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Driving Intelligence
G.VIJAY BHASKAR
ASST.PROF
AUTOMOBILE ENGININEERING DEPT
Vehicle Body Engineering
Driving Intelligence
UNIT I
Driving Intelligence
Active Vehicle Safety Systems Save Lives
• We are on the frontier of a revolution in active vehicle safety
• The technology to improve vehicle stability and reduce crashes is here today
• Surveys indicate safety systems, like electronic stability control, are highly desired by consumers
• Electronic stability control saves lives and money according to the latest traffic studies
• Continental is actively educating key stakeholders on critical active safety technology
Driving Intelligence
Our Industry is Under Siege
Driving Intelligence
Crashes Cost Americans $230 Billion
6.3 million passenger vehicle crashes in 2002
$230.6 billion economic cost to society
• Nearly 3 million injuries and 42,815 fatalities
• Rollovers accounted for 82% of the increase in fatalities• 95% of all crashes due at least in part to driver error
• 253,000 passenger vehicle rollovers• Injuries declined, but fatalities increased• Highest number of fatalities since 1990
Driving Intelligence
The Motor Vehicle Safety Equipment Exists Now to Help Reduce Crashes and Rollovers
It’s Called Electronic Stability Control
Driving Intelligence
Technology is our passion but
safety is our business
Driving Intelligence
Electronic Stability Control Improves Safety
We Have Safety Technology Today to Make Mobility Safer!
Driving Intelligence
The Bottom Line
Make the chassis itselfelectronically intelligent
Raise comfort and safety to new levels without sacrifices
Driving Intelligence
Passive Safety is Job Three
The next frontier isto prevent the crash
from occurring in the first place
Driving Intelligence
Active Safety is Job One
The key isto prevent the crash
from occurring in the first place
This is active safety
Driving Intelligence
Opportunities in Smart Safety Systems
The key isto prevent the crash
from occurring in the first place
Driving Intelligence
UNIT II
Driving Intelligence
Automotive Safety Continuum
Phase 1: Avoid problem
situations.
Driving Intelligence
Automotive Safety Continuum
Phase 1: Avoid problem
situations.
Phase 2: Maintain control
if trouble begins
Driving Intelligence
Automotive Safety Continuum
Phase 1: Avoid problem
situations.
Phase 2: Maintain control
if trouble begins
Phase 3: Protection when the
crash is unavoidable
Driving Intelligence
Automotive Safety Continuum
Phase 1: Avoid problem
situations.
Phase 2: Maintain control
if trouble begins
Our Focus Should be
Crash Avoidance
Driving Intelligence
Driver
Tires
Brakes
Steering
Struts
Chassis Mounts
Springs
Electronics
Improved Safety Through Functional Integration
Driving Intelligence
Networking Active and Passive Technologies Will Improve Safety
Accident preventing systems(Global Chassis Control)
Stability management systems(Electronic Stability Program, Roll Stability
Control, Electronic Stability Program II)
Active SafetyAccident prevention
Electronic brake systems(Anti-lock Brake Systems, Traction Control
Systems, Brake Assist)
Hydraulic brake systems(brake caliper, brake booster, etc.)
Driving Intelligence
Networking Active and Passive Technologies Will Improve Safety
Accident preventing systems(Global Chassis Control)
Stability management systems(Electronic Stability Program, Roll Stability
Control, Electronic Stability Program II)
Active SafetyAccident prevention
Electronic brake systems(Anti-lock Brake Systems, Traction Control
Systems, Brake Assist)
Hydraulic brake systems(brake caliper, brake booster, etc.)
Passive SafetyInjury prevention
Injury preventing systems (OOP, CV)
Electronic restraints(Airbags, seatbelt tensioner,..)
Intelligent restraints (Satellites, PRP)
Mechanical restraints(seatbelts,..)
Goal:A vehicle that prevents accidents and injuries
Driving Intelligence
Continental Brings together Know-How in Tires, Electronics and Brake and Chassis
Electronics
Brake & Chassis
Tires
Driving Intelligence
Full Circle
Before:the industry “needs to do more”
on the safety front
Driving Intelligence
Full Circle
Before:the industry “needs to do more”
on the safety front
Now: we need to do more to make our technology better understood and
sought after in the new vehicle marketplace
Driving Intelligence
Our Challenge: Make Consumers More Aware of Active Vehicle Safety
Develop public awarenessof these possibilities to engineer a
miss…
Get them to buy them!
