DYNAMIC ELECTRICITYALIFALDO DAFFA D./02CLASS: 9-2

A Simple CircuitWe must have a closed circuit to turn on the lamp. Closed circuit is a circuit with all parts connected, so that its electric current can flowA circuit that is disconnected is called open circuit. In the open circuit, there is no path to flow the electrons, and they cant turn on the bulb

Electric CurrentDynamic Electricity is the flowing chargesThe amount of electric charge flowing in a conductor in every seconds called electric currentMathematically, it can formulated:I = Q I=Electric current (Ampere) tQ=Electric Charge (Couloumb) t=Time Interval (Second)

Potential DifferenceThe energy that function to conduct an electric charge from one point to another point is called potential differenceMathematically, it can formulated:V = W V=Potential Difference (Volt) qW=Energy (Joule) q=Electric Charge (Coulomb)

Ammeter & VoltmeterAmmeter must be set in series in a component of which the electric current will be measured. Meanwhile, voltmeter must be set in parallel in a component the potential difference of which will be measured

Serial Circuit & Parallel CircuitSerial circuit is a circuit which the electric components are arranged in series or not branching so the electric so the electric current that flows in each component is equal Parallel circuit is a circuit which the electric component are arranged in parallel or branching so the electric voltage in each component is equal.

OHMS LAWSTATE: Electric current that flows in a conductor wire is directly proportional to voltage difference between ends of that conductor wire.Mathematically, it can formulated:I = VI=Electric Current (Ampere)R V=Potential Difference (Volt) R=Electric Resistance (Ohm)

RESISTANCEThe relation among resistance, length of wire, area of wires cross section, and wires resistivity can be expressed as follows.Mathematically, it can formulated:R= p l R=Electric Resistance (Ohm) A p=Density l=Length of a wire (meter) A=Section area of the wire

CONDUCTORBased on conductivity, materials are distinguished into :Conductor: material that easily conducts an electric current and easily conducted with an electric current.

Example: iron, copper, aluminium, graphite, and steel

SEMICONDUCTOR & INSULATORSemiconductor is a material or substance the electric conductivity of which lies between conductor and insulatorInsulator is a material or substance that is difficult to conduct an electric current or is not easily conduct with an electric current

KIRCHOFFS 1st LAW

STATE: The sum of electric current flowing to the branching point is equal to the sum of electric current flowing away from that branching point.

SERIES CIRCUITIn the series circuit of electric resistors the following apply:a. The electric current in each resistor is equal to the electric current in substitute resistorb. The sum of voltage in each resistor is equal to the voltage in a substitute voltage.

c. The substitute resistance is equal to the sum of each resistance

d. The voltage in each resistor is directly proportional to its resistance

PARALLEL SIRCUIT

In the parallel circuit of electric resistors the following apply:The electric current that flows through a substitute resistor is equal to the sum of electric current that flows through each resistorThe voltage in a substitute resistor is equal to the voltage in each resistor

c. The electric current that flows in each resistor is directly proportional to the inverse of its resistance

d. Parallel substitute resistor is formulated as follows:1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ..Rp R1 R2 R3

ELECTRIC CURRENT SOURCESElectromotive Electric Source (EMF): EMF of an electric current source is the potential difference between the ends of electric current source when the electric current source conducts electric currentDivided into two kinds: Alternative Current (AC)Direct Current (DC)

GeneratorGenerator is a device consisting of a coil wire and a magnet to generate electricityA generator converts kinetic energy into electrical energyKinetic energy can be converted into electrical energy. Moving a magnet in a coil wire can generate electric current

DC SOURCESPrimary element: electrochemical elements that cant be charged anymore if their charge is used up. Example: dry element (batteries), wet element (voltaic element)Secondary element: electrochemical elements that can be charged again if their charged is used up. Example: accumulator

Clamping VoltageClamping voltage is the potential difference between the poles of an elements while conducting electric currentThe relationship between clamping voltage and EMF are like the equation below:V = Vr or V = - Ir V= Clamping voltage = EMFI = electric current internal resistanceR=internal resistance in electric current sources

MEASURING CURRENT AND VOLTAGEAMMETERAmmeter is an instrument used to measure current that passes through a node or another part of circuit.We have to place an ammeter in series with resistorThe current passing through the circuit will decrease when the device has higher resistance.So, the resistance of the ammeter resistance should be very small

VOLTMETERVoltmeter is used is used to measure the voltage that passes across a circuitWe have to place a voltmeter parallel to the resistorThe resistance of voltmeter should be very big so that it enables to detect small current and voltage change

READING ELECTRIC CURRENT IN VOLTMETERReading the scale shown by needleDividing the value on the scale by the maximum scaleMultiplying the result of step (2) by the selected maximum scale

ELECTRIC ENERGY & POWERElectric energy is the energy produced by an electric current in a conductor that can be changed to another form of energy.Equation:W = Q.VW=I.t.VW = I2.R.tW= V2 . t R

Electric PowerElectric Power is Electric energy per time.Equation:P = W tP = V.IP = I2 . RP = V2 R