreover as the migrantworkers send a lot of money through remittance, the earnings of thefamily increase and as a result they are now able to buy a lot of things thatthey want to bye. As a result consumption of daily commodities goes up


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and consequently the demand of things goes up compare to the supply. Sothe price goes up and inflation occurs.

If the consumption of daily commodities go up then there will be animbalance in supply and demand condition of the market. As a result theeconomy suffers a lot. On the other hand if there is shortage of skilledlabor in the labor market of the country. All these are very crucialproblems.

If migrant workers come back from migration then the country suffersfrom unemployment problems and they also suffer from reintegrationproblems.

The migrant workers of Asian countries have to return to Bangladesh aftertheir contract is finish. It happens every year with the short term ortemporary workers. These employees are called returnee migrants. Butafter their return they face the problem of coping and adjusting themselvesinside the society. They cannot integrate with the family or the society.The government of our country does not have any concern about this andthey do not make proper rules to help them with this problem. Moreoverthey also face unemployment problems. They have to look for job by theirown or the family members help them. But the government or its bodiesdo not guide them in any way.

If the workers do not get any help from the proper authority then thisbecome hard for the workers to adjust with the new environment and barethe living cost of their own and the family.


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Due to lack of international arbiter the process of migration becomecomplex and lengthy for the workers.

There are many authorities who take care of the recruitment process of themigrant workers. Because of so many process and steps which they haveto go through, it become boring for the workers to wait for this. As theprocess of migration is straight forward, it involves lots of laws andprocedures. Due to the difference in culture, geography the processbecomes lengthy and risky. Moreover due to lack of international arbiterthere is a complete mass up in the process. Due to lack of properknowledge there can happen lots of problems.

If there is a lack of international arbiter then they can help theBangladeshi authority to know the condition of other countries. If thishappen then the process of migration will be easy and simple.

The workers who want to be migrated to other countries have to bare ahigh cost and so they need financial support which is highly absent inBangladesh.

Every year many workers go to abroad for working. For this they give themoney to the agents. Sometimes it becomes very tough for the employeesto arrange the cost. Sometimes they have to sell off all their assets forcollecting this money. But they get no support from the government for


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this regard. Moreover as after giving the money workers have to sit athome without any employment, the family also strives for meeting day to

day expenses. As they sell everything they cannot get any advantage touse the asset for supporting the family. Moreover the employees have totake money lone from local banks for which they have to bare highinterest. Despite all this problems our government does not pay attentionto help the workers with financial support.

As the workers are very poor they go for the better earning. If for this theysell all the things they have to sell everything, then it will be unfair. Onthe other hand if they take loan from banks on high interest then it will be

a loss for them.


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If Bangladesh can send skilled labors then their reputation improves in theforeign countries and this will help them to negotiate for the betterment ofthe workers.

Bangladesh is a largely populated country and because of this it enjoys theadvantage of migrating workers and earns remittance for the country. Thishelps them to develop the country. If the government can facilitate theworkers with better training then it will be able to send efficient workersto serve the host country. This will be beneficial for the home countrybecause they can improve their reputation to the host country and candevelop a friendly relationship with them. This will also help them to

negotiate with the host country for better outcome for the country.

Bangladesh government has to focus on sending good and trainedemployees to host countries because only by this they can be beneficial by


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negotiating the wage, terms and conditions for the betterment of theworkers.

Since the 1980s, along with male workers women also started taking partin the global contractual labor market, although in a very smallproportion.

Bangladeshi women contribute as actively to the countrys economy as itsmen. They send billions of dollars in remittances every year. Governmentsources say that they earned US D 11 billion and USD 11.1 billion in2010 and 2011 respectively. Their earnings are roughly 13 per cent ofGDP. In 2011 alone the number of women migrant workers was 5.4percentalmost 30,579 women workers. UN Women follows a three tierapproach, which supports women migrant workers through the migrationcycle. First, empowerment of women who plan to migrate are providedwith comprehensive information, resources and training; second, laborattaches of embassies and government officials in receiving countries aresensitized to the needs of immigrating women; and third, rehabilitationprograms are conducted for women who return to Bangladesh in tandemwith the government and womens rights activists. UN Women along withthe Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training (BMET) and UNWomen have implemented five such projects to help women makeinformed decisions.

The experiences men and women have as migrant workers are different,and most differences are due to the roles, behaviors, and relationships thatsociety assigns to, and expects from, a woman or man in a country oforigin and a country of destination. When designing policies and


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programs, it is important to acknowledge and respect the background andsocio cultural context for gender relations in countries of origin. The

phenomenon of female labor migration requires careful consideration bythe Bangladeshi Government in the formation of its migration policies andthe measures it implements to protect migrants throughout the migrationprocess.

Labor migration plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh as theremittance can be used in the development of the country to a largeextend.

