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DUMMIES GUIDE
TO DMR
IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
VERSION 1 (DECEMBER 2017)
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CONTENTS
PART 1 INTRODUCTION
PART 2 THE TECHNICAL STUFF
PART 3 TERMINOLOGY
PART 4 SIMPLEX
PART 5 DMR NETWORKS IN THE UK
PART 6 DMR RADIOS
PART 7 PROGRAMMING
PART 8 CPS / FIRMWARE UPDATES
PART 9 EXPERIMENTAL FIRMWARE
PART 10 HOTSPOTS
PART 11 USEFUL LINKS
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INTRODUCTION
Having started off as a plane spotter and having a radio scanner, I took an interest in amateur radio
by chance having obtained a list of frequencies for my area which included the simplex allocation
and local analogue repeaters. I took my Foundation Licence in June 2014 followed by my
Intermediate Licence in November 2014. I already had a Yaesu FT-7900 in the car when I got my M6
and got right into operating as more of the “social” enthusiast having regular QSO’s with a few
people around the greater area on a daily basis during my commute to and from work.
One of the “regulars” was already into DMR and I took an interest in the mode, not having the
funds, time or space for HF it seemed to be a cheaper and more convenient option to having a chat
to people both nationally and internationally. He taught me a lot during a short period on various
aspects of DMR which helped my progression later on. It was onwards and upwards from there - a
trip to a local vendor in September 2014 to obtain some coax for my new antenna and I walked out
with a fully programmed CS700 UHF DMR radio as well. From that point on, I took a keen interest in
the mode, learning about programming the radio and more about the DMR-MARC network which
was really taking off in the UK at that point. We now run the DMR-UK.Net website as well as Twitter
feed and Facebook Group sharing information on the Phoenix UK network. I also spend a lot of time
maintaining code plugs for my various radios and also for a vendor.
As with many people, I do not know the answers to all the questions, but my time dealing with DMR
has given me a lot of knowledge which I regularly share with other amateurs be it network, radio or
programming related so as many have mentioned it would be good to have a guide, hopefully this
first attempt will prove useful to many amateurs across the UK.
Note that there are different layouts and guidelines for the various networks and they are not
linked despite sharing many of the same reflector and talk group numbers. Also, when operating on
an international talk group, be wary that the guidelines for talk group use may vary in different
countries.
Please note that due to the time taken to complete the publication, some of the information may
be out of date such as the number of repeaters. This will be updated when I start the next version
however it may be out of date by the time the document is published. However, should you notice
any errors/omissions or have a suggestion/query, please e-mail me on the address provided below.
Before attempting any code plug, firmware or other changes/updates, please ensure you have a
backup of your current files in the event of an issue. As this is a guide, all actions are taken at your
own risk.
Chris, 2E0UCW
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THE TECHNICAL STUFF
I’m by no way a technical person so hopefully this is basic enough to give users a bit of the technical
background to the digital mode without too much technicality.
Allows for sending text messages, better battery life, uses less bandwidth
DMR has three tiers
(I) Unlicensed - FDMA and DPMR446
(II) Conventional – 2 slot TDMA and IP site connect (this is the tier we use)
(III) Trunking – 2 slot TDMA, multi-channel and multi-site (used by various commercial
organisations)
There is also better quality audio over a longer distance in comparison to analogue as shown below
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TERMINOLOGY
There are various terms that one needs to learn when dealing with the mode, networks and
programming. Most of the programming related terminology will be covered in the programming
section.
• Admit Criteria – Now this works properly on some radio and but not on all. Some settings
also depend on the repeater hang time which is not the same across all repeaters. The
setting is to prevent you being “keyed” over stopping you from transmitting until the carrier
drops.
• Always On – see the write up on user activated.
• Battery Eliminator – A dummy battery with an auxiliary socket plug for use in cars or at
home instead of constantly draining your battery.
• Code Plug (CP) – This is the programming file that contains all the radio settings, repeater
information, talk groups, contacts and other stuff to make the radio work. Some code plugs
can be generated from CSV (Microsoft Excel) files which saves having to type in a lot of the
information.
• Code Plug / Contacts Editor – There is some 3rd party software for various radios which
allows for functionality not currently supported by the manufacturers version of the CPS.
This is to help making code plugs easier. There is a code plug editor created by G6AMU for
the MD380/390 & RT3/RT8. I believe that there is also a contacts editor available (I’m not
sure what radios it works with) and G4EML created a zone editor for the Moonraker /
Retevis / TYT dual band handhelds.
• Colour Code (CC) – This is the DMR equivalent of a CTCSS tone using numbers from 0 to 15
• Contacts – there are two types of contacts – group call and private call. Group calls are talk
groups which you will link to channels when programming your radio. Private calls refer to
(1) reflectors which are explained further down and (2) users information where you add
their DMR ID, call sign and name so you can see the details of anyone on the radio. If
someone is talking and you just see a set of numbers then their details are not in your radio.
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• CPS – Customer Programming Software is used to read and write code plugs to/from the
radio. Some CPS are better setup than others which makes a difference as to how easy it is
to work on the code plug. Motorola CPS is not free but the majority of others are available
via the manufacturers website. Also ensure to try use the latest CPS as there may be
changes to improve different functionality.
• DFU Mode (Device Firmware Update Mode) – This is a mode that the radio needs to be put
into in order to add all firmware updates. It involves pressing a combination of two buttons
whilst switching the radio on. Please read the CPS/Firmware Updates section for more
information
• DMR ID – All users on the DMR networks require a DMR ID number which has their details
attached to it. This is added into the code plug and also hotspots. You can register for an ID
via this link (https://register.ham-digital.org/). Please note that it can take a few days for the
ID number to be issued. You only need one ID and using more than one hotspot you can add
an additional digit to the end of your ID to identify each hotspot on the networks. Note that
should you get a new call sign, you can contact DMR MARC to update your details
(https://www.dmr-marc.net/CONTACT/contact_form.html)
• Echo Server (Parrot) – This is a facility accessible via a few talk groups and reflectors for
testing your audio and also checking access to a network or repeater. It’s also ideal for
checking mic gain. The user puts out a call and maybe says a few words. A few moments
after de-keying, the audio is played back. This only comes back on the specific talk group
and is not played out over the network.
