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Israel Delegation to The CSD-16 United Nations Commission on Sustainable DevelopmentNYC, May 2008

Learning center:Efficient management of food production systems under water and land constraints

2CSD16 May 2008

Drought and Water Management -

The Israeli Experience

Drought and Water Drought and Water Management Management --

The Israeli Experience The Israeli Experience

State of Israel

The Ministry of National Infrastructures

Water Authority

Michael Zaide Water Authority

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Israel – General DataMiddle East, Semi arid areaMiddle East, Semi arid areaEstablished 1948 (this yearEstablished 1948 (this year--6060thth

birthday)birthday)Area: 20,770 kmArea: 20,770 km22

Regime: DemocracyRegime: Democracypopulation 7.2 millions. population 7.2 millions. Minorities 20%Minorities 20%GDP 31,800 US$/CapGDP 31,800 US$/CapAgriculture 2% of the GDPAgriculture 2% of the GDPSoon a member of the OECDSoon a member of the OECD

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OutlineBackgroundBackground

Water CrisesWater Crises

Change of PolicyChange of Policy

Principles of management and planningPrinciples of management and planning

Lessons from the Israeli experienceLessons from the Israeli experience

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The Extent of Water Shortage

165 m165 m33/y/capita /y/capita –– 33 % of 33 % of ““Shortage Shortage Red LineRed Line”” by the UN definitionby the UN definition

2020 2020 –– Domestic and Municipal needs Domestic and Municipal needs only (~ 1000 MCM)only (~ 1000 MCM)

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Israel is situated at the edge of the desert.Within 200 Km rainfall drops from over 700

mm/year to 150 mm/year.

Fluctuations in rainfall are very extreme.

Series of drought years are a common Phenomena

The Extent of Water Shortage

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Map of Aquifers in Israel

Total annual potential production (average) –

1,555 MCM

Kinneret basins650Western Galilee Aquifer - 110

Carmel Aquifer - 25

The Coastal Aquifer - 250Mountain

Aquifer - 320

Eastern basins130

Negev Basin

Arava Basin

70

580

?

TBS – 1355

TBS – 1285 2008: 970 (~76% )

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

Kinneret Mountain AquiferCoastal Aquifer Western Gallilee

Replenishment Data 1932-2008

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Replenishment Data

1932-2008

0250500750

1000125015001750200022502500275030003250350037504000

1932 1937 1942 1947 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007

שנה

שמ"מל

Replenishment DataMin : 601 Max: 3687 Average:1391 STD: 464 MCM

MC

M

Year

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Climate Change

Source: Roger Braithwaite, University of Manchester (UK)

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Projections of Future Changes in Climate

Decrease in precipitation quantities.

longer intermissions between rain events.

Increase in uncertainty of annual replenishment volume of natural water resources.

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Potable565 MCM

Domestic766 MCM

(40%)

Industry114 MCM

(6%)

Agriculture1180 MCM

(55%)

Other615

MCM

Water Demand per Sectors 2007

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Main National Water Supply System

108”Pipeline

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

+50

+100

+150

+200

HaifaNetofa

Tel Aviv

Sea ofGalilee

S N

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Wastewater Treatment in Israel: Wastewater Treatment in Israel:

No. of large WWTP: 32No. of large WWTP: 32

Wastewater ~ 500 MCM/yearWastewater ~ 500 MCM/year

50% 50% -- secondary levelsecondary level

30% 30% -- tertiary leveltertiary level

The Jerusalem WWTP 2003The Jerusalem WWTP 2003

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Water Crises

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Lake Kinneret - Israel’s main surface water source Water level (1962 - 2006)

Level and Cl in Lake Kinneret 1969-2006

-215

-214

-213

-212

-211

-210

-209

-208

Lake

Lev

el (m

ASL

)

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

Salin

ity (m

g/L

Cl)

