• Draw, Label, and Color

– A plant cell p 175

– An animal cell p 175

Cell membrane

Nuclear envelope

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Centrioles Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

Vacuole

Animal PlantBoth

Cells Vocab words

1. Cell

2. Cell theory

3. Nucleus

4. Eukaryote

5. Prokaryote

6. Organelle

7. Cytoplasm

8. Nuclear envelope

9. Chromatin

10. Chromosome

11. Nucleolus

12. Ribosome

25. Diffusion

26. Equilibrium

27. Osmosis

28. Isotonic

29. Hypertonic

30. Hypotonic

31. Facilitated diffusion

32. Active transport

33. Endocytosis

34. Phagocytosis

35. Pinocytosis

36. Exocytosis

13. Endoplasmic reticulum

14. Golgi apparatus

15. Lysosome

16. Vacuole

17. Mitochondrion

18. Chloroplast

19. Cytoskeleton

20. Centriole

21. Cell membrane

22. Cell wall

23. Lipid bilayer

24. Concentration

Cell Theory Essential Questions

1. Explain how the development of the

cell theory was dependent on

technological advances and previous

knowledge.

2. Relate the function of a cell to its

organelles

3. How do osmosis, diffusion and active

transport maintain homeostasis in a

cell

What is the fundamental structure of life

that makes up every living thing?

The Cell

The Cell• The Microscope

– An instrument that produces magnified

images.

• A light microscope bends rays of light.

–The compound light microscope

most common in biology labs.

– Led to the discovery of microorganisms

• Cell Theory

• Germ Theory

• In the 1600’s Anton van Leeuwenhoek

discovered he could magnify things using

lenses at the proper distance.

Early Microscope

• Van Leeuwenhoek used his microscope to

look at pond water and other liquids.

– Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to identify

Microscopic living things.

• He called these things

ANIMALCULES.

• Over the next several hundred years scientist improved the microscope.

– Led to other discoveries and the cell theory

Important Scientist

• Hooke

– used a microscope to observe flowers insects, spider webs, and slices of cork.

• Woody parts of plants contained tiny rectangular chambers which he called cells.

• Hooke and Schleiden

–concluded that all plants contained cells.

• Plants are made up of cells

• Schwann

–found that some animal tissue resembled cellular tissue of plants.

• Animals are made up of cells

• Virchow

–Proposed that animal and plant cells are produced only by the division of cells that already exist.

• Cells come from cells

–Through cell division

• Brown

–found an object near the center of cells.

• This object today is known as the NUCLEUS.

• The nucleus plays a role in cell reproduction.

• The discoveries and observations of these scientists make up what is now called the cell theory.

–The cell theory forms a basis for the way biologists study living things.

• Cells are found in all living things

–The cell theory applies to all organisms

• unicellular or multicellular

• THE CELL THEORY

–All living things are composed of cells.

–Cells are the smallest working units of living things.

–All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division.

• Cells are not all alike.

– Vary in size and shape.

• However cells have

some structures in

common.

• Common to all cells

are:

–Cell membrane

–Cytoplasm

–DNA

Prokaryotic Cell

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

• The Nucleus

–Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus

• The nucleus is where most of the

DNA is contained

–Prokaryotic cells do not have a

nucleus

• The DNA material is floating in

the cytoplasm

Prokaryote vs Eukaryote

Do not have a

nucleus

Kingdom

Do not have

membrane bound

organelles

Generally smaller

Archeabacteria

Eubacteria

Have a

nucleus

Dozens of

organelles

Plant

Protista

Fungi

Animal

Kingdom

DNA is

contained

in nucleus

Perform

many

functions

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Centrioles

Cell membrane

Ribosomes

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

Eukaryotes

• The nucleus is the control center of the cell

– It contains nearly all the cell’s DNA.

• Coded instructions for making proteins

and other important molecules.

– This storing of DNA enables the cell to

better regulate and control its use

• The DNA molecules and proteins in

the nucleus form CHROMATIN

– It is spread through out the nucleus.

– During Mitosis the chromatin will form

the chromosomes.

– CHROMOSOMES: made up of condensed

chromatin (DNA).

• The formation of chromosomes is

important in dividing the genetic material

evenly and accurately

• Also contained in the nucleus is the

NUCLEOLUS

–this is where ribosomes are

assembled

• The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope

–performs the same function as the cell membrane.

–Nuclear pores in the envelope allows movement in and out of the nucleus

Complete these in your notes.

• Review Questions#1:

1. How did the invention of the microscope

help the development of the cell theory?

2. What structures do all cells have?

Cell Theory Essential Questions

1. Explain how the development of the

cell theory was dependent on

technological advances and previous

knowledge.

