Dragutin T. Mihailovic Dragutin T. Mihailovic Faculty of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi Sad University of Novi Sad SERBIA SERBIA

Dragutin T. MihailovicDragutin T. Mihailovic

Faculty of AgricultureFaculty of Agriculture

University of Novi SadUniversity of Novi Sad

SERBIASERBIA

Summer University on Information Technology in Agriculture …., Debrecen (Hungary), 19-22 August 2006Summer University on Information Technology in Agriculture …., Debrecen (Hungary), 19-22 August 2006

Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS)Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS)as a supporting tool in agricultural as a supporting tool in agricultural

science and practicescience and practice


Content of talkContent of talk

(1)(1) Place of agricultural sciencesPlace of agricultural sciences (2)(2) Delivering the informatioDelivering the information fromn from environmentalenvironmental ( (climate/weatherclimate/weather)) models to models to agricultural science and agricultural science and

practicepractice (3)(3) Model descriptionModel description (4)(4) Model outputsModel outputs and comments and comments


((1)1)“Kick off meeting” Atlanta 1996“Kick off meeting” Atlanta 1996 Themes on the front of sciences in 21st Themes on the front of sciences in 21st

Superconductivity Superconductivity (technological question)(technological question)

Contact with other civilizationsContact with other civilizations (question of universality)(question of universality)

The question about origin of the brainThe question about origin of the brain and functioning the consciousness-and functioning the consciousness- quantum teleology quantum teleology (question over all ques.)(question over all ques.)

Environmental and Environmental and foodfood problems problems ((question of survival )question of survival )


((1)1) Environmental and Environmental and foodfood issues issues

This is the first time in the history of This is the first time in the history of fundamental sciences (fundamental sciences (anthropology, anthropology, history, molecular biology and physics of history, molecular biology and physics of particlesparticles) we have appearance of the ) we have appearance of the foregoing issuesat at that levelforegoing issuesat at that level


(1) Climate change and food

(agriculture)?Agricultural science and practice

requires highly sophisticated scientific

approaches and tools for

* STRATEGIC DECISIONS

* ENOUGH AND GOOD QUALITY FOOD


(2) Agricultural planning- strategic (long term) and tactical (less than 10 days) is needed to „protect” agricultural production from

climate-related and other risks

Goals1) Farmer’s2) Manager’s2) Scientist’s

CLIMATE/WEATHER (INFORMATION)


(2) Climate disasters

1) Extreme events (tornadoes, flash, floods and severe thunderstorms, effect of prolonged drought and floods) and

2) Regional climate anomalies (mesoscale storms, small-scale severe weather phenomena).


(2)

Assessing and forecasting the impacts of short-term climate variability and weather risk as well as their relationship to extreme events could help TO mitigate the effects of climate variability and scheduling agricultural activities.

INFORMATION (dimension of reliability and time) ---- STRATEGIC


(2)

Characterisation of the climatic hazards for agriculture can be done using

Global Circulation Models (GCMs)

Regional Circulation Models (RCMs)

link with land surface

LAND SURFACE SCHEMELAND SURFACE SCHEME

GCMs Sub-continental scales

RCMs Characteristics of the weather

(2) Biometeorological environment for farmer needness

LAPS(Land-Air param eterisation schem e)

ADAS(Agrom eteorological Data Acquisition System )

M eteorological dataAir tem perature and hum idity,

Soil tem perature, Sunshine duration, Precipitation, Leaf w etness duration

Fa rm ersSpecia lised a groservices

Biological dataStart of flow ering

Presents of insect vectorsPresents of m ature spores

Eta New

Non hydrostatic ETA

Num erical w eatherprediction m odel Short and m idium range

w eather forecast

M odel Inputs


(2) Multiprocessor computer Wessco-Aurelie -1.01

(16 processor – very soon 96 from EU project)

(2) T (synop)= -4.6 oC

Pow

ered

by

WE

AT

HE

R2

WE

AT

HE

R2

(2) Annual change of total soil moisture in

the layer of 1.6 m in Caumont (France) including the gorwing season of soyabean obtained by LAPS model (Mihailovic et al., 1998, J. Hyd.).

