DRAWING What is Drawing? A picture or diagram made with a pencil, pen, or crayon rather than paint.

Line - A mark formed by drawing Horizontal lines run parallel such as ===

Vertical lines run up and down such as |||||

Diagonal lines are slanting lines such as \\\\\

Angled lines are a combination of diagonal lines such as /\/\/\/\/ ><<>

Curved lines are curly and express movement such as ~~~~~

Sketch – A quick drawing.

Hard pressure – Pressing down hard to produce a dark line.

Soft Pressure – Pressing down softly to produce a light line.

Shading – Using a mixture of black mixed with a colour to make it darker.

The opposite of shade is tint.

Tone – The quality of brightness, deepness or hue of a colour.

Highlight – Small areas on a painting or drawing on which reflected light is the brightest.

PENCILS What are pencils? Instruments for writing or drawing, consisting of a thin stick of graphite or a

similar substance enclosed in a long thin piece of wood.

Pencil Gradient- ranging from a very hard, light-marking pencil to a very soft,

black. Marking pencil usually ranges from hardest to softest as follows:

9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H F HB B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B

Hardest → Medium → Softest →

Graphite Pencils- Are solid sticks of graphite, about the diameter of a common pencil, which have no casing.

Coloured pencils-(or pencil crayons) these have wax-like cores with pigment and other fillers.

Multiple colours are often blended together.

Grease pencils- They write on virtually any surface (including glass, plastic, metal and photographs).

Watercolour pencils -These are designed for use with watercolour techniques.

The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes.

Charcoal What is Charcoal? A black substance typically made from burnt wood. It is a soft, brittle

material in stick or pencil form used for sketching and drawing, Charcoal is rich and crumbly, and smudges easily.

Charcoal stick- A stick often made from Willow: it is long, cylindrical and wiggly.

Compressed Charcoal- Powdered down charcoal which is compressed into a square mould. It produces deep, dense tones with a completely different

texture from charcoal stick.

Charcoal Pencils – Pencils with charcoal instead of graphite, they have more control and are less messy to use.

Smudging- Make or become blurred or smeared by using your finger or a smudging tool(for example a rubber).

Putty rubber- A tool for artists made of a grey or white pliable material. They can be shaped by hand for precision (small areas) erasing, creating highlights,

or creating mark making.

Fixative- A liquid which is sprayed over a finished piece of artwork to preserve it and stop it smudging.

MARK MAKING What is mark making? Mark making the process of how you make a mark

using different materials. For example: Pencils you could smudge, crosshatch, scribble. Paint you could: scratch into, smear, stipple.

CHALKS What are Chalks? A soft white limestone formed from the skeletal remains of sea creatures.

Coloured Chalks- Chalk Pastels are chalk based mediums, more of a powdery substance compressed, displaying

different and a variety of hues. Conte-The modern pencil lead invented by Nicolas Conte. It is a black, red or brown chalk.

Contour Drawing-Contour drawing shows the

outline of the subject, and not the volume or mass of an object.

Blind contour drawings are those created by looking only at the subject, and not the paper while drawing.

CONTOUR DRAWING BLIND CONTOUR CONTOURRAWING

OIL PASTELS What are Oil pastels? A painting and drawing medium which are made with a gum or binder,

oil pastels consist of pigment(colour) mixed with a non-drying oil and wax binder. Oil pastels are used for drawing and painting. They combine the best properties of crayons (smooth, easy to apply) & pastels (bright, pure colour).

Blending- Mixing one or more colours together. Colour mixing – Mixing on the page.

Blocking in colour- Adding colour to a large area quickly. Colour runs- Colours which start from the lightest to the darkest

colour range in the same area. Mark making- Making marks using various tools and techniques Hard edge- Using the end of an oil pastels to draw an outline pressing hard. Soft edge- Using the end of an oil pastels to draw an outline

pressing softly. Highlight- Small areas on a painting or drawing on which reflected light is the brightest. Removing colour- Using a blunt instrument to scrape off a colour.

PAINTING What is painting?-The process or art of using paint, either in a picture or as decoration

Colour Wash-A watered down solution of paint that you use to add a colour or tint to a paper. You can use a large brush or a sponge. Dry Brushing-A painting technique in which a paint brush that is relatively dry, but still holds paint. Wet on Wet-A painting technique, used mostly in oil painting, in which layers of wet paint are applied to previous layers of wet paint. Blending-Painting colours so that there is a gentle and gradual transition from one to the other. Stippling-A technique where you cover an area with dots. Impasto-A manner of painting where the paint is laid on thickly so texture stands out in relief. Colour Bleed-When one wet colour runs into another causing blurring. Palette-A thin board or tray on which an artist lays & mixes colours. Palette Knife-A palette knife is a blunt tool used for mixing or applying

paint. Easel-A self-supporting frame for holding an artist's work while it is being painted or drawn.

TYPES OF PAINT Oil paint: is pigment mixed with an oil binder. Oil paint is thinned with turpentine. Oil paintings are known for their deep rich tones and is a classic medium used for centuries. Oils take weeks to dry and should be sealed with a varnish after several months. Some artists do not varnish their paintings for a year. Clean up is with turpentine. Water colour paint: is a popular paint for its translucent colours. Pigments are water based and mixed with gum Arabic as a binder. There are many techniques used to gain interesting effects. Watercolour paints can be blotted and easily lifted from the paper. Watercolour is most often done with soft brushes (sable). It is common to layer several washes to gain a deeper, richer look. Watercolours come in blocks and tubes. Poster paint/ Ready mix paint: is a paint that usually uses a type of gum-water or glue as its binder. It either comes in large bottles or jars in a powdered form. It is normally a "cheap" paint used in theatrical backdrops or in primary schools. It is water soluable.

Acrylic paint: is pigment mixed with a polymer binder and is water soluble. It can be thinned with water or gels. It can be used in a similar way as water colour using layers of washes and wet on wet techniques. It can also be used in a thick impasto. There are a number of gel media that can be mixed with acrylic to give it a specific sheen or flat finish. Also available are retarders that can be used to extend the drying time so that the artist has more time to blend and mix colours on her canvas or paper. Once acrylic is dry it is permanent and can not be lifted in the same way as water colour. Unlike oil paint, most acrylic paints dry quickly but new types are being developed all the time. Clean up is with water but it is important to clean while the paint is still wet on your brushes and surfaces.

BRUSHES Sable Brush: are soft hair brushes. They are made from kolinsky sable, other red sables, or

squirrel hair. Pony, goat, mongoose and badger hair are also used to make brushes. Hog hair brush: Often called China bristle or Chungking bristle. This produces a stiffer and

stronger brush much coarser than the sable brushes.

COLOURS Primary colours are the three key colours- Red, Blue and Yellow. They cannot be made from any other colour. Secondary Colours – Secondary colours are made using primary colours. Mix equal amounts of the primary colours together to get the Secondary

colours Purple, Green and Orange. Tertiary Colours – Colours made mixing all the primary colours together or all the secondary colours together – or by mixed complimentary colours, red & green, blue & orange or yellow & purple. The tertiary colours are not as bright as primary and secondary colours.

Complimentary Colours – these colours are from opposite sides of the colour spectrum: blue & orange, red & green or yellow & purple.

Harmonious Colours – these colours are from the same section of the colour wheel. yellow, orange & red, or purple, blue and green.

Monochrome – Using just one colour to make light & dark tones.

COLOUR WHEEL & THEORY