Upload
is-kandar-riah
View
214
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
1/371
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
2/371
T I M
A
A
D
C : L
1.1. I 1
1.1.1 CLT C A 1
1.1.2 U CLT 3
1.1.3 U H U P 4
1.1.4 A H ELT 6
1.2 R H S CLT 9
1.2.1 I 9
1.2.2 A E 10
1.2.3 O S 12
1.2.4 S E E 14
1.2.5 R H S 16
1.3 R A 18
1.3.1 I 18
1.3.2 30 Y TEFL 18
1.3.3 F Y L T 20
1.3.3.1 I 20
1.3.3.2 T C CLT D 22
1.3.3.3 CLT R A 22
1.3.3.4 ELT C C 23
1.3.4 R P A 24
1.4. T M ELT H 25
1.4.1 S S 25
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
3/371
1.4.2 K M C 27
1.4.2.1 S U P S 27
1.4.2.2 S: G S P A 28
1.4.2.3 P B 28
1.4.2.4 C: L M C 31
1.5 H 31
1.5.1 I 31
1.5.2 I 32
1.5.3 B 33
1.5.4 A H E 35
1.5.4.1 A S A 35
1.5.4.2 C 351.5.4.2.1 O W 35
1.5.4.2.2 T R T 36
1.5.4.2.3 O I I 38
1.5.4.2.4 T P D? 39
1.5.4.3 M C 40
1.5.4.3.1 O S S 40
1.5.4.3.2 S I 41
1.5.4.3.3 C C H A 43
1.6 C R E A 44
1.6.1 S R P 44
1.6.2 P S S 44
1.6.3 H B, P N W F 45
C : M
2.1 E SB A 48
2.2 G D: I P 51
2.3 T E CLT P C 53
2.4 U C A 54
2.4.1 N D: C L 54
2.4.2 A C A I 54
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
4/371
2.4.3 K C A 56
2.4.4 A I B 59
2.5 A T: P M 61
2.5.1 F 61
2.5.2 P F S 63
2.6 T B I: C 64
2.7 T S: I M 65
2.7.1 I 65
2.7.2 S S I M 67
2.8 C O N K T 69
2.9 C 72
C : M I
3.1 S P S I 73
3.1.1 S P' 73
3.1.2 S P 75
3.1.2.1 P E J 75
3.1.2.2 A E J 78
3.2 S A A 79
3.2.1 W T 79
3.2.2 W 80
3.2.3 C 81
3.2.4 K 81
3.3 A A C 83
3.3.1 A I P: B T R C 83
3.3.2 T I M 84
3.3.3 T N M 87
3.3.4 L B' F M D 89
3.4 E C D 89
3.5 T W D 91
3.5.1 O: TP P 91
3.5.2 P I (K A: B C T) 92
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
5/371
3.5.2.1 I N M 92
3.5.2.2 O R T G 94
3.5.3 P II( K A: E K D) 95
3.5.3.1 R C 95
3.5.3.2 S O: C K F A 95
3.5.3.2.1 A P S 95
3.5.3.2.2 C D: K W I 96
3.5.3.2.3 F F S K F E 97
3.5.3.3 S T: E I W T 98
3.5.3.3.1 L K T 98
3.5.3.3.2 A D C 99
3.5.3.3.3 C D: H U? 100
C F: F ( , K A)
4.1 I: I C C D 102
4.2 R O L 103
4.2.1 R O L: E C 103
4.2.1.1 O: K R E T E
C P 104
4.2.1.2 COMMUNCATIVE COMMUNICATION 106
4.2.1.3 LEARNER STUDENT 108
4.2.1.4 ACTIVITY TASK 110
4.2.1.5 I: ELT, EFL, ESP, ESL 111
4.2.1.6 TEXT DISCOURSE (L U E) 112
4.2.1.7 O K G I 113
4.2.2 O L R: D C 121
4.2.2.1 O: K R T D E
C P 121
4.2.2.2 M P: HE, HIS, HIM 122
4.2.2.3 T C: PUPIL, CHILD 124
4.2.2.4 F S: DRILL, PATTERN , TENSE 125
4.2.2.5 P F W S 125
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
6/371
4.3 O L N L R 126
4.3.1 O: PP P 126
4.3.2 N L O L 127
4.3.3 R N L 130
4.4 C 131
4.4.1 L Q M 131
4.4.2 S I W H 133
C F: K CMMICAIE
5.1 I 136
5.1.1 R C K D COMMUNICATIVE 136
5.1.2 I M P 1365.2 COMMUNICATIVE N L 137
5.2.1 W A 137
5.2.2 C C C E 139
5.2.3 C C 141
5.2.4 C F 142
5.2.5 L C; C T 143
5.3. COMMUNICATIVE R P 144
5.3.1 A O P 144
5.3.2 C: A C 146
5.3.3 N/: P C 148
5.3.4 C A 150
5.3.5 C C R 153
5.3.6 S A: A N P? 155
5.4. C 157
C : K LEAE
6.1 I 159
6.1.1 R C K D LEARNER 159
6.1.2 I M P 160
6.2 LEARNER N L 161
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
7/371
6.2.1 T R L 161
6.2.2 I C: A G T B 163
6.2.3 M 164
6.2.4 R L T 165
6.2.5 I L 167
6.3 LEARNER R P 168
6.3.1 O: C T 168
6.3.2 T L C L T 169
6.3.3 A OJ: L N A 170
6.3.4 R T L 172
6.3.5 T I C 174
6.3.6 L T 1766.3.7 H 177
6. 4 C 179
C : K ACII
7.1 I 181
7.1.1 R C K D ACTIVITY 181
7.1.2 I M P 181
7.2 LEARNER N L 183
7.2.1 G A 183
7.2.2 A D A 186
7.2.3 C A N L 187
7.3 ACTIVITY R T 190
7.3.1 ACTIVITY P T 190
7.3.2 E N D 193
7.3.3 R C A 194
7.3.4 A P T T 197
7.3.5 R D C A 198
7.3.6 E P: A E D 199
7.4 C 201
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
8/371
C E: K AK
8.1 I 202
8.1.1 R C K D TASK 202
8.1.2 I M P 202
8.2 TASK N L 204
8.2.1 T, D T 204
8.3 TASK R 206
8.3.1 T E TASK S T 206
8.3.2 C T: T D 208
8.3.3 T C: A N S W CLT? 210
8.3.4 T B P 2148.4 C 217
C : K LLAB
9.1 I 219
9.1.1 R C K D SYLLABUS 219
9.1.2 I M P 219
9.2 SYLLABUS N L 220
9.2.1 E A: B C E 220
9.2.2 T N A C C 221
9.2.3 R S 222
9.3 SYLLABUS R T 227
9.3.1 O: I C 227
9.3.2 C T: C I 228
9.3.3 E D N/ A 230
9.3.4 A: MD S A S 232
9.3.5 T B P: E L S? 236
9.4 C 238
C : D
10.1 I 240
10.2 S C F 241
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
9/371
10.2.1 I 241
10.2.2 A C E 241
10.2.3 L T: COMMUNICATIVE, ACTIVITY, TASK 245
10.3 C F E L 247
10.3.1 I 247
10.3.2 E T 248
10.3.3 P D 251
10.3.4 A P 256
10.4 T E J C 259
10.4.1 I 259
10.4.2 S S E C J I 260
10.4.3 T E J C 26210.5 E M 265
10.5.1 I 265
10.5.2 A S C S H A 265
10.5.3 U P S 266
10.5.4 P S O 266
10.5.5 K O 267
10.5.6 T P P 269
10. 5.7 T U C 271
10.5.8 C Q Q A 273
10.6 D C 275
B 279
A
A O: I C 286
A T: P A C O C 288
A T: P S C 301
A F: P S W T 306
A F: E B A C 312
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
10/371
A S: C C D K A P T
(C F T N) 314
A S: KK D RO L K L 355
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
11/371
L
T 1.1 S F Y
T 21
T 2.1 KW R J
S 58
T 2.2 F C 66
T 3.1 T K I 80
T 3.2 T R
J, , . 83
T 3.3 T :
1980 ( ) 1950, 1960 1970 ( ) 86
T 4.1 K R
O L 105
T 4.2 K O L
R 122
T 4.3 K N L
O L 128
T 4.4 K R
N L 130
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
12/371
T 7.1 D ACTIVITY N
L R 191
T 8.1 T ,
B N C 207
L F
F 2.1 D F
(2000) N L 62
F 3.1 F W T
K ( ) 82
F 3.2 D
93
F 3.3 D
94
F 7.1 C ACTIVITY
N L 192
F 7.2 C ACTIVITY
R 192
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
13/371
, D
. B
.