Дани

Вл

ажн

ост

зем

љиш

та

ОсмотреноИзрачунато


Five-day 2m integration of 2m air temperature in Sahara desert near Atlas mountain by Eta-LAPS

(2)


Workshop on Environmental Fluid Mechanics as Elements in Agrometerological ModellingWorkshop on Environmental Fluid Mechanics as Elements in Agrometerological Modelling , Oslo, 2006, Oslo, 2006

MODELMODELFundamentFundamental researchal research

Operationally Operationally useful informationuseful information

LAPSLAPS: Component of : Component of biosphere-atmosphere biosphere-atmosphere modelling systemmodelling system

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Fundamental Fundamental researchresearch

LAPSLAPS: Component of : Component of biosphere-atmosphere biosphere-atmosphere modelling systemmodelling system

SVAT: LAPSSVAT: LAPS P

HY

SIO

LO

GIC

AL

P

HY

SIO

LO

GIC

AL

M

OD

EL

LM

OD

EL

L

EC

OL

OG

ICA

L

EC

OL

OG

ICA

L

MO

DE

LL

MO

DE

LL

NWPNWP

OBSERVED DATAOBSERVED DATA

Agrometeorological modelAgrometeorological model

Crop modelCrop model

Plant diseasse Plant diseasse and pest modeland pest model

(BAHUS)(BAHUS)

Water Water management management modelmodel

Forest fire and Forest fire and management management modelmodel

Dispersion Dispersion modelmodel

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LAPSLAPS: : SSoil-oil-VVegetation-egetation-AAtmosphere-tmosphere-TTransfer Model ransfer Model

Developed by Prof. Dragutin T. Mihailovic & Developed by Prof. Dragutin T. Mihailovic & associates at Faculty of associates at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Serbia.Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Serbia.

Intensively tested on different crops and in different environmentsIntensively tested on different crops and in different environments

LAPS was incorporated in WORKEta NWP model (at research level)LAPS was incorporated in WORKEta NWP model (at research level)

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L A P SL A P S

LAPSLAPS: : SSoil-oil-VVegetation-egetation-AAtmosphere-tmosphere-TTransfer Modelransfer Model

Forcing dataForcing data

Air temperature Air temperature

Short wave radiationShort wave radiation

Long wave radiation Long wave radiation

HumidityHumidity

Wind speedWind speed

PrecipitationPrecipitation

Initial conditionsInitial conditions

Aerodinamic ch.Aerodinamic ch.

Morphological ch.Morphological ch.

Prognostic variablesPrognostic variables

TemperatureTemperature: : leaf, ground and deep soil leaf, ground and deep soil temperaturetemperature

Soil moisture contentSoil moisture content at three soil layersat three soil layers

Leaf wetnessLeaf wetness

Main outputsMain outputs

Sensible and latent Sensible and latent heat fluxesheat fluxes

vegetation - canopy air spacevegetation - canopy air space ground - canopy air space ground - canopy air space canopy air space - reference canopy air space - reference levellevel

Momentum fluxMomentum flux Wind within the Wind within the

canopycanopy

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SoilSoil – three layer soil model – three layer soil model

VegetationVegetation - single layer - single layer (“sandwich”) model(“sandwich”) model

RadiationRadiation transfer transfer

Sensible, latent and soil Sensible, latent and soil heat heat fluxflux partitioning partitioning

Water Water movement through movement through the soil and canopythe soil and canopy

Air flowAir flow above and within the above and within the canopycanopy

LAPSLAPS: Physical package: Physical package

Mihailovic et al. (1992), J. App. Meteor.Mihailovic et al. (1992), J. App. Meteor.


Mihailovic (1994), Workshop, McQuary Mihailovic (1994), Workshop, McQuary Univ., SydneyUniv., Sydney


Mihailovic (1996), Global and Planetary Mihailovic (1996), Global and Planetary Chang.Chang.

Mihailovic and Kallos (1997), Bound. Layer Mihailovic and Kallos (1997), Bound. Layer Met.Met.

Mihailovic et al. (1999), Bound. Layer Met.Mihailovic et al. (1999), Bound. Layer Met.

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Parameterisation of Parameterisation of turbulent transfer above and turbulent transfer above and within canopy within canopy ”K - theory” ”K - theory”

““alpha” representation for alpha” representation for evaporation from bare soilevaporation from bare soil

Darcy’s law for describing Darcy’s law for describing the water movementthe water movement

LAPSLAPS: Physical package: Physical package

Approaches usedApproaches used

Mihailovic et al. (2000), Theor. App. Climat.Mihailovic et al. (2000), Theor. App. Climat.