Driving Intelligence
J.D. Power & Associates Survey Ranked Stability Control among Top
10 Desired Features
Driving Intelligence
ESC Helps Save Lives
Recent study by Mercedes indicates Electronic Stability Control can reduce single vehicle crashes by 30%
• 30% reduction in the U.S. could save more than 5,000 lives
Same Mercedes study indicated total crashes for vehicles equipped with Electronic Stability Control were reduced by 15%
• Would save American public almost $35 billion
• Would pay for the cost of installing Electronic Stability Control on all vehicles built in the U.S. some 7-9 times
Driving Intelligence
Bottom Line in the Mercedes Study:
There was a clear drop in the accident rate after
standard installation of electronic stability control
Driving Intelligence
- In Japan -
• Toyota Study shows 35% reduction in single-vehicle crashes: could save more than 6,000 lives a year
• 30% reduction in head-on crashes could save another 2,500 lives per year
• 50% reduction for more severe accidents• Confirms Mercedes conclusion that electronic
stability control is more effective in the higher speed ranges where vehicle dynamics play a greater part and where crashes that do occur are more severe
Electronic Stability Control Helps Drivers Avoid Crashes
Driving Intelligence
- In Sweden -
Swedish National Road Administration Study:
• Electronic stability control found to reduce accidents with personal injuries
• Electronic stability control should be implemented in new cars ASAP
• Consumers should be advised to choose cars with electronic stability control, especially in countries with wet and icy roads
Electronic Stability Control Recommended For All New Vehicles
Driving Intelligence
• With fatalities overcoming the safety gains from seat belts and air bags (both passive systems), it’s now the critical time for the industry to embrace ACTIVE safety systems like electronic stability control. Using proven technology to save lives is a necessity
Electronic Stability Control Saves Lives
Driving Intelligence
Raising Consumer Awareness
www.drivesaferamerica.org
www.esceducation.org
Driving Intelligence
The Technology to Help Drivers Avoid Crashes Altogether and Make all Vehicles Safer is Within
Our Grasp…
Are We Ready?
Driving Intelligence
Active Vehicle Safety Saves Lives• We are the frontier of a revolution in active vehicle safety
• Technology to save lives, help prevent rollovers and reduce crashes is here today – ESC
• Electronic stability control is as important to safety as airbags, ABS or seatbelts
• Several recent independent studies from Europe and Asia prove electronic stability control saves lives and reduces crashes and their severity
• Electronic stability control helps avoid crashes before they happen
• Actively preventing accidents significantly reduces the number of injuries and will save thousands of lives annually
• This proven technology is available to the North American driving public today, but most consumers are still unaware it exists
Driving Intelligence
UNIT III
Driving Intelligence
INTRODUCTION• AERODYNAMICS :
Study of forces generated by motion of air on moving body.
CLASSIFACATION OF AERODYNAMICS :
external and internal, subsonic , supersonic , hypersonic
FIELDS OF APPLICATION :
aerospace engineering, design of automobiles , ships , civil
engineering , design of bridges etc.
Driving Intelligence
AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A BODY
LIFT
(DOWNFORCE)
DRAG
WEIGHT
THRUST
Driving Intelligence
HISTORY OF EVOLUTION OF AERODYNAMICS IN CARS
• DESIGN’S IN EARLY 20th CENTURY : cars with low speeds, no aerodynamic problems.
CAR’S IN THE EARLY 50’s : cars designed for big family’s , complete negligence of aerodynamics.
CARS AFTER 70’s : fuel crisis , need of economic designs , evolution of aerodynamics.
Driving Intelligence
WHY WE NEED TO IMPROVE AERODYNAMICS IN CARS
• SPEED
better aerodynamics higher will be the speeds.
• FUEL EFFICIENCY
better aerodynamics , less work for engine.
Driving Intelligence
Aerodynamics to make the efficient even more efficient!
Driving Intelligence
Mythbusters – Tailgait down or up?
Driving Intelligence
Mythbusters – Tailgait down or up?
Driving Intelligence
AERODYNAMICS IN MCLAREN F1
SPECIFICATIONS
FRONT END
REAR END
SCOOPS
WINGS Mclaren F1
Driving Intelligence
AERODYNAMIC DEVICES
• SPOILERS
• NACA DUCTS Increase rate of flow To expose air to areas not exposed to direct air
flow.