• Hotspot – This is a personal low power simplex device that connects to the internet via LAN
or Wi-Fi. They can be used portable or mobile and some are more suited allowing
connection to the internet via a smartphone. For many they are useful to access networks
not available via a local repeater, being too far from a local repeater or unable to install
antennas. There are a number of devices such as the DV4 Mini, SharkRF and DV Mega
(which comes in various forms) and each have a different way to be setup. Do some
research before purchasing to ensure you get one to suit your needs and note that the DV
Mega comes in different forms by using a combination of other boards and this also defines
what software can be used. These devices also support a wider range of digital modes such
as D-Star and Yaesu Fusion. Software and programming varies and not all may be easy to
operate so bear this in mind when deciding on a device. Always best to get something that
you know others have and can assist you with. The DV Mega Blue Stack is the easiest for
mobile use connecting to the phone and running via a free app, BlueDV. You can connect to
Phoenix UK (via DMR Plus) and Brandmeister network using these devices.
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• Experimental Firmware – There are two I’m aware of – one works via Linux and the other via
Windows. Sometimes called the MD380 tools, it works on the TYT MD380/MD390 & Retevis
RT3/RT8. It removes Chinese data, replaces it with a better firmware that includes several
features and also allows one to upload the full DMR ID database. Join the “DMR Track”
Facebook Group or visit https://www.kg5rki.com/new2/index.html which covers the
Windows version sometimes referred to Ty Toolz. It is a stable platform however one needs
to follow the instructions on how to load it. It also comes in a GPS and Non-GPS version.
• Face Separation – Where the head unit on a mobile radio can be detached and connected to
the radio body by a lead – mainly used in cars where there’s limited space so the body can
be hidden but the head unit is accessible.
• Manual Dial – This is under the contacts menu and can be allocated to a button on many
radios. Its main function is for “dialling” reflectors. You would type in the reflector number,
press the PTT for 2-3 seconds then you should get a voice back advising that you are
“connected to reflector xxxx”. To unlink, manual dial 4000.
• MCC (Mobile Country Code) – This is a 3 digit code assigned to all countries. The first digit
indicates rough geographical location. Europe is 2 and the UK is 234 and 235. You will notice
that DMR ID’s are allocated based on this so you know the operator’s country. Wide area
talk groups are allocated based on this (Europe is 2, North America is 3…) and Brandmeister
talk groups all start with 235.
• Nuisance Delete – When scanning several channels, you can temporarily “delete” one from
the scan list by using this function. The next time you turn on the scan list the “deleted”
channel will be back in the scan list. This is handy if there is interference on a repeater in
your scan list so you can remove it.
• Pauses – Due to various aspects of the mode, it’s vital to leave a 3-4 second pause between
overs. Not only does it allow others to join in the QSO but (1) helps keep the link timing
between the repeater networks and hotspot users (2) allows people to access another talk
group on the same slot (3) allows users to unlink the reflector or talk group on a hotspot (4)
allows for hold off timers to be terminated, to name a few
• Promiscuous Mode – This feature is not available on all radios. It allows the radio to pick up
activity on any active talk group as long as you have the frequency and colour code in the
channel.
• Reflector (Ref) – These are similar to D-Star and Fusion rooms which can be manually dialled
on most radios with a keypad using numbers from 4001 to 4999. Reflector 4000 unlinks you
from any reflector you have been using. Using reflectors on DMR Plus will connect to various
talk groups on the Phoenix UK network. On Brandmeister, not all reflectors are connected to
talk groups. Just to note that reflectors on DMR Plus and Brandmeister are not linked – They
may have the same number, but they are separate networks. When using a reflector, one
goes to TG9 and manually dials the reflector to link. You then remain on TG9 to have a QSO.
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• Roaming – This is a useful feature but not available on many radios. When portable or
mobile, it allows a user to roam between repeaters based on signal strength much like a
mobile phone will swap cells. Phoenix UK have a specific group of talk groups best suited for
roaming referred to as “regional” talk groups (TG8xx) however most talk groups could be
used for roaming (except user activated or local) but this is also dependant on them being
“always on” on the repeaters you are using.
• Rx Group lists – Now some people use these and some don’t as I believe for quite some time
there has been a lack of understanding what they do. The easiest way is to advise how I
have them setup for the Phoenix UK repeaters. I have 2 groups – “Phoenix TS1” and
“Phoenix TS2”. Within each list are the talk groups applicable to each TS (time slot). Then
when I create a channel (representing a talk group) for a DMR repeater, I link them to one of
the lists depending on which slot the talk group is located. What this now does, if I turn to
TG235 (slot 1) and activity comes up on another slot 1 talk group, it will pick this up and I
can hear the traffic. Also for scanning, instead of needing to scan every channel for a DMR
repeater (which exceeded the scan limit on many radios), I only need to scan a channel from
each slot as each channel picks up transmissions from any active talk group on the slot.
• Time Slots (TS) – This allows the repeater to operate as two repeaters in one box this
reducing the bandwidth requirement on DMR. Various talk groups are assigned to a specific
time slot. Brandmeister tend to use slot 1 for talk groups and slot 2 for reflectors whereas
Phoenix UK use slot 1 for national/International and slot 2 for local/regional talk groups. A
QSO can take place on both slots simultaneously without interfering with each other
however only one talk group can be used on a slot at a time. There is a setting in the code
plug to define which slot a talk group is on and only local TG9 is allocated to both as this talk
group only goes out of the local repeater.
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• Talk Groups (TG) – These are loaded into the contacts section of the code plug. They cover
local, regional, national and international links much like a telephone exchange directing
your QSO to a different location or number of repeaters depending on which you use. TG9
for instance does not link to any other repeater, TG235 covers all UK repeaters and TG1
covers all repeaters on the network worldwide. Just to note that talk groups on the various
networks are not linked so TG235 on Brandmeister is not linked to TG235 on Phoenix UK.