E ,
, .
D ,
. C , , , D
C
.
, E ,
.
,
C A , D
. C
; D , D ,
.
F, , D ,
D .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
14/371
D , C
E .
C .
.
; (1973 1981)
.. , (1981 1986) .
. F, ,
, . , ,
, , .
C , ,
C.
.
C
. C ,
, , .
C F .
.
C F, , , E,
CCAE, EAE, AC, A AB, .
C F ,
,
.
C .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
15/371
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
16/371
1
1.1 I
1.1.1 CL C A
I B ELT,
1970,
. H (2004)
1970,
,
(. 258). I
, . I P D
E P (2000) E ,
(. 193). F
S (1994), ,
B ,
,
. I ,
,
(. 1). T
, ,
.
C , , ,
. I A C (1994) A H
,
,
. I S B (2003) , T CLT:
, E J
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
17/371
2
P C , CLT.
A CLT (.
278), B ,
, , , , (. 284)
. B CLT
. I , ,
C L T
,
, (. 286).
B ,
E J . T
CLT . A
B , T CLT C (2004 58/3 270273)
X L B CLT C
. H B ,
, (. 271). H
CLT CLT
E (. 272). P H H,
C L T: U D (2007 61/3 193201)
B
CLT . H
,
, CLT (.193). H []
CLT ()
, .
,
: ( / ).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
18/371
3
A C
CLT
(.. J (2008)) ,
CLT
. A B
,
CLT
. B , ,
. H
C E
CLT (. 279). A ,
, D , CLT , , . H
CLT ,
(. 279). F , CLT
, ,
.
1.1.2 CL
G CLT ,
,
. S
(. 1),
, . T , ,
, ,
, . T ,
, , , ,
(. 10). A , ,
, ,
(. 10). T (. 1);
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
19/371
4
,
.
H, . S
(.1). T
CLT
, , . J (1998)
,
C M (.68)
. H,
, . E , , CLT
. Y
,
, CLT (. 193).
I H S,
CLT,
. T
,
. T S (1994) ,
H B C W R,
.
H, ,
H 1972 C
C. T
C L T, ,
.
1.1.3 H
T , ELT
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
20/371
5
. H,
,
.
A , ,
. I
(2004) H: H H , J L G
, ,
(. 10). G
. R
R, , M
(. 8) . G
, . H
E.H. C,
,
. G C
( . 9) .
A , ,
ELT
, ,
ELT . S,
,
, (.1). O ,
, ,
, .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
21/371
6
1.1.4 A H EL
T
,
. H,
ELT,
. T , H.H. S
(1983) F C , D M (1977)
B : A E B A
I S (2005) E F
, 19361961: F E
, . E
, , .
S F C ,
,
. I 1983, CLT
, H
(H 2004; . 255). M S ELT
P T , H P (. 75114)
, A S, ELT.
H, S
. M (1997), S
,
, S
F (. 5).
2004 ()
. , , ,
( ).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
22/371
7
W S
,
, , M ,
. S
. S ,
, . T
, ,
. S
(. 7576),
. B
, .
A , S
, . H
,
(. 76). A
, ,
()
, ,
() . S ,
ELT ( )
,
. T ,
. L , S , ().
A ,
,
(. 7677). T ,
. I ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
23/371
8
S ,
(. 76).
S :
, ,
. S
(. 7677)
. H []
(.
77). T
(. 77).
L .
S , ,
. H
, , . H ,
, ,
,
( 77). G
, , ,
,
.
M S . M B : A
E B A I
. I , ,
(. 109), M . S
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
24/371
9
( . 1). C
,
? (. 3). A
(. 3), ,
. L S, M
,
, . S , ,
U.S. 1960,
. H
(. 109110). C ,
(. 112).
I , S
, ELT
(. ). P
,
ELT .
1.2 H CL
1.2.1 I
T S
. O
, ,
. A , ,
( )
. I,
(,
, )
,
. G,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
25/371
10
. T ;
CLT ,
. I I
, ,
.
1.2.2
R R A E
(1986/2001), ELT
. P (1989) (. 601)
. I , , . M
, (
R M) ,
. I,
, C C A
, : N A,
C L T C I. A
, ,
. I
(. ) ,
, , . T ,
,
(. ), , ,
.
R R, ,
(, )
CLT. W H (2004) (
)
1960 1970 , ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
26/371
11
R R
CLT. T
. T
B
, A ( H)
(S A) .
M F
(. 158).
A ,
. T C E
T P, . R R T P
CLT, B (. 154). T
. T CLT
A . T
A 1930
,
(. 158)
O R R
,
. GT, O A, S L T,
A;
. CLT, ,
. C
,
. P (1989), ,
, .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
27/371
12
T , ,
. T
. B
,
, , . T
,
. T
C A
(. 159).
I , H . L H,
, B , M
F. T C E
, (. 154). W
R R H
,
, . H, ;
, A 1930 , .