Driving Intelligence
METHODS TO EVALUATE AERODYNAMICS IN CARS
WIND TUNNELS • Research tool to study effect of air moving over
a solid object.• Trial and error process.• Special pressure paints for analysis.• Detailed analysis of air flow patterns.
• Analyzing for the optimal design.
Driving Intelligence
AERODYNAMIC IMPROVEMENTS IN THE CAR THAT WE ALREADY OWN
Keep your vehicle washed and waxedRemove mud flaps behind wheelsPlace license plate out of air flowAvoid roof-racks or carriersClose windows, close sunroof
Driving Intelligence
CONCLUSION
• Aerodynamics in cars is a factor in the over all performance of the car, it should never be compromised.
Driving Intelligence
UNIT IV
Driving Intelligence
Back
Driving IntelligenceBack
Driving IntelligenceBack
Driving Intelligence
FRONT ENDFRONTAL PRESSUREPRESSURE DIFFERENCEMINIMISE FRONTAL AREAREDUCE cd
Back
Driving Intelligence
SCOOPS
ENGINE COOLING INCREASESFLOW
RATE OF AIR
Back
Driving Intelligence
REAR ENDREAR VACUMFLOW DETACHEMENTTURBULANCE
Back
Driving Intelligence
WINGS
PRODUCE DOWNFORCE
REDUCE DRAG
Back
Driving Intelligence
Back
Driving IntelligenceBack
Driving Intelligence
COEFFICIENT OF DRAG
Drag = 1/2xd x Cd x A Xv2
Measure of aerodynamic
efficiency.
Back
Driving Intelligence
SPECIFICATIONS• EngineType:V12
• Curb Weight : 1100 kg.
• Displacement:6064 cc
• Horsepower:627 bhp @ 7400 rpm
• Torque:479 lb-ft @ 4000 rpm
• Performance0-60 mph:3.2 sec
• 0-100 mph:6.3 sec
• Top Speed:240 mph /hr
BACK
Driving Intelligence
Some Background...Cars at first were built entirely of wood, and later of wood frames with steel body panels.
In the early 1900’s, the idea of a body-on-frame design came about.
These vehicles hadThese vehicles hada load-bearing chassisa load-bearing chassisthat supported all thethat supported all themechanical partsmechanical partsand a body usual madeand a body usual madeof steel.of steel.
Ford Model TFord Model TCourtesy Car Body DesignCourtesy Car Body Design
http://www.carbodydesign.com/articles/2005-04-13-chassis-history/2005-04-13-chassis-history.phphttp://www.carbodydesign.com/articles/2005-04-13-chassis-history/2005-04-13-chassis-history.php
Driving Intelligence
Moving Forward...
Heavy-duty vehicles like trucks and busses still use the idea of body-on-frame.
Regardless of the construction technique, steel is still the predominant material used in automotive frames.
Today, most smaller Today, most smaller vehicles such as small vehicles such as small SUV’s and sedans use a SUV’s and sedans use a unibody (or monocoque) unibody (or monocoque) construction.construction.
Honda Civic FrameHonda Civic Framehttp://automobiles.honda.com/images/2009/civic-sedan/safety/safety-header.jpghttp://automobiles.honda.com/images/2009/civic-sedan/safety/safety-header.jpg
Driving Intelligence
A Quick Comparison
MonocoquesMonocoques
Typical Ladder FrameTypical Ladder Frame
Driving Intelligence
What it’s all AboutToday, the new revolution in car design is the use of new materials in the vehicle structure.
As fuel economy restrictions become tighter, manufacturers must find new ways to meet them.
This has led them away from using so much steel in the vehicles, and more and more are moving towards aluminum.
The central theme of our project was to compare The central theme of our project was to compare these new lightweight aluminum cars to their these new lightweight aluminum cars to their steel predecessors and see if anything is being steel predecessors and see if anything is being sacrificed and/or gained.sacrificed and/or gained.
Driving Intelligence
A Basic Comparison
Two common alloys used in car manufacturing:For Aluminum: AA 5182
For Steel: AISI 1020
SteelSteel AlAl
Yield Yield StrengthStrength
(MPa)(MPa)294.8294.8 395395
UTS (MPa)UTS (MPa) 394.7394.7 420420
Hardness Hardness (HB500)(HB500) 104104 5858
Data Courtesy efundaData Courtesy efundahttp://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1020&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%201020http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/carbon_steels/show_carbon.cfm?ID=AISI_1020&prop=all&Page_Title=AISI%201020
http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/aluminum/show_aluminum.cfm?ID=AA_5182&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AA%205182http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/aluminum/show_aluminum.cfm?ID=AA_5182&show_prop=all&Page_Title=AA%205182
Driving Intelligence
Properties
Density of Steel: 7.88 g/cm3
Density of Aluminum: 2.7 g/cm3
Aluminum is about 3 times lighter than steel per unit volume, but can be made just as strong using certain alloys/shapes/bonding methods.
