DRUGS AND IT’S EFFECT

8/9/2019 DRUGS AND IT’S EFFECT

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Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine) is a crystallinetropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves

of the coca plant.[5] The name comes from "coca"in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, formingcocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervoussystem and an appetite suppressant.Specifically, it is a serotonin-norepinephrine- dopamine reuptake inhibitor , which mediates

functionality of suchas an exogenouscatecholamine transporter ligand. Because of the way it affects the mesolimbic rewardpathway, cocaine is addictive.

Its possession, cultivation, and distribution areillegal for non-medicinal and non-government

sanctioned purposes in virtually all parts of theworld. Although its free commercialization isillegal and has been severely penalized invirtually all countries, its use worldwide remainswidespread in many social, cultural, andpersonal settings.



A pile of cocaine hydrochloride A piece of compressed cocaine powder

Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine

appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride

(CAS 53-21-4). Street market cocaine is frequently adulterated or

ćutµ with various powdery fillers to increase its weight; the

substances most commonly used in this process are baking soda;

sugars, such as lactose, dextrose, inositol, and mannitol; and local

anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, which mimic or add

to cocaine's numbing effect on mucous membranes. Cocaine may

also be "cut" with other stimulants such as methamphetamine.[36]

Adulterated cocaine is often a white, off-white or pinkish powder.

The color of ćrackµ cocaine depends upon several factors

including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation ² with ammonia or baking soda ² and the presence of impurities, but

will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light

brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin and

processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting

the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely

oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature.



Cocaine, like many alkaloids can form many differentsalts, such as hydrochloride (HCl) and sulfate (-SO4).Different salts have different solvency in solvents. Itsoride, like many alkaloid hydrochloride is polar and is

soluble in water. Crack cocaine Crack cocaine

A woman smoking crack cocaine.

Crack is a lower purity form of free-basecocaine and contains sodium bicarbonate as

impurity. Freebase and crack are oftenadministered by smoking.[40] The origin of thename is from the crackling sound (hence theonomatopoeic ćrackµ) produced whencocaine containing impurities are heated.[41]



Oral i.e by mouth

Insufflations i.e sniffing through the

nose

Injection i.e through the muscle or

vein

Oral and Insufflations takes 30minutes to the blood stream While

the injection takes 2 to 5 minutes



Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant.[72]

Its effects can last from 15²30 minutes to an hour,depending upon the method of ingestion.[73]

Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-beingand euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. Athletic performance

may be enhanced. Anxiety, paranoia andrestlessness are also frequent. With excessivedosage, tremors, convulsions and increased bodytemperature are observed.[72]

Health problems from the use of legal substances,particularly alcohol and tobacco, are greater than

health problems from cocaine use. Occasionalcocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems.[74][75]











Nicotine that is contained in cigarettes and other smoked tobacco products is a stimulant and is oneof the main factors leading to continued tobaccosmoking. Although the amount of nicotine inhaled

with tobacco smoke is quite small (most of thesubstance is destroyed by the heat) it is stillsufficient to cause physical and/or psychologicaldependence. The amount of nicotine absorbed bythe body from smoking depends on many factors,including the type of tobacco, whether the smokeis inhaled, and whether a filter is used. Despite thedesign of various cigarettes advertised and eventested on machines to deliver less of the toxic tar,studies show that when smoked by humans insteadof machines, they deliver the same net amount of smoke.



Ingesting a compound by smoking is one of the most rapid and efficient methods of introducing it into the bloodstream, second

only to injection, which allows for the rapidfeedback which supports the smokers' abilityto titrate their dosage. On average it takesabout ten seconds for the substance to reachthe brain. As a result of the efficiency of thisdelivery system, many smokers feel as

though they are unable to cease. Of thosewho attempt cessation and last three monthswithout succumbing to nicotine, most areable to remain smoke free for the rest of their lives.[45] There exists a possibility of depression in some who attempt cessation,

as with other psychoactive substances.Depression is also common in teenagesmokers; teens who smoke are four times aslikely to develop depressive symptoms astheir nonsmoking peers.[46]



Recent evidence has shown that smoking tobaccoincreases the release of dopamine in the brain,specifically in the mesolimbic pathway, the sameneuro-reward circuit activated by drugs of abusesuch as heroin and cocaine. This suggests nicotine

use has a pleasurable effect that triggers positivereinforcement.[53] One study found that smokersexhibit better reaction-time and memoryperformance compared to non-smokers, which isconsistent with increased activation of dopaminereceptors.[54] Neurologically, rodent studies havefound that nicotine self-administration causeslowering of reward thresholds³a finding oppositethat of most other drugs of abuse (e.g. cocaine andheroin). This increase in reward circuit sensitivitypersisted months after the self-administrationended, suggesting that nicotine's alteration of brainreward function is either long lasting or

permanent.[citation needed] Furthermore, it has beenfound that nicotine can activate long termpotentiation in vivo and in vitro.[citation needed] Thesestudies suggest nicotine·s "trace memory" maycontribute to difficulties in nicotine abstinence.



Cancer

The primary risks of tobacco usage include

many forms of cancer, particularly lungcancer ,[77] cancer of the kidney,[78] cancer of the larynx and head and neck, breastcancer ,[79][80] bladder ,[81] esophagus,

pancreas,[82] and stomach.[83] There is someevidence suggesting an increased risk ofmyeloid leukemia, squamous cell sinonasalcancer, liver cancer , cervical cancer ,

colorectal cancer after an extendedlatency, childhood cancers and cancers ofthe gall bladder , adrenal gland and smallintestine.



