DT-Invention of the Telephone & Evolution in Telecommunications

8/2/2019 DT-Invention of the Telephone & Evolution in Telecommunications

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THE INVENTION OF THE TELEPHONE ANDPROGRESS IN THE FIELD OF

TELECOMMUNICATIONS HEREAFTER!


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In 1861 Johann Phillip Reis completed thefirst non-working telephone. Tantalizingly

close to reproducing speech, Reis's

instrument conveyed certain sounds, poorly,but no more than that. (Farley, 2006)


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Essentially Reis telephone worked on the sameprinciple as the telegraph by making a series of on

and off connections. This is fine for transmitting asingle sound, as employed in Morse code which iseither a short pulse (a dot) or a long pulse (a dash).However;

Turning the current off and on like a telegraphcannot begin to duplicate speech since speech, onceflowing, is a fluctuating wave of continuous character;it is not a collection of off and on again pulses (Farley,2006)


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In the early 1870s there was still no working telephone.Most inventors were working on improving the telegraph forwhich there was already a growing market.

Elisha Grey and Alexander Graham Bell were two inventorswho were trying to increase the number of telegraphs it waspossible to send along a telegraph line, a patent for such aninvention could earn the inventor millions

Elisha Grey was a successful inventor and masterelectrician who viewed the telephone an interesting goal.

Bell had trained to become a professor of vocal physiology

and taught the deaf, his entire upbringing had revolvedaround speech, sound and their mechanics.


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The race was on to produce a

multiplexing telegraph device.

Alexander Graham Bell put forward the

idea of the harmonic telegraph which

would use tones of different pitches to

send independent telegraphs. Afterreceiving funding from several people

he began his experiments in 1874


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In early 1875, Bell, with the help of a youngmachinist named Thomas Watson increased thepace of his experiments on the harmonic telegraph

for his investors. He also worked hard on thetelephone which had become his real focus.

He visited Joseph Henry, a great inventor andscientist in Washington D.C., Henry was the pioneer

of electromagnetism and helped Samuel Morsedevelop the telegraph

Henry said that Bells ideas of transmitting speechelectronically held "the germ of a great invention.

and advised him to drop all other work in order toconcentrate on the telephone


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Whilst working in earnest to invent a working

telephone, Bell told Watson "If I can get amechanism which will make a current of

electricity vary in its intensity as the air variesin density when a sound is passing through it,

I can telegraph any sound, even the sound ofspeech." (Fagan, 1975)

Although he made no immediatebreakthrough in his inventions, Bell had

finally cracked the secret to transmitting

speech; variable current as opposed toon/off transmission


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On June 2nd 1875 whilst testing a harmonictelegraph which refused to work it transmitted

the sound of Watson plucking a tuned spring.Ordinarily the harmonic telegraph transmittedon and off, however on this fateful day a screwwas done up too tight keeping a constant,varying current

Recognising the happy accident that hadoccurred, Bell had Watson build a telephonebased on what he had found. It was named theGallows Telephone but unfortunately it didntwork. Disheartened and running out of funds,Bell did few experiments for the remainder of1875.


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THE PATENT WAR

In February 1876 Bells patent for the

telephone was received and approved only

hours before Elisha Gray filed a Notice of

Invention thus undermining it. This one patenthas arguably become the most litigated patent

with some 600 cases brought against it. (Farley,

2006)


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Finally, on March 10, 1876, one weekafter his patent was allowed, in Boston,

Massachusetts, at his lab at 5 ExeterPlace, Bell succeeded in transmittingspeech. He was not yet 30. Bell used aliquid transmitter, something he hadn'toutlined in his patent or even triedbefore, but something that wasdescribed in Gray's Notice. (Farley, 2006)


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The first working telephone using the liquidtransmitter was not largely practical as theuser had to bellow into the transmitter to get itto do anything. However, with a workingprototype Bell was able to develop and improveon his design using better materials and

techniques.The telephone slowly evolved from the liquidtransmitter to the electromagnetic transmitter,but there was little to turn it from a curiosity

item to a necessity as the technology wasinitially crude and the transmission quality waspoor.


