Drives Manual Final Eee

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Ex No. 1 FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION OF DC MOTOR USING CHOPPERDate:

AIM:

To study the operation of the four quadrant chopper and to control the speed of a D.C shunt motor using four quadrant chopper.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NONAME OF THE COMPONENTQUANTITY

1

2

3

4

5

6Four quadrant chopper drive module

D.C shunt motor

CRO with probe

Multimeter

Tachometer

Patch cards1

1

1

1

1

As required

THEORY:

The chopper circuits can operate in the entire four quadrants of the V0-I0 plane, that is the output voltage and current can be controlled both in magnitude as well as in direction. Therefore the power flows from the source to the load and is assumed to be positive.

In the second quadrant the voltage is still positive but the current is negative. The power is therefore negative. In this case the power flows from the load to the source and this can happen if the load inductive or back emf source such as DC motor. In the third quadrant both the voltage and current are negative, but the power is positive and the power flows from the source to load. In the four quadrants voltage is negative but the current is positive. The power is therefore negative. The four quadrant chopper is widely used in reversible DC motor drives. The reversible DC motor drive system requires power flow in either direction, in order to achieve fast dynamic braking.

MODEL GRAPH:

1. FOUR QUADRENT OF VO IO PLANE

2. SPEED VS VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

The four quadrant chopper with four switching device where diodes are connected in anti parallel with the switching device is also referred to as full bridge converter topology. The input to the chopper is a fixed magnitude DC voltage Vdc. The output can be a variable DC voltage with either polarity

This circuit is therefore called as the four quadrant chopper circuit the output of the full bridge converter can also be an AC voltage with variable frequency and amplitude in which case the converter is called as DC to AC converter. In a full bridge converter, when a gating signal is given to a switching device, the diode only will conduct depending on the direction of the out put load current.

The full bridge converter consists of two legs. Leg-1 comprises the switches T1, T2 and their associated anti parallel diodes D1 and D2. Leg-2 comprises the switches T3, T4, D3 and D4. While operating the converter, the two switches in the same leg are not to be switched simultaneously, since it would cause a short circuit across the DC supply i.e., only one of the device in a leg will be in the ON state and the other will be in OFF state.

In practice, both the device in a leg are made to be in OFF state for a short time interval to avoid short circulating of the DC input.

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by dc chopper?

2. What are the applications of dc chopper?

3. What are the advantages of dc chopper?

4. What is meant by step-up and step-down chopper?

5. What is meant by duty-cycle?

6. What are the two types of control strategies?

7. What is meant by TRC?

8. What are the two types of TRC?

9. What is meant by PWM control in dc chopper?

S.NOTYPETIME PERIOD(ms)DUTY CYCLESPEED

(rpm)OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Volts)

CARRIERPWM

T ONT OFFT ONT OFFAMPLITUDE

1.Forward Motoring2.20.80.40.63.25026038

0.60.437531545

0.80.439542065

2.Reverse

motoring2.20.80.40.63.15023035

0.50.4362.539050

0.70.4387.541063

TABULATION

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the armature terminals of the motor across A-AA.

2. Connect the field winding of the motor across the terminals F-FF.

3. Connect the AC input at the input terminals.

4. Checks for the circuit breaker and pulse release ON/OFF switch are in OFF position.

5. Give power to the chopper. The power switch with inductor will glow. This will ensure power supply to all the control circuit.

6. Set the duty cycle control pot for armature voltage at minimum level (i.e. set the pot for centre zero point0).

7. Set the field control chopper duty cycle for maximum level.

8. Switch ON AC supply to the bridge rectified by switching on the circuit breaker.

9. Adjust the duty cycle ratio by turning the control voltage pot knob in clockwise direction in steps.

10. For each step measure the voltage across the motor armature, the duty cycle from CRO and the speed of the motor.

11. Take the readings in steps up to the maximum armature voltage and tabulate the readings.

12. Reduce the armature voltage pot knob in the anticlockwise direction until the motor steps.

13. Once the motor steps, run the motor in the opposite direction, by turning the control voltage plot anticlockwise direction from its centre zero position.

14. Repeat steps 9 and 10 for reverse speed.

15. Reduce the speed of the motor and make it stop. Then switch OFF the circuit breaker and inhibit the gating signal.

16. Plot the motor speed vs. voltage characteristics.

INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why four quadrants operation is not possible with the experimental setup?

