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DWDM & Optical FundamentalsPractical Recommendations for Optical Deployment
March 5, 2015
Dion Leung | Director, Solution and Sales Engineering (APAC)
Company Confidential BTI Systems. Distribution of this document is not permitted without written authorization. 2
About BTI
Company Confidential. Distribution of this document is not permitted without written authorization. 2
BTI delivers software-defined networking infrastructure solutions, enabling global service & content providers to scale their networks & their businesses
InvestorsBain Capital Ventures, BDC, Covington, GrowthWorks, Fujitsu and others
Customers380+ worldwide in 40 countries, including major carriers and content providers
PortfolioNetworking infrastructure systems & software
OfficesOttawa, Boston and with presence in Asia and Europe
Company Confidential BTI Systems. Distribution of this document is not permitted without written authorization. 3
How many of you have designed or engineered an optical transmission link (e.g. SDH/WDM)? Or a multiple-node optical transport network?
How many of you are considering to lease a wavelength or multiple wavelengths in the next 6-12 months?
How many of you are considering to lease a dark fiber or wavelength services in upcoming months?
A Quick Show of Hands
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Logical connectivity is presented between the routers/switches
The underlying “physical” network is an abstract layer
One often requires to know if the routers have 10G, 40G, 100G interfaces and how many of these interfaces are available
In Data/Packet Networking World…
P P
PEPE
CE
CE
Company Confidential BTI Systems. Distribution of this document is not permitted without written authorization. 5
In optical transmission layer, one needs to know EXACTLY the underlying fiber topology, the fiber details and characteristics, so that the optical layer and equipment can be dimensioned accordingly.
In Optical Transport Networking World…
DWDM
40kmDWDM
30km
CE
DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
CE
14km
35km
10km
15km35km
From http://www.200churches.com/blog/category/network
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1. Length of the String?
– Rack_A to Rack_B (e.g. several meters)
– Data Center_A to Data Center_B (e.g. tens of km)
– City_A to City_B (e.g. hundred of km)
2. Number of the String?
– A pair of fiber strands?
– Multiple pairs?
– A single (fiber) strand?
3. Type of the String?
– Single mode fiber vs. multi-mode fiber?
– Common SMF fiber types: G.652 (SMF-28), G.653 (DSF), G.655 (NZDSF)
– e.g. Corning’s SMF-28 is commonly used in today’s networks
Common Questions for Any Optical Link / Network Planning
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4. Condition of the String?
– Age of the fiber? Underground? Ariel?
– Number of splices or connections on the fiber?
– Amplifiers might be required if the fiber loss is too high
5. The End-of-Life (EOL) Transmission Capacity?
– How big should “the pipe” be?
– How many wavelength(s) or “highway lanes” do you need?
– Do you require 10Gb/s? 40Gb/s? Or 100Gb/s per wavelength?
– Today, terabit link capacity is not uncommon to connect data centers in metro network, e.g. in Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, etc..
Common Questions for Any Optical Link / Network Planning
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Optical light transmitted through fiber will lose power
Attenuation caused by Scattering, Absorption and Stress
Other related parameter: fiber length, fiber type, transmission bands, and external loss components such as connectors & splices
Typical fiber loss: 0.20 dB/km – 0.35 dB/km, although in some regions fiber loss can be as high as ~0.5 dB/km
Basic Link Budget Engineering:
– Fiber loss + spice loss + connector loss + safety margin ≤ Power Budget (i.e. Transmitted – Received Power)
Fiber Attenuation or Loss (measured in dB or dB/km)
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Transmission Windows:Attenuation in Optical Fiber (measured in dB or dB/km)
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Wavelength in nanometers (nm)
0.2 dB/km
0.5 dB/km
2.0 dB/km
C-b
and
(15
30 –
156
5 nm
)
L-ba
nd (
1565
– 1
625
nm
)
Note: Frequency = 3 x 108 / wavelength
850
nm
Ran
ge
131
0 n
m R
ang
e
Also known as the three “Transmission” Windows
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Lego Blocks of a Simple Point to Point DWDM System
TransponderMuxponderTransceiver
MuxDemux
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Transponder and Muxponders:Converting “Grey” to “Color”
Transponder
Muxponder
Client Signal (Grey optics) (e.g. from a switch, router)
Line Signal (Color optics)(to DWDM mux / outside plant)
10GE LAN PHY
(STM64, 10G FC)
a 10G Wavelength(e.g. Channel 3)
a 10G Wavelength(e.g. Channel 4)
GbE
STM16
2G FC
STM4
GbE
1 in – 1 out
Many in – 1 out
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Transceivers
Typical Line Rates
– 2.5G
– 10G
– 100G
Transceivers
– SFP
– XFP/SFP+
– QSFP+
– CFP
Selection of which type mainly depends on Speed, Reach
– 850nm, 1310nm, 1550nm, CWDM, DWDM Fixed Channel, DWDM Tunable
Each type of transceiver’s has its transmit power and receive power sensitivity(e.g. TX = [-3,1] dBm, RX = [-25, -5] dBm) Max Budget = 1-(-25) = 26dB
Optical Transceivers – The Pluggable Optics
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Technology Enabler: Wavelength Division Multiplexing
– A transmission technology that multiplexes multiple optical carrier signals on a single fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of laser light to carry different signals of frequencies.
