Drones Supplement - Northwestern 2015

7/25/2019 Drones Supplement - Northwestern 2015

1/31

Drones Aff/Neg Supplement---

BRRC 2015


2/31

Neg Warrants PIC/Transparen! CP


3/31

Transparen! CP Sol"en!

Transparen! an# aounta$%l%t! #eter unla&ful sur"e%llane $etter t'an &arrantsGregory (Neal 1), Associate Professor of Law at Pepperdine University, November 2014,rones and Aeria! "#rvei!!ance$ %onsiderations for Legis!ation,&

'ttp$((www)broo*ings)ed#(researc'(reports2(2014(11(drones+and+aeria!+s#rvei!!anceransparency and acco#ntabi!ity meas#res s'o#!d be re-#ired regard!ess of w'et'er !egis!ators fo!!ow t'e core recommendations or

t'e warrant+based princip!es .Part /) be!ow) ransparency and acco#ntabi!ity meas#res may be more

effet%"e t'an suppress%on rules or&arrants for contro!!ing and #eterr%ng &rongful

go"ernment sur"e%llane ) o 'o!d !aw enforcement acco#ntab!e, !egis!ators s'o#!d mandate

t'at t'e #se of a!! aeria! s#rvei!!ance devices .manned or #nmannedbe p#b!is'ed on a reg#!arbasis .per'aps -#arter!y on t'e website of t'e agencyoperating t'e system)'ese #sage !ogs s'o#!d detai! w'o operated t'e system, w'en it was operated, w'ere it wasoperated .inc!#ding GP" coordinates, and w'at t'e !aw enforcement p#rpose for t'e operation

was) Legis!ators may even mandate t'at #nmanned systemsoperated in t'eir #risdictions come

e-#ipped wit'software t'at a!!ows for t'e eas! e*port of fl%g't logs t'at contain t'is information) "#c' !ogs

wi!! a!!ow pr%"a! a#"oates an# onerne# %t%+ens to losel! mon%tor 'ow aeria!

s#rvei!!ance devices are being #sed, enab!ing t'e pol%t%al proess as a me'an%sm to

'ol# operators aounta$le )

n circ#mstances w'ere p#b!is'ing #sage !ogs may revea! information t'at is !aw enforcementsensitive.s#c' as an ongoing investigation t'e agency operating t'e drone may *eep t'eir #sage !ogsconfidentia! #nti! t'e investigation is c!osed) 'e agency s'o#!d be re-#ired to ma*e t'e !ogs p#b!ic wit'in 30 daysof t'e c!ose of an investigation) o faci!itate p#b!ic acco#ntabi!ity !egis!ators s'o#!d mandate t'at a!! !ogs be p#b!is'ed in an openand mac'ine+readab!e format consistent wit' t'e Presidents 56ec#tive 7rder of 8ay 9, 2013):44;

'i!e t'ere is no !aw wit'in t'e United

?ingdom t'at specifica!!y re-#ires po!ice departments or !aw enforcement agencies to p#b!is' t'e f!ig't !ogs of t'eir 'e!icopters,t'eir version of t'e


4/31

pu$l% t'at !aw enforcements 'e!icopter does not represent /ig /rot'ers eye in t'e s*y, b#t

rat'er embodies a part of t'e departments !awf#! po!icing practices ) I#st as a po!ice 'e!icopter 'ig'over'ead can be omino#s to t'ose on t'e gro#nd w'o are #naware of its p#rposes, t'e very idea of dronesFof any *indFf!ying above American cities and towns mig't be foreboding to many !ay persons) /y re-#iring

!aw enforcement to p#b!is' data or !ogs, leg%slators an a## a %t%+en-entr% pol%t%al

'e. t'at &%ll 'elp uell t'e fears of a so%et!t'at is not yet certain 'ow it s'o#!d react to t'eincreasing presence of aeria! s#rvei!!ance devices over t'e s*ies of America)

T'e CP sol"es $etterGregory (Neal 1), Associate Professor of Law at Pepperdine University, November 2014,rones and Aeria! "#rvei!!ance$ %onsiderations for Legis!ation,&'ttp$((www)broo*ings)ed#(researc'(reports2(2014(11(drones+and+aeria!+s#rvei!!ance>'i!e warrants are appea!ing to privacy advocates, t'e enactment of over!y broad restrictions on drone #se

can urta%l non-%n"as%"e $enef%%al uses of #rones ) Legis!ators s'o#!d reet a

&arrant-$ase# te'nolog! entr% approa' as %t %s un&or.a$le an#

ounterpro#ut%"e ) nstead, !egis!ators s'o#!d fo!!ow a property rig'ts centric approac',co#p!ed wit' !imits on persistent s#rvei!!ance, data retention proced#res, transparency andacco#ntabi!ity meas#res and a recognition of t'e possibi!ity t'at tec'no!ogy may ma*e#nmanned aeria! s#rvei!!ance more protective of privacy t'an manned s#rvei!!ance )'is paperma*es five core recommendations$