2. List out the Advantages of regenerative braking.

3. How variable output voltage is obtained?

4. Explain about various configurations of DC chopper.

5. Explain about the various speed controlling methods of DC motor with necessary equations.

6. How PWM is differed from frequency modulation?

7. In PWM Ton cannot be reduced to near zero-true or false. Justify the Answer.

STIMULATING QUESTIONS

1. Can you change the speed of the motor using chopper ?

2. Can you change the speed and direction of the motor using four quadrant chopper ?

RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WAVE FORM

Ex. No. 2 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND SIMULATION OF SPEED

CONTROL OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR BY STATIC ROTOR RESISTANCE.Date:

AIM:

To construct a three phase PWM inverter for slip ring induction motor and study its performance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NOCOMPONENTS NAMEQUANTITY

1

2

3

4

5

6 Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-Ph load IM Drive1

1

1

1

As required

1

THEORY:

Output voltage from an inverter can also be adjusted by exercising a control within the inverter itself. The most efficient method of doing this is by pulse-width modulation control used within an inverter. In this method, a fixed DC input voltage is given to the inverter, and a controlled AC output voltage is obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF periods of the inverter components. This is the most popular method of controlling the output voltage and this method is termed as pulse-width modulation (PWM) control.PULSE-WIDTH MODULATED INVERTERS

PWM inverters are gradually taking over other types of inverters in industrial applications. PWM techniques are characterized by constant amplitude pulses. The width of these pulses is, however, modulated to obtain inverter output voltage control and to reduce its harmonic content. Different PWM techniques are as under.

One of the most promising means of controlling the inverter output and voltage is to incorporate time ratio control within the inverter. These inverters are called as Pulse Width Modulated Inverters. This control of inverter in this method a fixed DC input voltage is given to the inverter through the bridge rectifier and a controlled AC output voltage is obtained by adjusting the ON/OFF periods of inverter components.

PWM techniques are characterized by constant amplitude pulses. The width of these pulse is however, modulated to obtain inverter output voltage control and reduce the harmonic content.

Different PWM techniques are as follows:

Single Pulse Modulation(SPM)

Multiple Pulse Modulation(MPM)

Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation (SPWM)

In PWM inverters, forced commutation is essential. The three PWM techniques mentioned above differ from each other in the harmonic content in their respective output voltages. The choice of a particular PWM technique depends upon the permissible harmonic content in the output voltage. In out experiment we are employing SPWM technique. In this modulation also several pulses per half cycle is used.However the pulse width is made sinusoidal function of the angular position of the pulses as shown in sample waveform. The frequencies of the triangular wave decide the number of pulses per half cycle and the frequency of the reference sinusoidal signal decides the frequency of the output. The output voltage is controlled by the varying the amplitude of the sinusoidal reference voltage.

In PWM inverters, forced commutation is essential. The three PWM techniques mentioned above differ from each other in the harmonic content in their respective output voltages. The choice of a particular PWM technique depends upon the permissible harmonic content in the output voltage. In industrial applications PWM inverter supplied from a diode bridge rectifier and an LC filter.

Advantages

The output voltage control with this method can be obtained without any additional components.

It is possible to substantially reduce or eliminate lower order harmonic frequencies. The higher order harmonics can by filtered by the load inductance itself. Hence no filter circuit is required even if required it will have lower size and hence the cost is less.

The main disadvantages of this method are that the SCRs are expensive as they must possess low turn-on and turn-off times.

TABULATION:

S.NOCarrier signalReference signalPWM signalOutput current

Amplitude

(V)Time Period

(ms)Amplitude

(V)Time Period

(ms)Amplitude

(V)Time Period

(ms)Amplitude

(V)Time Period

(ms)

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by inverter?

2. What are the applications of an inverter?

3. What are the main classification of inverter?

4. Why thyristors are not preferred for inverters?

5. Give two advantages of CSI.

6. List the different types of PWM control.

7. What are the advantage and disadvantage of PWM control?

PROCEDURE

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The control circuit and input AC mains supply are switched ON.(Ensure the that pulse release is in OFF position, potentiometers at zero position).

3. The DC voltmeter reading is noted down.

4. The input triggering pulse is switched ON.

5. The frequency, Amplitude controller knobs are adjusted to obtain the variable output voltage and frequency.

6. Voltmeter, Frequency meter readings for various load conditions are noted down.

7. The triggering pulse circuit is switched OFF and then AC mains supply is switched OFF.INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why IGBT are used instead of SCRs power Transistors?