Mihailovic et al. (2002), Envir. Fluid MechanicsMihailovic et al. (2002), Envir. Fluid Mechanics

Mihailovic et al. (2003), Envir. Fluid MechanicsMihailovic et al. (2003), Envir. Fluid Mechanics

Mihailovic et al. (2003), Envir. Modell. and Mihailovic et al. (2003), Envir. Modell. and SoftwareSoftware

Lalic et al. (2003), Envir. Modell. and SoftwareLalic et al. (2003), Envir. Modell. and Software



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SoilSoil – three layer model – three layer model

LAPSLAPS: Soil and Vegetation Model : Soil and Vegetation Model

VegetationVegetation - single layer model - single layer model

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Governing Governing eequationsquations

LAPSLAPS: Radiation Module : Radiation Module

tT

CHER ccccnc

The net radiation absorbed by theThe net radiation absorbed by the

canopycanopy

soilsoil

partitioned into sensible heat, latent heat, and storage termspartitioned into sensible heat, latent heat, and storage terms

t

TCHER g

gggng

)365C/(EHR2tT

gggngd

Deep soil temperatureDeep soil temperature

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Resistance Resistance rerepresentationpresentation

LAPSLAPS: Radiation Module : Radiation Module ((33))


Sensible and Sensible and llatent atent hheat eat fflux lux ppartitioningartitioning


b

acpc r

TT2cH

cb

c

b

cpac*c rr

W1

r

Wce)T(eE

d

agpg r

TT2cH

p

db

ag*sg

c

rr

e)T(eE

a

rapgc r

TTcHHH

a

rapgc r

eecEEE

Sensible (HSensible (Hcc) and latent () and latent (EEcc) heat flux from vegetation to canopy air space) heat flux from vegetation to canopy air space

,

Sensible (HSensible (Hgg) and latent () and latent (EEgg) heat flux from ground to canopy air space) heat flux from ground to canopy air space

Sensible (H) and latent (Sensible (H) and latent (E) heat flux from canopy air space to reference level E) heat flux from canopy air space to reference level

,

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Diagnostic variables calculationDiagnostic variables calculation


b

acpc r

TT2cH

cb

c

b

cpac*c rr

W1

r

Wce)T(eE

d

agpg r

TT2cH

p

db

ag*sg

c

rr

e)T(eE

a

rapgc r

TTcHH

a

rapgc r

eecEE

Replacing Replacing

,

as well asas well as

intointo

,

and and

and and

and and

could be derived relations for temperature and humidity within the canopy air spacecould be derived relations for temperature and humidity within the canopy air space

adb

a

r

d

g

b

f

a

rrr

r

T

r

T

r

T

T112

2

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Resistance calculationResistance calculation


,

,

ha – canopy source height ha – canopy source height

dzK

dzK

rr

a

z

H s

H

h sa

11dz

Kdz

Kr

a

g

h

h s

h

z sd

11 dzPC

zuL

r

H

h ss

d

ba

)(1

3

21ln

41

14

1

H

h

a

eHh

((33))


Governing Governing eqequationsuations

LAPSLAPS: Hydrological Module : Hydrological Module

Water stored on the canopyWater stored on the canopy

The volumetric soil water contentThe volumetric soil water content

wwfff /EP

tw

RREE

FPD

1

tw

10

w

l,tfg2,1l

l

1

R/EFFD

1

tw

2w2,tf3,22,12

2

RFFD

1

tw

333,23

3

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Within-canopy air temperatureWithin-canopy air temperature

Heat transfer modellingHeat transfer modelling: Canopy : Canopy

Ten-day variation (8‑17 July 2002) of within-canopy air temperature simulated Ten-day variation (8‑17 July 2002) of within-canopy air temperature simulated by the LAPS and observed inside a sunflower canopy at the Rimski Sancevi by the LAPS and observed inside a sunflower canopy at the Rimski Sancevi (Serbia)(Serbia)

188 190 192 194 196 198 200Julian day

0

10

20

30

40

Air

tem

pera

ture

in c

anop

y, T

a (o C

)

S imulated (thin)Observed (th ick)

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5

10

15

20

25

Fol

iage

tem

pera

ture

, Tf (

o C)

M aize (B rutus)D e S inderhoeve(The N etherlands)

S im ulated (so ilid line)O bserved (square)

(b)

0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 H ours (LST)


Foliage temperatureFoliage temperature


Daily variation (18 August 1988) of the foliage temperature, TDaily variation (18 August 1988) of the foliage temperature, T ff, simulated by the , simulated by the

LAPS model and observed beneath a maize canopy at the De Sinderhoeve LAPS model and observed beneath a maize canopy at the De Sinderhoeve (The Netherlands) (The Netherlands)

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Foliage temperatureFoliage temperature