Legis!ators s'o#!d fo!!ow a propert! r%g'ts approa' to aeria! s#rvei!!ance) 'is approac'

provides !andowners wit' t'e rig't to e6c!#de aircraft , persons, and ot'er obects from a co!#mnof airspace e6tending from t'e s#rface of t'eir !and #p to 3@0 feet above gro#nd !eve! ) "#c' anapproac' may so!ve most p#b!ic and private 'arms associated wit' drones)Legis!ators s'o#!d craft simp!e, d#ration+based s#rvei!!ance !egis!ation t'at wi!! !imit t'e aggregate amo#nt of time t'e government

may s#rvei! a specific individ#a!) "#c' !egis!ation can address t'e potent%al 'arm of pers%stent

sur"e%llane , a 'arm t'at is capab!e of being committed by manned and #nmanned aircraft)

Legis!ators s'o#!d adopt data retention proced#res t'at re-#ire 'eig'tened !eve!s of s#spicion and increased proced#ra! protections

for accessing stored data gat'ered by aeria! s#rvei!!ance)After a !egis!ative!y determined period of time, all

store# #ata s'oul# $e #elete# )

Legis!ators s'o#!d enact transparen! an# aounta$%l%t! measures , re-#iring

government agencies to p#b!is' on a regular $as%s informationabo#t t'e #se of aeria! s#rvei!!ancedevices .bot' manned and #nmanned)


5/31

Warrants No Sol"e

Warrants #ont a##ress t'e pr%"a! I/3 of t'e aff4turns t'e aseJ) o#g!asang 1), I)), /oston University "c'oo! of Law, "#mmer 2014, N75$ /G/H7D5HK" GH7>N >NG"$ D5 785"% PH7L


6/31

Warrants Comparat%"el! Worse

Warrants ut #o&n t'e $enef%ts of #rone la& enforementGregory (Neal 1), Associate Professor of Law at Pepperdine University, November 2014,rones and Aeria! "#rvei!!ance$ %onsiderations for Legis!ation,&

'ttp$((www)broo*ings)ed#(researc'(reports2(2014(11(drones+and+aeria!+s#rvei!!anceo co#nter t'e t'reat of s#rvei!!ance, privacy advocates 'ave foc#sed solel! on reu%r%ng

&arrants before t'e #se of drones by !aw enforcement ) "#c' a mandate oftentimes wi!! res#!t

in t'e groun#%ng of #rone te'nolog! in circ#mstances w'ere !aw enforcement #se of

drones wo#!d be $enef%%al an# largel! non-ontro"ers%al )


7/31

As far as ot'er !egis!ation is concerned, none is needed and none s'o#!d be passed) "ome states 'ave a!ready passed drone !aws, a!!of w'ic' are #nconstit#tiona! or preempted by federa! !aw) Last wee*, Nort' %aro!ina, w'ic' c!aims to be first in f!ig't,& madecommercia! drone p'otograp'y a crimina! act)8oreover, !oca! and state governments are very !imited in w'at t'ey can do to reg#!ate drones) 'ey can !imit agency drone #se, andcan restrict t'e gro#nds from w'ic' drones can be !a#nc'ed, !anded or operated) /#t t'ey cannot reg#!ate f!ig't& by private parties)7n!y t'e


8/31

Aff Warrants PIC/Transparen! CP


9/31

Warrants e!

Warrants are .e! to appeas%ng pr%"a! lo$$%es 8 t'e states ant sol"e/en 9en.%ns 1) University of ?ent#c*y %o!!ege of Law "t#dent, 102 ?y) L)I) 1B1 2013+2014,>atc'ing t'e >atc'men$

rone Privacy and t'e Need for 7versig't&'e rapid e6pansion of drone tec'no!ogy and #se renders o#!d He-#ire arrants


10/31

>yden and De!!er arg#ed t'at modern s#rvei!!ance tec'no!ogy, from drones, cameras and ot'erimprovements, 'ave made monitoring Americans from t'e air far easier and far more in need ofcontro!)'ey never specifica!!y referred to drones, preferring instead to #se t'e more tec'nica! designation of #nmanned aeria!systems)As tec'no!ogica! advancements contin#e to impact t'e dai!y !ives of Americans, t'e civi! !iberties of t'e nations citiens m#st not be