There are cases however where reflectors are linked to talk groups (DMR Plus and Phoenix),
talk groups are linked to other modes (TG2351 on Phoenix is linked to Wires-X CQ-UK
Room). There are a good many reflectors and talk groups on Brandmeister that are linked to
other modes. However, there is no link between the various clusters, Brandmeister and
Phoenix in the UK.
• User Activated – These talk groups cannot be heard on a repeater unless someone activates
them by pressing the PTT. As repeaters rely on the internet with some not on hardwired
internet (they use prepaid dongles) and also to free up repeaters for others to use, its
common practise not to have a lengthy QSO on wide area talk groups such as TG235 (UK
Wide), TG1 (Worldwide), TG2 (Europe) and TG13 (English Worldwide) due to the vast
number of repeaters that are linked to these talk groups thus User Activated (UA) talk
groups can be used. An example is getting a contact on Phoenix TG235 which covers all
repeaters on the network within the UK. Once the contact has been established, one can
then move to a UK Wide UA talk group (TG80-84) to continue the QSO – this will limit the
QSO to the repeaters you and the other party are using. It’s always best to key up and listen
for a few moments to check if someone else is using the talk group. Either join in or go to
another (there are 5 for the UK). Anyone else can join in or listen by keying up the talk group
on another repeater across the UK. Talk groups that are not user activated are referred to as
“always on” as you can use them and hear traffic without the need to press the ptt first to
open the talk group.
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DMR SIMPLEX
The frequencies to be used for DMR simplex are defined in the UK Amateur Radio Band Plan. We
share the analogue allocation as it’s noted FM/DV however DV users are not to use the FM calling
channel as another has been allocated specifically for digital.
However, the 70cm DMR simplex frequencies being used have been done around its calling channel
which seems not to raise too many issues with the RSGB however they have suggested keeping
with the 2m DMR allocation due to the fact that 2m is a busy band.
The common UK settings are TG9 , Slot 1 , Colour Code 1
2m
• 144.6125 CALLING CHANNEL
Then use the analogue channels except 145.5000 (S20) as this is for analogue only
70cm
• DH1 438.5875
• DH2 438.6000
• DH3 438.6125 CALLING CHANNEL
• DH4 438.6250
• DH5 438.6375
• DH6 438.6500
• DH7 438.6625
• DH8 438.6750
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DMR NETWORKS IN THE UK
The UK has 2 networks and 3 clusters. My experience is more with the Phoenix UK network
however I do use Brandmeister via a hotspot. Two clusters operate in the same way so I shall merge
them into one.
SALOP CLUSTER & SOUTH WEST CLUSTER
The SALOP cluster covers a small region in the Shropshire and Borders region with 6 repeaters (one
which is also linked to Phoenix UK).
The South West Cluster covers from Bristol down to Poole and across to Bridgend (Wales) and
Exeter comprising of 9 operational and 1 licenced repeater.
These repeaters operate one talk group on each slot. TG9 on slot 1 for local and TG950 on slot 2
which links the cluster. They are not linked to another network with the exception of GB7HM (Hope
Mountain) on the SALOP Cluster which is linked to Phoenix UK and operated TG950 on slot 1.
CHANNEL SLOT TALK GROUP
LOCAL 1 9
CLUSTER 2 950
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SALOP CLUSTER MAP
SOUTH WEST CLUSTER MAP
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NORTHERN DMR CLUSTER
This cluster is based on the north west of England comprising of 9 operational repeaters. It’s an
independently run network however it’s linked into the Phoenix UK network, therefore this cluster
will be covered under Phoenix UK.
NORTHERN DMR CLUSTER MAP
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BRANDMEISTER
This is a world-wide network which in the UK has 33 operational and 17 licenced repeaters with a
further 10 repeaters in various stages of application.
These repeaters operate TG9 on both slots as the active talk group with the exception of Scotland
which also has TG91 (World Wide), TG92 (Europe), TG93 (USA) and TG9990 (Echo Server) as always
on.
TG9 on slot 2 links to reflectors with reflector 4400 being active on most repeaters outside of
Scotland and 4405 being active on repeaters within Scotland.
On slot 1, one can access all Brandmeister talk groups of which there are currently 818 of them.
They are user activated and need to be keyed up to make them active. The talk groups cover a wide
range of countries, regions, states etc. The “guidelines” over use of the various talk groups are not
very clear so one should be wary of using a country wide talk group for a chin wag.
There are numerous TAC talk groups (another term for user activated) which can be used – best to
check with the contact as they may know have better knowledge of what’s deemed acceptable
within their country.
Brandmeister also attracts a lot of hotspot users as you can access all the talk groups and reflectors.
Currently there are near 1500 repeaters and near 4000 hotspots connected to the network which
gives you an idea of how people connect to Brandmeister.
For many it may be easier being able to utilise a handheld radio on low power into a hotspot, more
so that there are so many talk groups available and without having all talk groups in the radio or
promiscuous mode then if someone opens a talk group then others might wonder why they can’t
access the slot.
Whilst the use of hotspots does make it easier to access networks, especially Brandmeister as a
hotspot gives you all the access you can get via a repeater, it’s also important should you have a
repeater you can access, to make use of it at times so that it’s not just consuming power d costing
money to have the facility and everyone uses a hotspot. I’m in an area where the majority of
repeaters are on the Phoenix network therefore it’s ideal for me to connect my hotspot to
Brandmeister thus allowing me connection to a network out of my reach.
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I have listed all the UK talk groups and reflectors as a guide. Included in the Useful Links are links to
pages containing all the reflectors and talk groups that are available to you. If you are looking for an
international contact then have a look at the last heard menu on the Brandmeister main website
and see what talk groups / reflectors are in use. Otherwise look at the main talk groups for the
various countries and try putting out a call. Remember that as with the UK, that the times of activity
vary and that the networks cover a wide range of time zones so don’t be put off should there be no
answer to a call – try a different time that might be more suited to the country you are calling.
There is a net on TG91 (Worldwide) / Reflector 4639 most Saturday afternoons with check ins done
by region across the world.
Below is a list of the UK specific talk groups and reflectors.