Labor migration plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh.Bangladesh has a very narrow export base. Readymade garments, frozenfish, jute, leather and tea are the five groups of items that account for four

fifths of its export earnings. Currently, garments manufacturing is treatedas the highest foreign exchange earning sector of the country (US $ 4.583billion in 2003). Remittances also constituted a very important source ofthe countrys development budget. In certainyears in the 1990sremittances contribution rose to more than 50percent of the countrysdevelopment budget. Government of Bangladesh treats Foreign aid(concessional loan and grants) as an important resource base of thecountry. However, remittances that Bangladesh received last year wastwice that of foreign aid. Remittances have played a major role inreducing the extent of the countrys dependence on foreign aid.Thecontribution of remittance to GDP has also grown from a meager 1

percent in 1977-1978 to 5.2 percent in 1982-83. During the 1990s theratio hovered around 4 percent. However if one takes into account theunofficial flow of remittances, its contribution to GDP would certainly bemuch higher.


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Bangladesh is a huge labor surplus country. Hence it belongs to the supplyside of the global labor market. On an average, 2, 50,000 people annually

(1995-2003) migrate to take up overseas employment. Flow of migrantworkers is associated with growing flow of remittance to Bangladesh.Therefore, the importance of migrant remittance to the economy ofBangladesh can hardly be over emphasized.

Migration has occupied one of the most crucial positions in the economicand social development discourse in various countries of the world whichefficiency can be utilized for the development of the country.

The migrant workers stay in the overseas country for a limited period.Sustainable re-integration of migrant workers can be ensured with

appropriate utilization of their income. The migrant workers come backwith skill, work experience and savings. Lack of opportunity forinvestment and appropriate counseling mostly hampers the initiative ofthe migrant workers towards appropriate venture. Countrys developmentactivities may get momentum with the active participation of returneemigrant workers. Appropriate strategy for the re-integration programneeds some specific information like socio-economic profile of migrantworkers, Pattern and use of remittance and Needs for training, Counselingor Financial assistance for reintegration.

International migration has emerged as one of the primary concerns ofeconomic and social development in various countries of the world.Almost all countries of the world are taking part in the migration processin some kind of means; some are participating as sending countries, someas receiving, and others as transit countries. Some manpower sending


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countries created very effective practices to establish sustainable re-integration of migrant workers to accrue the fruits of migration. Strategies

for re-integration may be adopted both in the short and long term forreturnee migrants.

Bangladesh can take the advantage of entering into a new market throughestablishing a concrete migration policy.

Manpower export sector is otherwise giving a positive signal forBangladesh. Overseas recruitment has, of late, made a major turnaroundin a timely boost to the countrys flagging foreign exchange reserve. Datareleased by a government agency showed 52,929 Bangladeshis were hiredby foreign nations during the month of September. The figure is a 24-month high and driven by a spurt in recruitment in the United ArabEmirates (UAE), Oman and Singapore. The government had earlier set atarget to send some half a million workers to foreign job markets, but thelatest migration data indicates that the target would surpass by November.In fact, a sudden opportunity has been created for local workers in theGulf nation of Oman due to an exodus of thousands of the Filipino and

Indian laborers following political turmoil in the oil-rich Arab country.The UAE, where construction industry witnessed a booming time inrecent months, accounted for half of the recruitment in September aloneand also in the nine months. The opportunity for Bangladeshi laborers hasalso increased following demand of wage-hike by key manpowerexporters like India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia and the Philippines, who


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accounted for a significant portion of the workforce. The sudden demandinduced the authorities of foreign companies to look for alternative

destinations like Bangladesh, where low-cost and otherwise disciplinedlabor force are available to meet the growing demand for such workers.Number of foreign job holders is expected to record a significant rise incoming days as the Malaysian government has already announced anamnesty for thousands of illegal Bangladeshi workers. Saudi Arabiawould soon start recruiting four categories of workers from the country.Demand for Bangladeshi workers in South East Asia remains alsobuoyant, especially in Singapore whose thriving shipbuilding industry hasemerged as a key recruiter. Iraq is set to hire thousands of workers fromBangladesh as the reconstruction of the war-torn country gathers pace.

Bangladesh missions abroad need to be much more proactive in searchingout markets for manpower export in the old and new destinations. Thegovernment requires being serious about expansion of the manpowerexport market. This is the single most sources that earn the highestamount of foreign exchange. The export of skilled manpower includingworkers and professionals can lead to higher earnings and hence higherremittance flows because their wages would be substantially greater thanthose of the unskilled workers. The government does need to form aregulatory standing commission to expedite the manpower export and

ensure the rights of the migrant workers. If this is done, the manpowersectorwhich was the highest foreign exchange earnercan helpboost up the countrys economy to a large extent.
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If the workers do not get proper information then there will be chancesthat corrupted officials can derive them from there way and they will becheated.

Workers who want to go to abroad for better life and good opportunitiesfor earnings, have to bare high cost. In the past the cost was bored by theagents. But now due to increased demand the workers themselves have tobare all the cost. As the workers are poor and most of them are illiterate,they do not have proper knowledge about the process. So sometimes theylisten to the agents without knowing anything and give all the money inadvance. The agents who have dirty and corrupted mind flew away takingall the money and the interested workers get cheated. They neither get themoney back nor can find out the agents to ask for money. Moreover thereis a problem that they can face is they either cannot get the desired job orcannot get the negotiated wage after going to abroad.