infringed #pon by t'e federa! government,& De!!er said in a statement) 'is !egis!ation protects t'ose in'erentrig'ts from being tramp!ed by t'e governments intr#sion from above and provides m#c'needed c!arity on w'at a#t'ority t'e federa! government 'as re!ated to aeria! s#rvei!!ance)&'e bi!! wo#!d a!so pro'ibit federa! agencies from so!iciting commercia! or private entities to perform aeria! s#rvei!!ance t'at t'eyare not a#t'oried to perform t'emse!ves) t does 'owever come wit' e6ceptions, a!!owing for warrant!ess s#rvei!!ance for borderpatro! wit'in 2@ mi!es of a !and border, a!ong wit' testing and researc', s#rvei!!ance of p#b!ic !and for t'ings !i*e weat'er damage,and environmenta! and wi!d!ife management) Additiona!!y, t'e bi!! wo#!d on!y app!y to federa! agencies, not state or !oca! aeria!s#rvei!!ance, or commercia! operations)>yden and De!!er 'ave bot' made names for t'emse!ves as privacy advocates) >yden 'as been an o#tspo*en critic of t'e N"AKsdata co!!ection practices and De!!er was a co+sponsor of t'e U"A ydenKs anno#ncementa!so inc!#ded praise from "7AH 7regon, w'ic' represents t'e stateKsUA ind#stry, and from civi! !iberties advocate t'e %enter for emocracy and ec'no!ogy)"7AH arg#ed t'e bi!! codifies aspects of s#rvei!!ance w'ere t'e #se of UA" wi!! 'ave more andmore re!evance and va!#e in t'e very near term,& t'e gro#p said in a statement) /eca#se of t'esignificant!y greater capabi!ities of UA" in certain types of s#rvei!!ance compared to mannedaircraft, it is important to p#t in p!ace safeg#ards t'at wi!! ens#re t'e information co!!ected isnot mis#sed)&'e %enter for emocracy and ec'no!ogy in t#rn said in a statement t'at t'e bi!! wo#!destab!is' meaningf#! protections from overbroad government aeria! s#rvei!!ance w'i!epreserving beneficia! #ses wit' !ess impact on civi! !iberties , s#c' as government researc' and disaster re!ief)

Warrants are .e! to resol"e pu$l% outr!8a6 Bauer 1riter for t'e American %ivi! Liberties Union, I#ne 2013, omestic rone"#rvei!!ance Usage$ 'reats and 7pport#nities for Heg#!ation&, American %ivi! Liberties Union,'ttps$((privacysos)org(domesticSdronesDistory s'ows t'at o#r response to t'reats to o#r p'ysica! safety m#stnKt invo!ve programs orpo!icies t'at diminis' o#r core rig'ts) wo cent#ries ago, d#ring a time of great nationa!insec#rity, t'e >ar of 1E12, t'e %onstit#tions primary a#t'or, President Iames 8adison, too*

virt#a!!y no steps to diminis' civi! !iberties) 8adisonKs approac' did not !ead to t'e nationsdemise) :@B;

>it' t'e rise of domestic drones as a c'erry on top of an a!ready spraw!ing s#rvei!!ance state,America is 'eaded in t'e opposite direction) /#t t'ere is time yet to ens#re t'e tec'no!ogydoesnKt tramp!e a!! over o#r rig'ts)f mass drone s#rvei!!ance is inescapab!e, warrant and data co!!ection reporting re-#irements

wi!! provide a critica! c'ec* against government ab#ses) I#stice /randeis 'as written, P#b!icityis #st!y commended as a remedy for socia! and ind#stria! diseases) "#n!ig't is said to be t'e

best of disinfectants= e!ectric !ig't t'e most efficient po!iceman)& :@C;omestic drones can monitor individ#a!s a!most constant!y= its t'erefore essentia! to 'aves#n!ig't s'ine #pon t'eir operators, to monitor t'eir actions) 'e p#b!icity necessary to 'o!dt'eir operations acco#ntab!e to t'e p#b!ic re-#ires transparency and acco#ntabi!ity) :@E;

rone #sage wi!! contin#e to e6pand and may not stop even at infrared camera s#rvei!!ance andbiometric data ac-#isition) 'e G#ardians G!enn Greenwa!d 'as ca#tioned t'at a!t'o#g'domestic drones may c#rrent!y be !imited to t'ose o#tfitted on!y wit' s#rvei!!ance e-#ipment,given t'e increasing mi!itariation of domestic !aw enforcement, t'e time may come soon w'endomestic drones are weaponied) :@9;/#t even s'ort of t'at f#t#ristic nig'tmare, drone s#rvei!!ance a!ready poses a new t'reat to!iberty at 'ome) As o#r


11/31

Warrants s'oul# $e reu%re# for #rone sur"e%llane

Iay Stanle! 11, "enior Po!icy Ana!yst wit' t'e A%LUs "peec', Privacy and ec'no!ogyProect, 12(11, Protecting Privacy from Aeria! "#rvei!!ance$ Hecommendations for GovernmentUse of rone Aircraft,&ACLU,'ttps$((www)ac!#)org(fi!es(assets(protectingprivacyfromaeria!s#rvei!!ance)pdfUAs are potentia!!y e6treme!y powerf#! s#rvei!!ance too!s, and t'at power , !i*e a!! government power,

need s to be s#bect to c'ec*s and ba!ances) Li*e any too!, UAs 'ave t'e potentia! to be #sed for good or i!!) f wecan set some good privacy gro#nd r#!es, o#r society can enoy t'e benefits of t'is tec' no!ogy

wit'o#t 'aving toworry abo#t its dar*er potentia!s )>e impose reg#!ations on w'at !aw enforcement can do a!!t'e time, for e6amp!e a!!owing !aw enforcement to ta*e a t'erma! image of someones 'ome on!y w'en t'ey get a warrant)>eneed to impose r#!es, !imits and reg#!ations on UAsas we!! in order to preserve t'eprivacyAmericans 'ave a!ways e6pected and enoyed) 'e A%LU recommends at a minim#m t'e fo!!owing core meas#res be enacted to

ens#re t'at t'is 'appens$ Usage restrictions) UAs s'o#!d be s#bect to strict reg#!ation to ens#re t'at t'eir#se does not evisceratet'e privacyt'at Americans 'ave traditiona!!y enoyed and rig't!y e6pect) nnocent Americanss'o#!d not 'ave to worry t'at t'eir activities wi!! be scr#tinied by drones) o t'is end, t'e #se of drones s'o#!d bepro'ibited for indiscriminate mass s#rvei!!ance , for e6amp!e, or for spying based on


12/31

3eg%slat%on e!