CHANNEL TALK GROUP REFLECTOR
UNITED KINGDOM 235 -
UK 4400 2350 4400
CHAT 2351 4401
CHAT 2352 4402
CHAT 2353 4403
IRELAND 2354 4404
SCOTLAND 2355 4405
WALES 2357 4407
KERNOW 2350 4409
SOUTH WEST 23500 4410
SOUTH EAST 23510 4411
NORTH WEST 23520 4412
IRELAND CHAT 23540 4414
SCOTLAND CHAT 23550 4415
NORTH EAST 23560 4416
M62 CORRIDOR 23562 -
WALES CHAT 23570 4417
MIDLANDS 23580 4418
EAST OF ENGLAND 23590 4419
BM UK HUB 23522 4420
ALLSTAR LINK 23526 4426
TEST REFLECTOR - 4429
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BRANDMEISTER UK MAP
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PHOENIX UK (WITH LINKS TO DMR PLUS AND DMR-MARC)
Phoenix UK (run by OpenDMR) operates the UK/EU link to DMR-MARC and also has links with the
Northern DMR Cluster. They are also tied in with DMR Plus which is more an EU network, which
provides reflector access to various talk groups on the Phoenix UK network.
Currently the network has 41 operational and 4 licenced repeaters with a further 2 in the
application stages (this excludes the 9 repeaters from the Northern DMR Cluster).
The network has a different structure to the Brandmeister network in terms of talk groups.
Whereas Brandmeister allows access to all talk groups via all repeaters, Phoenix UK (based on the
original DMR-MARC setup) has a structure which includes world-wide, continent wide, world-wide
language (depending on location) and country wide talk groups that compliment talk groups
specific to your country.
TG9 (local) is available on both slots this talk group does not connect to any other repeaters so it’s
the same as utilising an analogue repeater. TG9 on slot 2 is the PRIMARY local channel and TG9 on
slot 1 is the secondary local channel which is mainly used when slot 2 is in use. Also, to note one
variation – where there is a small group of repeaters in an area, the keepers may decide to have
TG9 linked.
Within the UK, we have an international structure comprising of TG1 (World-Wide), TG2 (Europe),
TG13 (English World-Wide) as well as the several user-activated talk groups – TG119/TG129 (World-
Wide UA) and TG113/TG123 (English World-Wide UA).
Then our UK layout includes TG235 (UK Wide) on time slot 1 complimented by 5 UK Wide user
activated talk groups – TG80 to TG84. On slot 2, we have regional talk groups covering each of the
regions across the UK. There are also a few special links which link small sub regions of repeaters
and TG9990 which is the echo server. The regional talk groups are also referred to roaming talk
groups which are commonly used for portable and mobile use so that the radio moves between
repeaters based on signal strength without having to make any changes on the radio.
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The best practise on Phoenix UK / DMR-MARC when utilising a wide area talk group such as TG1
(World-Wide), TG2 (Europe), TG13 (English World-Wide) and TG235 (UK Wide) is to establish a
contact and then move to a user activated talk group. This prevents tying up the slot on a large
number of repeaters nationally or internationally allowing others to utilise other talk groups as well
as reducing data usage on repeaters not being utilise for the QSO.
All talk groups have a hold off timer, preventing loss of the talk group during a qso.
Wide Area TG’s (1, 2, 13 & 235) have a 5 second hold off timer.
Local TG’s (9 on Slot 1 & 2) have a 15 second hold off timer.
User Activated (80-84, 113, 119, 123 & 129) and Regional TG’s (801-880) have a 300 second (5
minute) hold off timer.
These hold off timers reset at the end of every transmission on the talk group. If you are using a
user activated talk group with a few users on other repeaters, the user activated talk group will stay
open as long as the rest of the “group” continue the qso. This can be a nuisance at times but is
useful if you are participating in a net. The hold off timer can be terminated on your repeater by
keying up TG9 on the same slot.
Phoenix UK also has talk groups linked to reflectors via the DMR Plus network for hotspot users.
These cover UK Wide, UK Wide User Activated and the regional talk groups which allows users
outside of repeater coverage to access the network.
Below are the talk groups on every Phoenix repeater in the UK with the DMR Plus reflector that
links to a talk group. Note that you can access all regional talk groups however those outside of
your region will be user activated. Due to having a wide coverage area, some repeaters have more
than one region as “always on” such as GB7WL which is located on the South East / West border
and thus TG801 and TG810 are always on and the rest are user activated.
The Echo Server (also referred to as a Parrot) is a good facility for testing your audio and access to a
repeater.
There is a net on TG1 (Worldwide) most Saturday afternoons with check ins done by region across
the world.
The East Anglian region also holds two nets at 20.00 on TG840 (East of England) which is also on
DMR Plus Reflector 4440. TG840 is accessible on all Phoenix UK and Northern DMR Cluster
repeaters – it’s user activated outside of the East Anglian region. Everyone is welcome to join.
There is the Tuesday Tech Net which is on alternating weeks which is done to help people with any
questions relating to DMR be it radios, networks or anything else you might be battling with or are
not too sure about.
Also, the Thursday chat net (sometimes with a topic) currently held on the alternative Thursday but
goes through periods of being held every Thursday depending on the season.
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Talk Groups on Time Slot 1
CHANNEL SLOT TALK GROUP DMR PLUS REF
WORLDWIDE 1 1
EUROPE 1 2
LOCAL (SECONDARY) 1 9
WORLDWIDE ENGLISH 1 13
UK WIDE UA 1 1 80 4401
UK WIDE UA 2 1 81 4402
UK WIDE UA 3 1 82 4403
UK WIDE UA 4 1 83 4404
UK WIDE UA 5 1 84 4405
WORLDWIDE ENGLISH UA 1 1 113
WORLDWIDE UA 1 1 119
WORLDWIDE ENGLISH UA 2 1 123
WORLDWIDE UA 2 1 129
UK WIDE 1 235 4400
POLAND CALLING 1 260
CLUSTERS (SALOP - GB7HM ONLY) 1 950
FUSION CQ-UK WIRES X 1 2351 4409
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Talk Groups on Time Slot 2
CHANNEL SLOT TALK GROUP DMR PLUS REF
SPECIAL LINK 2 8
LOCAL (PRIMARY) 2 9
REGIONAL : SOUTH EAST ENGLAND 2 801 4491
REGIONAL : SOUTH WEST ENGLAND 2 810 4410
REGIONAL : NORTH WEST ENGLAND 2 820 4420
SPECIAL LINK 2 821
SPECIAL LINK 2 822
REGIONAL : MIDLANDS 2 830 4430
REGIONAL : EAST OF ENGLAND 2 840 4440
SPECIAL LINK 2 841 4441
SPECIAL LINK 2 842 4442
SPECIAL LINK 2 844
REGIONAL : SCOTLAND 2 850 4450
REGIONAL : NORTH EAST ENGLAND 2 860 4460
SPECIAL LINK 2 862
REGIONAL : WALES AND MARCHES 2 870 4470
REGIONAL : NORTHERN IRELAND 2 880 4480
ECHO SERVER 2 9990
As you will find out in the programming basics section, when programming a radio with a Phoenix
UK repeater you will need a channel for every talk group or just the ones you want to use. The set
up will be the same in regards to frequency, colour code and many other options except the contact
name which defines which talk group that channel is and the relevant time slot (also known as
repeater slot).