Because of this, AL parts can be thicker, and thus stronger, than their steel counterparts, all while weighing less.
Driving Intelligence
The Cost IssueWhile Al may seem like a miracle metal for car production, there is a reason not all cars are made from Al... It costs a lot more than Steel.
Driving Intelligence
The Move to AluminumThe first production vehicle to move to an Al frame was the Audi A8 in 1994.
This allowed Audi to make their full-size car lighter than the competitions (BMW, Mercedes,Lexus...), thus giving them the edge in performance & handling.
This comes at a price premium though, for instance compared to a Lexus LS460 (Steel framed) which costs around $65,000. The A8 starts at $75,000
Audi A8Audi A8
Lexus LS460Lexus LS460
Driving Intelligence
An Increasing Trend
http://www2.prnewswire.com/mnr/duckerworldwide/37515/http://www2.prnewswire.com/mnr/duckerworldwide/37515/
Driving Intelligence
Cars Utilizing Al Frames
Driving Intelligence
WeightThe most obvious advantage to using aluminum in place of steel in cars is aluminum weighs less.
Weight Comparison Among Full-Size Luxury Cars
0325650975
1300162519502275260029253250357539004225455048755200
BMW 7-Series Mercedes S-Class
Audi A8 Jaguar XJ
Cu
rb W
eig
ht
(lb
s.)
Cars with Mostly AlCars with Mostly Al
Space FramesSpace Frames
Driving Intelligence
SafetyNot too many safety tests have been performed on Al framed vehicles due to their usually higher price.
However, the Audi A2 is an inexpensive compact car that has been tested, and received overall favorable reviews compared to its steel bodies counterparts.
Driving Intelligence
Some other advantages...There are some manufacturing methods that can only be done with aluminum, such as extrusions.
These extrusions allows the Al Space Frame to have about half the amount of parts as a traditional steel monocoque.
Because of all this, Al is already a cheaper material to use for low volume production cars (under 100,000 units a year or so).
Driving Intelligence
A Few Other Facts...
Today, the average car contains about 200 pounds of aluminum parts.
Aluminum space frames (like that from Audi), contain fewer parts and fewer connection nodes, which helps keep production costs lower.
Driving Intelligence
UNIT V
Driving Intelligence
In The FutureWhile Aluminum may be the wave of the future for now, some exotic car companies are already looking ahead to composite materials.
Take for example Porsche Carrera GT, which used a completely Carbon-Fiber monocoque construction in addition to Carbon-Fiber body panels.
Because of this, the curb weight of the car was only 3000 lbs., even with a 5.7L V-10 engine powering it.
http://andrewbeard.wordpress.com/2009/05/11/technology-carbon-fiber-monocoque-chassis/http://andrewbeard.wordpress.com/2009/05/11/technology-carbon-fiber-monocoque-chassis/
Porsche Carrera GTPorsche Carrera GThttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Porsche_Carrera_GT_-_Goodwood_Breakfast_Club_http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Porsche_Carrera_GT_-_Goodwood_Breakfast_Club_
%28July_2008%29.jpg/800px-Porsche_Carrera_GT_-_Goodwood_Breakfast_Club_%28July_2008%29.jpg%28July_2008%29.jpg/800px-Porsche_Carrera_GT_-_Goodwood_Breakfast_Club_%28July_2008%29.jpg
Driving Intelligence
ReferencesBuilding an aluminum carhttp://www.allbusiness.com/professional-scientific/scientific-research-development/443897-1.html
History of Automobile Body and Chassishttp://www.carbodydesign.com/articles/2005-04-13-chassis-history/2005-04-13-chassis-history.php
Automobile Bodies: Can Aluminum Be an Economical Alternative to Steel?http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0108/Kelkar-0108.html
Different Types of Chassishttp://www.autozine.org/technical_school/chassis/tech_chassis2.htm
Aluminum Versus Steelhttp://www.travistrailer.com/public/pag16.aspx