– Frequency (in THz) and wavelength (in nm) are often used to label a wavelength and the frequency of a signal is inversely proportional to wavelength. e.g. 193 x 1012 THz or 1551.9 nm
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) – Similar to Sharing Spectrum over Air, Except Medium here is Fiber
MUX
Individually Colored Wavelengths
DEMUX
Single Transmission Fiber
Individually Colored Wavelengths
Equally spaced channels
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Multiplex / Demultiplexer (aka. Mux/Demux) Comes with Various Sizes…
– Use light’s reflection and refraction properties to separate and combine wavelengths from a fiber strand (e.g. logically think of a prism)
– Common technologies: thin film filters, fiber bragg gratings and arrayed waveguides (AWG)
– Passive device which requires no power (next generation colorless M/D will be active)
– Higher channel M/D generally imply higher insertion loss
Additional Lego BlocksCommon Mux/Demux Selections from Optical Vendors…
DWDM Mux-Demux (8 Add-Drop)
CWDM Mux-Demux (4 Add-Drop)
OADMs (1,2, and 4 Add-Drop)
DWDM Mux-Demux (40 Add-Drop)
DWDM Mux-Demux (96 Add-Drop)
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Designing a Metro Optical Link (80km or less) over a Pair of Dark Fiber is Pretty Straightforward…
From www.datacentermap.com
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Example:A typical link of 40km between 2 data centers (e.g. 200G)
A Sample Configuration (in 5 RU):
Transponderwith Pluggable Transceivers
Bandwidth Requirement:
20 x 10 GbE or2 x 100GbE
DC 1 DC 2
40km
10dB
Mux/Demux
APRICOT
Assume:
0.25dB/km3 dB safety margin
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Simple Estimate on Power Budget – Quick Validation
Power Budget Calculation of a Given Transceiver
Received Power ≤ Transmitted Power – Total Loss ??Received Power ≤ Transmitted Power – Mux Loss – Fiber Loss – Demux Loss – Safety Margin
-26dBm ≤ 0dBm – 5dB – 10dB – 5dB – 3dB-26dBm ≤ 0dBm – 23dB
-26dBm ≤ -23dBm (OK! PASSED)
Optical Signal FlowFrom Transceiver DC1 To Transceiver at DC2
DC 1 DC 2
40km
10dB
Assume:
0.25dB/km3 dB safety margin
10dB
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Designing a Longer-Distance, Multi-Node, DWDM Network
From www.datacentermap.com
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OA OA OAOA
10G10G
10G10G
Common Approach for Building a Linear Network
100G100G
100G100G
Repeater / Regenerator Based Approach
Network Economic Depends on the Number of Wavelengths Requiredand Traffic Add/Drop Requirements at Each Location
TERM
60km 60km 60km 60km 60km
RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TERM
Amplifier Based Approach (Preferred)
TERM RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TERMTERM RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TERM
TERM RPTR RPTR RPTR RPTR TERM
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Additional Lego Blocks of a Multi-node Linear Network
OpticalAmplifier
DispersionCompensation
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Optical Amplifiers (EDFA and Raman)
Optical Amplifiers are Needed in Order to be Sure Optical Signals Can Be Accurately Detected by Receivers
Two Common Types of Optical Amplifiers
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier RAMAN Amplifier
Most common used and simple to deploy
Fixed gain or Variable gain
For high span loss and long distance transmission
Used in Conjunction With EDFAs
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EDFA is the most widely used amplifiers to compensate for losses
Usually works in the C-band (L-band is also commercially available)
Fixed gain amplifier and variable gain amplifier are available
Up to 35 dB of gain can be supported (via 2-stage of amplification)
You Need This When Fiber Loss is High (e.g. > 20dB)Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA)
An EDFAs have four main components:
mechanicalassembly
Coupler
INO
UT
Isolator
Pump LaserPump lasers usually work at a l of 980 nm or 1480 nm.