The government of Bangladesh should be concerned about the money thatmoney that workers give the agents by a lot of hardship. They are poor


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and sometimes illiterate. So the government should make them aware ofthe rules and regulations of migration and should also take the

responsibility of their money to secure them from being the victim andlose everything.

As the cost of migration is high and the process is lengthy, the interestedworkers loose the interest and Bangladesh becomes the victim ofaggressive competition in the overseas labor market.

Since 1973 Bangladesh was number one in the European labor market.Then as the demand was low, all the cost of formalities to be completedwas borne by the agents. Then the costs were also low. But now due toincreased demand all those charges are now borne by the interestedworkers. As a result they have to bare high cost over the migrationprocess. Moreover the process has become so lengthy that the workers

have to kill a huge time in waiting for the process to be completed. Thecosts related to migration are high and the process is complicatedcompared to other labor migrant countries like South and South East Asia.

For all these reason Bangladeshi government is losing the attention ofpeople in the sector of labor migration market. So the government shouldbe more attentive towards reducing the costs and simplifying the processof migration. Otherwise there is a chance for Bangladesh to lose apotential sector for foreign exchange earnings.


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The migration expense is very high. Labor receiving countries imply strictrules and regulation, terms and condition on the labor sending country.

Labor sending country do not correspond or not to do any discussion withthe labor sending country. If the worker faces any problem after migrationthen agencies cannot help properly to that worker. To maintain all therules and regulation, terms and condition the level of wages increased. Atearlier stage planes fare was given to the labor receiving company. Butnow air fare is charged on labor. Bangladesh government also chargecommission on the transaction. Visa fee is also very high. Besides thatmigration process is very complex and long chain of intermediariesinvolved in migration process. Sometimes there is mismatch on thecontract and real work and worker do not get accurate salary. Ourgovernment should take necessary steps to make the migration process

easy. The regulatory authority should pay more attention to reduce costand to protect interest of the worker.

Bangladesh is a labor surplus economy with large scale unemploymentand under-employment. So for earning money they migrate to othercountries. Globalization along with local factors has made themanagement of the labor migration a complex and difficult undertaking.The interest of migrant workers has been marginalized due to lack of


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rules, migration norms and expertise in migration management, bothlocally and globally. In Bangladesh, there is absence of institutional and

policy framework to address the issues of institutional arrangements forskill development, protection of rights of the NRBs as well as adoption ofmeasures to minimize the migration of undocumented workers. Peoplecan migrant other countries by both from private sector or governmentsector. But maximum recruitment process of migrant workers is held byprivate recruiting agents and individuals. Bangladesh government isdesirable, in reality there is an absence of such policy perspective.Workers spend huge money for migration process and this process is verytime consuming. In both sector there is not any strong HR department. Sothe worker can get any advantage. They cannot get their right properly. Ifthere is strong HR department in this then the whole process will going

smoothly. So the government needs to establish a strong human resourcedepartment for controlling the migration process.

For employment and better earning Bangladeshi labors migrate to othercountries. Every year huge remittances are come in Bangladesh. Thisforeign money is used to family welfare, social development andmacroeconomic growth of Bangladesh. But we can earn more money ifour workers were skilled. Bangladeshi workers are not much skilled likeother countries worker. If Bangladeshi workers were skilled they can getmore compensation. Sometimes workers come back Bangladeshi becausethey cannot do the work properly. Skilled workers get much benefit ontheir performance and they get good work. Migration expense is less forthe skilled worker comparatively to the unskilled worker. In our countrythere is not sufficient training institute to give the labor training and makethem expert. Skilled employees can develop our country and can competewith other countries labor. Both government and private agencies shouldconcern about this matter and establish training institute to make theworkers skill.


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In Bangladesh, the recruitment of migrant workers was started in mid-1970 by private individuals. The government got involved into therecruitment regulatory process much later but the private sectordominance along with adhoc nature of business characterizes the

recruitment process. The recruitment process in Bangladesh is quitecomplex. A host of intermediaries, some of which are official and formal,while others are dubious, dominate the whole the process. Furthermorethere are rules and regulations and administrative mechanisms,implementing and overseeing authorities and bodies of the governmentwhich further complicate the process. There is no balance betweengovernment and private agencies. Public sector plays a very insignificantrole in the recruitment of migrant workers. BMET which is primarily aregulatory, clearing and promoting organ of the government also engagesin recruitment on a limited scale. Recruitment and placement of migrantworkers has the related issues of expenses, costs and profit to the parties

involved. The expenses involved are passports, medical tests, and airfarefor travel, visa charges and other charges, which are almostpredetermined. Sometimes private agencies charge more for this process.Our governments has not any rules and regulation, benchmark for the

expense. Even the migrant workers perceive that the permissible feechargeable is much above the government approved rate. Our governmentshould immediately take necessary steps to prevent this.