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It was not until Thomas Edison invented an

improved transmitter that the telephone

became practical. Bell and his trustees formedthe first Bell Telephone company and began

leasing telephones as Western Union, the

largest telegraph company also incorporated

the telephone. With Western Unions use of the telephone,

exchanges were built and the telephone as we

know it today took its first tentative steps from

a curiosity item to a viable, useful invention inlong distance communication


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THE RISE OF THEMODERN TELEPHONE


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ROTARY TELEPHONE

The Rotary Telephone first came into

use in 1916 despite its invention in

1904. Rotary telephones were worked

manually by dialing a number they

replaced the old operator system,

whereby an operator would have to

connect you to whoever you wished tospeak with.

(R.S Kimball 1946)


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T

heRedTelephon

eBox

The K2 design originated in a PostOffice competition in 1924 requiringdesigners to come up with plans for anew standard kiosk to succeed thevarious designs proliferating across the

country.

Previously kiosk design had beendetermined by the individual telephonecompanies.

The winning design, which arrived onthe streets of Britain in 1926, was adesign by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, thearchitect responsible for Liverpool's

Anglican Cathedral.

Contemporary context They are now a British icon.

Although not many people use these icons today it bought using thetelephone on the go in to the forefront of the mind.

This need for communication on the go must have been inspiration forphone developers around the world.


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TelephoneDesign

After the II world war

phones became a design

feature of the home. The design industryboomed after the war, this

period was known as mid

century modern it includedarchitecture, interior and

product design.

Looks and colour played a

part in the design of phones:


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The swap from switch board jobs....

... To customer services and sales.


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THE INTERNET! The internet is a global network of computers linked together by the telephone system

(Parson J, 2004)

A very brief timeline.

1960 The US military links up all its large computers, forming a network known as ARPANET Late 1970s - Users can now interact with computer data by clicking on icons and windows onthe screen with a screen and a mouse.

1980 - ARPANET becomes the internet, as US military withdraw from the network and it isused increasingly by universities and colleges.

1981 - The first IBM personal computers using MS-DOS became available.

1990 - Use of the Internet and email become widespread. 2001 - A web server the size of a match head is produced.(Parson J, 2004)

2001 - Broadband internet becomes widely available. 2010 - Fibre optic broadband becomes available.

The effects of the internet Increase in email, and therefore improved communication across large distances. Improvements in business links. Improvements in education possibilities. E-commerce.


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WirelessPho

neTechnology

1G - 1st generation wireless

technology.

The first cellular mobile phonesreleased used 1G technology. 1G

technology uses analog radio signal.

2G - 2nd generation wireless

technology.

2G was the first digital wirelessservice, all conversations were

digitally encrypted. 2G also saw the

introduction of text messaging and

was first introduced in finland in

1991

MotorolaDynaTAC

8000X

Nokia 3310
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Motorola_DynaTAChttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Motorola_DynaTAChttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Motorola_DynaTAChttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Motorola_DynaTAC


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3G - 3rd generation wireless technology.

Saw the increase in possible data transfer This also allowed for mobile broadband for the

use in laptops. First released in Japan in 2001 but withlimited area. It became more widespread in

2002

4G - 4th generation wireless technology. Technically in two forms, of advanced 3Gwhich allows for further increase in data transfer

and a wider range.Samsung F480 Tocco 3G Phone

Iphone 4


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The Smartphone Generation

Mobile is the future (Claudine Beaumont, Technology Editor at Mobile World Congress)

The phone is no longer just a device - "it's your alter ego - it's fundamental to everything

you do."

Google is now a "mobile first" business, with programmers and developers building

mobile versions of applications and software before they built the desktop versions.