Erbium Doped Fiber
A piece of fiber doped with Erbium ions
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Simplified Explanation on Raman Amplification: Based on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect, the weak light signal gets amplified while passing through a Raman gain medium (the fiber) in presence of a strong pump laser. It’s the power transfer from lower to higher wavelengths.
EDFA vs. Raman Amplifier:
A Raman optical amplifier is not an amplifier “in a module”; instead, the optical amplification relies on the transmission “fiber” itself. In other words, whoever is deploying a Raman amplifier means he/she is building the amplifier on-site basically with a high-power laser pump + existing fiber (any type of fiber)!
The Raman vs EDFA Amplifier
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Different wavelengths travel at different speeds through a given fiber causing optical pulses to broaden or to “spread”
– e.g. Wavelength Channel #1 travels faster than Channels #2, #3, etc..
Excessive spread can cause pulses to overlap, and therefore receivers would have a hard time to distinguish overlapped pulses
The longer the distance (or the higher the bitrate) is, the worst the spread would be.
Chromatic Dispersion (measured in ps / km-nm)
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A normal fiber with positive-slope dispersion makes different wavelengths travel at different speeds from point A to Z
By passing the wavelengths through a “negative-sloped” dispersion fiber reverses the effects of dispersion or the spread
Side Effect: DCF adds extra losses and latency to the transmission
You Need This When Fiber Distance is Long (e.g. > 80km)Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF)
Normal Fiber (e.g. SMF-28)
PositiveDispersion
Dispersion Compensation Fiber
NegativeDispersion
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End End
0
Max
Min
Receiver
ToleranceCD
Dispersion Compensation Over Multi-span Route(Note: for 100G coherent transmission, CD is less of an issue…)
DCM DCM DCM
Span-by-Span CD Compensation for 10G/40G transmission
Simply match fiber distance to DCM type (e.g. Use 60km DCM for ~60km link)
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Optical LayerLego Block
Uses & Benefits Additional Design Notes
Fiber Pair For DWDM transmission • G.652 / SMF is preferred
Mux / Demux (M/D) For dividing fiber into virtual highway lanes or wavelength channels
• Passive element (no power required)
• Various M/D have different insertion loss
Dispersion Compensation Fiber or Module (DCF/DCM)
For compensation CD for 80km or longer span or multi-span network
• DCF is usually classified by distance
• DCF has insertion loss and add latency
Amplifier For overcoming fiber span loss and minimizing regeneration cost for multi-span network
• Choice of EDFA (commonly used metro) and Raman (for regional/long-haul)
• Amplifier has various gain levels, noise figure
Quick Summary of Essential Lego Blocks for Building Metro / Regional Optical Networks
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Service LayerLego Block
Uses & Benefits Additional Design Notes
Transponder / Muxponder
Convert grey to color DWDM wavelength for transmission
• 1-to-1 mapping transponder• Many-to-1 muxponder
Transceiver Pluggable optics of various sizes and reach (SFP, XFP, SFP+, QSFP+, CFP, etc.)
• Each transceiver has a power budget, i.e. the allowed transmit and receive power level
• Transceiver also has tolerances on dispersions (CD/PMD) and Optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) - topics that are not covered fully in this presentation
Quick Summary of Essential Lego Blocks for Building Metro / Regional Optical Networks
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For More Complex Fiber Topology… Linear, Ring, MeshAdditional optical layer building block to make design & operation simpler…
From www.datacentermap.com
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For initial Point-to-Point network, Fixed OADM (FOADM) network architecture worked fine.
A challenge arises when some locations requiring some add/drop of traffic manual patch work is needed
With Point to Point Fixed Mux/Demux Architecture…Wavelengths passing through some intermediate sites is always tricky to engineer
A C
40km
10dB
B
20km
5dB
10 x 10GbE circuits are now between Site A and Site B
10 x 10GbE circuits are now between Site A and Site C (via Site B)
10 x 10GbE
10 x 10GbE
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Since not all wavelengths need to be dropped, manual padding, patching works are required to connect wavelength across intermediate site(s)
Patching through makes sense for small l counts, but with 40/96 DWDM channels, this can be prone to human errors and difficult to manage – a better solution is warranted.