Warrants .e! to resol"e fourt' amen#ment unerta%nt%es of Ar%al %nformat%ongat'er%ngIennifer =>Br%en 1AHHANL5"" G75HN85N H7N5 "UH5LLAN%5$ A %DALL5NG5 7 D5'ereas 100 feet from person As 'ome is anempty fie!d, t'e same area at person /s property co#!d 'ost a swimming poo!) Dowever, a broadr#!e pro'ibiting warrant!ess #se of a drone on property t'at contains any in'abited b#i!dings

wo#!d best protect t'e interests of bot' t'e p#b!ic and !aw enforcement)


13/31

State 3a&s Com%ng No&/Ba#

State la&s #estro! t'e %n#ustr!Hobert D) ?ru$er 15, !itigation associate at Greenberg ra#rig, LLP, Apri! 24, 201@,%7885H%AL H7N5" AN PHA%J$ %AN >5 HU" "A5" >D H7N5

isconsin 'as approved a bi!! t'at wo#!d ma*e it a misdemeanor to p'otograp', record, orot'erwise observe an individ#a! in any !ocation in w'ic' t'e individ#a! 'as a reasonab!ee6pectation of privacy) n149 A recent %a!ifornia bi!! wo#!d ma*e it a trespass to f!y a drone,

wit'o#t consent, over private property and be!ow t'e navigab!e airspace) n1@0 'e e6as Privacy Actcreates two separate misdemeanors$ .1 non+consens#a! UA imaging of private property, and .2 possessing or distrib#ting animage so obtained) n1@1 And t'ese are on!y some e6amp!es of !egis!ation targeted at private or commercia! UA") P4E Loca!ities 'avea!so beg#n to restrict UA f!ig't, wit' m#c' more pec#!iar res#!ts) /ot' "t) /onafici#s, 8innesota and 5vanston, !!inois 'ave

banned UA f!ig't wit'in city !imits) n1@2 5vanstonKs reso!#tion e6empts 'obbyists from t'e ban, b#t "t) /onafici#sKs does not) n1@37f co#rse, t'e most a!arming so!#tion proposed at t'e !oca! !eve! arises in eer rai!, %o!orado++t'e town t'at considered iss#ing

drone '#nting !icenses) n1@4 P49 "o far, attempts to address commercia! UA" at t'e state and !oca! !eve!'ave probab!y overreac'ed at times)


14/31

AT@ (o#el%ng A#"antage


15/31

Internat%onal Drones Alt Cause

T'e plan #oesnt get mo#ele#---t'e%r e"%#ene one#es ,S #rone pol%! a$roa# %saus%ng 3at%n Amer%an #rone m%l%tar%+at%oniego Cupolo 1), Latin American po!icy writer for 7cc#py, 1(E(2014, >'y >ide!y

Unreg#!ated rone Use s "oaring in Latin America&, 7cc#py,'ttp$((www)occ#py)com(artic!e(w'y+wide!y+#nreg#!ated+drone+#se+soaring+!atin+america'e same co#!d 'appen wit' UAs, "anc'e said) 7nce drones become wide!y estab!is'ed as too!s for!aw

enforcement and m%l%tar! operat%ons , t'e probabi!ity ofs#c' incidents wi!!on!y increase) 'e matterwo#!d be f#rt'er comp!icated if and w'en Latin American governments begin dep!oying armed domestic drones)rone

tec'no!ogy is regarded as #sef#! to find t'ese g#erri!!a fig'ters and, given t'e controversia! s#ccess of arme#

#rones by co#ntries !i*e t'e U)" ), it is on!y a matter of time before Latin American mi!itaries

decide to fo!!ow s#it and #ti!ie drones for searc'+and+destroy missionsin t'e name of nationa! sec#rity,&"anc'e wrote in a %7DA report tit!ed Latin America P#ts it's#rvei!!ance drones, governments can on!y !ocate a target) 'ey m#st sti!! send 'e!icopters f#!! of armed so!diers to capt#re ore!iminate t'e t'reat and t'is may re-#ire a 'ig'+ris* mi!itary operation) "#c' dep!oyments ta*e time and p!anning, w'ic' may a!!ow

targets to get away)"anc'e said t'ere is an obvio#s advantage to armed drones, b#t raises concerns over t'eprospect of s#c' tec'no!ogy in t'e 'ands of dictatoria! governments)'eres definite!y a need for a tec'no!ogy t'ats bot' c'eap

and can 'ave some rea!!y positive res#!ts, b#t obvio#s!y t'eres a possibi!ity t'is tec'no!ogy can be #sed for a!! t'ewrong reasons and, #nfort#nate!y, t'ro#g'o#t Latin Americas 'istory, t'e ab#se of power :'as; tend:ed; to'appen -#ite often,& "anc'e said)'e