70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06

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Water Volume in the TBSMCM

MCM

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IV

I

II

III

Ramat-HaSharon

Petah Tikva

Bat Yam

12600 12800 13000 13200 13400 13600 1380015600

15800

16000

16200

16400

16600

16800

17000

17200

7.8 TCE 25.3 PCE 0.1 1,2-DCE 0.2 1,2-DCE0.11 CHCl3

1.8 1,2-DCA

30 1,1-DCE

0.54 CHCl3

1.8 CCl44 THM

2.4 1,2-DCA

1.4 1,2-DCA

197 TCE2.4 1,2-DCA

27.6 1,1-DCE

1.3 1,2-DCA

0.3 1,2-DCA

1.5 1,2-DCA

0.2 1,1-DCE

0.06 TCE 21 CCl4

91.8 PCE38.4 PCE

1.3 1,2-DCA

2.2 1,2-DCA

31.8 PCE

56.1 1,1-DCE

1.1 1,2-DCA

62 TCE

5.3 TCE

17 1,1-DCE22.6 TCE

1.5 1,2-DCA

1.9 1,2-DCA

0.2 1,2-DCA

7.8 TCE

8.2 TCE

2.1 1,2-DCA

0.4 1,2-DCA 84 TCE5.2 TCE

22 TCE

23 TCE

0.4 1,2-DCA

0.8 1,2-DCA 0.6 CCl4

0.4 1,2-DCA0.5 1,2-DCA

3 1,1-DCE

0.24 TCE

15 TCE

5.1 TCE

1 1,2-DCA

1.3 TCE0.15 PCE

5 THM

16.2 1.1-DCE

2.6 THM

1.7 PCE

11.1 1,1-DCE

0.8 TCE0.5 TCE

23 PCE

0.1 PCE

1 TCE

2.5 TCE

0.31 EDB

0.5 1,2-DCA

0.2 TCE

0.9 1,2-DCA

8.5 THM

650 TCE

0.5 1,2-DCA

0.1 TCE

9.2 TCE

1 10 11 1317

18

21

22

2324

25

26

3233

34

37

38

40

45

47 50

53 55

59

60

68

70

71

73

76

7778

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86 8788

89

90

91

92

93

94 95

96

9798

99100 101

102 103

104

105

106 107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114115

116

117

118119120

121

122123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130 131

132133

134

135136

2 km

Safari Park

Hayarkon Park

Magen

Hiria

AyalonRiver

HayarkonRiver

ShafirimRiver

Tel Aviv

N

AzrieliCenter

Aquifer Sensitive AreasVOCs ( g/L)1999 - 2001

TRANSIENT DATA IN 90 WELLS

-VOCs detectedin 82% of wells

m

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Water Crises

The main reasons:

Consecutive years of drought in the region.

Increased demand by population growth.

Stretching the renewable water sources to thelimit.

Quality Deterioration of the natural sources.

Lack of regulation tools.

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What has been done to cope with the water crises ?

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Water Authority

• Establishing the Water Authority (2007)

• Centralizing water management authorities from all ministries including the setting tariffs

• Management the hole coarse of the water cycle.

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Demand Management

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Domestic Tariffs

Two tariffs 3 progressive tariffs Tariffs charge to the Consumer:

Two tariffs:1. First 3

MCM/month-(“resultant cost”)

2. The rest- marginal cost

Average costTariff

charged to the municipality

New Model

OldModel

Agriculture Tariff also has being changed and was linked to the average

cost (desalination cost included).

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Israeli Delegation

Israeli Delegation

Israeli Delegation –– –

Australia 19

Australia 19

Australia 19 -- - 22 M

arch 200722 M

arch 200722 M

arch 2007

Using Economic Instruments for Sustainable Natural Water Resources

48.3

1000 hrs. Recommended Production Winter

Constant Cost

Variable Cost

ConservationLevy

Incentive Levy

Variable Cost

Preventive Levy

Cents per c.m.

Variable Cost

Levels of Progressive Extraction Levies

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Changing Planning Concepts

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Potable Water Demand 2002-2010MCM/ YEAR

Domestic Industry Agriculture Nature Other Total2008 766 85 454 7 130 14422020 985 93 350 50 208 1686

Annual demand growth rate of20 MCM/YEAR

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““Walking on the EdgeWalking on the Edge”” PolicyPolicy

Adoption of sustainable approach to Adoption of sustainable approach to water resources management and water resources management and development both for quantity & development both for quantity & qualityquality

Sustainable Development Approach

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New Policy - Sustainable Approach

1. Restoring the reliability of the water supply system.2. Recognition of Nature’s right to water.3. Rehabilitation of contaminated parts of the Coastal

Aquifer.4. Reclamation of wastewater.5. Reduction of salinity in reclaimed wastewater.6. Financial and technical water savings mechanisms.7. Manufacturing water as one of the ways of promoting

peace in the region.

