DrawingDrawingDrawingDrawing

Art and MaterialsArt and Materials

Johannes Vermeer, The Allegory of Painting, 1665-1666

Henri Matisse, The Red Studio, 1911

Why do artists draw?• To record.

• To practice technical skills.

• To sketch preliminary studies.

• For an immediate form of expression.

Leonardo, Madonna and Child with Saint Anneand Infant St. John the Baptist, 1505-1507

cartoon – a preliminary drawing done to scale for a painting or fresco

Leonardo da Vinci, Hurricane over Horsemen and Trees, c. 1518,pen and ink over black chalk

How Do You Learn To How Do You Learn To Draw Well?Draw Well?

How Do You Learn To How Do You Learn To Draw Well?Draw Well?

Practice, Practice, PracticePractice, Practice, Practice

“Sketch subjects quickly. Rough outthe arrangement of the limbs of yourfigures and first attend to themovements appropriate to the mentalstate of the creatures that make upyour picture rather than to the beautyand perfection of their parts.” - Leonardo

Raphael, Study for the Alba Madonna,c. 1511, red chalk, pen and ink

“Sketch subjects quickly. Rough outthe arrangement of the limbs of yourfigures and first attend to themovements appropriate to the mentalstate of the creatures that make upyour picture rather than to the beautyand perfection of their parts.” - Leonardo

The Genius of The Genius of DrawingDrawing

The Genius of The Genius of DrawingDrawing

Observation and PreparationObservation and Preparation

From the sketchbook of Elmer Bishoff, ca. 1950graphite and ink

From the sketchbook of Isabel Bishop, ca. 1950graphite and ink

Drawing MediaDrawing MediaDrawing MediaDrawing Media

Different Media, Different QualitiesDifferent Media, Different Qualities

Dry MediaDry MediaDry MediaDry Media

Raphael, St. Paul Rending HisGarment, 1514-1515

Dry Media:

Metalpoint – involves the use of ametal stylus applied to paper prepared with powdered bones orlead white and gumwater. Popularin Italy late 15th-early 16th centurybut rarely used today.

linear in character, hatching orcrosshatching provide darker values adding white chalk createshighlights

St. Luke drawing withmetalpoint on parchment,c. 1435

Rogier Van Der Weyden, St. Luke Drawingthe Virgin and Child, c. 1435

Kathe Kollwitz, Self-Portrait, Drawing, 1933

Charcoal: smooth, fluid lines and a widerange of values created by smudgingencourage chiaroscuro and blending;intensity of color depends upon hardnessof stick; dry pastels and charcoal are examples.

Kollwitz exploits the tremendous expressive potential of this medium.

Georgia O’Keeffe, Banana Flower,No. 1, 1933, charcoal and blackchalk on paper

Jack Nichols, Merchant Ship Leaving at Night, 1943

Graphite: tonal qualitiesand line qualities are subtleand based upon pressureof application and hardnessof the graphite

Vija Celmins, Untitled (Ocean)(Venice, California), 1970pencil on paper

Willem de Kooning,Seated Woman, 1952

Pastel and Pencil

Edgar Degas, After the Bath, Woman Drying Herself, 1889-1890

Pastel on paper

Degas preferredpastels because ofthe immediacy of the and its unfinishedquality.

Beverly Buchanan, Shackworks, 2000

Oil Pastels: similar to chalk pastels,except the binder is oil based makingthem take longer to dry, but they areless prone to smudging and flaking

Liquid MediaLiquid MediaLiquid MediaLiquid Media

Pen and Ink: creates varied linear qualities, encouraging expressionistworks; modeling is created by hatching and cross-hatching

Jean Dubuffet, Corps de Dame, June-December 1950

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, The Adoration of the Virgin and Child, 1735

Ink Wash: provides a widervalue range

Innovative MediaInnovative MediaInnovative MediaInnovative Media

Alternative Media: Scissors

Henri Matisse, Venus, 1952

After suffering a strokethat limited his use oftraditional drawing materials, Matisse was inspired to “sketch” by cutting out shapes of paper using scissors.

The Art of Ryan The Art of Ryan McGinnessMcGinness

The Art of Ryan The Art of Ryan McGinnessMcGinness

Icons, Logos, and Art????Icons, Logos, and Art????

Ryan McGinness

Born in Virginia Beach, VA

Carnegie Mellon University, BFA

Curatorial Assistant, Andy WarholMuseum, Pittsburgh, PA

Currently lives and works inManhattan, NYC

His work is described by some critics as, “a Warhol for the 21st century…..”

And by others as, “simple, graphicdoodle…..”

“ARAB CADILLAC GENERATOR,” 2006, ACRYLIC ON WOOD PANEL, 48 IN. DIA.