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As the purpose of creation of BMET amendable to the migrant workerand be an agent for recruiting workers for migration it moved out of suchrole. Beside that the same incident was done by BOESL. Though BMETis commended and authorized player of migration process its allowancebudget is inadequate. In Bangladesh there are very limited sources of

training and arrangement. The whole migration process are managed andstructured with an inadequate and functioning legal frame work thatclearly defines the insufficient responsibilities and policy implications foreach sector involved.

Labor Migration from Bangladesh has helped to reduce unemployment inthe country. This helps them migrant workers and their family members toenjoy a better standard of living with increased expenditure which isfavorable for the overall economy. However, this also has a negative side.Emigration of skilled workers from Bangladesh may lead to skillshortages in the country. Due to attractive offers many skill workers areleaving for abroad. They are contributing to the economy and their familyfinancially but the country is unable to use their skills directly. A propersystem is to be developed by which the economy can properly utilize the

skills of these workers directly for the country and yet flourish financially.


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Bangladesh government has to re-structure the migration process so that itbecomes a hassle free and easy process. The rules and regulation of themigration committee has to be so strong that no one can break these tomigrate. Migration promotion should be more than before. Mass peopleshould know about the ins and outs of migration process. Difficulties withthe foreign countries about migration should be removed so that themigration policy can be enhanced and be easier for mass people.

Since the government re-structured the migration process and make itstronger than before it will be easier for the employees to understandcommittees individual responsibilities and the committee member can

give best effort to serve the people.

Moreover the promo of the rules and regulation will give a basic

knowledge to the migrants which will cause less hassle.

Through this process if Bangladesh government can be able to reduce thedifficulties with the host countries, Bangladeshi workers can easilymigrant to other countries.


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Design an appropriate framework in the policy for reintegration ofreturnee employees and give them proper guidelines for employmentopportunity and also advise them the way to invest their earnings.

Other efforts may be services through mobile phones, establishment ofone stop service to extend need-based information, Special program forthe women migrants in distress, Survey/Study on situation of the womenmigration, Creation of special fund to provide assistance, etc.

By making liaison with the investors and agreement for re-migration andbasic training employable trades may increase the demand market in theforeign market.

Besides this awareness campaign, loan and entrepreneurship process mayhelp those worker those who are re integrant and tried to match in the

society. As a result employment level will be increased and poverty levelof our country will also be reduced.


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To some extant host country do not pay enough to our labors. For thatreason our government can do some agreement with them so that Hostcountry ensures enough payment to the workers. Beside these our countryneed to give more training to the workers. So that they can a competitivedemand in the foreign market and can increase their salary.

If our workers are proper trained and they can do proper performance onabroad high demand will be increase and beside this if our governmentcan ensure a base level of salary. Then host country will be bound to givethem a proper compensation to fulfill the high demand.


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Most of the skill labors of the country are going abroad for better earning.As a result there create an imbalance of skill worker between host countryand home country. So government should introduced new sector ofemployment in the home country. And need to make an attractive salaryand compensation structure so that employees are more willing to stay inhome. Besides these existing employees are need to give training so thatthey can compete with the current market situation. And create enoughdemand in the home job market.

If government can able to introduce new sector of employment and thissector will be more beneficial rather than abroad. Then worker will bemore attract with the home employment. Besides these proper training can

increased their performance level in the competitive market. As a resultimbalance between host and home country will reduce.


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There is a significant imbalance in our country and foreign countrys law.

As a result worker faces so many problems to migrant. So our countriesuse established well decorated laws. This is going with then currentmarket situation. And also make a proper management system wherefacilities of training for migrant worker are available.

If government are able to established a good well decorated laws it will beeasier for the migrant. It will remove all the difficulties for migrant andtraining facilities also create a high level of job performance for our

migrant.


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The rules and regulation of the migration committee has to be so strongthat no one can break these to migrate. Migration promotion should bemore than before. Mass people should know about the ins and outs ofmigration process.

The government re-structured the migration process and makes it strongerthan before it will be easier for the employees to understand committees

individual responsibilities and the committee member can give best effort

to serve the people.


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An advisory committee will need to be established so that they canmonitor this type of illegal activity. Migrant should encourage not go anyunauthorized agency so that they cannot face any problem. For thispromotion of legally activity should be highlighted to all by using

multimedia and other resources.

By creating a strong committee all the part of the migration process can bemonitored easily. As a result non- approved agent may not be able to do

any sort of illegal activity. So migrants will not be cheated by them.Beside these promotions campaign can also create awareness and thesewill be sub conscious protection against non- approve agent.


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As Bangladesh Government plays a poor role in migration system. Theydo not have any proper system and law. So countries need to establishwell decorated system. So that migrants are able to understand the overallprocedure. Government should come up with an attractive migrationsstructured which will be more popular for the migrants.