2. Define Modulation Index.

3. How PWM inverters are superior to conventional inverters?

4. Explain about various PWM techniques.

5. What is the need for connection of diodes in parallel with IGBTs?

6. Mention the other methods used to eliminate the Harmonics.

7. Give the difference between converter and inverter.

8. State the difference between voltage and current source inverter.

STIMULATING QUESTIONS1. Why the three phase PWM inverter named as so?2. How to produce the pulse using PWM techniques?RESULT:

AssessmentMax MarksMarks

Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH

Ex. No. 3 VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

Date:

AIM:

To construct a three phase voltage source inverter and study its performance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:


1

2

3

4

5

6 Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-Ph load IM Drive1

1

1

1

As required

1

THEORY:

A device that converters DC power into AC power at output voltage and frequency is called inverter some industrial applications of inverter are for adjustable speed AC drives. Inductive heating stand by aircraft supplies, HVDC transmission line etc.

SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE INVERTER

In the circuit there are four IGBT Power switches are there S1 to S4. During the positive half cycle +ve voltage is obtained by firing S1 and S2. Zero level of the output voltage for a general load is obtained by turning OFF S2 and firing S3, since gate pulses are available for both S2 and S3, depending on the nature of the load inductive the load current flows through one of these IGBTs and the diode connected in parallel with the other IGBT.

In the negative half cycle, the output voltage level negative is obtained by turning ON S3 and S4. The zero level of the output voltage for a general load is obtained by turning OFF S3 and Firing S2.Depending upon the nature of the load, the current flows through one of the two switches (S2 or S4) and the diode connected in parallel with the other IGBT.

TABULATION:

SNOCARRIER SIGNALREFERENCE SIGNALPWM SIGNALOUTPUT VOLTAGE

(V)

AMPLITUDE

(V)TIME PERIOD

(ms)AMPLITUDE

(V)TIME PERIOD

(ms)AMPLITUDE

(V)TIME PERIOD (ms)

TONTOFF

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why IGBT are used instead of SCRs power Transistors?

2. Define Modulation Index?

3. How PWM inverters are superior to conventional inverters?

4. Explain about various PWM techniques?

5. What is the need for connection of diodes in parallel with IGBTs?

PROCEDURE:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram and connect the rheostat as load with input AC voltage at 24V.

2. Check all the connections and combine before switching on the equipment.

3. Switch on the inverter firing unit.

4. Note that the frequency of the firing pulse is from 40Hz to 50Hz.

5. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps and observe the load voltage wave form in CRO.

6. Now connect motor as load and slowly increase input voltage at 60V. When motor is connected and if it is not running the input voltage should not be increased suddenly.

7. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps for each step and note down the speed of the motor in rpm.

8. Tabulate the readings in the table.

INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Mention the other methods used to eliminate the Harmonics?

2. Give the difference between converter and inverter?

3. State the difference between voltage and current source inverter?

4. How is speed control achieved by changing the number of stator poles?

5. What are two methods of speed control preferred for large motors?STIMULATING QUESTIONS1. Why the single phase PWM inverter named as so ?2. Why the output frequency is equal to reference signal ?RESULT:


Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Ex. No. 4 CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

Date:

AIM:

To construct a three phase current source inverter and study its performance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:


1

2

3

4

5

6 Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-Ph load IM Drive1

1

1

1

As required

1

THEORY:

A device that converters DC power into AC power at output voltage and frequency is called inverter some industrial applications of inverter are for adjustable speed AC drives. Inductive heating stand by aircraft supplies, HVDC transmission line etc.

The current can be supplied to different phases of the load by proper gating the SCRs. The output voltage waveform of the inverter depends on the nature of the load. Only two SCRs will be ON at any one time, and the conduction SCRs will be turned off by firing the SCR adjacent to it. For example, if SCRs 1 and 6 are conduction, A will get positive current while the current flows out of phase c. Capacitor C1 will get charged to the maximum value of the input voltage. At the end of this conducting interval, SCR2 will be fired. Capacitor C1 will then discharge through SCR1 and turn it off. Diodes 1 to 6 are used for preventing the capacitor from discharging through load.

WAVE FORM:

TABULATION:

S.NOFREQUENCY (Hz)OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)SPEED (rpm)TYPE

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the difference between VSI and CSI?