Daily variation (19 July 1998) of the foliage temperature, TDaily variation (19 July 1998) of the foliage temperature, T ff, simulated by the , simulated by the

LAPS model and observed beneath a sunflower canopy at the Rimski Sancevi LAPS model and observed beneath a sunflower canopy at the Rimski Sancevi (Serbia)(Serbia)

15

20

25

30

35

Fol

iage

tem

pera

ture

, Tf (

o C)

Sunflow er (N S-Velja)R im ski Sancevi (Serb ia)

S im ulated (so lid line)O bserved (square)

(b)

0000 0400 0800 1200 1600 2000 2400 H ours (LST)

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Soil water contentSoil water content

Water transfer modellingWater transfer modelling: Soil : Soil

Daily averages of total soil water content (mm) over a depth of 1.6 m Daily averages of total soil water content (mm) over a depth of 1.6 m simulated by the LAPS and observed beneath a soybean canopy in HAPEX simulated by the LAPS and observed beneath a soybean canopy in HAPEX experiment at the Caumont (France) experiment at the Caumont (France)

0 100 200 300Julian day

200

400

600

O bserved (squares) C alcu lated (so lid line)

S

oil m

oist

ure,

t(m

m)

Field capacity (480 m m )

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Governing Governing eequationsquations

Recent improvementsRecent improvements: Turbulent transfer above : Turbulent transfer above non-uniform undrelying surface non-uniform undrelying surface

L/z

zz

lnku

)1(hz

121

exp)h(u)z(u mb

*f

ccf

b

b

c

f

b

h

h1

2

1

fc z

zln

zh

ln

1

zh

ln

e)h(u)z(u

c

Vertical wind profile between canopy top and bottomVertical wind profile between canopy top and bottom

Vertical wind profile between ground and canopy bottomVertical wind profile between ground and canopy bottom

47. D. T. Mihailovic, B. Lalic, J. Eitzinger, S. Malinovic and I. Arsenic, 2006: " AnApproach for Calculation of Turbulent Transfer Coefficient for Momentum insideVegetation Canopies", J. App. Met. and Climat., 45, 348–356.

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Vertical Vertical wwind ind pprofilerofile


0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0N orm alized w ind speed, u(z)/u(h c)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Nor

mal

ized

hei

ght,

z/h c

Japanese larch p lantation

(a)

N EW

O LD

O bserved

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0N orm alized w ind speed, u(z)/u(h c)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Nor

mal

ized

hei

ght,

z/h c

(b)

P ine forest

N EW

O LD

O bserved

Profiles of wind speed inside (a) a Japanese larch plantation and (b) a pine Profiles of wind speed inside (a) a Japanese larch plantation and (b) a pine forest. forest.

Mihailovic, D.T., K. Alapaty, B. Mihailovic, D.T., K. Alapaty, B. Lalic, I. Arsenic, B. Rajkovic and Lalic, I. Arsenic, B. Rajkovic and S. Malinovic 2004: “Turbulent S. Malinovic 2004: “Turbulent transfer coefficient and transfer coefficient and calculation of air temperature calculation of air temperature inside the tall grass canopies in inside the tall grass canopies in coupled land-atmosphere coupled land-atmosphere scheme for environmental scheme for environmental modelling“. J. App. Meteor., 43, modelling“. J. App. Meteor., 43, 1498-15121498-1512

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150 151 152 153 154 155Day of Year

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

Late

nt h

eat f

lux

(Wm

-2)

O LD

N EW

O bserved

(a)


Sensible and Sensible and llatent atent hheat eat ffluxlux


150 151 152 153 154 155D ay of Year

-100

0

100

200

300

Sen

sibl

e he

at fl

ux (

Wm

-2)

O LDNEW

O bserved

(b)

Temporal variation of Temporal variation of (a) latent heat flux and (a) latent heat flux and (b) sensible heat flux (b) sensible heat flux (for DOY 150-155 (for DOY 150-155 during 1986 growing during 1986 growing season) obtained by season) obtained by the LAPS and the LAPS and observed aboveobserved above soybean canopy in soybean canopy in HAPEX experiment at HAPEX experiment at the Caumont (France)the Caumont (France)

Mihailovic, D.T., K. Alapaty, B. Lalic, I. Arsenic, B. Rajkovic and S. Malinovic 2004: “Turbulent transfer coefficient and Mihailovic, D.T., K. Alapaty, B. Lalic, I. Arsenic, B. Rajkovic and S. Malinovic 2004: “Turbulent transfer coefficient and calculation of air temperature inside the tall grass canopies in coupled land-atmosphere scheme for environmental modelling“. calculation of air temperature inside the tall grass canopies in coupled land-atmosphere scheme for environmental modelling“. J. App. Meteor., 43, 1498-1512J. App. Meteor., 43, 1498-1512

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Further plansFurther plans


Verification of the current code coupled with the 1-D model . Verification of the current code coupled with the 1-D model .

