Drilling course Introduction to Cementing

8/17/2019 Drilling course Introduction to Cementing

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Introduction to

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ADMIN THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2015 CEMENTING

I- Introduction

The cement is used as asealing material while

drilling an oil and gas

well. Pumping cement

behind the casing

provides a barrier to the

fluids flow from or into the

formation, and bonds the

casing to the formation.

This is called a primary

cement job. Cement is

also pumped for other reasons like sealing off perforated casing or plugging

zones.

Introduction to CementingLooking for oil in new complex areas

pushes the drilling engineering to new

limits. Now adays, extended reach drilling

(ERD) becomes a sta...

Introduction to

Casing

I-Introduction An oil and gas

w ell is drilled in sections from the

surface to the production zone. It is not

possible to drill the well...

2

Directional Drilling

Applications

Directional drilling is the artof directing and deviating the w ellbore

along a predetermined trajectory to get

to preplanned targets. At...

3

Introduction to

Drilling Bits

Introduction The drill bit is an

important component in the drill string.

The bit drills the rock in many

mechanisms. The drilling bit...

4

Introduction to

Cementing

I- Introduction The cement is

5

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Fig 01- Oil Well Sketch

II- Oil Well Cement Functions

There are many reasons for pumping cement slurry while drilling operations,

the most important functions are:

- Preventing fluids flow from one formation to another or to the surface. The

fluids can flow between the casing and the formation.

- Bonding the casing to the formation

- Supporting the casing string

- Protecting the casing from the corrosion caused by formation fluids

- Sealing off the troublesome zones

A successful primary cementing job is crucial for the well integrity to allow

continuing the drilling operations. In other cases, cement has to be pumped

into the well and forced to flow into the formation; this process is called

secondary or squeezing cementing job.

used as a sealing material w hile drilling

an oil and gas w ell. Pumping cement

behind the casing provides ...

Introduction to

Drilling Fluids

Drilling fluids is an important

part in drilling process. The cost of this

part can get to the level of 15% of total

cost of operations. Th...

6

Introduction to Well

Control

The formation fluids can

flow into the w ell bore and eventually tothe surface w hen the formation

pressure becomes greater than the

hydrost...

7

► Portland Cement

► Sand and Cement► Cement Concrete Mix

AdChoices

Casing (1)

Cementing (2)

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III- Cement Powder Classes

There is a verity of cement powder which is used for cementing an oil and

gas well. Each cement powder differs from other powders when mixed with

water due to the chemical components.

Class A & B

They are cheap powders and can be used only for shallow depths where

there is not any special requirement. The difference between A class and B

class is that B class can resist to sulphate.

Class C

This powder can harden quickly due to the high concentration of C3S

Class D,E and F

These are expensive powders due to the properties which they can provide.These classes are known as retarded cements which make them suitable for

cementing deep wells at high level of temperatures and pressures.

Class G & H

These are the most compatible powders with most of additives and can be

Directional Drilling (5)

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used for wide range of pressure and temperature. The most common used

class is class G, it can be used at temperature up to 200F° without adding

modifiers. Class H has coarser grind than class G which gives it better

retarding properties for cementing deep wells.

The cement powders mentioned above are API classified cements. There

are other non-API cement:

- Pozmix cement: It is a result of mixing Portland cement with pozzolan and

bentonite. It is used for shallow wells due to its light weight.

- Gypsum cement: it is formed by mixing Portland cement and gypsum. This

type of cement is used for remedial jobs; it can develop a high early

strength. It is very appropriate for sealing off lost circulation zones.

IV- Mix-water Requirements

The water which is used to prepare the cement slurry has to be well

quantified to provide appropriate cement mixture. If The amount of water is

too much than the accurate percentage, the cement barrier will not be strong

and impermeable and if it is less than designed, the slurry density andviscosity will increase, also the pumpability will increase.

The amount of water is designed based on these issues:

- Getting an easy slurry to pump

- Hydrating all the cement powder which provides hard cement

- No free water has to be present after the cement hardened

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V- Cement Properties

At designing stage, fundamental properties have to be considered for any

cement slurry.

Compressive Strength

After pumping the cement slurry and place it in the annulus, drilling

operations should not be started till the cement reaches an appropriate level

of compressive strength. The cement should not disintegrate due to

vibrations when drilling next section. The compressive strength depends on

several variables: temperature, pressure and amount of mix-water.

Thickening Time

The thickening time is the range of time which the cement slurry can be

pumped and displaced. The thickening time should be enough to allow the

slurry to be mixed, pumped into the casing and then displaced by drilling

fluids till placed it in the annulus. When designing the cement slurry, any

delays or interruption should be considered to get a safe thickening time.

Wellbore conditions are also important factors which can affect the

thickening time. Reduction in this parameter can be caused by increase in

pressure or temperature. These conditions should be simulated and tested



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in the laboratory before performing the job.

Slurry Density

Cement slurry density can vary from 11 ppg to 18.5 ppg. The density is

controlled by adjusting the amount of mix-water or additives. The cement

slurry density is relatively higher than the density of drilling fluids which has

to be considered when planning for cement job especially when formations

with normal pore pressure trend.

Water Loss

The setting of cement is a result of cement powder hydration. Slurry should

not lose its water before place it at its planned position because it can affect

its pumpability. The fluid loss property should be determined at laboratories

under standard conditions. The fluid loss depends on the type of the job; it is

not crucial to control fluid loss in primary jobs but for the squeezing jobs it

should well defined.

Permeability

The permeability of cement after hardening will be very low (less than 0.1

milli-darcy); this level is much lower than production formations permeability.

In some cases, the permeability of the cement can be affected: for example

by gas intrusion which lead to higher permeability and then the barrier of

cement can be less effective.



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VI-Cement Additives

Slurry properties are adjusted by adding additives; this adjustment is

performed to optimize the cementing jobs. The cement additives are used to:

- Varying the slurry density

- Changing the compressive strength

- Accelerating or retarding the setting time

- Controlling fluid loss

- Reducing the slurry viscosity

Accelerators

When cementing shallow wells, where the temperatures are low, the

thickening time can be decreased to avoid any additional rig time to wait for

cement hardening. The reduction is reached by using what are called

accelerators

Common accelerators are sodium chloride, potassium chloride and gypsum

Retarders

The temperature increases with depth. The high temperature in deep wells

reduces the thickening time which can lead to cement setting into the casing.

Retarders are used to extend to the thickening time to avoid such risks.



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Common retarders are organic acids, modified cellulose and

lignosulphonates.

Extenders

They are used to reduce the slurry density in case when there is a risk of

exceeding the fracture pressure of some formations. The use of this type of

additives can also reduce the compressive strength and increase the

thickening time. They called extenders because they allow more mix-water

and as a consequence more slurry volume.

The most common extenders are the bentonite, pozzolan and diatomaceous.

Heavy additives

Cementing through over-pressured formations can be crucial. The slurry

density in these cases is increased by adding barite, hematite and sand.

The use of barite and hematite can cause a significant reduction in

pumpability.

Fluid loss additives

They are used to avoid cement dehydration and premature setting. Organic

polymers are the most common fluid loss additive.



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Dispersants

They are used to lower the slurry viscosity in order to improve the flow

properties. The most common dispersants are the salt, polymers and

calcium lignosulphanate.

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Introduction to CementingI- Introduction The cement is used as a sealing material while

drilling an oil and gas well. Pumping cement behind the casing

provides a… Read More...

Cementing Job TypesI- Primary Cementing Job The main objective of primary

cementing is placing cement slurry behind the casing. This can be

performed in di… Read More...

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