2. How the input current is maintained in CSI?

3. What are the applications of current source inverter?

4. Mention the types of commutation employed in CSI?

PROCEDURE:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram and connect the rheostat as load with input AC voltage at 24V.

2. Check all the connections before switching on the equipment.

3. Switch on the inverter firing unit.

4. Notice the frequency of the firing pulse is from 40Hz to 50Hz.

5. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps and observe the load voltage wave form in CRO.

6. Now connect motor load and slowly increase input voltage at 60V. When motor is connected and if it is not running, the input voltage should not be increased suddenly.

7. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps, for each step note down the speed of the motor in rpm.

8. Tabulate the readings in the table.

INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the effect of Ls on inverter operation?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of three phase induction motors?

3. Define Slip.

4. What are the different methods of speed control in three phase induction motor?

5. What are the main applications of induction machines?

6. What is an induction regulator?

STIMULATING QUESTIONS1. Why the capacitors used in CSI ?2. Differentiate Constant voltage and Constant frequency ?RESULT:

AssessmentMaxMarksMarks

Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fully Controlled Converter

Half Controlled Converter

Ex. No. 5 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND SIMULATION OF HALF AND

FULLY CONTROL CONVERTER FED DC MOTOR DRIVE.Date:

AIM:

To construct a single phase half and fully controlled converter and study its performance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:


12345 Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

DC motor drive1

1

1

As required

1

THEORY:

Single phase fully controlled bridge converters are widely used in many industrial applications. They can supply unidirectional current with both positive and negative voltage polarity. Thus they can operate either as a controlled rectifier or an inverter. However, many of the industrial application do not utilize the inverter mode operation capability of the fully controlled converter. In such situations a fully controlled converter with four thyristors and their associated control and gate drive circuit is definitely a more complex and expensive proposition. Single phase fully controlled converters have other disadvantages as well such as relatively poor output voltage (and current for lightly inductive load) form factor and input power factor. The inverter mode of operation of a single phase fully controlled converter is made possible by the forward voltage blocking capability of the thyristors which allows the output voltage to go negative. The disadvantages of the single phase fully controlled converter are also related to the same capability. In order to improve the output voltage and current form factor the negative excursion of the output voltage may be prevented by connecting a diode across the output. Here as the output voltage tries to go negative the diode across the load becomes forward bias and clamp the load voltage to zero. Of course this circuit will not be able to operate in the inverter mode. The complexity of the circuit is not reduced, however. For that, two of the thyristors of a single phase fully controlled converter has to be replaced by two diodes. The resulting converters are called single phase half controlled converters. As in the case of fully controlled converters, the devices T1 and D2 conducts in the positive input voltage half cycle after T1 is turned on. As the input voltage passes through negative going zero crossing D4 comes into conduction commutating D2 or T1. The load voltage is thus clamped to zero until T3 is fired in the negative half cycle. As far WAVE FORM:

TABULATION:

TYPE OF LOADFIRING ANGLE (ms)FIRING ANGLE(deg)OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)AVERAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE

(V)

TONTOFF

as the input and output behavior of the circuit is concerned the circuits are identical although the device designs differs. In the diodes carry current for a considerably longer duration than the thyristors. However, both the thyristors and the diodes carry current for half the input cycle. In this lesson the operating principle and characteristics of a single phase half controlled converter will be presented with reference to the circuit.

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:1. Assuming a constant load current, sketch the waveform of the current through the SCR and ac input current.

2. What are the lowest harmonics present in the output voltage for single phase and for three phase rectifiers? Explain

3. Explain the operation of single phase fully controlled rectifier with R, RL load.

4. What is advantage of freewheeling diode in a controlled rectifier?

5. Define conduction angle and extinction angles?

6. Explain the action of freewheeling diode?

7. The effect of inductance on power factor-explain?

8. What is semiconverter?

9. What is fullconverter?

10. Why is power factor of semiconverter better than full converter?11. Distinguish between half controlled and fully controlled converter circuits.12. Where is full bridge converter used?PROCEDURE

1. Study the waveform at salient point of the trigger circuit.

2. Connect the load without free wheeling diode and energize the Converter.

3. Observe the voltage waveform across the load for different delay angles.

4. Measure the output dc voltages for different delay angles.

5. Calculate the harmonics in the output voltage.

INFERENCE

POST LAB QUESTIONS:1. Explain the variation of the V-I waveforms due to the effect of inductance?

