Drugs and Drugs and AlcoholAlcohol

CocaineCocaine

Obtained from the leaves of the coca plant Ancient use in S. America Religious, Social, Euphoriant, and Medicinal Active alkaloid 1st purified from the leaves in

1860 – What we commonly know as Cocaine.

Cocaine extracted in the form of coca paste Paste approx 50-60% purity Stimulant of the Central Nervous System

Early YearsEarly Years

Proven to be one of the 1st local anesthetics for surgery

Incorporated into numerous medicines and beverages including Coca-Cola

Harrison Narcotic Act banned its use in 1914

Recreational use increased dramatically in the late 1960’s

Inexpensive “crack” cocaine use spread in the late 1970’s

Cocaine HydrochlorideCocaine Hydrochloride

Paste is treated with numerous chemicals to oxidize and purify the paste to form the water soluble cocaine hydrochloride powder

Can be close to 100% pure Can be injected, inhaled as powder,

or ingested orally Cannot be smoked

Freebase CocaineFreebase Cocaine

A.k.a. Crack Cocaine Similar to the unpurified insoluble coca

paste Cannot be inhaled (as powder) or

injected because it is not water soluble Cocaine is absorbed immediately into Cocaine is absorbed immediately into

blood via the lungs, reaching the brain blood via the lungs, reaching the brain in about 5 seconds in about 5 seconds

High typically lasts 5-10 minutesHigh typically lasts 5-10 minutes

Effects of Short Term Effects of Short Term UseUse

Moderate euphoria lasts for 60-90 min

State of anxiety lasts for hours Thoughts race, rapid speech Sleep delayed Appetite suppressed Depressive state follows Serious negative effects on the CNSSerious negative effects on the CNS

Long-Term UseLong-Term Use

Anxiety and sleep deprivation increase Suspiciousness, paranoia, and

persecutory fears Heart Attack Irregular heart rhythm Seizures Alcohol/Cocaine is the largest two

drug combination resulting in death

Amphetamines Amphetamines

Used for over 60 years therapeutically for numerous disorders

Used in WW II to fight fatigue and enhance performance

Widespread abuse began in 1940’s with students and truck drivers to stay awake and increase alertness

Were used as appetite suppressants Also a stimulant

Physiological EffectsPhysiological Effects

Increased BP Decreased HR Increased

alertness Psychomotor

stimulant Loss of appetite Feeling of powerFeeling of power

Euphoria Excitement Mood elevation Increased

motor/speech activity

EffectsEffects

Moderate UseModerate Use Respiratory

stimulation Slight tremors Restlessness Greater increase in

motor activity Insomnia Agitation

High DoseHigh Dose Repetitive

purposeless acts Sudden outbursts

of aggression/violence

Paranoid delusions Severe anorexia Amphetamine

Psychosis: paranoid ideation

Dependence and Dependence and ToleranceTolerance

Use becomes compulsive Tolerance develops rapidly Necessitates the need for markedly

higher doses Tolerance to the euphoriant effects

develops which causes prolonged binging

ICEICE

Freebase form of methamphetamine Effects similar to those of cocaine Extremely potent High is intense and long lasting Chronic use can result in serious

psychiatric, cardiovascular, metabolic and neuromuscular changes

Other behavioral stimulants include ephedrine and methylphenidate (Ritalin)

CaffeineCaffeine

Most commonly consumed psychoactive drug in the world

Average intake per person per day is between 80 to 400 milligrams

Consumption of caffeine is not considered drug abuse

EffectsEffects

Increased energy A sense of well-being Faster and clearer flow of thought Reduced fatigue Need for sleep is delayed Caffeine causes a slight stimulant action on

the heart Increases the workload cardiac contractility

Dilates coronary arteries More oxygen to the heart

EffectsEffects

Chronic use associated with habituation and tolerance

Quitting may cause withdrawal: Headaches Drowsiness Fatigue Negative mood

NicotineNicotine

Primary active ingredient in tobacco One of the three most widely used

psychoactive drugs Caffeine Alcohol

Few or no therapeutic applications Important because of widespread

use and toxicity

StatisticsStatistics

Responsible for the deaths of 1100 Americans every day

Each day 6000 American teenagers try their first cigarette

3000 children become regular smokers 1000 of these will die from smoking related

disease 9 in 10 smokers become addicted before age

21 Smoking identified as the major preventable

cause death and disability

Smoking DiseasesSmoking Diseases

Lung CancerLung Cancer Cancer of the mouth and throatCancer of the mouth and throat

Chewing tobaccoChewing tobacco Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

Carbon monoxide decreases amount of oxygen delivered to the heart while nicotine increases the workload

Carbon monoxide and nicotine increase narrowing (atherosclerosis) and clotting (thrombosis) in the coronary arteries

Increased risk of coronary heart disease

Smoking DiseasesSmoking Diseases

About 4,000 Americans per year die from lung cancer caused by second-hand smoke

37,000 deaths per year from heart disease caused by second hand smoke

MarijuanaMarijuana

Marijuana is the dried mix of flowers and leaves form the female Cannabis Sativa plant

The major biologically active chemical compound in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Has psychoactive and physiological effects The most common method of absorption is

smoking Either in a loosely rolled cigarette or through a

pipe or water pipe

EffectsEffects

Effects on the respiratory system are the same as smoking cigarettes.