1.2.3
P, , R R
. I
. D LF
(2000)
R R . A ,
,
(.1). A R R
(. 6) , . L
F ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
28/371
13
, R R. T
CLT : , ,
, , ,
TPR. I ,
, CLT
. A A, LF
. I
1970, ,
[ ] (. 121).
P D E P (2000) E (O: OUP)
, , D T E,
. T
(. 185),
(. 185). T
R R. A , ,
,
( , , 1900,
). D ,
. T
1960 1970 B, USA
(.193). A , ,
()
.
J (2001) A I F
. L D P,
J
: L ; . J
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
29/371
14
(
G T D M,
A). H
. J (. 182)
1970 , H
O C C W .
T , ,
(. 182).
H J . O ,
, . J
,
(. 179) CLT. T
, , CLT ,
,
. I
J K (1969) , 25 C
,
, ,
(. 161). T ,
R R,
.
1.2.4 E E
T ,
, , .
E (1998) E D A , K
H J,
A I F . A
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
30/371
15
. U CLT,
, ,
. J
[] (. 68). A
. J
1970
H, ,
, "" (. 68). J
B ( H F)
H C . O ,J W
. H W
/
H (. 69). O , ,
.
S S C
E (2000)
. I H , S
;
H B
(2004: . 253). L J, , S
. P
, ,
. T ,
, . S
CLT E N A (.
124). E B C.
S C E (. 124) B
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
31/371
16
. S ,
, , F G (. 124).
A , H ,
( ,
(. 125) F UK.
S, , ,
. H ,
,
( ) . S
CLT , , , , , , (.
126 ). P , ,
C E ,
.
1.2.5 H
W ,
CLT? T
. T ,
, (
H) . S ,
R R, J, B
, F, H M,
( ).
M C , 1960,
, .
W
ELT ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
32/371
17
C E T . E , ,
J
,
.
A ,
. T CLT ,
,
, . T
, , CLT
SLT . I , C
,
H C , , .
A , S
, ,
. I , ,
( )
. I
, , ,
,
. A , , S
, R
R , H
. T
,
CLT
,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
33/371
18
1.3 A
1.3.1 I
O
,
, ( J S)
. T
CLT
. M ,
. O
, , ,
. F,
,
.
T ,
, ,
. T
, ,
,
. H I
: J R 30 Y TEFL F Y
L T (2006),
.
1.3.2 30 EFL
J R (2000) 30 Y TEFL
(.1). T
R . O
. H
(.1),
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
34/371
19
. O ,
(
)
(.1). A ,
(1), E J (
1970) E F. I
, R ;
19701975 ( )
( ) 19952000.
R . H, ,
CLT . F , R
,
, . T
, , ,
W E,
. R ,
.
R
,
. I
?, , R
, , : T:
, N:
(. 9) . I ,
. H , , , ,
, , A A
I SLT
1970 (.. .35). T , ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
35/371
20
,
. T
, , .
1.3.3 F L
1.3.3.1 I
F Y L T (2006)
( ) ELT ,
. T ,
. T , , C B,
B 2005,
40 . B
(.1)
(. 1) . R
: , , , .
W 1970 1980, ,
,
1960,
, . S
1.1, .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
36/371
21
1.1 F
C C P
H. D B S F S U , USA
E T CARLA, U M, USA
M S S M C, U
S, UK
T
R E U A, N Z
L P G ()
U J U B,
F R G
A B U S, S
K J U L, UK
T
D N U H K, C
R L. O U M, USA
T
G
,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
37/371
22
1.3.3.2 C CL D
M ,
. T,
1960, CLT (. 5)
. S 1970
(. 4). L P,
(. 6). F A B, ,
1970 ELT,
1960 , ,
C A (. 7).
W ? C . T
, ,
E (. 3). S
C B (. 4), (
M ) .
D . R E
, W
. L P
, ESP
(. 6). N 1970
. H
S, S W, C L
L (. 9).
1.3.3.3 CL A
A
1960 1970 ,
, . T
,
. A
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
38/371
23
. H. D B, , A M,
(. 1)
F (. 1). A
E T . B
ALM [A M]
, , ,
ALM
(. 1). P , A
B .
M S, B E ,
1960 [] (.3). L P, ,
L U
(. 6). T, A B/E
, C E
(. 2), C
(. 2).
S
USA (. 3). T ,
, ,
,
,
. I , , S (2005: . )
, .
1.3.3.4 EL C C
A E
L T , ,
/ . H.
D B, 1960,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
39/371
24
: []
, , ,
(. 1). H
20
1920 1930. T
1940 1950. B
(. 1). S 1960 1970,
,
(.4). R , J ( ) ;
, , . H W
F R:
B ,
B ! (. 8)
F J, CLT
.
1.3.4 A
W, , ? A
,
.
T , F Y L T,
. C ,
B, ,
. S
. A
, ,
,
H
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
40/371
25
W. P ,
SLA , .
C K, R R,
.
F , ,
. T ,
, ,
. E R ,
,
. H , ,
.
1.4. M EL H
1.4.1
S , ,
. F,
CLT ,
, , . A
,
CLT. H,
,
. T ( )
. T
. A, J, E,
,
, . T
, , ;
, , . B
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
41/371
26
, I
, .
T ,
. M , ,
, ,
. I ,
. F ,
. C
, , . A
;
.
O ,
,
. B , ,
? T
, , ,
, .
F, ELT
. S, M S, ,
. I
, I
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
42/371
27
1.4.2 K M C
1.4.2.1
A , S, F,
(. 7677), . H
,
, ,
. S :
• (.77)
• . H
, ( ) .
• ; ( )
! ()
• ( . 77, . 8788)
T , S ,
(. 8794) . I
(. 8788), S
, ,
(. 87). T
, , . H
:
T , ,
,
,
(. 8788).
S, , (2005)
. L S, S
,
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
43/371
28
. A , , ELT
(. ). S, ,
. H
ELT (. ).
1.4.2.2 : G A
R ,
. I , S
; ,
. W ,
( M (1985) A) , K F
C . S ,
, ,
(. 83). H,
, S
, . S
(. 83).
1.4.2.3 B
A
. T
S,
. H,
,
. S
. H
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
44/371
29
ELT ,
( , ) (. ). P
, , ()
. A (),
, , ,
, . E
. T
, .
P (1989) , T C M, I
K, P L T
S , . F S
. T
, (
) .
F P, ,
;
, B C E P. T
W
(. 612). H
, , , .
P, ,
(.. P 1994) ELT ,
,
. S
(. 596). T
P ,
. T, S P
,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
45/371
30
S P
. S
, ,
ELT ,
(. );
GT,
A, C A (. ). O
; S
(. ). T
, ,
, WH. T , (. A
W T. G. A (1988) W H PC H)
, , MC N C H
E ,
. G G M,
, .