(Eric Schmidt, Google's chairman and chief executive, 2010)


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EVOLUTION OF GENERATIONS OF

MOBILE TELEPHONY


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Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G

Design 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010Service Analogvoice,

synchronous data to9.6 kbps

Digitalvoice,shortmessages

Highercapacity,packetizeddata

Highercapacity,broadbanddata up to 2mbps

Highercapacity,IPoriented,multimedia data to100 mbps

Databandwidth

1.9 kbps 14.4kbps

384kbps 2mbps 20 mbps

INTRODUCTION


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REVOLUTION in

WirelessCommunication

Firstimplemented

In 1980s

Mobility InTele

Communication

FDMA

The Beginning-1G


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TECHNOLOGY USED-FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channelaccess method used in multiple-access protocols as achannelization protocol. FDMA gives users an individualallocation of one or several frequency bands, or channels


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LIMITATIONS:

Subscriber Capacity-Low as frequency reuse is notpossible and subscriber density increased inmetropolitan areas.

Security-Analog cellular phones are insecure .Anyone with an all band radio reciever can listento conversation.

Spectrum Utilization-It is less due to large power

requirements of antenna. Higher Operating Costs


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RevolutionaryStep Toward

DIGITAL

Implemented in

1990s

Manyadvantages Over 1G

TDMA

Still inMarket

2G-ONE STEP AHEAD


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ENHANCEMENT OVER 1G:

Increased capacity-Digital voice data can becompressed and multiplexed much more effectively thananalog voice encodings allowing more calls to be packedinto the same amount of radio bandwidth.

Reduced capital cost-The digital systems were designed

to emit less radio power from the handsets. This madeequipment less expensive.

Reduced Cellular Fraud-As Digital cellular calls aremuch harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners.

SMS-Again the digital format made this possible.

Voice & Data Transmission-As compared to only voicecommunication in 1G.


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GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE)

GSM is a cellular networkThe modulation used in GSM is Gaussian

minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of

continuous-phase frequency shift keying.

GSM networks operate in a number of different

carrier frequency ranges , with most 2G GSM

networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz

bands.

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber

Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM card.

2.5G-IMPROVEMENT OVER


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FirstImplemente

d in 2000Provides

higher datarates

Offers always-

on internetand e-mail

Typically usesGPRS

Bridge between2 G & 3 G butnot a standard

2.5G IMPROVEMENT OVER

2G


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ENHANCEMENT OVER 2G:

High speed packet-data

service(144.4kbps)

Uses existing radio spectrum-That is

for increased speed of 2.5G the

infrastructure required for 2G needsnot be changed.


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TECHNOLOGY USED-GPRS(GENERAL PACKET

RADIO SERVICE)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a2.5G technology.GPRS transmits data using packet datatraffic channels.

GPRS connections use always-onconnectivity.The connection transmit only when data isready to send by the user.GPRS phones have the capacity to carry amaximum of eight slots to transmit calls onone device.

GPRS can be installed in mobile devices fora lower cost than existing or developingtechnologies.


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What 3G & 4G Can Do?

3G-3rd Generation Telecommunication


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Implementedin 2005

Consisting ofPacket Data

Devices

Higher Speedthan 2.5G

VideoConferencing

InternetStreaming

CDMA

3G 3 Generation Telecommunication


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ENHANCEMENT OVER 2.5G:

Global Standard

Compatibility within different networks

High quality

Worldwide common frequency band

Worldwide roaming capability

Multimedia applications High speed packet data rates

2Mbps for Fixed

144 Kbps for Vehicle


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STANDARDS:- UMTS: High data rate-up to 2Mbps

UMTS phones (and data cards) are highly portablethey have beendesigned to roam easily onto other UMTS networks (if the providershave roaming agreements in place).

Almost all UMTS phones are UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices.

UMTS deployment relies on the more secure Wideband CodeDivision Multiple Access transmission for handling data

transmission traffic. The majority of UMTS carriers operate on the 1700 and 2100 MHz

radio frequencies.

UMTS will also have a Virtual Home Environment (VHE).