A Closer Look: Channel Patching Work is RequiredIntermediate Site (at Site B)
DE
MU
X MU
Xll
l
l
l
l
l
l
ll
1. The insertion lossaffects the overall link budget
2. Each wavelength addedneeds to be re-balanced
l 3. Regeneration is oftenneeded due to deficit power budget
From Site A At Site B To Site C
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ROADM is used to provide: flexible wavelengths add/drop/pass-through capabilities
Key Functional Block: Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS)
• The ability to switch any input wavelength to any of its output ports
• The ability to adjust & attenuate power of input and output ports
The ability to allow adding/dropping of any individual ls
In some implementations, additional variable gain amplifier and optical monitoring functions are added into a single mechanical package:
• Include EDFAs to compensate for any variable span loss
• Per-channel power equalization and power monitoring
ROADM = Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
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ROADM Nodes Connecting Over a Single Span Typical ROADM Implementation
Per-ChannelPower Controlled
Auto Span Loss
WSS
WSS
DCMmux/demux
ROADM Module
1510nm OSC
1510nm OSC
DWDM channels
amp
ampamp
amp
ROADM Module
DCM
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Within a Single ROADM Node View:How a 4-Degree ROADM Node Works…
A/DEx2
Ex4
Ex3
ROADM
FiberLine
A/D
Ex3
Ex2
Ex4
ROADM
FiberLine
A/D
Ex2
Ex4
Ex3
ROADM
FiberLine
l
Mux / Demux
l
l A/D
ROADM
FiberLine
Ex2
Ex3
Ex4
Mux / Demux
l
lA Single ExpressCable
AutomaticPowerEqualizedWavelengths
In-Service Expansionis Possible by Adding New ROADM modules
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Network-wide Benefit of ROADM: Reconfigurability, Flexibility and Ease of Expansion
Individual wavelengths can be (1) added/dropped/terminated or(2) passed-through at ROADM-enable node
O
O
O
OO
O
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Optical LayerLego Block
Uses & Benefits Additional Design Notes
Fiber Pair For DWDM transmission • G.652 / SMF is preferred
Mux / Demux (M/D) For dividing fiber into virtual highway lanes or wavelength channels
• Passive element (no power required)
• Various M/D have different insertion loss
Dispersion Compensation Fiber or Module (DCF/DCM)
For compensation CD for 80km or longer span or multi-span network
• DCF is usually classified by distance
• DCF has insertion loss and add latency
Amplifier For overcoming fiber span loss and minimizing regeneration cost for multi-span network
• Choice of EDFA (commonly used metro) and Raman (for regional/long-haul)
• Amplifier has various gain levels, noise figure
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (ROADM)
For flexible wavelength add/drop/bypass and simpler operation
• Single module combines amplifier and WSS
• Per-channel auto power balancing
Quick Summary of Essential Lego Blocks for Building Metro / Regional Optical Networks
Recommendations for Optical Network Deployment
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Optical Back Reflection (OBR)
Practical Aspects for DWDM / Optical Deployment
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Quality of Fiber for Building an Optical Network == Quality of Soil for Building a Skyscraper
OTDR show fiber cable’s essential info including length, the locations of connections and splices (also referred as “events”) along the fiber, and an estimated fiber loss (dB/km).
Getting an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) Reading is Always Recommended
Loss(dB)
Distance(m)
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Recommended Easy-to-Read Reference: www.thefoa.org
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OTDR Trace Interpretations
Corning’s Whitepaper:Explanation of Reflection Features in Optical Fiber as Sometimes Observed in OTDR Measurement Traces
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#1 Problem in Optical Deployment: Dirty Connection
Fiber Contamination and Its Effect on Signal Performance
CLEAN CONNECTION
Back Reflection = -67.5 dBTotal Loss = 0.250 dB
1
DIRTY CONNECTION
Back Reflection = -32.5 dBTotal Loss = 4.87 dB
3
Clean Connection vs. Dirty Connection
This OTDR trace illustrates a significant decrease in signal performance when dirty connectors are mated.
Access to all cross-connects recommended
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A single particle mated into the core of a fiber can cause significant back reflection and insertion loss
What Makes a Bad Fiber Connection?
