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DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY Swae Witherspoon Texas Womans University Texas Woman s University December 3, 2008

DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

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Page 1: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

DUCHENNE MUSCULARDYSTROPHY

Swae  Witherspoon

Texas Woman’s UniversityTexas Woman s University

December 3, 2008

Page 2: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single gene disorder in children presenting in early childhood. Duchenne defined the disease as being characterized by: progressive weakness of movement, first affecting the lower limbs and then later the upper limbs; a gradual increase in the size of many affected muscles; an increase in interstitial connective tissue in affected muscles with the production of abundant fibrous and adipose tissue in the later stages. 

Page 3: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single
Page 4: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

The most common presentation is delay in walking and unsteady gait, with a tendency to walk on tiptoes. Patients usually become wheelchair‐bound by the age of 12 years, and die of cardiorespiratory complications in their late teens to early twenties. 

Page 5: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

It is unlikely that an experienced physician would have any difficulty in suspecting Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in an otherwise healthy young boy who presents with a waddling gait, psuedohypertrophic calves, and a positive Gower’s sign. 

Page 6: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single
Page 7: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

h f d h (The expression of dystrophin (a direct protein test) allows a confident diagnosis to be made ofconfident diagnosis to be made of DMD. However, it is not always possible to predict with precision p p pthe phenotype resulting from the mutations in the dystrophin gene by DNA analysis alone. The diagnosis of DMD can be established in all cases on the basis of the clinicalcases on the basis of the clinical findings, SCK level, muscle biopsy for histology and dystrophin studiesfor histology and dystrophin studies and DNA testing. 

Page 8: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Advances in the management of DMD, including treatment with corticosteroids and the use of intermittent positive 

il i hpressure ventilation have provided improvements in function ambulation qualityfunction, ambulation, quality of life and life expectancy, although novel therapies still g paim to provide a cure for this devastating disorder. 

Page 9: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

The incidence of DMD isThe incidence of DMD is approximately 1 in 3500 live male births. The majority ofmale births. The majority of female DMD carriers are asymptomatic. However, 2‐20% of carriers have clinically evident muscle weakness. DMD i d b iDMD is caused by mutations in the DMD gene, one of the largest known genes inlargest known genes in humans. This gene encodes the protein dystrophinp y p

Page 10: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Molecular genetic testing is th i t fnow the mainstay of 

diagnosis. A multiplex polymerase chain reactionpolymerase chain reaction (PCR), covering 18 exons at the deletion hotspots pdeveloped by Chamberlin and Beggs detected 90‐98% of all deletions. Complex segregation analysis in a large number of families with thenumber of families with the disease indicates that the gene for DMD is always fullygene for DMD is always fully penetrant. 

Page 11: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Gowers recognized the familial nature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy very early. He also noted that the disorder was limited to males and transmitted by healthy females, a mode of inheritance now recognized to be that of an X‐linked recessive trait. 

Page 12: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Palliative treatmentPalliative treatment therefore represents an essential tool to enhanceessential tool to enhance affected boys’ quality of life Although DMD is notlife. Although DMD is not curable, effective treatments are availabletreatments are available that can improve the quality of life and survivalquality of life and survival of affected boys. 

Page 13: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Paramount is theParamount is the maintenance of good general health with emphasis on goodhealth with emphasis on good nutrition and weight control, the prevention of deformities, and the preservation of respiratory function. There 

dare now good reasons to entertain cautious optimism that an effective treatment forthat an effective treatment for DMD may well be found in the not too distant future.

Page 14: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

There is currently no knownThere is currently no known cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, thedystrophy. However, the location of the defective gene and the recent isolation of dystrophin, the protein encoded by that gene, raises h ibili h hithe possibility that this disease may eventually be cured by gene splicing and bycured by gene splicing and by the replacement of the genetic deletion.g

Page 15: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Description of Genetic CaseDescription of Genetic Case

• 19 year‐old non ambulatory male with19 year old non ambulatory male with pneumonia

• James a 19‐year old male is immobile andJames , a 19 year old male, is immobile and hospitalized for pneumonia. He has a long history of progressive weakening of his muscles. In theof progressive weakening of his muscles. In the first year of his life, James reached many gross motor skill milestones, such as holding his head gup, rolling over, sitting, and standing, at normal times. However he did not walk until age 16 mos,

Page 16: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

and by age two, started to assume a lordotic y g ,Posture while standing but not while sitting.A Gower’s sign was noted by age four, as wellas a Trendelenberg gait. Over the next severalyears, he suffered progressive muscle weakness,most notably in the proximal musculature of thearms, pelvis, and legs. By age 9, he required 

h i b i hi lki d borthotic braces to assist his walking, and by age11, he was confined to a wheelchair ambulation.