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פילוג האוגר מעל הקו אדום בסוף השנה [מלמ"ק]עבור כל הסדרות

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%שכיחות - %

מ- ל

דו גאו

ה שוו

ך ער

ק] מ"

מל ]

2004

2006

2008

2010

Probability AnalysisNatural Storage Rehabilitation

• Ensemble Forecasting

• Storage volume & yearly change

• Operational extraction

• Water loss

• Deficits

• Desalination

• Benefit- cost analysis

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- Supply according to demand needed

- The capability to supply the water in average (Expectancy)

- Safety interval (for desired probability)

- Red line

יתרת המים השפירים בחקלאות (מלמ"ק)התפלה - 230 מלמ"ק בשנה, הסתברות למצב קיצוני : 10%

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Probability AnalysisWater Supply Shortage

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Risk ManagementClimate change : 10Climate change : 10--20%20%water redundancy due to bilateral agreementswater redundancy due to bilateral agreementsWater quality deteriorationWater quality deteriorationWater SecurityWater SecurityWater demand (Standard of living)Water demand (Standard of living)

““Uncertainty factorUncertainty factor”” (0.85) in natural replenishment (0.85) in natural replenishment Building scenarios Building scenarios Implementing stringent limitations for water reliabilityImplementing stringent limitations for water reliabilitystandardsstandards

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Development Program

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Rehabilitation of the Coastal Aquifer

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Sorek 2 Recharge Area

Heletz

Gat (East)

Lahich

Tkuma

Pithat Shalom

Ashkelon

Ashdod

Ber-Sheva

Dvir

Lahav

Zfat

Carmiel

Kfar Tavor

Tanach

Hadera

Ayalon-Latrun

Safariya

Nesher

Hefez Haim

Zohar

Main Effluent Pipe

Yarkon Reclamation System

Tel-Aviv

Ashdod

Ashkelon

Afula

Aco

Adulam

Kishon

Yavne 4 Recharge Area

Reuse of All Sewage Effluents

Reuse of 500 MCM/Year in 2015 (340 today)

Sewage effluents for Agriculture –50% of allocations in 2010

New, stringent standards for effluent quality (37 parameters)

Shafdan Water Project (SAT)

Effluents Supply systems

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Brackish Water Desalination

Mishor Rotem Water Supply

Beer Sheva Protection Belt –“Tkuma” Desalination

Beer Sheva Protection Belt –“Heletz” Desalination

20 MCM

2015 ~ 50 MCM/Year2015 ~ 50 MCM/Year

Cost ~ 35 US cent/m3Cost ~ 35 US cent/m3

Nationwide Alignment for Brine Nationwide Alignment for Brine Disposal SystemsDisposal Systems

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Israeli Delegation

Israeli Delegation

Israeli Delegation –– –

Australia 19

Australia 19

Australia 19 -- - 22 M

arch 200722 M

arch 200722 M

arch 2007

Development of Sea Water Desalination Plants

036 100 130 145 160

280 305405

505

20042005

20062007

20082009

20102011

20122013

)125 (

)60 (

(100)

)120 (

Hadera

Palmachim

Ashdod

Ashkelon

Pre tendering stage/ Financial Agreement

Full production Since 12/05

Construction phase. Production at 10/09

Sorek(100)

Full production Since 9/07

Pre tendering stage

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World Bank R/O Cost Evaluation

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Desalinated Sea Water Cost Range

405060708090100110120130140150160

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005YEAR

cent

/m3

Ashkelon

Palmachim,Haifa bayEilat

LARGE SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS

SMALL SWRO DESALINATION PLANTS

TrinidadLarnaca

Malta

Source: ADAN

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20152014201320122011201020092008

700 700 500 400 300 280 160 140 Sea water desalination

51 47 43 37 31 22 15 11 Brackish water desal.

- - - - - - - - Water import

751 747 543 437 331 302 175 151 Additional amounts of potable water

445 430 415 400 385 370 355 340 Treated waste water

Manufactured Water 2002 - 2015MCM/Year

40% of total supply will be manufactured by 2010

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National Master PlanWater Development Plan: required

investments 2002 – 2010 (2015)(Million US $)

• Desalination 1,600• Sewage treatment & reuse systems 1,000• Water supply systems 600 • Renovation & Improvements 800

TOTAL 4,000

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Some Lessons from the Israeli experienceSome Lessons from the Israeli experience……

• A drought is a crisis but its also an opportunity forreforms.

• Water reliability is a policy. However, a planshould be prepared for a low probability scenario.

• Incorporating demand management measures has contributed to water consumption reduction.

• Reclamation is the best way to increase affordablewater supply for agriculture.

• Desalination in large plants reduce costs effectively.

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Some Lessons from the Israeli experienceSome Lessons from the Israeli experience……

• Enhancing private sectorinvolvement has proven successful, however the statealways needs to take responsibility for risks involved.

• In order to prevent low levels of salinity in reclaimed water, desalinated water should be supplied as primary use (fordomestic use).

• Agriculture can become muchmore efficient than expected.

2.02

1.00 0.98

1.15

1.381.43

1.31

1.47 1.56

1.661.64

1.551.59

1.911.98

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Production per Water Unit

Source: Israel Farmer’s Federation

• Integrated system management should take into account andenable high level of mobilization for water.

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Thank you !

Michael Zaide Water Authority, Planning Department

Michaelz10@water.gov.il