Today’s connector design has eliminated most of the challenges to
achieving core alignment and physical contact.
What remains challenging is maintaining a PRISTINE END FACE. As a result,
CONTAMINATION is the #1 source of troubleshooting in optical networks.
DIRT
Core
Cladding
Back Reflection Insertion LossLight
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Recommendation:Inspect & Clean Connectors During OTDR Testing
Inspecting BOTH sides of the connection is the ONLY WAY to ensure
that it will be free of contamination and defects.
Patch cords are easy to access compared to the fiber inside the bulkhead, which is often overlooked. The bulkhead side is far more likely to be dirty and problematic. OTDR testing always results in fiber cleaning.
Bulkhead (“Female”) InspectionPatch Cord (“Male”) Inspection
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The OBR of the system is determined by comparing the difference between the launched channel power (usually by an OSC channel) at the output of an amplifier module or ROADM module, and the reflected power that comes back into the output port of the module.
OBR (dB) = POSC_Refl (dBm) - POSC_Out (dBm)
GOOD connection should result in a high negative number (OBR), e.g. -30dB. That means, very little signal (1/10000) is reflected back to the power source. The more negative number, the better.
BAD connection or poor OBR, e.g. -10dB, should prevent system from turning up. This ensures the system does not operate into an open (disconnected) connectors which might damage the amplifier or ROADM module itself and degree the transmission performance.
Optical Back Reflection (OBR)
POSC_Refl POSC_Out
Amplifier or ROADMModule
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Back reflections can be caused by any optical connection in the transmission path:
– Patch panel connections
– Connection at the card to patch cord
– Splices
The dominant root cause of back reflections in optical systems is dirty optical connectors. A careful and proper cleaning should resolve this class of problems.
Back reflections can also be caused by optical connectors that are out of specification for end facet geometry. Each vendor usually has recommendation of the type of patch cords to be used and geometrically compliant connectors.
How to Correct Back Reflections? Again… Proper Cleaning.
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One of the most effective ways to monitor for network degradation is via pre-FEC BER threshold monitoring.
What is BER?
– Bit Error Ratio
– Number of errored bits received / Total Number of bits received
– Example: BER of 3.00E-05 is equal to 3 bits in error out of 100,000 bits transmitted.
Trouble shoot before customer impact: Pre-FEC BER monitoring
FEC
Framing
Uncorrected Data
Corrected Data
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In the case of intermittent errors, FEC corrected bits can provide a pre-FEC BER indication
One question that always gets asked: how long does it take to measure BER? Rule of thumb: for a 99% confidence in a BER, count 4.6 times the reciprocal of the BER.
– Eg.. For a BER of 10-12, you would monitor 4.6 x 1012 bits.
– At 10Gbps, the time it takes would be 4.6 x 1012 bits / 10 x 109 bps = 460 sec or approx. 8 mins.
Trouble shoot before customer impact: Pre-FEC BER monitoring
FEC
Framing
Uncorrected Data
Corrected Data
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Beyond OTDR and Power Measurements: BERT and RFC2544
Performance Testing• Layer 1 : Bit Error Rate Testing (BERT)• Layer 1-3: RFC 2544
• Frame throughput, loss, delay, and variation• Performed at all frame sizes
• Layer 1-3 Multi-stream: ITU-T Y.1564• Latest Standard to validate the typical SLA of Carrier Ethernet-based services
• Provides for Multi-Stream test with pass/fail results• Service Configuration Test
• Each stream/service is validated individually• Results compared to
• Bandwidth Parameters (CIR and EIR)• Service Performance Test
• All services tested concurrently at CIR• Results compared to SLAs
• Frame Delay (Latency)• Frame Delay Variation (Packet Jitter)• Frame Loss rate
• Customized Failover Testing• Cable plant, power, chassis, card , optic,
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Key Takeaway: Designing an optical network can be easy
– Fiber distance, loss, types, bandwidth requirement are important elements for any optical network design
– Amplifier, dispersion compensation fibers, mux/demux are key lego blocks
– ROADM technology adds flexibility and reconfigurability to the optical planning and operations
Additional BTI’s seminar sessions are available upon request:
“Designing ultra-low latency transmission network for HFT”
“100G optical transmission technologies and designs”
“Data center interconnection – Terabit and beyond”
“Service-assured metro Ethernet networking”
Feedback, comments are welcome: [email protected]
Thank You and Please Drop by the BTI Booth….
btisystems.com