Page 17: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

In his early teen years, James was still able toIn his early teen years, James was still able touse eating utensils, write, and type on a key‐board though these functions have declinedboard, though these functions have declined over the past year. At 16, he was hospitalized ith b hiti i i tibi ti t t twith bronchitis requiring antibiotic treatment,

but recovered. Throughout the years, James hashad no history of muscle pain or spasm, chest pain,  or irregular heartbeat. He was diagnosed

Page 18: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

with a learning disability in the fourth grade, butg y g ,has progressed through the grades with tutorialassistance. The only medications that he normally takes are calcium and fluoride supple‐ments. James has a younger sister in good health and a younger brother (age 10) who isconfined to a wheelchair with problems similarT J ’ M i i hTo James’s. Mom is now pregnant with a con‐firmed male child. No other immediate or distant

Page 19: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

family members have any musculoskeletalfamily members have any musculoskeletal 

difficulties.

Page 20: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Ethical Dilemma/SituationEthical Dilemma/Situation

SHOULD ALL NEWBORN MALES BE SCREENEDSHOULD ALL NEWBORN MALES BE SCREENED 

FOR DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY?

Page 21: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Facts of the CaseFacts of the Case

• James suffers from a condition calledJames suffers from a condition called Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

• James has gradual weakening of the• James has gradual weakening of the respiratory muscles, and therefore has a difficult time completely expanding his lungsdifficult time completely expanding his lungs

• DMD is an X‐linked disorder

• DMD is caused by mutations in the DMD gene,

this gene encodes the protein dystrophing p y p

Page 22: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

• Screening is the identification in anScreening is the identification, in an apparently healthy population, of those people who are at risk for a specific disorderpeople who are at risk for a specific disorder

• Often takes more than two years for a diagnosis of DMD to be confirmeddiagnosis of DMD to be confirmed

Page 23: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Clinical/Psychosocial Issues Influencing Decision

• Wealth crime occupational choice andWealth, crime, occupational choice and legitimate inequalities in society

• The role of social cultural and political forces inThe role of social, cultural and political forces in structuring science and scientific medicine

• Increase human knowledge and make a• Increase human knowledge and make a substantial impact on the burden of such a diseasedisease

• Guilt and remorse‐proper information appears to be the only way to prevent this from happeningbe the only way to prevent this from happening

Page 24: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Initial PlanInitial Plan

• Whether it is a prenatal screening byWhether it is a prenatal screening by ultrasound, newborn screening or carrier screening the information gained empowersscreening, the information gained empowers individuals to make decisions and shape an informed future for themselvesinformed future for themselves

Page 25: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Policies & Ethical Code DirectivePolicies & Ethical Code Directive

• Professional Duty to CareProfessional Duty to Care

• WHO guidelines‐ voluntary not mandatory, preceded by adequate information about thepreceded by adequate information about the purpose and possible outcomes of the screen

Page 26: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Ethical Principle AnalysisEthical Principle Analysis

• Should all newborn males be screened forShould all newborn males be screened for Duchenne muscular dystrophy? – The question of informed consent– The question of informed consent

Page 27: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

• “A New Test for Baby Boys: Do You Want It?”A New Test for Baby Boys: Do You Want It?• MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN MEDICINE: BENEFICENCE OR AUTONOMY?BENEFICENCE OR AUTONOMY?

• It is the practical application of these two apparently conflicting philosophicalapparently conflicting philosophical frameworks that will be explored in the context of newborn screening for DMD

• Should the physician be servant of the “art” or servant of the “client?”

Page 28: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Possible Legal IssuesPossible Legal Issues

• American Medical Association E‐2 137 EthicalAmerican Medical Association, E 2.137 Ethical Issues in Carrier Screening of Genetic Disorders 1994: The Association recommendsDisorders, 1994: The Association recommends that all carrier testing must be voluntary, and informed consent from screened individuals isinformed consent from screened individuals is required

• Carrier testing should be available uniformly• Carrier testing should be available uniformly among the at‐risk population being screened

Page 29: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

Issues Cont’dIssues Cont d

• If testing is offered to some patients it shouldIf testing is offered to some patients, it should be offered to all patients within the same risk categorycategory

• Discrimination should not be permitted against carriers of genetic disorders throughagainst carriers of genetic disorders through policies about testing and reproduction

Page 30: DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHYessentiavitae1.com/dnpPortfolio/sWitherspoon/images/genetics.pdfDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X‐linked disorder, is the second most common single

QUESTIONS????????QUESTIONS????????