R R , CLT
, S
. P
R R (1986)
(. 601) ,
A
. T ,
, K,
,
. P
, R R,
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
46/371
31
, (. 601). L S,
P
. T S,
,
(.1).
1.4.2.4 C: L M C
O :
• T
• S
•
C
. T :
?
• E ,
P,
.
1.5 H
1.5.1 I
I ,
, , ,
1.4. L
, S
. O , ,
. M, ,
, ,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
47/371
32
1.5.2
P (1992) I ELT ,
ELT, ,
. P . H
ELT (. 313). H ELT,
,
(. 318). H
. I
B C, O D A
F C O, ELT .
U, ()
, P 1950 1960
, , ELT . H
, ,
1961 M C (
, ) (. 173
215). T , ,
P C. G
,
, P , ,
CLT. G
( C
P ), CLT
. I ,
.
W P , ,
CLT,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
48/371
33
. D ELT , P
. F, , P
M ,
( , (. 173215)
M T). I ,
ELT , ,
(. 4).
P
. H
( ) ,
. O , ; ELT ,
,
J S E (. 303). H, P
. D
ELT (.
179), B C. I ELT, ,
; ELT
(. 303)! C,
,
. H (2004) P
, (. 323). P
, ,
. Y ,
M .
1.5.3
T (9) M (1997) B ,
C L T T C P (. 116124),
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
49/371
34
( S , )
. H, ,
,
. M
; ,
( (. 111)
, ,
(). I ( )
,
(. ).
T C L T T C P ,
, . CLT
, C,
. T, CLT (. 116),
(. 120
124), M
. A , ,
.
M, , . E
,
O H ( ) 1993 C .
C ,
M, P, ,
, , . A
, ,
CLT, ,
. T ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
50/371
35
S B ELT,
. H
. A , M
, , , ,
. W
M
,
CLT
.
1.5.4 A
1.5.4.1 A A
I A.P.R. H (2004) A H E , ,
. N ,
H
,
. H (
1.4.2.4)
. I , ,
H . T , ,
.
1.5.4.2 C
1.5.4.2.1
L
A H E (H 2004),
. E ,
CLT ,
, E . T
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
51/371
36
E
F C, .
G , H
, . F,
.
T , , 1970 ,
. A ,
, T ,
, .
I P T H ,
, H ,
(. 231). H ,
,
,
. H
:
C (. 326); ELT,
UK
L (. 250, . 326);
HE
(. 250, . 326),
(. 250);
,
(. 326). N , ,
E .
1.5.4.2.2
H ,
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
52/371
37
. T
, , ,
(, , .)
,
(. 326327). A , ,
,
.
H , CLT,
;
CLT , (. 250). H
U E,
(). T, ,
.
S ( H, A, C,
S, C S )
(. 250251).
F, H
CLT . H
ELT , ,
. A, , ( J)
CLT (. 252253). T A
S , A.P.R , (. 328). H
,
. T P
S A
R J (. 253,328329). S
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
53/371
38
L H (. 329). H C
(. 329330),
,
(. 253). C , H B
F. L S, H A
B (. 253).
1.5.4.2.3 I I
A , H
T L P,
. H ,
C E 1971, , . H
(. 252,338). H
W ,
(. 252) ,
. V E T
, E,
CLT (. 338).
H , ,
. H
ELT
(. 326). T ,
(. 326). H
,
,
1960 (. 334). T
CLT , ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
54/371
39
1960 (. 334). T
CLT
.
1.5.4.2.4 D?
H ,
, . A
,
H 1970
, , . A ,
ELT (. 255). M
,
(. 256). T
S .
S
,
(. 256).
H ,
,
. P, ,
, . P
, H C
C K :
W
? I ,
: . I
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
55/371
40
(. 257).
H ,
. B
; ,
.
1.5.4.3 M C
1.5.4.3.1 A , H
. A
, H ()
, , C 79 (. 334),
. H ,
, , . A
, H P M
. H , (.
323), ,
.
H, H
. W
, ,
,
, , . H ,
1.3,
. A U E
D A L , (1984)
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
56/371
41
(OUP 2007). H , , ,
. O , , H,
(. 259). T ,
, .
1.5.4.3.2 I
H ,
:
L
(. 1).
A H
,
. O ,
H
.
M H , ,
. I
, ,
, . A H
A . A
CLT, ,
,
(. 328). T ,
A
, . T H
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
57/371
42
H ESP
( E A P (EAP) E O
P (EOP) ). H
(. 251). H ,
E S/S P (ESP) (. 340345) .
W H ,
, EFL
. T
CLT . I , , . E
, (. 256257, 258259). H
: ,
(. 256257). L
CLT
(. 258). H
(. 258). N
. I , ,
.
A H
. R
F B ( B C 2008)),
1960 1970, . T
. J
H , G, , I
( W J H (2009))
ELT . C B H
1960 1970 (ODNB, 2006).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
58/371
43
H (1998) A
I H
.
1.5.4.3.3 C C H A
H ,
, CLT
. I , ,
,
, . H, H
P. H ,
, ,
P . W
H ,
. T
, ,
. W H
,
. A EFL ,
, .
W , H
,
:
• A
,
• R
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
59/371
44
• E A (
P ). E
H ,
•
T
. A H
,
.
1.6 C E A
1.6.1
A . R
, I :
• CLT B ELT,
• A R , ,
,
• H
• CLT ;
1.6.2
O
. S (1983: . 7677) S (2005: . )
,
. T , ,
. I
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
60/371
45
, H
.
B S
,
. T , S
, ( )
(.77). T ,
.
I . W
S . H, ,
( E H
, (1997: . 278)) . F
( )
. H, ,
. I ;
CLT ,
. W
,
S,
.
1.6.3 H B, F
L S (1.4.2.4, ),
. T
, ,
. T
,
. T ,
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
61/371
46
, . W
1.3 (
), H
. T , 1.2,
1.3,
. F, ,
( S A T, J
, H )
, . S, CLT
;
. B ; ,
.
W
,
. O
, ,
. U , CLT,
,
. C ,
,
, , S
. I S , 1982,
. L W, C E, C
W (.
178179),
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
62/371
47
W
,
.
E , , CLT
. H
, ? A
,
1.2. T ,
, ,
, , . T
, , . A ,
.
W ,
. A
, ,
, . A ,
,
. H, I
, ,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
63/371
48
2.1 E B A
I S ,
,
. F, S
. G
S
.
I
S L R,
, (.. E
2000: . 18 19). S, , R
. I (2002) , H , M F
R (.13)
. H ,
( F (. 13)). R
;
,
(. 17). R
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
64/371
49
Y
, , ,
? D
,
M ,
. H, I
, ,
. D , F ,
,
(.5).
F , (. 54). I,
.
S ,
(). O ,
, (.119). N
, , . E
H (1997), M ,
. H
. H
, (.7). H,
, . A : []
E P ().