2. Sketch the current waveforms across the freewheeling diode.

3. Find the power factor this converter having R-L load?4. Sketch the voltage waveform across the SCR.

5. What are the effects of source inductance on the conduction of SCRs and the output voltage?

6. If S1 and S2 are replaced by diodes, what will be the waveform of the output voltage for a highly inductive load?STIMULATING QUESTIONS1. Compare half and fully controlled converters in terms of cost.

2. Will the rectifier convert the input ac supply when the thyristors connection is reversed ?


Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

RESULTEx.No.6 DSP controller based speed control of Switched

Reluctance Motor driveAim:

To control the speed of Switched Reluctance Motor using Micro-2812 trainer and SRM power module (PEC16DSMO15).

Apparatus Required:1. PEC16DSMO15 Module

2. Switched Reluctance Motor

3. Micro-2812 trainer

4. PC -PC serial port cable

5. Patch Chords

6. 26 Pin FRC cable

7. 34 Pin FRC cable

8. (0-30) Regulated power supply

THEORY:The SRM is a doubly salient, singly excited machine with independent windings of the stator. Its stator structure is same as PM motor, but the rotor is simpler having no permanent magnet on it. Stator windings on diametrically opposite poles are connected in series or parallel to form one phase of the motor. Several combinations of stator and rotor poles are possible, such as 6/4 (6 stator poles and4 rotor poles), 8/6, 10/6, 12/6 etc. The configurations with higher number of stator/rotor pole combinations have less torque ripple. The design objectives are to minimize the core losses, to have a good starting capability and to eliminate mutual coupling. The switched Reluctance motor used is of 8/6-Pole type motor. It consists of four phases A, B, C &D. The figure shows the 8/6 SR motor.

WORKING principle:When stator phase pair is excited the rotor tends to align with a stator phase. When the rotor aligns with a phase, the next pair is excited so as to maintain a continuous rotation of the motor. As the motor rotates, each stator phase undergoes a cyclic variation of inductance. In the fully aligned position (when a rotor pole axis is directly aligned with the stator pole axis ) the reluctance of the magnetic circuit through the stator and rotor poles will be at a minimum, and thus the inductance of the stator winding will be at a maximum. The opposite will occur in the fully unaligned position (when the rotor inter pole axis is aligned with the stator pole). Thus the inductance becomes a function of position. Hence, for the excitation of SR motor phase, the feedback position is compared with the inductance profile of the SR motor. From the comparison the respective phase pairs are excited. The following figure shows the inductance profile and rotor position signal of SR motor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Connection Procedure:

1. Connect the 3-pin power chord of the Micro-2812 trainer to the supply.

2. Connect the power module to the 1N power supply.

3. Connect the 34 pin FRC cable one end to 34 pin FRC connector in Micro-2812 trainer and

the other end to IGBT- PWM INPUTS of the PEC16DSMO15.

4. Connect the 26 pin FRC cable one end to P6 connector in Micro-2812 trainer and the other

end to FEEDBACK SIGNALS of the PEC16DSMO15.

5. Connect the motor feedback to the motor feedback connector provided in the SRM power

module.

6.Connect the motor power output terminal of PEC16DSMO15 to the power input terminal

of Switched Reluctance Motor.

7.Connect the (0-30)V DC power supply to the Eddy Current coil terminals.

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:1. What is switched reluctance motor?

2. List the advantages and disadvantages of switched reluctance motor.

3. Draw the block diagram of switched reluctance motor.

4. What is the basic operating principle of SRM?

Experimental Procedure:1. Verify the connections as per the connection procedure and connection diagram.

2. Switch ON the Micro-2812 trainer.

3. Switch ON the power ON/OFF switch in the SRM Power Module (PEC16DSMO15).

4. Check whether shut down LED "SD" glows or not. If 'SD' LED glows press the Reset

switch, the LED gets OFF.

5. Switch on the MCB and gradually increase the voltage upto 300 V( DC link voltage) using

single phase variac .

6. Switch ON the PC and then press Reset switch of the Micro-2812 trainer.

7. Download and execute the program by following the Download Procedure given in the

following section.

INFERENCE

POST LAB QUESTIONS:1. Mention some Applications of SRM?