16/31

%ommander spo*esman Iose H#i to!d it' a #rug &ar t'at s'ows no sign of stopping after 'a!f a

cent#ry, narco+terrorist gro#psabo#nd, and vio!ent carte!sare operating across internationa! borders) ts no

s#rprise t'at Latin+American mi!itaries are see.%ng ,A te'nolog!to give t'em an edge over t'eir

riva!s)tst'erefore on!y a matter of time before drones ta*e to t'e s*ies of Latin America insignificant n#mbers, b#t -#estions remain over w'o wi!! be providing t'em)%#rrent!y, srae! 'as t'e mar*et cornered wit'over R@00 mi!!ion in sa!es to Latin America between 200@ and 2012) 'e recent revision of U" drone e6port po!icyco#!d c'ange t'e pict#re) efense man#fact#rers !i*e Genera! Atomics 'ave been !oo*ing "o#t' for some time, b#t were'it'erto restricted to case by case approva! by t'e "tate epartment no sa!es were ever approved to Latin America)Hegiona!man#fact#rers 'ave a!so been ma*ing strides in drone tec'no!ogy over t'e past few years) Latin+American defense man#fact#rers!i*e 5mbraer, Avibras, and Avana 'ave beg#n p#s'ing t'eir prod#cts in t'e mar*et) as'ington provides $%ll%ons of #ollars %n seur%t! a%# to nations t'ro#g'o#t Latin

America = its not #nt'in*ab!e t'at some of t'is money co#!d be p#t towards #nmanned aeria!systems) n fact, t'e Pentagon did #st t'is in 2013 w'en it donated an #nspecified n#mber of /oeing "can 5ag!e s#rvei!!ance


17/31

drones to t'e %o!ombian government) ts in U" interests to enco#rage t'ese types of transactions)>as'ington provides t'e initia! aid pac*age, t'en sits bac* and benefits from t'e inf!ow of capita! to U" companies Fsim#!taneo#s!y strengt'ening mi!itary and dip!omatic ties in t'e region)7f co#rse, drones arent a si!ver b#!!et for sec#rity fai!#res)"trengt'ening defense capabi!ity is on!y part of a pict#re t'at inc!#des strengt'ened instit#tions, respect for t'e r#!e of !aw, andgreater economic opport#nities to 'e!p individ#a!s c'oose a!ternative ro#tes to organied crime and terrorist organiations)

Nevert'e!ess,UA tec' no!ogywi!! be a we!come ac-#isition for t'ose nations see*ing to enforcepeace wit'in t'eir bordersand negate t'e advantages of 'ard+to+trac* g#erri!!a gro#ps and narco+traffic*ing carte!s) >e

s'o#!d e6pect to see U" drones in Latin+American s*ies sooner rat'er t'an !ater)


18/31

Internat%onal Agreement e!

T'e%r e"%#ene sa!s %nternat%onal stan#ar#s nee# to $e #e"elope#---'eres moree"%#ene t'at an %nternat%onal o#e of on#ut %s &'at 3at%n Amer%an lea#ers

&ant

Nac'a Cattan 11, correspondent for t'e %'ristian "cience 8onitor, "pread of drone programsin Latin America spar*s ca!!s for code of cond#ct,& 4(20(11,'ttp$((www)csmonitor)com(>or!d(Americas(2011(0420("pread+of+drone+programs+in+Latin+

America+spar*s+ca!!s+for+code+of+cond#ct

Drones are 'ere to sta!, e6perts say, and t'e time is past for debate) At t'is point in t'e game, Latin

America s'o#!d co!!aborate to deve!op a code of cond#ct t'at wi!! prevent t'e arming of dronesand ass#age civi!ian concerns, says Io'anna 8ende!son


19/31

C'%le Sol"es (o#el%ng

C'%le sol"es---t'e!re %nst%tut%ng regulat%ons no&A6P 15, Agence+it' t'ese r#!es, un%ue %n 3at%n

Amer%a , t'eir #se wi!! be reg#!ated, said 8a6imi!iano Larraec'ea, t'e 'ead of %'i!eKs civi! aviation a#t'ority)

rones for p#b!ic #se, s#c' as in t'e rea!m of b#sinesses and t'e media, are re-#ired to weig' !ess t'an si6*i!ograms.13 po#nds and 'ave parac'#tes, according to t'e reg#!ations)Larraec'ea said t'at a seven+*i!ogram dronefa!!ing 10 meters .33 feet co#!d be !et'a!, so weKre ca!!ing for t'e parac'#te and weig't !imit)Under t'e reg#!ations, droneoperators are re-#ired to obtain a !icense and register t'eir drone wit' t'e civi! aviationa#t'ority)


20/31

AT@ Drones ?oo# A#"antage


21/31

No Ba.las'