This is one reason, as mentioned in the DMR radios section, that choice of radio is important as
memory space for channels is vital as every Phoenix UK repeater uses up to 35 channels. However
not everyone is keen to have them all but if you add them all to the contacts and setup the Rx
Group Lists as per the programming section then you can still hear transmissions on the talk groups
you don’t have channels for.
Use of the experimental tools and the manual talk group dial function reduces the need to program
a channel per talk group. All you need is a talk group on each time slot (I chose TG9 Slot 1 and TG9
slot 2). If I want to access TG235 (which is on time slot 1), I go to TG9 on time slot 1 and manually
dial 235 to access TG235. So that reduces channel usage per Phoenix repeater from 35 to 2.
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PHOENIX REPEATER MAP
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IMPORTANT REMINDER FOR BRANDMEISTER AND PHOENIX UK / DMR PLUS
As both networks utilise a number of talk groups/reflectors and have hotspots linked, I wish to
remind people of what was mentioned about Pauses (under Terminology).
The requirement to leave a pause is common to all modes of radio for various reasons – with DMR
it’s required to allow other users to unlink a reflector or activate another talk group and prevent
being stuck.
It’s vital to leave a decent pause, as other users may be wanting to access another talk group or
unlink a hotspot from a reflector.
At a radio rally some months back, I was demonstrating a DV Mega and I accessed talk group 3100
(USA Wide) as part of the demo. It took me around 15 minutes to get off 3100 as the gaps between
the QSO were insufficient for me to disconnect rendering my radio useless for that period.
It’s also the same as having a rag chew on a UK Wide reflector or talk group or any other wide area
talk group – others may be wanting to access TG80 - TG84 (UK Wide User Activated) but may not be
able to key up in time in between overs.
Should you become “stuck” on a reflector or talk group, break in to the QSO and request a longer
pause as you wish to access another talk group or disconnect the reflector. If this is done in a polite
way then there should be no issues.
However, there may be some resistance as has been experienced by a few in the past – please
ignore it as some people do not wish to understand the way DMR works and the effects on other
operators. If it becomes a constant issue, then please contact your repeater keeper or the network
admins with details.
Overall, we are all sharing a massive resource thus it requires that we observe a few guidelines to
ensure that everyone using the mode can do so without any major issues.
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DMR RADIOS
As DMR is a commercial system, the majority of radios are mono band, with dual band radios only
just starting to get into the market. If you go for mono band then ensure you get the right band
especially as there are very few VHF DMR repeaters in the UK. Also, there is GPS and Non-GPS.
Now first off, if you are new to DMR don’t just rush out and buy the cheapest or most expensive
brands might not suit you or they may not be the best for amateur use. I’d also advise you use a
reputable vendor first at least the first purchase so you can get support.
The golden rule is, if you are new it’s best to ask for peoples advise. There are plenty of resources
for us in the UK in the way of forums and Facebook Groups as well as fellow amateurs. Have a look
at vendor websites – if possible visit one or attend a rally to see a demo unit.
There are also several vendors across the UK and I suggest when choosing, you get some feedback
from others as support and availability of code plugs is vital to many. A few vendors I’m aware of
are (in no particular order) : Martin Lynch & Sons, Moonraker, Nevada Radio and Waters & Stanton.
eBay and Amazon have plenty of radios but then you could be taking a risk as there is no after sales
support.
The common manufacturers are (in no particular order) : Connect Systems, Hytera (HYT), Kirisun,
Kydera (KYD), Moonraker, Motorola MotoTRBO, Radioditty, Retevis, Simoco, Tait, Triology, Tytera
(TYT) and Vertex Standard.
Note that some are clones or rebrands of other manufacturers such as the TYT MD380 and MD390
are the same radio as the Retevis RT3 and RT8 but usually a few pennies cheaper. The MD380 &
RT3 have the belt clip attach to the battery whereas the MD390 & RT8 have it attached to the radio
chassis (and these are waterproof). The Moonraker HT-500D is the same as the Retevis RT82 apart
from the name and both have the same hardware but a different case to the TYT MD2017.
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There are experimental tools available for the TYT MD380/MD390 and Retevis RT3/RT8 and one
version available for the Moonraker HT-500D, Retevis RT82 and TYT MD 2017. This makes the
radio’s more amateur friendly and adds a few tools. One good point is the ability to manual dial talk
groups so you only need one talk group on each slot per repeater saving a lot of programming and
space plus you can now have a full UK code plug with access to every Phoenix and Brandmeister
talk group with minimal programming. It also loads the entire user database into the radio (over
70,000 ID’s) so you don’t need to add them to your contacts. Despite it being referred to as
“experimental” this firmware is pretty stable however we will put out a note of caution as this
requires doing a firmware update and a specific sequence of operations must be followed.
Prices of radios vary a lot. A basic handheld can start around £100 and I’ve seen them go up to
around £630. Mobiles start off around £280 upwards. Having looked on a few vendor websites,
there seem to be more handhelds than mobiles. Some users utilise a battery eliminator, speaker
mic and an external antenna for mobile and home operation so they require less radios. This also
depends on the location of repeaters around your area as some parts of the UK have brilliant
coverage such as the South East which has 23 DMR repeaters (17 on Phoenix and 6 on
Brandmeister).