R E, (2000) I D H
, . O F
. H, E
. A ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
65/371
50
,
. O (
) E
,
(. 78). E
(. 80). H
,
. E
! , (. 81). E
R . W
R
,
. H ;
(. 17).
R E , I R S,
,
. O R
, (
2.3, ) . T
R W (1976/1983) . W
110 , ,
. L , W
;
. W
. I
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
66/371
51
. W
(. 15). I , ,
;
(). T , W
, . O
, W
(). B
, .
T ,
, .
2.2 G D: I
A I
, I
, ,
. I E H
,
. H, ,
,
(. 90). R,
,
, . R H
, I
B ELT
1970 1980 . I
I U W ELT A,
. W
I
:
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
67/371
52
• T ;
W (1976) , C T
I J A (J 2006)
. W (1978 ) C,
B J (1979) C A
J (1982) C D
.
• C S (1980) B C A
. I
,
, .
• A ,
: H (1972) C C C (1965)
A .
• P A J H (1998) A
. T 1.3
.
• P C E T P (.. E
1973)
• I
. T :
o A S H ( 9 F 2007),
E .
o A K M, E E J ,
9 A 2008, CLT
o A , R R, ELT
J 19811986. T
,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
68/371
53
• S, () D W, 15
D 2006,
2.3 E CL C
W
. T
H
. H (. 327)
. I
,
. I
,
R R,
; , . R
I
. I
, . I , I
, S
.
H, W . B
W
. T
S
ELT
. A R , [] ,
; ,
( B 1999).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
69/371
54
2.4 C A
2.4.1 D: C L
W
. H,
,
. W ,
M S, (.. H 2002: . 199)
W T . T , K,
. R ,
W , S . N
( 240 S .. ), ,
S . M I
(2000) , , ? N F,
S ,
, . B ,
,
.
2.4.2 A C A I
H
CLT, I
. I ,
( 2.6 ). Y
.
A ,
(H 2002: .96). C
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
70/371
55
, .
T ME A W (2001)
, ; , ,
(. 1617). T
, , ,
(. 17). S
,
(. ,. 1).
I ,
, . O
, .
S, 1990,
(S, 1996: . , . ). S ,
. P,
M S (2006) WS T, (
, )
,
.
B , ,
. T
,
, . F, , ME W
, , ,
. B
D (2006: . 1314),
;
. S,
;
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
71/371
56
,
.
M , ,
( 1.5.4.3.3). G
, I . F,
,
, S
. S,
, S
. F, ,
,
. I
. T ;
, ,
, . T
, I ,
, . O, ,
,
, .
2.4.3 K C A
T (..
B 2006, S, T 2006, S 1994, W 1983)
. D W
,
, , ,
. T ,
M S K ( W T
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
72/371
57
)
. S T, ,
, ,
, ,
(2006: . 2). T
. K ,
, (. 58). T
, KW
(. 55). S
,
, (, , )
, . H S T ,
. A ,
.
S ,
, . A :
K ,
, ,
. W ,
, , , , . (. 5556).
T , S T
S J (. 5961). I ,
. S
,
. L
(2.1) ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
73/371
58
,
. O ,
, . H , S
. A
, ,
(. 60). H , ,
( , , , ) . N,
,
,
.
2.1: J
( 2006: . 60)
AH DEAH MAIED LAI
A EAL MECI HEE
BACK FIA MAGE H
BAIHED JLIE MME HDA
BELI JLIE' IGH H
CALE KIMA E CH
CALE LAD BAL
CALE' LAECE AI BAL'
CELL LIGH I AL
CHCHAD LI ME EA
C LE ME' ACH
DEAD MAA HE IL
A S
. H S (, )
,
. C :
. I
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
74/371
59
, BNC ,
S E (.. , )
KW . I S , KW
(.. , , , )
(. 63). W S
J , S
,
.
S
. K
, , . A
. H, ,
, , .
I S ,
ELT , (
, ) . T
, S S
, .
2.4.4 A I B
T ,
, ,
. A ME W
(2001),
. C
(
)
(. 14). ME W
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
75/371
60
. T
, , ,
. A ME
W , , ,
, (, ,
) .
A ,
B (2006: . 1012). B
, ,
. B
B (1995)
(. 160). B B
(. 10). W B
B,
, ,
. H
,
(, ,
(. 11
12)). B , ,
.
H, ,
, B
. B , ,
(. 12). T
,
( ) (). B , ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
76/371
61
, ,
, . A ,
,
.
2.5 A : M
2.5.1 F
C
,
F (2000) , ? . I ,
S T
N L. T
N L , ,
. T ;
B N C G. T
L, . B
N L ,
. H
. T, ,
N L . T
F 2.1, .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
77/371
62
F 2.1: D F
(2000)
Old Labour(written)
New Labour(spoken)
BNC
The Guardian
Keywords
KeywordsKeywords
U, F
. A ,
. T S
.
H
,
.
T
N L , L . I
, F
N L . T
S
. A ,
S (
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
78/371
63
), F
. T , ,
. T , R,
M, R (. 1819),
, :
'N' 609 53 T B' 1997 1999
( , '' 89 , '/' 87 ,
'' 143 ). T [
] 'N L' (72 ) 'N D' (70 ).
T 'N L' ' ' (4 ) ' ' (2
) (. 18).
2.5.2 F
T, , F . P
N L . T L , ,
, N L
. T L N
L (. 165);
(. .. S 2006: . 64). A F
,
(
, (. 165166)). H
, ( 3.2.2, ). I
F ;
(. ).
P , ,
F
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
79/371
64
. I
, (2003) A D: A , F
, ?. H
, ( 6). A F
,
,
C D A , . T
,
. F
N L (. 18). T ,
;
. T , , CDA
, ,
.
2.6 B I: C
P F
,
. T
F ,
. T , ,
.
T ;
. H (2002)
. C
. A , ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
80/371
65
(. 110). B (2006)
. T ,
, , (. 7). S
, , ,
. P , B ,
,
. H , , H,
(. 6) .
H
:I ,
, , ,
. E
, . F,
:
(. 110).
B, ,
. A
, ,
. I,
(. 7).
2.7 : I M
2.7.1 I
D ,
, S T (2006)
. C , S
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
81/371
66
(. 9). F ,
( ) (. 8). T
. F ,
, ( ), ,
, ., . S
T 2.2 ().
2.2: F C ( (2006: .
9)).
C S
SCOPE 1
SCOPE 2
SCOPE 3 T
SCOPE 4 T
SCOPE 5 T
SCOPE 6 T
SCOPE 7
SCOPE 8 T
SCOPE 9 W
EXTRALINGUISTIC SCOPE
I , S C , []
(.8).
I S ,
; , ,
. A , ,
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
82/371
67
,
. S,
B , F, H S
(. 28). F H,
, ; , ,
. I S ,
. L S (1996) ,
B P ( )
B P (. 82) (S 8,
S). I
(. 83) (S 5 6). S , ,
.