Chronic use of marijuana can reduce testosterone levels in men as well as reducing the production of sperm.

Smoking Marijuana during pregnancy has many of the

same effect as smoking cigarettes, mild fetal growth retardation. There have been cases of infants born with THC dependence and withdrawal.

Physical EffectsPhysical Effects

Senses may be enhanced Perception of time is usually altered Mild euphoria, relaxation, and relief

from anxiety Contrary to popular belief, illusions

and hallucinations occur infrequently

Medicinal MarijuanaMedicinal Marijuana

The use of marijuana for medicinal proposes dates back more then 5ooo years. However, the debate over medicinal marijuana rages today in the United States.

Therapeutic Benefits of Therapeutic Benefits of MarijuanaMarijuana

Reduction of intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma.

Use as a bronchodilator in asthmatics. Relief of muscle spasms in such disorders

as multiple sclerosis. Preventing seizures associated with

epilepsy. Treatment of depression. Treatment of chronic pain, and migraines.

Alcohol Alcohol

Alcohol is a Alcohol is a depressantdepressant, which means it , which means it slows the function of the central nervous slows the function of the central nervous system.system.

Alcohol actually blocks some of the Alcohol actually blocks some of the messages trying to get to the brain. messages trying to get to the brain.

This alters a person's perceptions, This alters a person's perceptions, emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.emotions, movement, vision, and hearing.

Binge drinking- For a man, 5 or more Binge drinking- For a man, 5 or more drinks in one evening, for a woman, 4 drinks in one evening, for a woman, 4 drinks.drinks.

Blood Alcohol ContentBlood Alcohol Content

Dependent on:Dependent on: Presence of foodPresence of food Rate of Rate of

consumptionconsumption Concentration of Concentration of

alcoholalcohol Drinkers body Drinkers body

composition composition

Effects of Alcohol Effects of Alcohol Affected judgmentAffected judgment Muscle coordination is depressedMuscle coordination is depressed Staggered walk and slurred speechStaggered walk and slurred speech Emotions erraticEmotions erratic Memory impairedMemory impaired VomitingVomiting ConfusionConfusion ComaComa DeathDeath

Chronic Effects of Chronic Effects of AlcoholAlcohol

Irritation, Bleeding, and MalabsorptionIrritation, Bleeding, and Malabsorption Alcohol irritates stomach liningAlcohol irritates stomach lining Irritates esophagus resulting in mild chest painIrritates esophagus resulting in mild chest pain Causes ulcers and stomach bleedingCauses ulcers and stomach bleeding

Liver DiseaseLiver Disease Fatty liver Fatty liver Alcoholic hepatitis (jaundice)Alcoholic hepatitis (jaundice) Cirrhosis of the liver (non reversible)Cirrhosis of the liver (non reversible)

Chronic Effects of Chronic Effects of AlcoholAlcohol

Hematological SystemHematological System AnemiaAnemia Effects white blood cells (increases Effects white blood cells (increases

susceptibility to infection)susceptibility to infection) Bruising easily & clotting problemsBruising easily & clotting problems

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System AHMD (alcoholic heart muscle disease)AHMD (alcoholic heart muscle disease) Shortness of breath & dramatic enlargement of Shortness of breath & dramatic enlargement of

heartheart ArrhythmiasArrhythmias Increase risk of strokeIncrease risk of stroke

Why Do Teens Drink???Why Do Teens Drink???

Curiosity Curiosity To feel good, reduce stress, and To feel good, reduce stress, and

relax relax To fit in To fit in To feel older To feel older

Why you shouldn’t drinkWhy you shouldn’t drink

Puts your HEALTH at RISKPuts your HEALTH at RISK

Punishment is severePunishment is severe

Bad decisionsBad decisions

Review??Review?? Name two drugs that are considered Name two drugs that are considered

stimulants.stimulants.

What is the primary ingredient in tobacco?What is the primary ingredient in tobacco?

What are some long term effects of using What are some long term effects of using tobacco?tobacco?

What is considered binge drinking?What is considered binge drinking?

How will you avoid being pressured into How will you avoid being pressured into using drugs or alcohol? using drugs or alcohol?