“KISSING,” 2006, ACRYLIC AND POLYESTERURETHANE ON FIBERGLASS, 104 x 48 x 48 IN.

“EQUO NE CREDITE, TEUCRI,” 2006, INSTALLATIONVIEW, AUTOMOBILE PAINT ON STEEL 24 IN. DIA. X 2 IN. EA.), PUBLIC ART FUND, METROTECH, BROOKLYN, NY

“SURRENDER,” 2005, ACRYLIC ON CANVAS, 60 x 72 IN.

Express Yourself!!!Express Yourself!!!Express Yourself!!!Express Yourself!!!

Communicate with DrawingsCommunicate with Drawings

Imagine that you are in a foreign country and your only means of communicating with the natives is through drawing.

Draw symbols, icons, logos or pictures that communicate a question or message to the person who does not speak your language. Use one or any combination of drawing media that will best convey your message.

PrintmakingPrintmakingPrintmakingPrintmaking

• Gutenberg Bibles were the first books printed with movable type.

• Originating in the West, printmaking was used almost exclusively to illustrate books such as bibles and scientific texts.

• Beginning in the 19th century, the art world began to explore printmaking.

Gutenberg Bible, 1450-1456, University of Texas at Austin.

One of five complete copies in the United States.

WHY????• To respond to the industrialized where mass production was

innovative and new.

• Like photography, printmaking allows artists to creatively investigate mechanical modes of reproducing imagery.

• Printmaking made art more affordable than unique works like a painting or sculpture.

• This technology expanded the artists’ audience and market ($$$$$$$$!!!!!!!!).

Terms to Know

• Print – a single impression of a multiple edition of impressions, made on paper from the same matrix.

• Edition – the # of impressions made from a single matrix.

• Matrix – the master image on the working surface.

Terms to Know

• Original Print – an impression made by the artist or under the artist’s supervision.

• Proof – trial impressions made before the final edition is run.

• Artist’s Proof – designated “AP”; original plate usually destroyed after edition is made.

Five Basic Processes• Relief

• Intaglio• Lithography• Silkscreen• Monotype

ReliefReliefReliefReliefAny printmaking in which the image Any printmaking in which the image

to be printed is raised off the to be printed is raised off the background in reverse.background in reverse.

Woodcut• Woodcut – the earliest form

of relief printing.

• A wood block surface iscut or gouged away witha knife.

• The surface is rolled with a thick ink.

• Paper is rolled through apress directly againstthis raised, inked surface.

What Is a Print?

Emile Nolde, Prophet, 1912

Hokusai, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, 1823-1829

18th and 19th century Japanese woodcut prints are called ukiyo-e, or “pictures of the

transient world of everyday life.”

Kitagawa Utamaro, Utamaro’s Studio, c. 1790

Kitagawa Utamora, Shaving a Boy’s Head, c. 1795

Vincent Van Gogh,Japonaiserie: The Courtesan, 1887

Japanese woodblock prints revived an interest in this process among 19th century European artists.

Van Gogh ownedhundreds of printsand often copiedthem directly.

Wood engraving –

fine, narrow grooves cutinto the block and do not holdink.

The grainy end of the woodblock is used for this process.

The result is extremely finitemodeling and contrasting ispossible.

Linocut –

matrix is made fromone linoleum block.

For color prints, the block is printed aftereach successive stage ofprinting.

Pablo Picasso, Luncheon on the Grass, afterEduoard Manet, 1962

Intaglio (Italian for Intaglio (Italian for “engraving”)“engraving”)

Intaglio (Italian for Intaglio (Italian for “engraving”)“engraving”)

Areas to be printed are below Areas to be printed are below the surface of the plate.the surface of the plate.

Intaglio (engraving)• A burin, a small v-shaped rod, is

pushed across a metal plate forcing up metal slivers in front of the line.

• Burins vary in size and depending on the force use, lines created can range from very fine to very broad.

• The cut or incised lines are filled with ink.

• The surface is wiped clean and a dampened paper is pressed into the plate with a heavy roller.

Engraving

Albrecht Durer,Adam and Eve, 1504

deceit

wisdom and language

evil

melancholy

anger and cruelty

blood

laziness

Etching• A more fluid and free process of

engraving.

• Metal plate is coated with a acid-resistant ground which is drawn upon.

• The plate is exposed to an acid bath causing “scratched” areas to become etched into the plate.

• The strength, depth, or appearance of individual lines can be controlled by stopping out a section through the application of varnish or another coat of ground.

What Is a Print?

Rembrandt van Rijn, The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds, 1634

Etching

Lithography Lithography Lithography Lithography

Literally, “stone writing.”Literally, “stone writing.”

Lithography• The printing surface is flat.

• This is NOT a relief process.

• The method depends on the fact that grease and water do not mix.

Lithography• It is a very direct

process, actually a drawing on stone.

