DS4-T5

Zaandam Meeting

24-25 February

Andrew Faulkner - UMAN

DS4-T5

Beam Forming: at patch/tile level for phased arrays

Obs data

Control

Power

Magic beamformingsystem

Power supplies, monitoring etc.

1 2 3 n (100?)

LNA

Antennas

Tile

DS4-T4

DS4-T1

DS4-T6

DS4-T5

DS4-T3

DS4-T5

Beam forming:Considerations

Number of fields of view (FOVs)

Acts as SKA ‘multiplier’

RFI mitigation – info DS4-T3/2 vital early Power budget – heat!

106 tiles, maybe 108 elements so:

COST AND MASS PRODUCTION

DS4-T5

Approaches - Analogue

LNA

RF Based Beam forming

ADC

ADC

Control

FOV

AnotherFOV

DS4-T5

Approaches - Digital

LNA

ADC

Control

ADC ADC ADC

DSP DSP DSP DSP

Digital Beam forming

DS4-T1

DS4-T5

Projects in DS4-T5

ASTRON MMIC based analogue beamforming

€558k

UMAN/OXF All digital system to each antenna element

€1,551k

INAF Develop digital beamforming for Northern Cross

€185k

OPAR/CNRS Develop analogue beam forming components

€807k

ASTRON Photonics investigation (wild card??)

GaAs based beamformers development for EMBRACE

WP8: Element level DSP design - key cost driver

WP11: Tile level digital beam former.Design and build FPGA based DSP coupled with

digital beamforming system using FPGA and Alpha

system. DS6??

Silicon based beamformers development

PICS low cost analogue interconnect technology

DS4-T5

Trade Offs

Analogue DigitalProven? Yes Not yet….

Flexibility Features Designed in Programmable

FOVs A few (2) Potentially many

RFI resilience Fixed Can be changed

Calibration for 106 tiles Tricky! Good

Cost ‘low’ ‘high’

Single Beam performance Excellent Excellent

DS4-T5

Some Numbers...Participants: 1. Astron 2. UMAN 4. OPAR 5. INAF 8. OXF 26. CNRS Qinetiq

Man months Nat 43.2 47.0 10.0 43.2 18.0Man months EC 28.8 18.0 8.0 28.8 36.0Man months TOTAL 60.0 72.0 65.0 18.0 72.0 54.0

Monthly rate (k€/mth) 4.1 4.9 7.0 4.1 ????Manpower cost (k€) Nat 177.1 230.3 70.1 177.1 135.0Manpower cost (k€) EC 118.1 88.2 56.1 118.1 72.0Manpower cost (k€) TOTAL 295.2 318.5 126.2 295.2 207.0

Equipment Cost Nat 13.8 45.0 11.0 13.8 0.0Equipment Cost EC 9.2 95.0 9.0 9.2 10.0Equipment Cost TOTAL 90.0 23.1 140.0 20.0 23.1 10.0

Travel (k€) Nat 14.2 6.0 14.2Travel (k€) EC 9.4 4.0 9.4Travel (k€) TOTAL 18.0 23.6 25.0 10.0 23.6 10.0

Other (k€) Nat 25.7 25.7Other (k€) EC 17.1 17.1Other (k€) TOTAL 42.8 42.8

Cost model FC AC AC FC AC FC

Sub costs (k€) Nat 556.8Sub costs (k€) ECSub costs (k€) TOTAL 556.8

Overhead Nat funded 81.5 16.2 81.5Overhead EC funded 30.8 13.0 30.8

Participant Totals (k€) Nat 312.3 103.3 312.3Participant Totals (k€) EC 184.7 82.1 184.7Participant Totals (k€) inc. 497.0 185.4 497.0

DS4-T5

Reality

MUST pursue all options

Major/dominant cost driver for SKA

2-PAD ALL Digital testbed

Final SKA system possibly an analogue/digital mix