2. Why rotor positional sensor is essential for SRM?

3. What are the different types of power controller used for SRM?

4. What are the modes of operation of SRM?

STIMULATING QUESTIONS

1. Compare switched reluctance motor with synchronous reluctance motor.2. Why switched reluctance motor work based on variable reluctance principle?RESULT


Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

Ex.No:7 DSP CONTROLLERS BASED Permanent MagnetSynchronous Motor driveAIM

To control the speed of PMSM motor using DSP controller.APPARATUS REQUIRED:1. Micro-2407 Trainer

2. PEC16DSMO1 Module

3. PMSM Motor

4. CRO

5. QEP signal conditioner card

6. 34 pin cable,26 pin cable.

7. Three phase auto transformer.

THEORY:Three phase Synchronous Motors are of two types based on their Rotor Construction. One has the rotor winding fed from the stator and the other uses the permanent magnet as rotor.A motor with rotor windings requires brushes to obtain its current supply and generate rotor flux. The drawbacks of this type of motors needs brush maintenance and lower reliability. A motor with permanent magnet rotor are also called as Brushless motors. The use of magnets enables an efficient use of radial space and suppresses the rotor copper loss.

The two types of Brushless motor drives based on Back emf waveforms are:

1. Sinusoidal type

2. Trapezoidal type

The Trapezoidal Back EMF motors are called as BLDC motors and the sinusoidal stator current drive the sinusoidal Back EMF drive called as Three Phase permanent Magnet Synchronous machine (PMSM). In PMSM, the stator magnetic field is set according to the rotor field. The following sections briefly explain to the PMSM.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION PROCEDURE

1. Connect the 26 pin FRC cable one end to P6 connector placed at the Micro-2407

Trainer and the other end to ADC input to DSP in the IPM Power Module.

2. Connect the 34 pin FRC cable one end to P8 connector placed at the Micro-2407

Trainer and the other end to PWM output from DSP in the IPM Power Module.

3. Connect the Power connector" from the motor to the R, Y, B terminals placed in the

IPM Based Power Module.

Note: Ensure that connections are made in the correct sequence. (R, Y and B)

4. Connect the "signal connector" placed in the motor to the quadrature encoder pulse (QEP)

module.

5. Connect the Serial port of PC to Micro-2407 Trainer using PC-PC RS232 cable.

6. Connect 220V DC supply to the input of field coil FF, F of the DC Generator.

7. Connect the loading Rheostat to the terminals of AA, A of the DC Generator.

Note :

DC Link voltage should not exceed more than 400V. This voltage display in the volt

meter. Connect the ammeter series with R phase of PMSM motor. Dont apply more than three amps load.

8. Down load the program to DSP Processor in the following steps.PRE LAB QUESTIONS:1. What are the features of permanent magnet synchronous motor?2. What are the merits and demerits of PMSM?

3. What is meant by synchronous reactance?

SPEED CALCULATION:

If motor run at 1500 RPM motor encoder generate 50KHz (2000 PPR).

1500 RPM = 25 rotates per seconds (1500/60 = 25)

1 Rotation = 2000 Pulses

. 25 Rotates = 2000 25 = 50 KHz.

Timer Calculation

Timer operating frequency is 40MHz

Then we calculate the count value for 50 KHz

40,000,000/50,000 = 2000 (Count value)

This is formula for calculate the RPM.

Max. RPM Count value for Max. RPM

POST LAB QUESTIONS:1.What is meant by self control technique in PMSM?2. What is meant by vector control technique in PMSM?3. Differentiate self control and vector control technique.

4.Draw the speed torque characteristics of PMSM.STIMULATING QUESTIONS1. Analyse the different types of controllers for speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor.2. Why DSP controller is chosen for speed control of PMSM?RESULT


Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

Ex.No:8 Power quality analysis in different types of power

converters fed electric drivesAIM:

To compute the various power quality parameters in power converters fed electric drives using fluke analyzer.apparatus required


12

3

4

5

6Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-ph load Induction motor

Fluke meter - 43411

-

As required

-

1

INTRODUCTION: [FEATURES OF FLUKE 434/435]The Analyzer offers an extensive and powerful set of measurements to check power distribution systems. Some give a general impression of power system performance. Others are used to investigate specific details. Fluke 435 has additional features such as Mains Signaling, Logging, 0.1 % voltage input accuracy acc. to IEC61000-4-30 2003 Class A, extra memory to store Logging Data, Power Log software, flexible current clamps, and a heavy duty trolley style case. In Fluke 434 the functions Mains signaling and Logging can be installed optionally. If not installed, they show up in the menu in grey color.