• It has been the favorite printmaking medium for 19th and 20th century artists.

• It offers an artist the type of spontaneity and immediacy found in drawing.

What Is a Print?

Honore Daumier, Rue Transnonian, April 15, 1834, 1834

Lithograph

Lithograph

Elaine de Kooning, Lascaux #4, 1984

Silkscreen PrintingSilkscreen PrintingSilkscreen PrintingSilkscreen PrintingA printmaking process in which the A printmaking process in which the

image is transferred to paper by image is transferred to paper by forcing ink through a mesh.forcing ink through a mesh.

Silkscreen• It is the newest form of printmaking.

• Allows the freedom of drawing similar to the lithographic process.

• No expensive, heavy machinery is needed.

• It was originally used in commercial printing, particularly in the advertising industry.

• Became a very popular artist process in the 1960’s.

What Is a Print?

Silkscreen

Andy Warhol, Marilyn,

Andy Warhol, 30 Are Better Than One, 1963

Silkscreen

MonotypesMonotypesMonotypesMonotypes

A combination of plate and A combination of plate and press printing, it creates a press printing, it creates a

unique image.unique image.

• The artists forms an image on a plate with ink or paint and requires considerable planning.

• The paint is applied in layers so the foreground elements must be applied first.

• The image is transferred to paper under pressure, usually with an etching press.

Pop ArtPop ArtPop ArtPop Art

The Art of The ThingThe Art of The Thing

What Is Pop Art?• An American-born art movement.

• First exhibition – New Realists – Nov.-Dec. 1962.

• Subject matter is derived mostly from the commercial domain.

• It was a complete departure from the preceding art movement, Abstract Expressionism.

From this…….

Jackson Pollock, Number 8, 1949

To this……..

Robert Indiana,Love, 1967. Screenprint

“Pop is everything art hasn’t been for the last two decades. It is basically a U-turn back to representational visual communication. – Robert Indiana, 1963

“I don’t know – the use of commercial art as subject matter.” – Lichtenstein, 1963

Roy Lichtenstein, Look Mickey, 1961, oil on canvas

“….its contribution is the isolation and glorificationof “Thing.” – Lichtenstein, CAA annual meeting, 1964

“Yes. It’s liking things.” – Warhol 1963

Andy Warhol, Green Car Crash, 1963. Screenprint.

This “Thing” sold for $71.7million in May, 2007

“I am not a Pop artist!” – Johns, 1963

Jasper Johns, Beer Cans, 1960. Cast bronze.

“I dislike labels in general and Pop in particular, especially because it over-emphasizes the materials used.” – Wesselmann, 1963

Tom Wesselmann, Bathtub Collage #3, 1963.Oil on canvas and collage.

James Rosenquist, Nomad, 1963. Oil on canvas.

“When I use a combination of fragments of things,the fragments or objects or real things are caustic toone another, and the title is also caustic to the fragments.” – Rosenquist, 1963

Claes OldenburgClaes OldenburgClaes OldenburgClaes OldenburgThe StoreThe Store

107 East 2107 East 2ndnd Street, New York Street, New York

Claes Oldenburg, The Store,Dec. 1, 1961-Jan. 31, 1962.Multi-media installation.

“I am for an art that is political-erotical-mystical, that doessomething other than sit on its ass in a museum.” – From,Store Days, Documents from the Store (1961) and RayGun Theater (1962). - Oldenburg

Andy WarholAndy WarholAndy WarholAndy WarholThe Things in the FactoryThe Things in the Factory

(Hey babe, take a walk on the wild (Hey babe, take a walk on the wild side.)side.)

Andy Warhol in The Factory, 1967

“Home” to Lou Reed, Bob Dylan, Truman Capote, Mick Jagger, The Velvet Underground……………..

Andy Warhol, Album Cover for Sticky Fingers,Rolling Stones, 1971

In 2003, VH1 named Sticky Fingers the “No. 1 Greatest Album Cover Of All Time.”

Photo of Warhol and HisFactory-era Protégés, 1967

Lou Reed wrote, “Walk on the Wild Side,” for Holly Woodlawn andthe other Warhol drag queens.

Andy Warhol, 200 Campells Soup Cans, 1962.Oil on canvas.

Andy Warhol, Triple Elvis,1963. Screenprint.

Andy Warhol, Jackie, 1964.Screenprint.

Andy Warhol, Cambells SoupCan, 1968. Screenprint.

Andy Warhol, Electric Chair, 1965. Screenprint.

Andy Warhol, Camoflage Self-Portrait, 1986.Photograph and screenprint.

Andy Warhol,John Wayne, 1986.Screenprint.

Why do you think Warhol believedthat 30 Mona Lisas are betterthan one?

What does this suggest for Warhol’s attitude toward“original” works of art?

Why did he call his studio, The Factory?