No #rone $a.las' no&---programs susta%na$leAnt'ony L) %mer! 1


22/31

potentia!, a!!owing #s to e6ec#te dangero#s or diffic#!t tas*s safe!y and efficient!y,& said oscano, w'o stressed t'at >'et'er it is'e!ping first responders, advancing scientific researc' or ma*ing b#siness more efficient, #nmanned aeria! systems are capab!e ofsaving time, saving money and most important!y, saving !ives)& AU" ice President Gretc'en >est a!so 'as said t'at a !ot of t'e

p#b!ic& t'at doesnt #nderstand m#c' abo#t drone tec'no!ogy conse-#ent!y dont #nderstand t'at for first responders, dronesare being #sed to do t'e same t'ing t'eyve #sed manned aircraft for years )& 'e Ga!!#p po!! in 8arc'fo#nd t'at on a re!ative basis, Americans are not paying a partic#!ar!y 'ig'+!eve! of attention to t'e controversy s#rro#nding&governments #se of drones) 'e po!! fo#nd 49 percent, or abo#t 'a!f of t'e persons s#rveyed, are fo!!owing news abo#t drones veryor somew'at c!ose!y)& AU"Ks >est ec'oed ot'er a#t'orities by saying its #st t'at :drones; are more affordab!e and #s#a!!y amore efficient option)& n response to o#tgoing A operation and ot'er 'ig' ris* po!icing activities) 'e #se of sma!!, remote!ycontro!!ed m#!ti+sensor drone p!atforms are e6pected to become critica! too!s to aide and assist first responders, especia!!y in 'ig'ris* !aw enforcement, fire and searc' and resc#e circ#mstances) 'eir va!#e certain!y wo#!d be recognied in t'e event of awidespread catastrop'ic disaster re-#iring identification of !ocations w'ere immediate emergency or medica! reso#rces are needed)n an effort to assist t'e nations first responders, D"s "cience T ec'no!ogy ."T irectorate is testing a wide variety of "UA"sensor p!atforms, inc!#ding one t'at can determine w'et'er individ#a!s are armed or #narmed) 'ey are eva!#ating w'et'er t'eyare s#itabi!ity for #se by first responders and front!ine 'ome!and sec#rity professiona!s) Hobotic aircraft tested for safety, re!iabi!ityDome!and "ec#rity oday first e6c!#sive!y reported on "Ts /orders and 8aritime "ec#rity ivisions Hobotic Aircraft for P#b!ic"afety .HAP" testing program being cond#cted in 7*!a'oma in con#nction wit' t'e University of 7*!a'oma) As t'e HAP" programp!an obtained by Dome!and "ec#rity oday stated, t'e initiative invo!ves testing sensor s#ites as part of testing sma!! drones #sing*ey performance meas#res in a variety of sim#!ated b#t rea!istic, rea!+wor!d operationa! scenarios t'at foc#s on t'e #se of "UA"tec'no!ogy in response to sit#ations w'ere '#man !ives are in imminent danger)& HAP" is designed to en'ance t'e searc' andresc#e capabi!ities of first responders by increasing :t'eir; sit#ationa! awareness)& "UA" sensors, for e6amp!e, are being tested for

t'eir abi!ity to !ocate and provide t'e position of targets of interest satisfactori!y for searc' and resc#e personne! in a variety ofterrain and day conditions)& o en'ance fire and disaster response capabi!ities of first responders by increasing t'eir sit#ationa!awareness, sensors mo#nted on bot' fi6ed+ and rotary+wing drones weig'ing 2@ po#nds or !ess are being tested for t'eir abi!ity to!ocate and provide t'e position of fire or 'ot spots despite t'e presence of obects t'at obsc#re t'eir !ine+of+site= !ocate and providet'e position and concentration of c'emica! agents= and !ocate and provide t'e position and concentration of radio!ogica! agents) 'eHAP" est P!an e6p!ained "ma!! Unmanned Aircraft "ystems may soon become va!#ab!e too!s for first and emergency respondersand for t'ose responsib!e for U" border sec#rity)& t emp'asied t'at "UA" can provide tactica!, rapid+response capabi!ities andm#c' better sit#ationa! awareness before fie!d officers and agents respond to and engage in potentia!!y dangero#s operations)& 8anyso+ca!!ed drones& are a!ready in #se for mi!itary and 'ome!and sec#rity p#rposes, and are -#ic*!y being deve!oped for transition top#b!ic safety, first responder and commercia! app!ications, according to t'e new D"" researc' paper, Unmanned Aircraft and t'eD#man 5!ement$ P#b!ic Perceptions and


23/31

missions) ."i6ty+seven percent were opposed to drones enforcing speed !imits F even t'o#g' manned aircraft a!ready performt'is f#nction in 19 states across t'e co#ntry)

No $a.las' on pr%"a! no&---strong safet! restr%t%ons alrea#! &or.