2.7.2 I M
I ,
, ,
. B ME (2005),
,
T
O U N H C R (. 199200),
. M
M (2003) , C E: A C D A
S A N L' E P,
. W ,
,
. M
CDA , F,
(. 2). U
F, , M
. F , (
), 2002
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
83/371
68
1619 ,
(. 10). S ,
, WS T
(. 2). I ,
M
.
H, ,
. G, ,
, ,
. I S , B
P , . B ME ,
UN
. E M ,
. H
1970
(. 2). O , , , ()
, .
O , M (2006) E
, 18502000 , F,
, . M
N
Z E, . I
(, ) . A
M, B S, M
. T C
M 1773, M
N Z , . I ,
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
84/371
69
M
. W M
,
.
V ,
,
, . H,
, H,
. I
.
2.8 C K
O
,
. F , S T
,
W. I
,
, . P
G L
R F, , ( ) .
L S,
. I 1992, L
F , C CW D T T U
C?, :
B C A E, LOB C B
E. B , L
F B
A . S
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
85/371
70
L F ,
MA
19912 (2007, ). H,
(L F
; K
WS T (S 2006)). T
, ,
.
H, ,
,
W. A , , ( , H ,
). I W , ,
. I ,
,
. I W C C ,
, ,
, M, A, H D.
C , ,
(. 1). W ,
E C W, E
. W , , C
, C C
( , , ). B
, W
() E .
I (1994) C A, M S W
,
(. 171)
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
86/371
71
. S E S (1978)
, . H
S , W C C ,
(. 168). S
, F,
O 19
. L
S, , ,
, O ( ),
. A W C C , S
,
19
M E.
T W , S
, ,
. W S
, . W ,
, ;
( C C) (
) .
A I ,
S , W ,
. B S ,
. H , W
, ,
, . T
, W, . S
, H,
. I ,
B
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
87/371
72
( ) (2007: .
1517).
2.9 C
W . W
,
,
. B
,
. M , ,
, . A ,
( , H, )
. A S J
, ,
,
. W
CA,
. T
.
B , ,
, .
U , , ;
, . T
,
. I ,
( ) ,
. I , I
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
88/371
73
3.1 I
3.1.1
A (1.4.2.2), S (1983)
;
(. 77). I ,
K (1969),
( ) . S
,
(. 7783). I
, .
S , 1950 1960,
A (1947) A F F L T, GI
M A S
W W. S
. A , ,
(.
83). S B , C M,
B
. H M 1830
1914 (. 84).
W
, I S . B
, ,
(.83). T
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
89/371
74
. T
S
. C
;
F (2.5.1). I
, S ,
.
S H B (2000) S
D P: T R L P F L
T L. B .
S
, 1940 1960 (. 486)
(. 486487). B
A E
.
O ,
. S
:
• ,
•
, ,
ELT , . T
,
( 1.4.2.3).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
90/371
75
• ,
. T
.
3.1.2
3.1.2.1
H ,
. T
. A ,
, ,
, .
A , IAEF ,
.
T
: ? I
C C (1990), R B 1981 (
R E)
(. 2). T 1970
. H
1970, ,
(.
327). I, ,
1970 .
W , , ? S
H, E .E.. 1991, ELT
1980. S
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
91/371
76
E 1982 () E J B
, [ E ] (.2).
H :
PET, T T, T EFL G, IATEFL N, JET,
(). H
1980. H , ,
. H , ,
( V. 1, . 1 J 1973,
1982) IAEF , ,
ATEFL 1967. A , ,
, CA.
T IAEF ,
. T, ,
IATEFL . I
65 (O 1980), ,
A (.
1314), A.G. M. (. 50), (.
51) . H, , (.
1538 53 )
IATEFL . F, ,
,
E J . T 1970
1981, B L, IAEF , E
J /
(H 2007). I J , ,
( ). T
,
J .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
92/371
77
C .E. ., J 1973 ,
. T M.E.T.,
I H (D J H G
A ( .. 1973 1/2 . 2)),
E J . T , ,
E F L.
M , P
S, M E T
(. 2). T
. I 1975 M MET
, , , (.3). I1980 E S H
T E (. 1)
M. S MET
1970 1980 . I 1975
, P W C
(. 4), P K T (. 10),
. M
, , ,
. C ,
,
.
A B , H, A ,
1980. T
. F, ; R
H,
A . A
,
, ELT . T A
M C M S (1980) T B
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
93/371
78
C A S L T T ,
, S H,
; , ,
. T, , . I
, ,
, .
3.1.2.2 A
I , E J
. F, ,
J . F, , ,
. T
. T . B
, ,
( , ,
) .
S, , E J
. I ,
,
. T
J . I (1973) W L
,
,
(.
52). A 1981, J
. R R,
11 J 2007 ( E, V , L),
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
94/371
79
. T :
1) R E A P, (
1981) E,
. R
. C B K J
A L, R R
(
).
2)
I , R
L. W B
, , R
. W , ,
ELT ().
3) R E J
ELT . H
,
E A
().
3.2 A A
3.2.1
A ,
M S 4.0 (2006). T
. H (2002)
S (.68),
W T ELT
(.199). I ,
( , 3.0),
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
95/371
80
. I
, . I,
, . H
,
. W T
. I ; W,
K C.
3.2.2
W , ,
,
. R . T
. I
(S 2009).
W K (
)
. S
, . T 3.1 (
) K I .
3.1 I
F.
W F. L
1 AND 20
2 YOU 18
3 IF 14
4 CAN 12
5 YOUR 10
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
96/371
81
6 BE 9 [2] [2] [2] [3]
7 TO 8
8 THE 7
9 WITH 6
10 MAKE 5
I . T
( ). I
, , BE (
). L
( )
,
.
3.2.3 C
C W T .
T ,
. T
,
( ). T
, ()
. T
, .
3.2.4 K
T . I
W T S
K :
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
97/371
82
T "" . K
(S 2009).
T (
). O
( ). T
(
). T
( ) ,
. A
. T 3.1, .
F 3.1 F
( ) .
Test
Corpus
Reference
Corpus
frequency listWordlist file
frequency listWordlist file
Keyword listKeyword file
A 2.4.3, ,
. T
, 3.2
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
98/371
83
J (M S )
, .
3.2
J, , .
T R L
R J A S
/
S
K
,
S
R J A
E
K
S ,
,
.
R J A
BNC
K
E M
E
T
. A . T
.
3.3 A A C
3.3.1 A I : B C
A , :
• ?
•
?
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
99/371
84
H ,
, . T
J ,
. T
,
.
I ,
. T , ,
. O
, : ,
, . A , ,
, .
F ,
: T I M N M (
).
3.3.2 I M
T I M F , ?
, .
H, ,
BNC, F . P
,
J , .