Note that various radios could have limitations so there are several items to look out for when
choosing a radio:
Common Items
• Number of contacts for adding talk groups and user details
• Number of channels for repeaters as DMR repeaters use more than one channel
• How easy is it to program via the CPS and can it be programmed via the radio?
• Is there a keypad for accessing reflectors?
• Is the radio supported by the experimental tools?
Handhelds
• Power output as some smaller radios are limited to around 2w
• Not all antennas can be removed especially the small low power radios
• Some radios have unique connectors so that no external antennas can be connected
• Availability of accessories such mics, ear pieces, battery eliminator
Mobiles
• Does the radio have face separation and the price as some are very expensive?
• What is the max power as Motorola for instance do low and high power mobiles
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Take note
Recently Baofeng launched the DM-5R which is a DMR radio – this radio does not support Tier II
TDMA so when transmitting on Slot 1 it actually transmits on both slots blocking out slot 2 from
use. These radios are only suitable for simplex and hotspot use. Therefore, please ensure the radio
you buy is suitable for repeaters should you intend on using them.
RETEVIS RT3 (TYT MD380) & RETEVIS RT8 (TYT MD390)
MOTOROLA MOTOTRBO MOBILE & HANDHELDS
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HYTERA DMR RADIOS
CONNECT SYSTEMS
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DUAL BAND RADIOS
TYT MD-2017 , MOONRAKER HT-500D (REBADGED RETEVIS RT82) & RADIODDITY GD-77
TYT MD-9600 NOW ALSO SOLD AS THE RETEVIS RT90
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PROGRAMMING BASICS
Now there are different layouts of CPS and code plug depending on the manufacturer and radio.
Your choice of radio should also take into account ease of programming. Some do allow export and
import of contacts/channels which makes it easier for those that use Excel/OpenOffice. It’s worth
noting too, that some CPS and 3rd Party editors that export/import to CSV files, require Microsoft
Excel. They will not work with OpenOffice & variants.
All this makes doing a “dummies guide” for programming fairly impossible unless one has plenty of
time and has experience programming radios made by a number of manufacturers however there
are various parts which are common across most radios. I shall not go into the finer details of the
import/export functions as not all amateurs utilise Excel and CSV files and those that do should be
able to work out how to set them up.
The easiest way I found to get an idea of how the CSV files works is to first off setup one talk group
and contact – export the file then you can see the settings for each as there will be a column that is
different which will be the one that defines a group call from a private call. For the channels, add in
a simplex (both analogue and digital) channel, one analogue repeater and one DMR repeater with a
few talk groups entries. Then export the file and evaluate the data against the headers.
There is a basic order to creating a code plug :
• Do the settings – DMR ID, menu layout, define buttons…
• Add contacts – Both group and private calls (private calls can be added later)
• Setup the RX lists – depending on your requirements
• Setup the scan lists – depending on your requirements
• Setup roam lists – depending on your requirements (if your radio supports this function)
• Add your channels – 1 channel per simplex frequency or FM repeater and 1 channel per TG on every
DMR repeater
• Add your zones – depending on your requirements
• Add the channels to your zones
• Add the channels to the relevant scan lists
• Add the channels to the relevant roam lists
The reason for this order is that the contacts (group calls), scan lists and roam lists need to be
defined in the channels so if they are not there then you need to add them before you can
complete all required fields. If you are using a CSV upload from Excel, then you also link to them so
that all the information is correct once uploaded.
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With most radios, you have a “channel information” folder – this contains all the entries for
hotspots, simplex, analogue repeaters and digital repeaters – you then add them to the zones.
Whereas with Motorola’s you create the zones first then add the channels into each zone. Motorola
code plugs do have a “channel pool” where you can create channels in the pool and this will not
show on the radio – handy for preparing for a new repeater. For DMR, you need a channel for each
talk group on every repeater you wish to access which can sound long winded but most radios allow
basic data to be copied so one you have created sufficient channels for every talk group you can
copy across information such as the frequency and colour code. Motorola radios allow bulk editing
so you can highlight all the channels for the repeater, add the frequencies and colour code and it
completes for all.
This is the CPS for the Retevis RT8 which is the same as the RT3 and the TYT MD380/MD390.
It’s not a lot different to most other radios but once many understand one CPS, then using another
is not that difficult. Compare it to driving different cars – most of the car is the same with the
exception of a few features such as cruise control and where different things are located (such as
indicators on the left or right lever).
The menus that will be used are:
• General Settings – items such as DMR ID, backlight
• Menu Item – which menu items would you like accessible from the radio
• Button Definitions – define what each side button can do
• Digital Contacts – add group calls and private calls
• Digital RX Group Lists
• Zone Information
• Scan List
• Channels Information
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When you click on a menu item, it will open up a screen to the right.
To add contacts there is an add button on the bottom of the screen that opens up. To add RX Group
Lists, Zones, Scan Lists and Channels, right click on the menu item on the left-hand side.
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General Settings
This is where you add your call sign, DMR ID, set the VOX (if applicable), back light timer, key pad
lock timer, tones and several other options which most people leave as is.
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Menu Settings
You can decide what menu items you want active in the radio and the hang time which is the time
until the radio will close the menu and return to the normal operating screen.
Please do not enable the “Radio Disable” option otherwise others could disable your radio. I’ve not
known this to happen as yet but it’s just a precaution.
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Button Definitions
Decide on the long press duration as the buttons on the side of the radio can be programmed for
two options – one using a short press and another using a long press
Then there are options to utilise one touch access and quick contact access which personally I don’t
use then I don’t have to remember what is set where.
Common items to add are (but it’s down to personal choice)
(1) Scan On/Off and Nuisance Delete
(2) Manual Dial for Private and High/Low Power
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Contacts
This is where you add your Group Calls (talk groups) and Private Calls (users).