?ave'Wa##ell 15, Nationa! Io#rna!, 'i!eadvocates are worried t'at !aw enforcement co#!d #se drones in ways t'at vio!ate citiensK

privacy, t'ere>s l%ttle fear t'at t'e!>re $e%ng a$use# !et ) Safet! restr%t%ons are so

str%t t'at most pol%e #epartments are st%ll us%ng t'em %n u%te l%m%te# &a!s , t'e

A%LUKs "tan!ey said) 'is is sti!! an iss#e of !oo*ing down t'e road to w'at we *now is coming)'e tec' no!ogy is neweno#g' t'at po!ice gro#ps are sti!! grapp!ing wit' its imp!ications and !imitations ) >eKre doingsome researc' rig't now to come #p wit' some mode! po!icy, said Io'n 'ompson, dep#ty e6ec#tive directorof t'e Nationa! "'eriffsK Association) >e donKt 'ave a statement or opinion on it at t'is point)


24/31

Russ%a Impat D

No Russ%a &ar---no mot%"e or apa$%l%t!Betts 1ar is rea!!y over, and t'e >est rea!!y won, t'en contin#ing imp!icit deterrence does !ess to protect

against a neg!igib!e t'reat from H#ssia t'an to feed s#spicions t'at aggravate po!itica! friction) n contrast to d#ring t'e %o!d >ar, it is now 'ardto ma*e t'e case t'at H#ssia is more a t'reat to NA7 t'an t'e reverse) arsaw Pact or at best even, 'as not

on!y s'ifted to NA7Ks advantage= it 'as become utterl! lops%#e# )H#ssia is now a !one!y

fraction of w'at t'e o!d >arsaw Pact was)t not on!y !ost its o!d eastern 5#ropean a!!ies= t'ose a!!ies are now arrayed on t'eot'er side, as members of NA7) /y every significant meas#re of power ++ mi!itary spending , men #nderarms, pop#!ation, economic strengt' , contro! of territory ++ NA7 enoys massive advantages

over H#ssia) 'e on!y capabi!ity t'at *eeps H#ssia mi!itari!y potent is its n#c!ear arsena!) 'ere is no plaus%$le &a!, 'owever,

t'at 8oscowKs n#c!ear weapons co#!d be #sed for aggression, e6cept as a bac*stop for aconventiona! offensive ++ for w'ic' NA7Ks capabi!ities are now far greater) H#ssiaKs intentions

constit#te no more of a t'reat t'an its capabi!ities) A!t'o#g' 8oscowKs r#!ing e!ites p#s'distastef#! po!icies, t'ere is no plaus%$le &a! t'ey co#!d t'in* a mi!itary attac* on t'e >est

wo#!d serve t'eir interests)#ring t'e twentiet' cent#ry, t'ere were intense territoria! conf!icts between t'e two sides and a titanicstr#gg!e between t'em over w'ose ideo!ogy wo#!d dominate t'e wor!d) !adimir P#tinKs H#ssiais a#t'oritarian, b#t #n!i*e t'e "oviet Union, itis not t'e vang#ard of a g!obe+spanning revo!#tionary idea!)

Col# &ar alulat%ons no longer appl! 8 ne%t'er s%#e &oul# ons%#er &arCart&r%g't et al 12:Gen .Het Iames %artwrig't, former ice %'airman of t'e Ioint %'iefs of"taff= Amb) Hic'ard /#rt, former ambassador to Germany and c'ief negotiator of "AH= "en)%'#c* Dage!= Amb) 'omas Pic*ering, former ambassador to t'e UN= Gen) .Het) Iac* "'ee'an,former "#preme A!!ied %ommander At!antic for NA7 and %ommander+in+%'ief for t'e U)")

At!antic %ommand= GL7/AL 5H7 U)") NUcL5AH P7Licy c788i""i7N H5P7H,

'ttp$((orepa)org(wp+content(#p!oads(2012(0@(cartwrig't+report)pdf;'ese i!!#strative ne6t steps are possib!e and desirab!e for five basic reasons) ar, f#nctions on t'e margins #sing

o#tdated scenarios t'at are imp!a#sib!e today) 'ere is no one%"a$le s%tuat%on in t'e

contemporary wor!d in w'ic' it wo#!d be in eit'er co#ntrys nationa! sec#rity interest toinitiate a n#c!ear attac* against t'e ot'er side) 'eir c#rrent stoc*pi!es .ro#g'!y @,000 n#c!ear weapons eac' int'eir active dep!oyed and reserve arsena!s vast!y e6ceed w'at is needed to satisfy reasonab!e re-#irements of deterrence

between t'e two co#ntries as we!! as vis+Z+vis t'ird co#ntries w'ose n#c!ear arsena!s pa!e in comparison -#antitative!y)

"en a nulear e*'ange &oul# #e-esalateEu%nlan F:8ic'ae! V#in!an, former /ritis' Permanent Under "ecretary of "tate for efence,former irector of t'e itc'!ey


25/31

t fai!s to consider w'at t'e sit#ation of t'e decisionma*ers wo#!d rea!!y be) Neit'er sideco#!d want esca!ation ) /ot' wo#!d be appa!!edat w'at was going on) /ot' wo#!d be desperate!y !oo*ingfor signs t'at t'e ot'er was ready to ca!! a 'a!t ) /ot', given t'e capacity for evasion or concea!ment w'ic'modern de!ivery p!atforms and ve'ic!es can possess, co#!d 'ave in reserve significant forces inv#!nerab!eeno#g' not to entai! #se+or+!ose press#res) .t may be more open to -#estion, as noted ear!ier, w'et'er newern#c!ear weapon possessors can be immediate!y in t'at position= b#t it is wit'in reac' of any s#bstantia! state

wit' advanced tec'no!ogica! capabi!ities, and attaining it is certain to be a 'ig' priority in t'e deve!opment offorces) As a res#!t, neit'er side can 'ave any predisposition to s#ppose, in an ambig#o#s sit#ationof fearf#! ris*, t'at t'e rig't co#rse w'en in do#bt is to go on copio#s!y !a#nc'ing weapons)And none of t'is ana!ysis rests on any pres#mption of 'ig'!y s#bt!e or pre+concertedrationa!ity) 'e rationa!ity re-#ired is p!ain)


26/31

Neg =ffense


27/31

Terror DA 8 1NC 3%n.