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TD-CDMA: TD-CDMA, an acronym for

Time-division- CDMA is achannel access method basedon using spread spectrumacross multiple time slots It isshown that a mixture of TDMAand CDMA provides betterquality of service formultimedia communications interms of data throughput and

voice/video quality. Combination of TDMA,CDMA &

FDMA.

5Mhz Bandwidth

Supports asymmetric traffic


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PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH 3G

Difficulty in continuously increasingbandwidth and high data rate to meetmultimedia services requirements, togetherwith the coexistence of different services

needing different QoS and bandwidth. Limitation of spectrum and its allocation.

Difficult to roam across distinct serviceenvironment in different frequency bands.

Lack of end-to-end seamless transportmechanism spanning a mobile sub-networkand a fixed one.

4G: Anytime Anywhere


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4G: Anytime, AnywhereConnection

Also known as Mobile Broadband everywhere

MAGIC

Mobile Multimedia Communication Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless SolutionCustomized Personal Service


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OBJECTIVES:

High network capacity : more simultaneous users per cell, A data rate of at least 100 Mbps between any two points in

the world,

Smooth Handoffacross heterogeneous network

Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple

networks,

High quality of service for next generation multimedia support

(real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile

TV, etc),

Interoperability with existing wireless standards.


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CHALLENGES TO 4G: To Provide lower Expenditure cost and Capital

Cost

To Support Wide variety ofspectrum band

An infrastructure to handle pre-existing 3Gsystems along with other wireless technologies,some of which are currently under development

Parallel processing techniques that will enablewidely deployed orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM)-based technologies areessential innovations. With these techniques wecan manage current drain and improve battery

drain for better battery life To Support Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

application


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CONCEPTUAL VIEW 4G:


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The objective is to offer seamless multimediaservices to users accessing an all IP-basedinfrastructure through heterogeneous accesstechnologies. IP is assumed to act as an adhesive forproviding global connectivity and mobility amongnetworks.An all IP-based 4G wireless is compatible with, and

independent of the underlying radio accesstechnology.An IP wireless network replaces the old SignalingSystem 7 (SS7) telecommunications protocol, which is

considered massively redundant.Because an all IP core layer is easily scalable, it isideally suited to merged data/voice/multimedianetwork.


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TRANSMISSION

An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting andencoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fouriertransform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which

is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the databy reversing this process. With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receivercan separate and process each sub-carrier without interference fromother sub-carriers. More impervious to fading and multi-path delaysthan other wireless transmission techniques, ODFM provides betterlink and communication quality.


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TECHNOLOGY USED IN 4G

OFDM

UWB

Smart antennas

IPv6


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OFDM(ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)

IT transmits large amounts of digital data over a radio wave.

OFDM works by splitting the radio signal into multiple smaller sub-signals that are then

transmitted simultaneously at different frequencies to the receiver .

By inserting a cyclic prefix between adjacent OFDM signal inter signal interference is

virtually eliminated if the max. channel delay spread is less than the time interval of

cyclic prefix.

In OFDM the subcarrier pulse used for transmission is rectangular.

Here modulation can performed by an IDFT ,which can be generated very efficiently as

an IFFT . so, receiver only needs a FFT to reverse this process.


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UWB equipment transmits very narrow RF.

UWB is "carrier-free", since the technology worksby modulating a pulse, on the order of tens ofmicrowatts, resulting in a waveform occupying avery wide frequency domain.

One distinct advantage of UWB is its immunity tomulti-path distortion and interference

The short time-span of UWB waveformstypicallyhundreds of picoseconds to a few nanosecondsmeans that delays caused by the transmittedsignal bouncing off objects are much longer than

the width of the original UWB pulse, virtuallyeliminating ISI from overlapping signals.


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SMART ANTENNAS-MIMO:

Smartness at bothtransmitter &receiver

Employs SDMA

Multiple parallel

channels operatingsimultaneously on

same Band of freq.

Combined withadaptive Coding &

Decoding


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A smart antenna system comprises multiple antenna elements with signal

processing.

One smart-antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G

systems.MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) represents space-division multiplexing

(SDM)information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple

antennas and received on M antennas.

Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially

multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequencyband and at the same time.

This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment

(high multi-path), since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over

the channel simultaneously.

Field experiments by several organizations have shown that a MIMO

system, combined with adaptive coding and modulation, interference

cancellation can boost useful channel capacity by a significant amount.

IPV6


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IPv6 means Internet Protocol Version 6 .

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol which data is sent from

one computer to another on the internet.

Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP that

uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.

It includes128 bits, which is 4 times more than 32bits IP address in IPv4.

The next generation addressing system uses the Internet Protocol version 6

(IPv6) to locate devices. IPv6 has a much larger address space. Its addresses

take the form x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x where each x is the hexadecimal value that makes

up one eighth of the address. An example of this

is:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210 (The Internet Engineering

Task Force Network Working Group ). Using this address format, there is room

for approximately 3.40 * 1038 unique addresses. This is approximately

8.05*1028 times as large as the IPv4 address space and should have room

for all wired and wireless devices, as well as room for all of the foreseeable

expansion in several lifetimes. There are enough addresses for every phone to

have a unique address. Thus, phone in the future can use VoIP over the

Internet instead of continuing to use their existing network.Voice over IP (VoIP)

QOS(QUALITY OF SERVICE)


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QOS(QUALITY OF SERVICE)

In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the measure of the

performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service

availability.

4G is expected to have at least a reliability of 99.99%).

In 4G QOS may be divided in following ways-

Transaction-level QOS describes both the time it takes to complete a

transaction and the packet loss rate.

Circuit-level QOS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls . It

depends primarily on a networks ability to establish and maintain end-to end

circuits. Call routing and location management are two important circuit-level

attributes

User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type .


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APPLICATIONS


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APPLICATIONS

The applications of 4G are calledKILLER APPLICATIONs as it is going to

bring to revolution in the internet world.

-- High Speed Data Rate due to which a

movie can be downloaded in 2 to 3

minutes.

-- More Security

-- Video Conferencing

-- Higher Bandwidth

-- Global Roaming


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FUTURE OF 4G

The high bandwidth requirements of upcoming streaming videonecessitates a change in the business model the service providers usefrom the dedicated channel per user model to one of a shared-use, as-packets-are-needed model. This will likely be the model service providersuse when 4G systems are commonplace .

Increased speed is a critical requirement for 4G communications systems.Data-rate increases of 10-50X over 3G systems will place streaming audio

and video access into the hands of consumers who, with each wirelessgeneration, demand a much richer set of wireless-system features. Powercontrol will be critical since some services (such as streaming video) requiremuch more power than do others (such as voice).

4G's flexibility will allow the integration of several different LAN and WANtechnologies. This will let the user apply one 4G appliance, most likely acell-phone/PDA hybrid, for many different taskstelephony, Internet access,

gaming, real-time information, and personal networking control, to name afew. A 4G appliance would be as important in home-networking applicationsas it would as a device to communicate with family, friends, and co-workers.

Finally, a 4G wireless phone would give a user the capability ofglobalroaming and accessthe ability to use a cell phone anywhere worldwide. Atthis point, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a "one size fits all"category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about everyone.


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WHAT NEXT:5G (COMPLETED WWWW:WORLD WIDE WIRELESS WEB):

The idea of WWWW, World Wide WirelessWeb, is started from 4G technologies. Thefollowing evolution will based on 4G andcompleted its idea to form a REAL wirelessworld. Thus, 5G should make an importantdifference and add more services andbenefit to the world over 4G; 5G should bea more intelligent technology thatinterconnects the entire world without

limits


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CONCLUSION

As the history of mobile communications shows,attempts have been made to reduce a numberof technologies to a single global standard.

4G seems to be a very promising generation of

wireless communication that will change thepeoples life in the wireless world.

4G is launched in 2010 in India and the world islooking forward for the most intelligent

technology that would connect the entire globe.


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THANK YOU

Documents

DT-Invention of the Telephone & Evolution in Telecommunications