DRUGSDRUGS

A drug is any substance other A drug is any substance other than food that causes than food that causes

physiological changes in the bodyphysiological changes in the body

Some factsSome facts

We've already spent over $600 million to We've already spent over $600 million to eradicate drugs at their source in eradicate drugs at their source in Colombia and what's happened? Colombia and what's happened?

A recent study of U.S. antidrug policy A recent study of U.S. antidrug policy indicates that cocaine and heroin indicates that cocaine and heroin production in Colombia have more than production in Colombia have more than doubled doubled 80% of the cocaine80% of the cocaine 75 % of the heroin75 % of the heroin

The $400 million cost of the helicopters The $400 million cost of the helicopters alone would provide treatment for 200,00 alone would provide treatment for 200,00 Americans addicted to drugs. Americans addicted to drugs.

Over the last 10 years, the federal Over the last 10 years, the federal government has spent $150 billion to government has spent $150 billion to combat the supply of illegal drugs, yet the combat the supply of illegal drugs, yet the cocaine market is as glutted as ever. cocaine market is as glutted as ever.

ContradictionsContradictions

Amphetamines are given to military pilots Amphetamines are given to military pilots but are illegal for truck driversbut are illegal for truck drivers

Tobacco kills 430,000 people a year, Tobacco kills 430,000 people a year, alcohol between 100,000 and 150,000 alcohol between 100,000 and 150,000

all other drugs combined kill 9000. all other drugs combined kill 9000. Cancer patients and people with terminal Cancer patients and people with terminal

illnesses are denied strong pain illnesses are denied strong pain medications because the doctor does not medications because the doctor does not want to be sued if they become addictedwant to be sued if they become addicted

Addiction or addictive behaviorAddiction or addictive behavior is a habit that has gotten out of control that results in a is a habit that has gotten out of control that results in a

negative effect upon one’s health. negative effect upon one’s health.

reinforcementreinforcement- reinforces pleasurable feelings or alleviates pain or - reinforces pleasurable feelings or alleviates pain or unpleasant onesunpleasant ones

compulsioncompulsion or or craving-craving- compelling need to engage in behavior compelling need to engage in behavior

loss of controlloss of control-- cannot block the impulse to engage in behavior cannot block the impulse to engage in behavior

escalationescalation-- often more and more of the substance is needed to often more and more of the substance is needed to produce required effectsproduce required effects

negative consequencesnegative consequences-- behavior has serious negative behavior has serious negative consequences job, relationships health, legal and financialconsequences job, relationships health, legal and financial

Drug definitionsDrug definitions

Psychoactive – alters user’s moods, Psychoactive – alters user’s moods, feelings, perceptions or behaviorfeelings, perceptions or behavior

Medicines – restore function, prevent Medicines – restore function, prevent illness, diagnosisillness, diagnosis

Other – legal substances such as caffeine, Other – legal substances such as caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, and OTC drugs like nicotine, alcohol, and OTC drugs like aspirinaspirin

Fig. 14.1: Routes of administration of drugs

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Drug Dependence- Drug Dependence- defined as a blend of three or more symptoms defined as a blend of three or more symptoms

over a 12-month periodover a 12-month period Developing Developing tolerancetolerance to the substance to the substance

WithdrawalWithdrawal symptoms result when concentrations drop symptoms result when concentrations drop in the bodyin the body Symptoms can beSymptoms can be physical physical and/or and/or cognitivecognitive.. Different drugs have different symptomsDifferent drugs have different symptoms

Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer Taking the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than was originally intended often with period than was originally intended often with prescription drugsprescription drugs

Drug abuseDrug abuse

recurrent drug use that results inrecurrent drug use that results in a failure to fulfill major responsibilities at work, a failure to fulfill major responsibilities at work,

school or homeschool or home situations in which are physically hazardoussituations in which are physically hazardous legal problemslegal problems personal and social problems caused or personal and social problems caused or

increased due to the use of the drugincreased due to the use of the drug

Why do people use drugs?Why do people use drugs?

ExperimentationExperimentation Physical risk factorsPhysical risk factors Psychological risk factorsPsychological risk factors Social risk factorsSocial risk factors

Classes of drugsClasses of drugs

CNS StimulantsCNS Stimulants

cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, ephedrine, and caffeineephedrine, and caffeine

speed up the activity of the nervous speed up the activity of the nervous system:system: heart rate accelerates, heart rate accelerates, blood pressure rises, blood pressure rises, gastric and adrenal secretions increase, gastric and adrenal secretions increase, muscular tension and motor activity increase. muscular tension and motor activity increase.

wakefulness is common.wakefulness is common.