T'e plans regulat%ons on #rones &re. CT operat%onsGregory (Neal 1), is a professor at Pepperdine University "c'oo! of Law and a contrib#tor to


28/31

Terror DA 8 AT@ Impat D

rr neg---t'e r%s. of terror%sm %s latent an# non-apparent---sur"e%llane %s .e! topre"ent atta.s e"en %f t'e r%s. #oesnt seem '%g'Iames Andrew 3e&%s 1), senior fe!!ow and director of t'e "trategic ec'no!ogies Program at

t'e %enter for "trategic and nternationa! "t#dies, ecember 2014, Underestimating His* int'e "#rvei!!ance ebate,&'ttp$((csis)org(fi!es(p#b!ication(141209SLewisSUnderestimatingHis*S>eb)pdf

Americans are re!#ctant to accept terrorism is part of t'eir dai!y !ives, b#t attac*s 'ave beenp!anned or attempted against American targets .#s#a!!y air!iners or #rban areas a!most every

year since 9(11) 5#rope faces even greater ris*, given t'e t'o#sands of 5#ropean Union citiensw'o wi!! ret#rn 'ardened and radica!ied from fig'ting in "yria and ra-)'e t'reat of attac* is easy to e6aggerate , b#t t'at does not mean it is none6istent) A#stra!iast'en+attorney genera! said in A#g#st 2013 t'at comm#nications s#rvei!!ance 'ad stopped fo#rmass cas#a!ty events & since 200E) 'e constant p!anning and preparation for attac* by

terrorist gro#ps is not apparent to t'e p#b!ic) 'e di!emma in assessing ris* is t'at it isdiscontin#o#s ) 'ere can be !ong periods wit' no noticeab!e activity , on!y to 'ave t'e apparent

ca!m e6p!ode)'e debate over 'ow to reform comm#nications s#rvei!!ance 'as disco#nted t'is ris*)

%omm#nications s#rvei!!ance is an essentia! !aw enforcement and inte!!igence too! ) 'ere is no

rep!acement for it) "ome s#ggestions for a!ternative approac'es to s#rvei!!ance, s#c' as t'e ideat'at t'e Nationa! "ec#rity Agency .N"A on!y trac* *nown or s#spected terrorists, ref!ectwis'f#! t'in*ing , as it is t'e #n*nown terrorist w'o wi!! inf!ict t'e greatest 'arm)
http://csis.org/files/publication/141209_Lewis_UnderestimatingRisk_Web.pdfhttp://csis.org/files/publication/141209_Lewis_UnderestimatingRisk_Web.pdf


29/31

1NC Pol%t%s 3%n.

T'e plans mass%"el! unpopular---%ron tr%angle of support for unrestr%te# #roneusageIefferson (orle! 12, "a!on, 'e drones are coming + to America, Apri! 10,

www)sa!on)com(2012(04(10(t'eSdronesSareScomingStoSamerica('e opening of domesticairspace to drones 'as been driven by ind#stry and t'e Pentagon wit'o#t m#c'attention to privacyand civi! !iberties iss#es) 'e drones, first deve!oped in t'e 1990s, became pop#!ar wit' U)") mi!itary commanders inra- and Afg'anistan as a way of targeting enemies wit'o#t ris*ing U)") so!diers)Ast'osewars wind down, t'e Pentagon is!oo*ing to e6pand t'eir #se o#tside of war t'eaters)'e st#ff from Afg'anistan is going to come bac*,& "tevePennington, t'e Air


30/31

2NC/1NR Pol%t%s 3%n. Wall

Drone lo$$! %nterests out&e%g' l%n. turns---%ts 'ugel! po&erfulG!enn ?reen&al# 1

'avenKt been s#bect to serio#s %ongressiona! review) rone operations often proceed wit'o#t any a#t'oriation

or *now!edge of t'e intervened nations) 7n t'e domestic front, !oca! po!ice and Dome!and "ec#rity agentsare a!so ent'#siastica!!y dep!oying drones for !aw enforcement and border sec#rity missions) Ata!! !eve!s, government in t'e United "tates is side!ining mo#nting civi! rig'ts, privacy and air

safety concerns) T'e ,S Congress funt%ons more as a $ooster for t'e #rone

%n#ustr! t'an as a regulator )


31/31

Drones are %nreas%ngl! ontro"ers%al %n Was'%ngton---e*ept%ons arent agree#uponNancyWat+man 1), "#n!ig't

Documents

Drones Supplement - Northwestern 2015