2. Relate the function of a cell to its

organelles

3. How do osmosis, diffusion and active

transport maintain homeostasis in a

cell

• The cytoplasm

–The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid mixture (Cyto = cell, Plasm = fluid).• Filled with salts, sugars, and other

dissolved substances.

• Found inside the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

–In Eukaryotes the cytoplasm contains many small structures called ORGANELLES.• Little organ like structures that

perform specialized functions

The Cell is like a factory

Raw

Materials in Products out

• RIBOSOME

– made of RNA and protein.

– the smallest and do not have a membrane.

– the site where protein production begins.

– The number of ribosomes is dependent upon the number of proteins a cell must make.

• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER).

– Processing and transporting proteins and other macromolecules is the function of the ER

– made up of tubes, sacs, and channels that provide it with a large surface area.

– 2 types of ER rough and smooth.

– Rough makes membranes and secretory proteins.

– Smooth makes lipids and helps to remove harmful substances.

• GOLGI APPARATUS

– Made up of a system of membranous sacs.

– Materials that need to be modified, sorted, and packaged are handled by the golgiapparatus.

– Materials for cell membranes are packaged and distributed by the golgi apparatus.

RNA copies

the DNA then

RNAmoves out

of the nucleus

The nucleolus

makes

ribosomes that

then move out of

the nucleus

The Ribosomes

attach to the RNA

and begin making

proteins

The ER then

modifies and

or finishes the

protein

Golgi then packages the

protein for distribution

outside of the celll

The protein

moves to the

ER

Moved to

storage

The finished

product

nucleus

• LYSOSOMES

– sac-like membranes filled with chemicals and enzymes that can break down almost any thing.

– Lysosomes are the clean-up crew. They are also used to break down non-functioning organelles.

– Without lysosomes, aged and dead cells as well as other cellular debris would build up within the body.

• VACUOLES

– Sac-like structures used to store materials (water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates).

– VACUOLES in both plant and animal cells,

• Animals have many small vacuoles.

• Plants usually have a large central vacuole.

–used for support and water storage.

–PLASTIDS are used for storage of starch and pigment.

• MITOCHONDRION

– The organelle that produces cellular energy (ATP) from a chemical fuel (glucose)

The Power

house of the cell

– Mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic organisms

– Cellular respiration.

• Converts glucose into ATP

• The “why” we need oxygen

– Mitochondria • Have their own DNA

• Have 2 membranes

• Replicate themselves

• Produce own proteins and enzymes

• DNA is passed on through egg (the female)

• CYTOSKELETON

– The supporting framework

• Made of microtubules and microfilaments.

• holds organelles in place.

• aids in movement of material within the cell.

• helps in cell movement.

–Cilia and flagella are used to propel cells.

• Centrioles are found in animal cells

• Usually only visible during cell division.

• Aid in the assembly of microtubules.

– Help to divide the chromosomes

• CHLOROPLASTS,

– Converts sunlight into chemical energy

(glucose).

• Photosynthesis

– Found in plant and plant-like cells

– Contains chlorophyll (pigment).

• Chloroplasts– Have their own DNA

– Have 2 membranes

– Replicate themselves

– Produce own proteins and enzymes

– The DNA is passed through the female line

• CELL WALL

• In plants, algae, and some bacteria there is a boundary on the outside of the membrane, the cell wall.

– It helps to protect the cell and give it support.

– It is made of fibers of carbohydrates and proteins.

• Cellulose and lignin

Complete these in your notes.

• Review Questions:#2

1. Explain why the nucleus is important to

eukaryotic cells

2. Describe the path of making a protein in a

cell, starting after the messenger RNA and

ribosome leave the nucleus.

3. A cell with a large number of ribosomes

would help the cell to do what?

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Animal Cell

Centrioles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Cell Theory Essential Questions

1. Explain how the development of the

cell theory was dependent on

technological advances and previous

knowledge.

2. Relate the function of a cell to its

organelles

3. How do osmosis, diffusion and active

transport maintain homeostasis in a

cell

• CELL MEMBRANE

– The outer boundary.

• It encloses the cell.

• It separates the cell from its surrounding

• It protects the cell

• It regulates what goes in or out of the cell

–It is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

• Cell membranes are built around a core of

PHOSPHOLIPIDS.

– They have a POLAR end, the HEAD, tends to

attract water.

– They have a NON-POLAR end, the TAIL,

tends to avoid water.

– Because of their structure, in water they are

found in a double-layered pattern.

• A LIPID BILAYER

• The cell membrane consists of several different

types of molecules besides the phospholipid

bilayer core

– Proteins for structure and support

– Proteins to move material across the membrane.