If government will be able to introduce new sector in system, it will bemore beneficial for migrant. Then worker will be more attractive withmigrations polices. It will also help for the government to reduce all sortsof difficulties, and can play a vital role at every sector of migrationspolicy.


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Government has to negotiate with the agents. They should implement afixed level for charging the labors. The rule for issuing license should bemade strict. BMET should be made strong with rules and regulations.

Financing institution should be established and make the interest ratelower.

Since the government should do a negotiation with the agent a certainoutcome must occur and which will be beneficial for the migrants. And

fixe level of charge may reduce the cost level. And strict rules for issuinglicense may also help the migrants to maintain their cost in limited level.Financing institutions may be beneficial for the migrants to bear their costeasily.


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Government has to strict the law for taking charge. Workers should begiven the chance to file case and government has to take the cases underconsideration. There should be assign administrator to supervise the

whole process.

If government gives workers the chance to file case then government getthe chance to keep the agencies under watch. This will help them tominimize corruption and increase honesty.


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Firstly home country should give proper training to the migrant so thatthey make a good demand in the foreign labor market. Beside thesegovernment should also make a negotiation with the host country to make

a standards level of basic salary and as well as compensation level.

As migrants get proper training they will be more skill rather than beforeand make a good demand in the current market situation. When demandof the skill labor increased it will also increase the salary level of the

migrants in host country. And all these can possible when a good policyand agreement will establish.


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Bangladesh should introduce new sector of giving loan. And for thiscentral bank and other non-government organization should come forwardand should give loan with limited interest so that migrant can easily bearthe cost. Besides these new way of giving loan and increased thecompensation for the loan giving organization.

If more organization comes forward to give loan to the migrant as a resultmore people will be encouraged to go abroad. Besides this governmentpolicy of new compensation may encourage new organization to give loanto the migrants. And it will be beneficial both for government and

migrants.


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Bangladesh government has to re-structure the migration process so that itbecomes a hassle free and easy process. The rules and regulation of themigration committee has to be so strong that no one can break these tomigrate. Migration promotion should be more than before. Mass peopleshould know about the ins and outs of migration process. Difficulties withthe foreign countries about migration should be removed so that themigration policy can be enhanced and be easier for mass people.

A section of brokers and recruiting agencies take advantage of theinformation gap of overseas jobseekers, which ultimately gives birthto anomalies which can be solved by bringing transparency in theprocess

The migrants going abroad must have proper documents.

The problems in the labor migration are artificial and so reformingthe laws concerned and enforcing them properly can bringtransparency in the migration process

The Emigration Ordinance 1982 is enough to regulate therecruiting agencies and this can be amended instead of framing ananti-trafficking law, which mixes migration with trafficking.


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Including all under a common law is necessary.An important issue needs to be noted here that in the short-term

workers employment system, employers are accountable to bear allthe costs associated with migration procedures in order to bringmigrant workers at the destination which can be minimized byproviding loan from public banks.

The solution will be implemented by BMAT, BOSEL, privet agencies andall the wings of government related to migration. It is very important for

the wings of government to implement the solutions because by makingthe process easier they can maximize the migration of workers to earnmoney for the development of the country.

This solution will be implemented during the amendment of ordinanceand during migration goes on.

This solution will be implemented in all the sectors of governmentassociated with migration.


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Design an appropriate framework in the policy for reintegration ofreturnee employees and give them proper guidelines for employmentopportunity and also advise them the way to invest their earnings.

Other efforts may be services through mobile phones, establishment ofone stop service to extend need-based information, Special program forthe women migrants in distress, Survey/Study on situation of the womenmigration, Creation of special fund to provide assistance, etc.

Appropriate strategy for the re-integration program needs some specificinformation like socio-economic profile of migrant workers, Pattern anduse of remittance and Needs for training, Counseling or Financialassistance for reintegration. Empowerment of the migrant workers may bepossible ensuring appropriate social and economic re-integration through

Liaison with Investment opportunities,

Arrangement of loan from banks for SME initiatives,Providing Community Based Training on cooperative basis to thereturnee women migrants,

Arrangement of re-migration,Basic training in employable trades,Assisting in projects like ICT, Real Estate, etc.


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Program towards reintegration of returnee migrants should alsoincorporate

Awareness Campaign,Information dissemination,Counseling workshops at district level for proper utilization of

remittances,Creation of facilities like establishment of resource center,Capacity building of DEMO, Skill training program,Loan and micro creditCounseling for investmentEntrepreneurship development.

This will be implemented by the BMET and the privet agencies together.itis important for them to implement the solution because by this they canensure involvement of migrant workers in the development of Bangladesheven after they rerun back.

It will be implemented when the migrated worker come back to thecountry after the migration time is over.

This solution is required to be implemented in the policy of reintegration.


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To some extant host country do not pay enough to our labors. For thatreason our government can do some agreement with them so that Hostcountry ensures enough payment to the workers. Beside these our countryneed to give more training to the workers. So that they can a competitivedemand in the foreign market and can increase their salary.