CAFFEINECAFFEINE

Caffeine per 12 oz cans Caffeine per 12 oz cans (mgs):(mgs):

Mountain Dew/55.0 Mountain Dew/55.0 Diet Mountain Dew/55.0Diet Mountain Dew/55.0 Coca-Cola/45.6Coca-Cola/45.6 Diet-Cola/45.6Diet-Cola/45.6 7 Up/0 7 Up/0

Chocolate Chocolate 28 gram Cadbury chocolate 28 gram Cadbury chocolate

bar contains about 15 mgs of bar contains about 15 mgs of caffeinecaffeine

Caffeine amounts per 7 Caffeine amounts per 7 oz cups of coffee and oz cups of coffee and tea:tea: Espresso/100Espresso/100 Brewed coffee/80 - 135Brewed coffee/80 - 135 Instant/65 - 100Instant/65 - 100 Decaf, brewed/3 - 4Decaf, brewed/3 - 4 Decaf, instant /2 - 3Decaf, instant /2 - 3 Tea iced/70Tea iced/70 Tea brewed/40 - 60Tea brewed/40 - 60 Tea instant/30Tea instant/30

AmphetaminesAmphetamines

synthetic chemicals that are potent synthetic chemicals that are potent stimulants and mood elevators. stimulants and mood elevators. Methamphetamine, amphetamine, Methamphetamine, amphetamine,

dextrophetaminedextrophetamine Medical use is for the treatment of ADHD Medical use is for the treatment of ADHD

and obesity, narcolepsyand obesity, narcolepsy Popular names for these drugs include Popular names for these drugs include

“speed,” “crank,” “crystal,” and “meth.” and “speed,” “crank,” “crystal,” and “meth.” and “Ice” “Ice”

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

CocaineCocaine

CNS DepressantsCNS Depressants

reduce anxiety and cause mood changesreduce anxiety and cause mood changes impaired muscular coordinationimpaired muscular coordination Cause drowsiness. Cause drowsiness. Mental functioning is also affected.Mental functioning is also affected. sedatives, include barbituates, alcohol, sedatives, include barbituates, alcohol,

tranquilizers and club drugs like GHB, ( liquid X) tranquilizers and club drugs like GHB, ( liquid X) roofies (Rohypnol), ketamine- Special K.roofies (Rohypnol), ketamine- Special K.

CNS depressants are used to treat insomnia CNS depressants are used to treat insomnia and anxiety disorders and to control seizures.and anxiety disorders and to control seizures.

HallucinogensHallucinogens

are drugs that alter the user’s perception, are drugs that alter the user’s perception, feelings, and thoughts.feelings, and thoughts.

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, psilocybin, STP mescaline, psilocybin, STP (dimethoxymethyl amphetamine), DMT (dimethoxymethyl amphetamine), DMT (dimethyltryptamine), MDMA (3, 4-(dimethyltryptamine), MDMA (3, 4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine), methylene-dioxymethamphetamine), ketamine, and PCP (phenylcyclidine).ketamine, and PCP (phenylcyclidine).

©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

MarijuanaMarijuana

THC- THC- tetrahydracannibinoltetrahydracannibinol

NarcoticsNarcotics

natural or synthetic drugs designed to natural or synthetic drugs designed to relieve pain, cause drowsiness, and relieve pain, cause drowsiness, and induce euphoria.induce euphoria.

opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, meperidine, and fentanyl.codeine, meperidine, and fentanyl.

InhalantsInhalants

Inhaling certain chemicals can produce Inhaling certain chemicals can produce effects ranging from heightened pleasure effects ranging from heightened pleasure to delirium.to delirium.

The three major groups of inhalants are The three major groups of inhalants are volatile solvents, nitrites, and anesthetics.volatile solvents, nitrites, and anesthetics.

Getting helpGetting help

Alcoholics AnonymousAlcoholics Anonymous Cocaine AnonymousCocaine Anonymous Narcotics AnonymousNarcotics Anonymous Drug treatmentDrug treatment

InpatientInpatient OutpatientOutpatient