Contact name is what you want to name the talk group and user (usually call sign and name
Call type is to be set as group call or private call – disregard all call – we do not use that function
Call ID is either the talk group number or users DMR ID number
Some people want as many as possible and others are happy with none – this is all down to
personal preference. This is also where the number of contacts a radio can have comes into
account when choosing a radio. The Moonraker / Retevis / TYT dual band handhelds have the
ability to hold 10 000 contacts but by removing one feature, there is firmware that allows 100 000
contacts which is nearly 30 000 more that required for the entire database.
If you are using a version of the Experimental Firmware then it’s not necessary to add the users as
this is added as part of the tools and loads into a different part of the radio memory.
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Digital RX Group Lists
In the terminology I advised how I set them up – here’s the detail – 2 groups – each covering a
Phoenix UK time slot’s allocation of talk groups.
This is optional however it does make setting the scan list easier and regardless of what talk group
you are tuned into, you will hear traffic from the talk groups in the list should they become active.
If you are in a region that has access to a “special link” such as TG841, then don’t forget to add it to
the RX List.
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Zones
Many people have their own way of setting these up based on their personal needs and
preferences. I for one have a DV and AV local covering my local digital/analogue repeaters. As I use
a version of the experimental firmware, I only have TG9 on each slot per repeater. One option is to
have 2 zones for a repeater – one for each slot containing the relevant channels. Also, one for DMR
simplex and analogue simplex.
Note that the order you create the zones is the order they appear in the radio. You can’t move
them using the standard CPS as mentioned under the terminology section.
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Scan Lists
This is another menu where people prefer to customise according to needs and preferences. The
order that these are created is irrelevant. It is however important that you link the channels to the
correct scan list as we will see under the channels section.
As I use the RX Group Lists I only scan TG9 slot 1 and TG9 slot 2 for DMR repeaters as each are
linked to every other talk group on those slots – this allows me to have more DMR repeaters in the
scan list. If I didn’t use the RX Group Lists then I’d need to add every talk group into the scan that I
want to scan.
Note the “Tx Designated Channel” – You can select a specific repeater/talk group, select the
channel you were on or select the last channel picked up by the scan.
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Channels Information – The overall layout
This is going to be the longer part as this is where a lot of information is stored. One entry for most
items except repeaters.
A Phoenix UK repeater carries around 20 talk groups so there will be a channel entry for each one –
all with the same information except (1) the talk group it links to (2) which time slot the talk group
is on and (3) what RX Group list it links to. This is also why you create the groups and lists before
creating the channels as you link them.
Don’t forget to set the basics such as channel mode (defines if the channel is analogue or digital),
Scan List (from what you created), TOT which is the time out which most people set to 3 minutes,
power (you may only need low power if using a hotspot), Admit Criteria (for DMR repeaters) and Rx
Only (if you load in PMR446 channel to listen, choosing this option prevents you transmitting on
these channels which would be illegal).
The right side is separated into 3 sections
(1) Digital/Analogue Information - common information to both modes such as frequency
(2) Digital Data – DMR specific such as Colour Code, TG, TS (called repeater slot in this CPS), RX List
(3) Analogue Data – CTCSS Tx and Rx tones (whatever is relevant for the repeater)
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Channels Information – FM Simplex
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Channels Information – DMR Simplex
The same is used to create a channel for a hotspot.
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Channels Information – Analogue Repeater
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Channels Information – DMR Repeater
Now you need an entry per talk group for each DMR repeater.
Best way to do this is create sufficient zones for all the talk groups, then go to the completed
channel – right click and copy. Then go to the next channel – right click and paste. Continue this for
all channels for that repeater – it copies all the settings then all you need to do is
(1) change the Channel Name
(2) change the Contact Name
(3) change the Group List
(4) change the Repeater Slot
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Channels Information – Hotspot
Below are the settings I use for my hotspot (UHF DV Mega on a Raspberry Pi3 using MMDVM).
Please ensure the frequency you use does not interfere with anything else (check the band plan).
Link to TG9 (this is used for reflector usage).
Colour code 1 as set in my hotspot software.
The slot is irrelevant as slots are only used for repeaters and not simplex.
It is ideal to use the timeout (TOT) set to 180 as a standard.
Power set to low as these are low power devices so there’s little point in using high power – unless
the device is far from you and the walls are built like Fort Knox with plenty of concrete and steel.
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Now as mentioned earlier, there is a code plug editor by G6AMU. I’d suggest getting an
understanding of the code plug via the previous instruction which will make using this editor a lot
easier. For most of the first menu’s, the functions are all the same – just spread out in a different
manner.
General Menus
• Not much apart from a different layout
Digital Contacts
• They can be exported/imported for easy adding via a CSV file using Excel/OpenOffice
Zones
• The order can be changed easily using up and down arrows
Channels
• They can be exported/imported for easy adding via a CSV file using Excel/OpenOffice
• Channels can be bulk edited by highlighting the channels
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CPS / FIRMWARE UPDATES
As with most products that are released into the market, despite all the field testing that is done,
there are always some bugs in the system or improvements to be made and these are done via CPS
and firmware updates. It’s not always easy to know when new firmware is available unless one
watches the manufacturers website (TYT have a dedicated menu for CPS and Firmware) or via
various Facebook Pages.
There is a version of CPS for these radios that allows users to open code plugs from the single band
TYT/Retevis radios and then merge the UHF and VHF data. Users with both the dual band handheld
and mobile can use the code plug from the handheld in the mobile radio with minimal changes.
TYT/Retevis for instance (as mentioned in the programming section) have released two firmware
types for their dual band handhelds (and soon to be available for the mobile). One allows for 10 000
contacts and the other by removing the recording function, allows for 100 000 contacts. A group on
Facebook supplies a weekly CSV file of the contacts for users to upload for the 100 000 contact
version in order to keep their contact list up to date. The 10 000 contact version is sufficient for all
UK talk groups and UK contacts but some people would like all the contacts in their radio.
I’d suggest before upgrading your firmware (or using the experimental firmware) that you ensure
that you make a backup of your code plug and also ensure that you have a copy of your current
firmware to reload should something go wrong.
Also note that to update firmware you need the manufacturers firmware updating software.
TYT/Retevis tend to release their CPS and Firmware in a ZIP file which contains a copy of the latest
CPS, Firmware, Firmware Updating Program and brief instructions.