W I M
, , .
C R H,
1970 ( 3.1.2.1 ), . T
, , ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
100/371
85
. H
,
. I
, . O
, 1970
1980,
E J . W , ,
1970,
.
T
. I 1980, 1970,
COMMUNICATIVE, ACTIVITY, TASK, , ( T
3.2 ). T 1980
, , .
A . T
(, F)
:
1. T
( 1980) :
• (1980) 1970
• 1950, 1960
1970
2. F F ,
. A 100
. T , ,
( ,
, , .).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
101/371
86
3.3 : 1980
( ) 1950, 1960 1970 ( )
1 COMMUNICATIVE 1602.44 31 11
2 LEARNER 1433.04 11 3
3 32 11
4 STUDENT 1217.86 58 20
5 ACTIVITY 1171.25 14 5
6 27 9
7 TASK 907.97 15 5
8 13 4
9 STRATEGY 890.10 17 6
10 TEXT 627.11 29 10
11 16 5
12 INTERACTION 607.27 13 4
13 SYLLABUS 588.85 17 6
14 COMPUTER 567.39 10 3
15 THEIR 561.07 20 7
16 INFORMATION 506.64 17 6
17 ESP 463.16 9 3
18 VIDEO 444.67 11 3
19 CLASSROOM 390.33 17 6
20 ESL 389.75 12 4*
T
, 1980
. H,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
102/371
87
,
. T
,
.
3.3.3 M
T N M
, , . T
,
J . T
, . A R
1981 E, ,
. T
,
:
• T R R, E E J ( 3.1.2.2)
,
. T J
R .
• T (H 2007), IAEF ,
D W R. L.
(E 1959 1981). I
L ,
J . A
.
T R
,
C T.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
103/371
88
• C S (2007) .
S , , A.S. H,
.
S : [] A ,
(. 1).
A ,
,
. T ,
, , .
I N M, ,
( ),
:
• ELT J R :
1981 1986
• ELT J W.R L
: 1973 1981
• ELT J W.R L
: 1959 1973
T W.R. L
. F, 1973
J (W (1972 27/1 15 19)
T T E C O
). S, L 1973
,
. I 1973 , L
. H
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
104/371
89
,
(. 52).
3.3.4 L B F M D
O ,
. I
I M, :
( ) . T , ,
. I
, ;
. B ,
. O DRILL
ACTIVITY ( 4.2.2.4, ). A
. A
,
.
3.4 E C D
B
. E
( A T),
.
A
( B (2006: . 3435)
), I A T
( ) T ( ). B,
, :
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
105/371
90
E. E J PDF
W T ( A.2.1,
E).
I E E. W
,
( A.2.2, I E E).
C C. T . F,
(
A.2.3.2 A.2.3.3). I
(A.2.3.4),
.. A ,
.
T A T. T
H
(2002, . 26),
. D
(A.3.2.) , (A.3.3)
.
A H ,
, . G
( ,
), O L
. A
R ( A.3.4),
1981.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
106/371
91
F, , N L R
, , ( 3.5.3
) .
3.5 D
3.5.1 :
I
,
. T
;
. I ,
. T
:
• () ,
( ). T
. F
.
• ,
( ). T
, E J ,
.
I ,
. I
, , . I ,
,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
107/371
92
3.5.2 I (K A: A B C )
3.5.2.1 I M
I N M,
,
CLT . S T (2007),
,
. S , ,
. T
S T
E J ,
. T
J : 19581973 (O L); 1973 1981(N L)
1981 1986 (R). T :
1) . I ,
( , O
L, R ). T ,
, ,
( 3.3.4 ) . T ;
)
I ,
R , O L .
T
.
)
I . B
O L , R
,
, , .
T 3.2, .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
108/371
93
F 3.2: D
2) A .
K ;
, N L O L , R
N L .
T
. F ,
J . T
,
. T 3.3 .
195873
197381
198186
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
109/371
94
F 3.3: D
3.5.2.2 G
T
, . I ,
; ,
.
H, ,
. I , , . T
. T , ,
. S
B (2004) Q K: Q D, F
S K A, (
) . B
(2004: . 352). B ,
J .
195873
197381
198186
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
110/371
95
3.5.3 II (K A: E K D)
3.5.3.1 C
I , ,
,
. T
( 2.8); R W E S
.
3.5.3.2 : C K F A
3.5.3.2.1 A
I , ,
. S, ,
: , . I W C C
. I
( W C C
, ). G , ,
J ,
W. T ,
, . E
, ( ,
) . I , , ;
. T
,
.
T R O L
, , ( 3.3.2, 3.3.3 )
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
111/371
96
. O
. T
, , ,
. T ,
, .
H, (
)
. I , .
T ; 3.6.3.2.2 (
) 3.6.3.2.2 ( ).
3.5.3.2.2 C D: K I
B (2004; .350),
,
. H
,
.
T K
W T K . A S (2009), K
. T (..
)
() . R (2003)
. I
. B ,
:
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
112/371
97
[]
[]. O ,
, /
, ,
. (. 351)
O , ,
; ..
. T . I , I
T. H 5%
(S T 2006:. 78) . T,
,
. A 153 R
, 7.65 . W
8 R
.
3.5.3.2.3 F F K F E
O,
. T :
• S ,
. STUDENT
LEARNER, ,
.
• O ,
( 4.2.1.6, TEXT,
).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
113/371
98
3.5.3.3 : E I
3.5.3.3.1 L K
H ,
, W ,
, . I
. A W ,
, , W T C
N L R
. S :
•
•
.
U ; I
J
. A :
• ( 3 ,
)
•
,
.
•
,
( )
P
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
114/371
99
W ,
,
. W
,
.
3.5.3.3.2 A D C
A , ,
. T
, W T C,
. W C ,
:
1) C , ( ,
) . C
, ,
N L R . A
, COMMUNICATIVE
R N L . T ,
,
CLT
. T ,
,
( ).
2) C ,
. C .
O ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
115/371
100
, ,
, .
3.5.3.3.3 C D: H ?
W
. G
(S 1994, 1996, H 2002). C, H (.. 2002: .
117119), ( ) ,
(. 119). S, ,
, , (S 1996:. 172). T
. W
H
(2002: . 109) ,
,
.
A C
. W T C
, H S (..
R1, ; L2, ; .) . M CDA
N L ( 2.7.2, ), ,
,
. A
,
( ) . H,
C
( , ,
3.5.3, ) . I, ,
,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
116/371
101
, ,
. T
;
( )
.
R T ,
. F, ,
. I ,
. I
,
, . A,
( ) C ,
. I
; ,
, !
T
, , , . I ,
C T,
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
117/371
102
( . )
4.1 I: I C C D
I . W
,
: 1958 1973 (O L), 1973 1981(N
L) 1981 1986 (R) E J . T
J
. B
, S T (2007) ( C
T)
. F,
. T
,
. S
,
.