GENERAL MEASUREMENTS:

To check if voltage leads and current clamps are connected correctly, use Scope Waveform and Scope Phasor. The clamps are marked with an arrow to facilitate proper signal polarity. To get a general impression of the quality of a power system use Monitor. The Monitor key displays a screen with Bar Graphs that show quality aspects of the phase voltages. A Bar Graph changes from green to red if the related aspect does not meet the limits. Up to 7 different sets of limits can be chosen for Fluke 435: a number of them are user programmable. One of these sets is the limits according to the EN50160 norm.

For each quality aspect submenus with detailed information are attainable via the function keys F1 ... F5. Numerical data is shown by Volts/Amps/Hertz. For this press the MENU key. Then select Volts/Amps/Hertz and press F5 OK to display a Meter screen with the present values of voltages (rms and peak), currents (rms and peak), frequency and Crest Factors per phase. Press F5 TREND so display the course over time of these values.

TABULATION:S. NoSPEED (RPM)LINE TO LINE VOLTAGEPHASE VOLTAGE (Vph) in VoltsCURRENT (I) AmpsTHD IN %

VRMSVPEAKVRMSVPEAKARMSAPEAKVTHDITHD

MEASURING MODES TO INVESTIGATE DETAILS:

Phase voltages: Should be close to the nominal value. Voltage waveforms must be a sine wave that is smooth and free from distortion. Use Scope Waveform to check the waveform shape. Use Dips & Swells to record sudden voltage changes. Use Transients mode to capture voltage anomalies.

Phase currents: Use Volts/Amps/Hertz and Dips & Swells to check current/voltage relations. Use Inrush Current to record sudden current increases like motor inrush.

Crest Factor: A CF of 1.8 or higher means high waveform distortion. Use Scope Waveform to see waveform distortion. Use Harmonics mode to identify harmonics and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).

Harmonics: Use Harmonics mode to check for voltage and current harmonics and THD per phase. Use Trend to record harmonics over time.

Flicker: Use Flicker to check short and long term voltage flicker and related data per phase. Use Trend to record these values over time.

Dips & Swells: Use Dips & Swells to record sudden voltage changes as short as half a cycle.

Frequency: Should be close to nominal value. Frequency is normally very stable. Select Volts/Amps/Hertz to display frequency. The course of frequency over time is recorded in the Trend screen. Mains Signaling: Can be used to analyze the level of remote control signals that often are present on power distribution systems. Logger: Allows you to store multiple readings with high resolution in a long memory.

Unbalance: Each phase voltage should not differ more than 1 % from the average of the three. Current unbalance should not exceed 10 %. Use Scope Phasor or Unbalance mode to investigate unbalances.

FULL MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY AND THE HIGHEST SAFETY RATING:

With a CAT III, 1000 V / CAT IV, 600 V safety rating the Fluke 434 can measure all phases, neutral and ground on virtually every connection in a low voltage electrical distribution system. The meter's measurement capabilities encompass all power system parameters including true-rms voltage and current, frequency, power, power consumption (energy), unbalance and flicker. They also automatically capture events like transients (as fast as 5 microseconds and as high as 6kV), interruptions, rapid voltage changes and dips and swells.

RUGGED DESIGN FOR FIELD USE:

Optimized for mobile applications, these rugged instruments operate up to seven hours on a single battery charge. The large data (8 MB) memory stores up to 50 screens and up to 10 measurements each comprising 32 parameters - including setups and trend data - recorded for more than a year, all of which can be transferred to a PC via Fluke View software for analysis or use in reports.

If any of these situations apply to you, then this tool is for you:

Frontline Troubleshooting - Quickly diagnose problems on-screen to get your operation back online

Predictive Maintenance - Detect and prevent power quality issues before they cause downtime

Quality of Service Compliance - Validate incoming power quality at the service entrance

Long-term Analysis - Uncover hard-to-find or intermittent issues

Load Studies - Verify electrical system capacity before adding loads Energy Assessments - Quantify energy consumption before and after improvements to justify energy saving devicesQUALITY ANALYZER KIT W/ 4X 400A CURRENT SENSORS:

Troubleshoot real-time: Analyze the trends using the cursors and zoom tools even while background recording continues Highest safety rating in the industry 600V Cat IV / 1000V CAT III Automatic transient mode captures 200kHz waveform data on all phases simultaneously up to 6kV Measure all three phases and neutral with included 4 current probes Auto Trend: every measurement you see is always automatically recorded, without any setup System-Monitor: Up to seven power quality parameters on one screen according to EN50160 Inrush mode for troubleshooting nuisance circuit breaker tripping Rugged, handheld troubleshooter with Fluke 3 year warranty Seven hours operating time per charge on NiMH battery pack View graphs and generate reports with included analysis softwareENHANCEMENTS: Expanded voltage configurations with 2 and 2.5 element modes Phase angle resolution improved to 0.1 resolution and referenced to L1/A voltage Phase rotation indicator provides clear indication of the phase rotation direction to determine correct connections.