Devalue the currency by a big percentage in one or two or threeinstallments in quick succession so that foreigners can find your goodscheaper to buy and your exports go up rapidly.

With devaluation imports become costlier for the countrymen. Asa result they start reducing their imports.

Have to stop taking or renewing short maturity loans from abroad.

Allow foreign investment to take place and mostly in the form ofequity of companies and not much fresh debt inflows from abroad.Then the balance of payments problem starts getting less severe

now. But the process has been sustained. So now need to take policiesthat will help exports to go up at much faster rate than the imports.

To encourage exports need to change customs procedure, improve


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the efficiency of ports, and announce lower taxes on income out ofexports.

Start privatizing the inefficient white elephant public sectorcompanies and allow fresh capacity in investments by private sectorwithout trying to impose conditions of price and distribution controls,licensing for new plants and capacity.

Need to start strict budgetary control to reduce your budget andfiscal deficits.

Need to allow stock exchanges and capital markets to becomeefficient so that investors feel comfortable and allow foreigninstitutional investors to trade in the shares and debentures of yourcountry's companies.

Need to remove interest controls and private the nationalized/

public sector banks.Need to allow free markets to operate without Govt. directives and

intervention.

This solution will be implemented by the policy makers of the country. Itis important because the balance of payments is one of the major

indicators of a country's status in international trade. It has the potential toinfluence the prices of free-floating currencies.

This solution will be implemented when the government will decide toexport or import labor or any commodity from abroad.

This solution will be implemented in the policy of balance of payment inthe finance ministry of the country.


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Most of the skill labors of the country are going abroad for better earning.As a result there create an imbalance of skill worker between host countryand home country. So government should introduced new sector ofemployment in the home country. And need to make an attractive salaryand compensation structure so that employees are more willing to stay inhome. Besides these existing employees are need to give training so thatthey can compete with the current market situation. And create enoughdemand in the home job market.

Forecasting the need for labor resources at the national andregional levels according to the modeled forecasts of economicdevelopment;

The forming of proposals, so as to optimize the training system inthe institutions of professional training and re-qualification of theexisting labor force to minimize imbalances in the labor market;

The formulation of proposals aimed at achieving demand andsupply balance in the labor markets of Bangladesh via modifying theflow of investments;

Evaluation of the economic development and of changes in theneed for personnel during the realization of a set of investmentprojects.


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After determining the need for the personnel the workforceidealization mechanism is launched in the regions up to the level of

demand by professional groups.

Additional factors taken into account by the model:

Pre-school children.Students of intermediate stage of training.UnemploymentLack of economic activity.Sectorial transitions.Re-qualification.

Pendulum migration.

The following challenges have been identified in

Problems with collecting the required statistical dataComplications with the technical realization of the model, caused

by the fairly large scope of the model.

This solution will be implemented by the labor ministry and the planningministry together. It is important because it reduces unemployment andlowers the inflation rate.

This solution will be implemented when there will be shortage in the labormarket.

This solution will be implemented in the labor market policy of thegovernment.


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There is a significant imbalance in our country and foreign countrys law.As a result worker faces so many problems to migrant. So our countriesuse established well decorated laws. This is going with then currentmarket situation. And also make a proper management system wherefacilities of training for migrant worker are available.

Migrant Training Approach & Methodology includes

Develop trainings that are participatory and learnercentricAddress not only factual content, but skills and attitudesHelp migrants teach each otherProceed from the known to the unknown

Create a riskfree, nonthreatening learning environmentRecognize the inherent strengths and resources of migrantsPromote gender equality in migrant trainingPresent a comparative review of the effectiveness of pre-departure

orientation programsIn protecting vulnerable migrants, highlighting good practices and

lessons learned, and at the national level,Take stock of existing pre-departure syllabi and curricula;Assess the cost effectiveness of pre-departure orientation

programs;


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Review and assess the process, policy, program components, andinstitutional arrangements for pre-departure orientation programs;

Present a profile of participants to assess the effectiveness oforientation programs in targeting the most vulnerable migrants; and

Assess and recommend good practices in terms of type of courses,syllabus design and topics, target group, methods, duration, costs andfinancing, training of trainers, learning materials, and management.

Best practices on management of migration also have the followingcharacteristics:

They are innovative: they develop new and creative solutions tocommon problems;

They make a difference: they create a positive and tangible impacton migrants quality of life;

They have a sustainable effect: they generate results over the longterm; and

They have the potential for replication: they serve as an inspirationto generate policies and initiative elsewhere.

This solution will be implemented by the legislation making authority andthe training institutes. This is important because by proper trainingBangladesh can improve its labor migration image in the world map.

This solution will be implemented when the migration process starts.

This solution will be implemented in all the existing training institutes.


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The rules and regulation of the migration committee has to be so strongthat no one can break these to migrate. Migration promotion should bemore than before. Mass people should know about the ins and outs ofmigration process.