Also, there is a way to get the radio into DFU mode by pressing a combination of buttons whilst
switching on the radio. The TYT/Retevis dual band mobiles also require an additional step of
switching off the radio via the PSU before following the usual steps.
I’d strongly suggest for anyone that’s not previously updated the firmware on their
radio to confirm the buttons and steps with their vendor.
Whilst bricking many DMR radios is nearly impossible (as reloading previous
firmware usually solves the issues), not knowing how to get into DFU mode
correctly could result in your radio being out of action until someone can assist.
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EXPERIMENTAL FIRMWARE
There are two types of experimental firmware that I’m aware of. From my experience, they are
fairly much the same and offer a full user database which saves adding users to the contacts.
USE OF THIS EXPERIMENTAL FIRMWARE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK
MD380 Tools which is a Linux based system which therefore is not as simple for all users to setup
however once available, it’s fairly easy to use. I was fortunate that a fellow amateur loaded it onto a
Raspberry Pi image with my software to run my DV Mega (plus various other programs) so I could
just connect the radio to the Raspberry Pi to do the required work.
Ty Toolz is a Windows based system. It has no installation files and just needs to be extracted from
its zip file into a folder on your hard drive. It’s available via the DMRTrack Facebook Group or
www.kg5rki.com
BERORE ATTEMPTING TO USE THE EXERIMENTAL FIRMWARE ENSURE THAT YOU HAVE A COPY OF
YOUR CURRENT OR THE LATEST MANUFACTURER FIRMWARE FOR YOUR RADIO WHICH SHOULD
BE AVAILABLE FROM THE MANUFACTURERS WEBSITE (OR CONTACT YOUR VENDOR)
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HOTSPOTS
As mentioned in the terminology, a hotspot is a low power simplex device that connects to the
various DMR networks (Brandmeister and DMR Plus/Phoenix) as well as some other digital modes
depending on the device and software used.
There are several devices such as the DV4 Mini, DV Mega and SharkRF Openspot. As with radios, it’s
best to seek out locals with these devices and check how they work before making a purchase. Your
choice will also depend on whether you wish to use it portable and your ability to operate the
software as some is Linux based. For the majority, you can select talk groups and reflectors via the
software or via the radio.
The DV4 Mini is a dongle that can connect into a USB port or Raspberry Pi and runs a type of control
panel that is the user interface which allows the user to link to various mode, networks, talk groups
and reflectors. These units did suffer with connection and audio issues in the earlier days however
the issues seem to have been resolved over time with firmware and software updates. These are
prices around £115 (dongle and antenna).
The DV Mega comes in various forms as one board is common to various units. The units are either
UHF or dual band. They can run connected to a PC, Raspberry Pi or linked to a phone via Bluetooth
for mobile operation. They also use various software such as BlueDV or MMDVM (Linux based). The
best for portable operation is the DV Mega Bluestack which links to the phone and uses mobile data
to link to the internet. It’s then operated via the BlueDV app. The DV Mega vendor can advise on
the pros and cons of each product. Pricing various depending on what you want but a DV Mega
board is around £90 (it will still require more hardware to work) and a Bluestack is around £150.
The SharkRF is a product I’ve not used however it’s very popular in the USA. It does not have wi-fi
so for portable operation you do require a TP-Link type portable router to connect the SharkRF to
via LAN cable. It’s priced around £210 which is one reason why I’ve not tried it.
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USEFUL LINKS
SALOP CLUSTER
• Main Website - http://salop-repeater.weebly.com/
SOUTH WEST CLUSTER
• YS Repeaters - http://ysrepeaters.org.uk/south-west-cluster.html
• JB Repeaters - http://jbrepeaters.org.uk/south-west-cluster.html
• Bristol Repeaters - http://gb7bs.com/gb7bs/the%20southwest%20cluster.html
NORTHERN DMR CLUSTER
• Main Website - http://www.northerndmrcluster.com/
BRANDMEISTER UK
• Main Website - http://www.bm-dmr.uk/dashboard/
• BM Scotland - http://www.gb7dd.co.uk/
BRANDMEISTER WORLDWIDE
• Main Website - https://brandmeister.network/
• Reflectors - http://registry.dstar.su/dmr/reflector.db
• Talk Group List 1 - https://api.brandmeister.network/v1.0/groups/
• Talk Group List 2 - https://brandmeister.network/?page=talkgroups
• Last Heard - https://brandmeister.network/?page=lh
PHOENIX UK
• OpenDMR - http://www.opendmr.net/
• DMR-UK.Net - www.dmr-uk.net
• Repeater Status - http://opendmr.net/status.php
• Last Heard - http://opendmr.net/monitor.php
DMR PLUS
• Main UK Server - http://phoenix-f.opendmr.net/
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DMR-MARC
• Main Website - http://dmr-marc.net/
• DMR ID - https://register.ham-digital.org/
OTHER
• DMR UK Map - http://www.dmr-uk.net/index.php/uk-dmr-map/
• G6AMU Editor - http://g7rvh.com/tyt-md-380/codeplug-editor/
• Ham Goodies - http://www.hamgoodies.co.uk/dmr/
• MD380 Toolz - https://www.kg5rki.com/new2/tymd380.html
• MCC List - https://www.insys-icom.com/icom/en/knowledge-base/cellular/mcc
• Miklor DMR - http://www.miklor.com/DMR/
HOTSPOT INFORMATION
• DV4 MINI - http://www.helitron.de/shop/index.php?cPath=9_5
• DV MEGA - http://www.dvmega.co.uk/
• DV MEGA BLUESTACK - http://www.blue-stack.co.uk/
• BLUEDV SOFTWARE - http://www.pa7lim.nl/bluedv/
• SHARKRF OPENSPOT - https://www.sharkrf.com/products/openspot/
VENDORS
• Martin Lynch and Sons - https://www.hamradio.co.uk/
• Moonraker - http://www.moonraker.eu/
• NEVADA - http://www.nevadaradio.co.uk
• Waters & Stanton - http://hamradiostore.co.uk
MANUFACTURERS
• Retevis Resources - http://www.retevis.com/resources-center
• TYT CPS & Firmware - http://tyt888.com/?mod=download