Alapaty, K.T., and D.T. Mihailovic, 2006: “An intercomparison study ow two land surface models using a Alapaty, K.T., and D.T. Mihailovic, 2006: “An intercomparison study ow two land surface models using a 1-D model and FIFE measurements”. 1-D model and FIFE measurements”. Inter. J. Climat.Inter. J. Climat. (In press) (In press)

Aggregation of parameters and fluxes – code, tests and verification. Aggregation of parameters and fluxes – code, tests and verification.

Mihailovic, D.T., D. Kapor, C. Hogefre, J. Lazic, and T. Tosic, 2004: “Parameterization of albedo over Mihailovic, D.T., D. Kapor, C. Hogefre, J. Lazic, and T. Tosic, 2004: “Parameterization of albedo over heterogeneous surfaces in coupled land-atmosphere schemes for environmental modelling“. Part I: heterogeneous surfaces in coupled land-atmosphere schemes for environmental modelling“. Part I: Theoretical background”. Theoretical background”. Enivron. Fluid Mech. Enivron. Fluid Mech. , 4, 57-77., 4, 57-77. Mihailovic, D.T., S.T. Rao, K. Alapaty, and J.Y. Ku, B. Lalic, and I. Arsenic, 2005: “A study of the efects Mihailovic, D.T., S.T. Rao, K. Alapaty, and J.Y. Ku, B. Lalic, and I. Arsenic, 2005: “A study of the efects of land types on the boundary layer evolution“. of land types on the boundary layer evolution“. Environ. Modelling and SoftwareEnviron. Modelling and Software (in press). (in press).

Uncertainities and nonlinarities in equations and parameterization procedureUncertainities and nonlinarities in equations and parameterization procedure

Mihailovic, D.T., E. Nikolic-Djoric, and D. Kapor. 2004: “Chaotic behavior of the solution of the energy Mihailovic, D.T., E. Nikolic-Djoric, and D. Kapor. 2004: “Chaotic behavior of the solution of the energy balance equation on soil-atmosphere interface depending on changes in soil heat capacity”. Phys. Rev. E balance equation on soil-atmosphere interface depending on changes in soil heat capacity”. Phys. Rev. E (Submitted). (Submitted).

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Further plansFurther plans


Improvement of the turbulent transfer Improvement of the turbulent transfer parameterisation parameterisation inside the canopy inside the canopy and representation of the canopy architectureand representation of the canopy architecture

Lalic, B. and Mihailovic D.T., 2004: “An empirical relation describing leaf area density within the Lalic, B. and Mihailovic D.T., 2004: “An empirical relation describing leaf area density within the forest“. J. App. Meteor., 43, No. 4, 641-645. forest“. J. App. Meteor., 43, No. 4, 641-645. Mihailovic, D.T., K. Alapaty, B. Lalic, I. Arsenic, B. Rajkovic and S. Malinovic 2004: “Turbulent Mihailovic, D.T., K. Alapaty, B. Lalic, I. Arsenic, B. Rajkovic and S. Malinovic 2004: “Turbulent transfer coefficient and calculation of air temperature inside the tall grass canopies in coupled transfer coefficient and calculation of air temperature inside the tall grass canopies in coupled land-atmosphere scheme for environmental modelling“. J. App. Meteor., 43, 1498-1512. land-atmosphere scheme for environmental modelling“. J. App. Meteor., 43, 1498-1512. Mihailovic, D.T., B. Lalic, J. Eitzinger, S. Malinovic, and I. Arsenic 2006: “An approach for Mihailovic, D.T., B. Lalic, J. Eitzinger, S. Malinovic, and I. Arsenic 2006: “An approach for calculation of turbulent transfer coefficient for momentum inside vegetation canopies “. J. App. calculation of turbulent transfer coefficient for momentum inside vegetation canopies “. J. App. Meteor., 44, 1-10. Meteor., 44, 1-10. Lalic, B., 2006: Lalic, B., 2006: “Possible procedure in parameterization of turbulent transfer within and above “Possible procedure in parameterization of turbulent transfer within and above forest to be used in numerical modelling of different scale atmospheric processes”, CMEM, forest to be used in numerical modelling of different scale atmospheric processes”, CMEM, University of Novi Sad, Serbia, PhD Thesys, pp. 136.University of Novi Sad, Serbia, PhD Thesys, pp. 136.• Mihailovic, D. T., 2006: Land-air parameterisation scheme (LAPS): Further developments of the Mihailovic, D. T., 2006: Land-air parameterisation scheme (LAPS): Further developments of the parameterisation of energy transfers over and through homogeneous and non-homogeneous parameterisation of energy transfers over and through homogeneous and non-homogeneous surfaces. Part I: Theoretical background. Global Planet. Change (in revision).surfaces. Part I: Theoretical background. Global Planet. Change (in revision).