A ,
, ( 2.8). I
,
. T
, (C F N)
. T ( 3. 5.3.2)
( 4.4.2).
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
118/371
103
4.2 L
4.2.1 L: E C
I R O
L . T , C
T, R
,
. T
N L , ,
,
. B R
E ELT , J , (R, C C, .2).
C
, .
C,
. T
J
.
A , R
, O L
. B S
, O L
( , N L , O N
L ) . O L
, ,
. T
R N L ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
119/371
104
. A ,
. T O L
. B R
O L , R
, .
4.2.1.1 : K E E
C
I ( ) ,
.000000000000001, W T,
. I .0000000000001 % (B 2006). B .05 (
5% ) (.125126). H,
. U
(M 1984, R 1981). T
, (
) .
N ,
. A
1,605.40
?
.
, ,
; ,
( 10.4.2) .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
120/371
105
4.1:
( .000000000000001; )
K K K K
1 COMMUNICATIVE 1458.7 26 THEY 221.91
2 LEARNER 1126.2 27 LEARN 210.16
3 # 709.24 28 SKILL 202.43
4 ACTIVITY 679.93 29 PROJECT 195.69
5 STUDENT 616.94 30 LISTEN 183.08
6 TASK 516.57 31 METHODOLOGY 181.1
7 TEXT 497.08 32 TARGET 179.51
8 ELT 449.2 33 COMPUTER 174.37
9 SYLLABUS 406.44 34 SIMULATION 171.21
10 FOCUS 387.89 35 GROUP 169.06
11 STRATEGY 381.75 36 QUICKWRITING 166.45
12 INFORMATION 379.24 37 PARTICIPANT 153.94
13 EFL 341.95 38 MESSAGE 141.45
14 ESP 304.74 39 INPUT 142.21
15 AUTHENTIC 284.3 40 TRAINEE 137.57
16 ERROR 276.51 41 TOEFL 137.07
17 INTERACTION 267.36 42 TOPIC 134.21
18 DISCOURSE 259.9 43 FIGURE 134.18
19 COMMUNICATION 256.81 44 DECISION 133.69
#, ,
. , ,
.
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
121/371
106
20 ESL 254.58 45 CLASSROOM 130.67
21 VIDEO 238.53 46 PROCESS 128.27
22 APPROACH 237.33 47 DESIGN 127.31
23 ROLE 237.09 48 CIRCUMSTANCES 127.28
24 CONTENT 236.74 49 OK 127.28
25 THEIR 236.49
A ( 3.5.2.2)
(B 2004: . 352). T
. F
, (
K , ). R
( 3.5.3.2.2). T A S.
W ( 4.4.2) , ,
. T ,
. H,
. I
, J .
4.2.1.2 CMMICAIE CMMICAI
COMMUNICATIVE, KW , COMMUNICATION ( 19
)
. T
( ,
), R
( C S) .
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
122/371
107
COMMUNICATIVE ,
RO L ;
, 1458.7, (
) COMMUNICATIVE
. I , LEARNER,
1,000. C (ACTIVITY,
, 679.93)
. T
COMMUNICATIVE, , (
),
( , LEARNER, ).
I , ;
COMMUNICATIVE 30 COMMUNICATION 10. T
K
. W
,
.
I K
R ,
, ,
R . O ,
.
H , ,
, ? I , ,
. H,
B ELT ,
(2004: . 250);
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
123/371
108
. T
.
U,
( 4.4.2), COMMUNICATIVE
. T
. T
COMMUNICATIVE C F.
4.2.1.3 LEAE DE
LEARNER STUDENT . C ,
, R
. I (
) 38 ;
( ). O
;
( C S). I
; ,
, ,
. H,
, LEARNER (1126.2)
STUDENT (616.94). B S
,
LEARNER
.
A , LEARNER
STUDENT, ( ,
) ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
124/371
109
. W
H . H , ,
,
. A :
[]
1970
(2004: . 326).
A ELT , R R (2001)
,
/ (. 7677).
H . H
, 1970,
/ . H
; A
. T , ,
, E W. S ,
A (. 256). T
,
: G S W, C C L
L L S (. 110).
LEARNER
. T LEARNER C S.
O
COMMUNICATIVE LEARNER,
; 1126.2 LEARNER, 679.93 ACTIVITY,
. T ,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
125/371
110
,
COMMUNICATIVE LEARNER ,
R .
4.2.1.4 ACII AK
I
ACTIVITY TASK. T , ,
( C S),
LEARNER STUDENT. W ACTIVITY TASK,
,
,
LEARNER . T
( 17 , 38,
). T
. L KKW
ACTIVITY TASK (
).
T ,
( , 4.3.3 , )
R . O ,
. T , ,
H
. H CLT
(2004: . 258). T ,
,
. R R (1986: . 66), ,
C L T,
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
126/371
111
(. 66). I
, , CLT
/.
ACTIVITY ( )
, , C S.
4.2.1.5 I: EL, EFL, E, EL
T
. E ,
KW .
P ; KKW EFL 11 .
Y H . H
(
(.251)) .
H , , ESP
EAP (E A ), EOP (E
O P) EST (E T), (.
251).
A , I
. I ,
H ESP ,
. E
, ESP
(.. . 251; . 340345). H ,
E S P,
70 (. 251). H,
ESP 14 , 6 ,
H
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
127/371
112
. T
COMMUNICATIVE, , ACTIVITY. B
H , ,
. R , H ,
, (. 251).
H,
H . C
, EFL
ESP ( 14, 11 ; ESP 14 6 ). A ,
EFL H
. H (1998)
EFL
. T ,
B, I H E
, . T EFL
UK
J . S (2005)
B ,
UK ;
E , ,
(. 7).
I, ( ), ESP
ESL ( 20
, 10 ). T ,
S ESL EFL
. B 1960, ESL E
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
128/371
113
( ) ,
, . D 1960,
UK,
(. 67). W H, , ,
. I
( 1 C O), H.G. W,
( )
(. 362363).
H, . I
R
, . C
( ELT),
, 1981, E J
, 1973 (S 2007: . 8; 2004: . 6),
E J. T , ,
ELT . T ELT
.
T , ,
. S (2004) 1950 1960,
ELT [E ]
B E
(. 6). H 1960
(). I
(EFL, ESP, ESL)
.
8/20/2019 Duncan Hunter Phd Thesis
129/371
114
4.2.1.6 E DICE (L E)
T H
, ,
(. 330). H (. 330)
(
) . A : []
, , , ,
, (. 330).
A TASK, , TEXT (KW 7, 22 ,
10) . DISCOURSE (KW 18, , 11 ) .
C H , R
J
O L
. I, ,
.
P
. DISCOURSE ,
.
T TEXT . T
TEXT
. I (9 10 ),
J TEXT