SIMPLE TO USE WITH IMMEDIATE RESULTS:

Designed for power quality specialists as well as electricians and plant technicians working in industrial, healthcare, business, and public services settings, the Fluke 434 has functions typically only found on expensive power recorders. Yet its menu-driven interface allows users to be hooked up and recording in minutes.UNBALANCE:Unbalance displays phase relations between voltages and currents. Measuring results are based upon the fundamental frequency component (60 or 50 Hz using method of symmetrical components). In a 3-phase power system, the phase shift between voltages and between currents should be close to 120. Unbalance mode offers a Meter screen, a related Trend display, and a Phasor display.

The Meter screen shows all relevant numerical values: negative voltage unbalance percentage, zero sequence voltage unbalance percentage (in 4-wire systems), negative current unbalance percentage, zero sequence current unbalance percentage (in 4-wire systems), fundamental phase voltage, frequency, fundamental phase current, angle between phase-neutral voltages relative to the reference phase A/L1 and angles between voltage and current for each phase. The available readings depend on the selected wiring configuration.HARMONICS:Harmonics measures and records harmonics and inter harmonics up to the 50th. Related data such as DC components, THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), and K-factor are measured. Harmonics are periodic distortions of voltage, current, or power sine waves. A waveform can be considered as a combination of various sinewaves with different frequencies and magnitudes. The contribution of each of these components to the full signal is measured. Readings can be given as a percentage of the fundamental, or as a percentage of all harmonics combined (rms value). Results may be viewed in a Bar Graph display, a Meter screen, or a Trend display. Harmonics are often caused by nonlinear loads such as DC power supplies in computers, TVs and adjustable speed motor drives. Harmonics can cause transformers, conductors, and motors to overheat.

A pure sine wave becomes distorted when higher frequency components are added to it. Distortion is represented by the THD percentage. The display can also show the percentage of the DC component and the K-factor. The K-factor is a number that quantifies potential losses in transformers due to harmonic currents. Higher order harmonics influence the K-factor more than low order harmonics. The table below shows the number of Bar Graphs displayed simultaneously in one screen.

HARMONICS & INTERHARMONICS

A pure sine wave becomes distorted when higher frequency components are added to it. Distortion is represented by the THD percentage. The display can also show the percentage of the DC component and the K-factor. The K-factor is a number that quantifies potential losses in transformers due to harmonic currents. Higher order harmonics influence the K-factor more than low order harmonics.

PRELAB VIVA QUESTIONS:1. What is the use of harmonic analyzer?

2. What are the parameters can be measured using power quality meter?

3. What is power quality?4. Define harmonics.

5. What is voltage sag and voltage swell?Post LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:1. Why the even order harmonics are eliminated in sine waveform?

2. Mention some of the power quality parameters.

3. Compare harmonics and transients.

4. List some of the sources for harmonics.

5. What are Harmonic Indices?STIMULATING QUESTIONS1. Analyse the different types of power quality parameters in AC drives.2. Analyse the different types of power quality parameters in DC drives.

RESULT


Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

Ex.No:9 Simulation of three phase converter fed DC motor drive

PRELAB VIVA QUESTIONS:1. What is an electrical drive?2. What is AC drive?3. What is mean by DC drive?4. How semi converter is differentiated from fully controlled converter fed dc drive?Post LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:1. Compare AC drive with DC drive.2. Mention some of the power quality parameters in drives.

3. Compare output voltage and output current waveforms of half controlled converter fed dc drive with fully controlled converter fed dc drive.STIMULATING QUESTIONS1. Analyse the three phase half controlled converter fed dc drive.2. Analyse the three phase fully controlled converter fed dc drive.


Preparation30

Performance30

Record40

Total100

Design and simulation of chopper fed DC motor drive

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Documents

Drives Manual Final Eee