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hours (UT C)

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Surf

ace

fluxe

s (W

m-2

)

Apple orchard16 M ay 2002Chlew iska (Poland)

SI M U LAT ED

Sensible

O BSERVED

Sensible

Latent

Latent

Temporal variation of Temporal variation of sensible and sensible and latent heat fluxlatent heat fluxeses (for (for 16. May 2002 16. May 2002 obobtained by the LAPS and observed abovetained by the LAPS and observed above apple orchard in Chlewiska apple orchard in Chlewiska (Poland(Poland)).. Measured data provieded by Lesny et al. (2002) Measured data provieded by Lesny et al. (2002) ((PhPhDD Thesis Thesis))

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Temporal variation of Temporal variation of sensible and sensible and latent heat fluxlatent heat fluxeses (for (for 16. May 2002 16. May 2002 obobtained by the LAPS and observed abovetained by the LAPS and observed above rapeseed in Chlewiska rapeseed in Chlewiska (Poland(Poland)).. Measured data provieded by Lesny et al. (2002) Measured data provieded by Lesny et al. (2002) ((PhPhDD Thesis Thesis))

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hours (UT C)

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Surf

ace

fluxe

s (W

m-2

)

Rapeseed16 M ay 2002Chlew iska (Poland)

SI M U LAT ED

O BSERVED

Sensible

Sensible

Latent

Latent

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Regional climate simulationRegional climate simulation

TemporalTemporal

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SSurface temperatureurface temperature

Sensitivity to different vegetation coversSensitivity to different vegetation coversNCEP non hydr. + LAPSNCEP non hydr. + LAPS

0 6 12 18 24Hours (GM T )

0

5

10

15

20

25

Surf

ace

tem

pera

ture

(d

eg C

)

(b lue ) T all grass (T m in=12.1, T max=18.0)(pink ) Crop (T m in=11.5, T max=21.0)(orange) M ixed w oodland (T m in=12.0, T max=17.0)(black ) Control (T m in=11.8, T max=19.6)

Sensitivity Sensitivity of of mean surface temperature to cover type. mean surface temperature to cover type. The hourly means were The hourly means were made using all grid points in the domainmade using all grid points in the domain of interest. of interest.

Mihailovic, D. T., 2003: Implementation of Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS) in a limited area model. Final Mihailovic, D. T., 2003: Implementation of Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS) in a limited area model. Final Report, The New York State Energy Conservation and Development Authority, Albany, NY, 110 pp.Report, The New York State Energy Conservation and Development Authority, Albany, NY, 110 pp.

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Sensitivity to different vegetation coversSensitivity to different vegetation coversNCEP non hydr. + LAPSNCEP non hydr. + LAPS

0 6 12 18 24Hours (GM T )

0

5

10

15

20

25

Air

tem

pera

ture

at

2m (

deg

C)

(b lue ) T all grass (T m in=12.3, T max=17.6)(pink ) Crop (T m in=11.7, T max=19.8)(orange) M ixed w oodland (T m in=12.1, T max=16.9)(black ) Control (T m in=11.9, T max=18.7)

Sensitivity Sensitivity of of air temperature at 2m to cover type. air temperature at 2m to cover type. The hourly means were The hourly means were made using all grid points in the domainmade using all grid points in the domain of interest. of interest.

Mihailovic, D. T., 2003: Implementation of Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS) in a limited area model. Final Mihailovic, D. T., 2003: Implementation of Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS) in a limited area model. Final Report, The New York State Energy Conservation and Development Authority, Albany, NY, 110 pp.Report, The New York State Energy Conservation and Development Authority, Albany, NY, 110 pp.

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Documents

Dragutin T. Mihailovic Dragutin T. Mihailovic Faculty of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi Sad University of Novi Sad SERBIA SERBIA