– Some proteins to receive signals

– Carbohydrates and proteins act as an

identification card

Mosaic

• Mosaic is an art form which uses small

pieces of materials placed together to

create a unified whole.

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

All the pieces make a whole cell membrane

Complete these in your notes.

• Review Questions:#3

1. Mosaic is an art form which uses small

pieces of materials placed together to create

a unified whole. Explain why a cell

membrane can be called a mosaic.

2. Why are phospholipid molecules naturally

found in a double layer?

Draw Label Color.

– Cell Membrane as a Mosaic p. 182 figure 7-12

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

• TRANSPORTING ACROSS THE

MEMBRANE.

–All cells have a cell membrane

• The cell membrane regulates what

enters and leaves the cell.

–There are two types of transport

1. PASSIVE

2. ACTIVE.

–PASSIVE TRANSPORT involves

substances crossing the membrane

without the cell expending energy.

• Diffusion

• Facilitated Diffusion

• Osmosis

• DIFFUSION is caused by the

energy in molecules which leads

to constant movement and

collisions of molecules.

–Substances move from regions

of high concentrations to

regions of low concentration.

–EQUILIBRIUM is the state at which

the concentration of the substance

is equal on both sides of the

membrane.

• The molecules will continue to

move, however there will be no

net change in concentration.

• Some substances can diffuse directly across the

phospholipid bilayer.

• Others can diffuse only through special channels.

– The process of diffusion through the protein

channels is called FACILITATED DIFFUSION.

• Passive transport

• There are hundreds of protein channels

–each specific for an ion, sugar, salt, or

other substance.

• OSMOSIS is the diffusion of water

molecules.

– Water is vital to cell survival.

– The CYTOPLASM of a typical cell is

filled with salts, sugars, and other

dissolved substances.

• It is not just water

• Controlling the movement of water is

important to the survival of the cell.

Draw Label and Color

– Effects of osmosis table p186

Passive Transport

1. List three means of passive transport used

by living cells.

2. What is the driving force behind Diffusion?

3. What is equilibrium?

• OSMOTIC PRESSURE is the force that

prevents water from moving into a solution.

– If a cell is surrounded by distilled water (hypo)

• the cell has a much lower osmotic pressure

than the water.

–Therefore water will flood the cell.

– If a cell is surrounded by a concentrated salt

solution (hyper)

• This sets up the opposite relationship the

cell has a higher osmotic pressure

–Water will leave the cell.

• Solution types

– Water moves into RBC by osmosis when

surrounding solution is HYPOTONIC,

• or less concentrated than cells (below)

– Water moves out of RBC by osmosis when

the surrounding solution is HYPERTONIC

• or more concentrated than the

cells(dehydration) (above).

– In an ISOTONIC solution there is no

movement of water across the membrane

• it is an equal concentration

RBC = red blood cell

Osmotic Pressure

1. What is osmotic pressure?

2. When a living cell comes in contact with a

hypotonic solution describe what

happens and why.

3. What are three ways living organisms

control osmotic pressure

• Three ways to control osmotic pressure.

– 1. Organisms use a cell wall, which prevents

the cell from expanding.

– 2. Organisms pump out the water many

unicellular organisms have a contractile

vacuole used to pump water out.

– 3. Organisms bathe cells in blood prevents

cells from being in direct contact with dilute

water. An animal’s blood and cells have

nearly the same concentrations of dissolved

substances.

– ACTIVE TRANSPORT occurs when a cell

expends energy to move substances.

• This movement can occur against a

concentration difference.

• The process of active transport is like a pump.

–Most animal cells have membrane proteins

that will pump sodium ions out and

potassium ions in.

– Active transport is not limited to small ions or

molecules. Some transport large molecules

and even whole cells.

• ENDOCYTOSIS occurs when a cell wraps its

membrane around a particle. Then turns its

membrane inside out to take in the particle.

• If the particle is very large the process is called

Phagocytosis. (Pinocytosis liquids)

• EXOCYTOSIS is when a cell expends energy to

expel material.

• Cell Diversity– Cells in multicellular organisms develop in different

ways to perform particular functions within the organism.

CELL SPECIALIZATION

• this is the key characteristics of cells in a

multicellular organism.

• Examples

– Some cells are specialized to move or transport

ciliated cells in the airways and lungs

– Some cells are specialized to react to their

environment.

• Nerve cells and cells in your eye.

– Some cells are specialized to make certain products.

• Pancreas cells produce enzymes for digest.

• LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION– The levels of organization in a multicellular organism

include:• Cells

• Tissue- Groups of similar cells that perform a function.

• Organ- Tissues working together.

• Organ system- various organs working together.