The amendment of the ordinance will include---

To prevent illegal recruitment issuance of travel advisories &

information dissemination on labor and employment conditions andmigration to be published thrice a quarter in a general circulationnewspaper; creation of the Migrant Workers Loan Guarantee Fund forpre-departure and family loans of migrant workers

o aid migrant workers in distress in their host countries

creation of Emergency Repatriation Fund for repatriation of migrantworkers in times of war, epidemic, disasters (natural or manmade), etc.


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To enforce migrant workers rights in their host countries

establishment of Migrant Workers and Other Overseas BangladeshiResource Center which will provide, among many others, counsel andlegal services, welfare assistance (medical services), post-arrivalorientation, settlement and community networking services, humanresource development (skills training), monitoring of daily situations ofmigrant workers, etc.; Rights and Enforcement Mechanisms UnderInternational Human Rights Systems. For returning migrant workers:establishment of re-placement and monitoring center which will aid theirreintegration into the Bangladeshi society by developing livelihoodprograms and promoting their local employment, among other services.

Legal Services creation of Legal Assistance Fund that will be used

exclusivelyto provide legal services to Filipino migrant workers andoverseas Bangladeshis in distress.

This solution will be implemented by the Supreme Court. And this will beenforced by the government under the judicial rules. This is importantbecause it helps the country and the workers to save their interest.

This solution will be implemented when the government faces problemsin migration.

This solution will be implemented in the ordinance and this help to reducehassles in the process of migration.


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An advisory committee will need to be established so that they can

monitor this type of illegal activity. Migrant should encourage not go any

unauthorized agency so that they cannot face any problem. For this

promotion of legally activity should be highlighted to all by using

multimedia and other resources.

Reasons for the strategy are

To develop a strategic framework for migration policy inBangladesh that could contribute to addressing the challenges posedby migration and to ensure the integration of migration and related


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issues into the national and regional agenda for security, stability,development and co-operation;

To work towards free movement of people and to strengthen intra-regional and inter-regional cooperation in matters concerningmigration on the basis of the established processes of migration at theregional and sub-regional levels; and

To create an environment conducive to facilitating theparticipation of migrants, in particular those in the diaspora in thedevelopment of their own countries.

ecommended strategies

Strategic partnerships are established with civil society actors, such as the

Bangladesh Employers Association, the Bangladesh Association forInternational Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA), the Bangladesh OverseasEmployment Services Limited (BOESL, the governments own

recruitment agency) and the trade unions through the NationalCoordination Committee for Workers Education.A Project Steering Committee (PSC), chaired by the Secretary of theMEWOE, and with the membership of ILO and SDC. A ProjectCoordination Committee set up in the BMET implements and coordinatesthe project.

This solution will be implemented by the government. It is important to

implement the solution because it helps the workers to get proper

information and service and also help to reduce corruption.

This solution will be implemented when there is an increase in corruption

in the recruiting agencies.

This solution will be implemented in the recruiting agencies controlled by

government.


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As Bangladesh Government plays a poor role in migration system. Theydo not have any proper system and law. So countries need to establishwell decorated system. So that migrants are able to understand the overallprocedure. Government should come up with an attractive migrationsstructured which will be more popular for the migrants.

Specifically, this initiative seeks to:

Increase private sector awareness of the dimensions and impacts ofSouth-South labor migrationProvide actionable advice for companies on how to integrate

greater protections for migrant workers in their supply chainsEncourage business to support the development of collaborative

solutions to protect international labor migrants through engagement

with key stakeholders and participation in international labormigration dialogues, such as the Global Forum on Migration andDevelopment this fall in Manila


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Key Stakeholders include governments, international organizations, localcivil society and organized labor. Their activities include:

Dialogues and taskforcesBilateral and regional engagementCommunication channels for migrant workers to report

maltreatment and dispute resolution assistanceInternational network buildingCommunity outreach and support

These aside, improved management of labor migration in supply chainsand beyond can lead to:

More stable workforceBetter trained workforce

Reduced missed days due to illnessLess risk of crises or labor disputesGreater productivity and quality resulting from higher worker

satisfactionExpanded license to operate through improved relationships with

key local stakeholdersReduced reputational risks

This solution will be implemented by the governments labor ministry.

This is important because it reduces hassle when higher authorityintervene in the in the process.

This will be implemented when there will be problems in the process.

This solution will be implemented in the policy of migration.


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Government has to negotiate with the agents. They should implement afixed level for charging the labors. The rule for issuing license should bemade strict. BMET should be made strong with rules and regulations.Financing institution should be established and make the interest rate

lower.

The Bangladeshi government can take these decisions citing severaldevelopment-related advantages of low-cost pre-departure loans. Theseinclude:

Reduced pre-departure debts and less interest to be repaid bymigrants, and the potential for the migrants family to smooth its

consumption rather than assume additional debt while waiting for thefirst remittances to arrive,

Increased likelihood that migrants are employed abroad with validcontracts, increasing their rights, access to support services, and theircontribution to development upon return

Foreign employers benefit from more satisfied and productive


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employees, reducing the burden on host country governments to dealwith runaway and dissatisfied migrants,

A second entity with an interest in the repayment of the loan canreview migrant contracts before departure and encourage or requireremittances to be returned via regulated financial institutions so thatthe loan can be repaid.