Lung Cancer

The risk of dying from lung cancer beforeage 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9%for a female current smoker, in the absence

of competing causes of death. Thecorresponding estimates for lifelongnonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dyingfrom lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman.[84]

In smoking, long term exposure tocompounds found in the smoke such ascarbon monoxide, cyanide, and so forth³,are believed to be responsible for pulmonarydamage and for loss of elasticity in the

alveoli, leading to emphysema and COPD.The carcinogen acrolein and its derivativesalso contribute to the chronic inflammationpresent in COPD.[38]



Secondhand smoke is a mixture of smoke fromthe burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar andthe smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. Itis involuntarily inhaled, lingers in the air hours

after cigarettes have been extinguished, and cancause a wide range of adverse health effects,including cancer, respiratory infections, andasthma.[85] Nonsmokers who are exposed tosecondhand smoke at home or work increasetheir heart disease risk by 25²30% and their lung

cancer risk by 20²30%. Secondhand smoke hasbeen estimated to cause 38,000 deaths per year,of which 3,400 are deaths from lung cancer innon-smokers.[86]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)caused by smoking, known as tobacco disease,

is a permanent, incurable reduction of pulmonarycapacity characterized by shortness of breath,wheezing, persistent cough with sputum, anddamage to the lungs, including emphysema andchronic bronchitis.[87]



Cardiovascular

Inhalation of tobacco smoke causes severalimmediate responses within the heart andblood vessels. Within one minute the heart rate

begins to rise, increasing by as much as 30percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking.Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts itsnegative effects by reducing the blood·s abilityto carry oxygen.[93]

Smoking also increases the chance of heart

disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, andperipheral vascular disease. Severalingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing of blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of ablockage, and thus a heart attack or stroke.According to a study by an international team

of researchers, people under 40 are five timesmore likely to have a heart attack if theysmoke.[94]



Infection

Tobacco is also linked to susceptibility to infectious diseases,particularly in the lungs. Smoking more than 20 cigarettes aday increases the risk of tuberculosis by two to four times,[110][111] and being a current smoker has been linked to afourfold increase in the risk of invasive pneumococcal

disease.[112] It is believed that smoking increases the risk of these and other pulmonary and respiratory tract infections boththrough structural damage and through effects on the immunesystem. The effects on the immune system include an increasein CD4+ cell production attributable to nicotine, which hastentatively been linked to increased HIV susceptibility.[113] Theusage of tobacco also increases rates of infection: commoncold and bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

emphysema and chronic bronchitis in particular.[citation needed]

Smoking reduces the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in peoplewithout HIV infection.[114] One study found this only with themale population and could not draw any conclusions for thefemale participants in the study.[115]

Impotence

In a study of men ages 24 to 36 seeking treatment for infertility,confirmed the results of earlier studies demonstrating thatsmoking harms sperm quality in every way, from longevity tomotility. But we also found that smoking affected sexualbehavior. The smokers had sex an average of 5.7 times per month, while the nonsmokers reported an average of 11.6encounters. And on a scale of 1 to 10, the smokers rated thequality of sex at a lackluster 5.2, compared to 8.7 for nonsmokers."[116]



Stress Smokers report high levels of everyday

stress.[117] Several studies have monitoredfeelings of stress over time, and they findreduced stress after quitting.[118][119]

The deleterious mood effects of abstinenceexplain why smokers suffer more daily stressthan non-smokers, and become less stressedwhen they quit smoking. Deprivation reversalalso explains much of the arousal data, withdeprived smokers being less vigilant and lessalert than non-deprived smokers or non-smokers.[120]

Social and Behavioral Medical researchers have found that smoking

is a predictor of divorce[121]. Smokers have 53%more divorce than nonsmokers.[122



Cognitive Function

The usage of tobacco also createscognitive dysfunction, which include:

increased risk [123] of Alzheimer's disease anddecline in cognitive abilities,[124] reducedmemory and cognitive abilities inadolescent smokers,[125] brain shrinkage

(cerebral atrophy).[126][127]

In many respects, nicotine acts on thenervous system in a similar way to caffeine.Some writings have stated that smoking

can also increase mental concentration;one study documents a significantly better performance on the normed AdvancedRaven ProgressiveMatrices test after smoking.[128]



Most smokers, when denied access to nicotine,exhibit symptoms such as irritability, jitteriness,dry mouth, and rapid heart beat.[129] The onsetof these symptoms is very fast, nicotine's half-

life being only 2 hours. Withdrawal symptomscan appear even if the smoker's consumptionis very limited or irregular, appearing after only4-5 cigarettes in most adolescents. An ex-smoker's chemical dependence to nicotine will

cease after approximately ten to twenty days,although the brain's number of nicotinereceptors is permanently altered,[130] and thepsychological dependence may linger for months or even many years. Unlike somerecreational drugs, nicotine does notmeasurably alter a smoker's motor skills, judgement, or language abilities while under the influence of the drug. Tobacco withdrawalhas been shown to cause clinically significantdistress.[131]

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DRUGS AND IT’S EFFECT