The feasibility of bank-NGO partnerships operating such revolving loanfunds and concluded that they are likely to be more successful if:

Labor migration occurs under the terms of MOUs so thatgovernment agencies are involved in the migration process in bothorigin and host countries.

Migrant contracts include provisions for employers in the hostcountry to deposit all or some of the migrants earnings in the bank (or

its foreign affiliate) that extends loans to cover pre-departure costs,and these provisions allow the bank to deduct the interest and debtrepayment from remittances before allocating the remaining balanceas the migrant specifies (some host country labor laws allow migrantsto sign such contracts, others do not).

Loans can be made to migrants early in the migration process(usually before they have obtained foreign employment contracts) andloans funds can be disbursed directly to recruiters, governmentagencies, and airlines to cover migration costs so that potentialmigrants cannot divert loan funds to other purposes.

This solution will be implemented by the Bangladeshi government and thefinance ministry. This is important because it helps the workers to protectthemselves from bearing high costs.

This solution will be implemented when the migration process starts.

This solution will be implemented in the private and public banks andgovernment NGOs.


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Government has to strict the law for taking charge. Workers should begiven the chance to file case and government has to take the cases underconsideration. There should be assign administrator to supervise the

whole process.

Although far from simple, meaningful policy prescriptions exist in fourkey areas outlined below:

Reduce the number of recruitment agencies to an optimal level

to prevent cut-throat competition among agencies

Rigid regulations can easily breed corruption and abuse and force

agencies and migrants out of the legal system and into the irregularchannels. The key challenge, then, is to develop a balanced set ofregulations that are in tune with on-the-ground realities and that nudgeinformal recruiters toward legitimate business operations.


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Bring subagents and brokers into the formal sector

Private recruitment agencies rarely work alone; they use a host of mostlyinformal subagents or brokers to find prospective migrants or employers,creating another layer of recruitment agencies.

Regulate transactions among recruiters and between

recruiters and employers

A policy that focuses mainly on banning placement fees charged tomigrants or keeping them within the cost of provision is not enough. Theother regulatory challenge is to identify the legitimate ceiling on fees thatagents can charge one another and the payments foreign employers mustmake to their local agents.

Harmonize regulations governing recruitment agencies

at origin and destination

Finally, innovations that simplify the rules at origin and destination andaddress inconsistencies in critical areas such as allowable fees, standardemployment contracts, minimum wages and level of recruitment agencyliability for workers will also have a tremendous and direct impact onmigrants experiences during and beyond the recruitment phase.

This solution will be implemented by the government of Bangladesh andthe regulatory authority. This is important because it bring the workerstrust back on government

This solution will be implemented when the government has to restructureand enforce the low of charge to imply on the workers.

This solution will be implemented in the recruiting agency policy.


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Firstly home country should give proper training to the migrant so thatthey make a good demand in the foreign labor market. Beside thesegovernment should also make a negotiation with the host country to make

a standards level of basic salary and as well as compensation level.

Government, migrant workers, civil society and the private sectorcollectively need to shape a comprehensive migration policy reflectingboth long and short-term international migration.

The fundamental principle of any new policy should be to protecthuman rights and dignity of labor both in Bangladesh as well as in

receiving countries.The government should priorities ratification of the 1990 UN

Convention on Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers andMembers of their Families

The government should rescind restrictions on the migration ofunskilled and semiskilled women workers up to a certain age.


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Migration costs must be reduced and recruiting agencies betterregulated.

Access to credit on low interest must be ensured if poor people areto be afforded the chance of engaging in economic migration as alivelihood strategy.

Awareness campaigns using various media and pre-departureorientation training need to be institutionalized to ensure theprotection of migrant workers.

The government must develop a plan of action to enable potentialemigrants from Bangladesh to compete in the labor market of theindustrialized countries.

This solution will be implemented by the government and its legislationwings. This solution is important because it will make the migrationprocess easy for the workers. This will also cause less hassle to them. Thiswill also help the workers to have accurate information from the authority.This solution will also help the government of Bangladesh to take a strongstand strong in the labor market.

This solution will be implemented when the migration policy will beamended and when the government have less control on legislation ofmigration.

This solution will be implemented in the policy framework.


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Bangladesh should introduce new sector of giving loan. And for thiscentral bank and other non-government organization should come forwardand should give loan with limited interest so that migrant can easily bearthe cost. Besides these new way of giving loan and increased thecompensation for the loan giving organization.

Pre-departure pilot loan program would be to invite proposals from bank-NGO partnerships and the government recruiter, the Bangladesh OverseasEmployment and Services (BOESL). We recommend support for threepartnerships:

One partnership involving an NGO and a quasi-government banksuch as Sonali Bank, which has 1,180 branches in Bangladesh, the

most of any bankOne partnership involving an NGO and a private bank such as

Documents

Dynamics of Labor Migration Final