1 | P a g e

DRAFTING

FUNDAMENTALS AND

THEORY OF

DESIGN(INCL.

OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

PRACTICES)

Authors

ERICH D. CRUZ, EdD

JUN F. PANGANIBAN, MTE

COURSE GUIDE in

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY 1 (DT 1) Drafting Fundamentals and Theory of Design

(incl. Occupational Health and Safety Practices)

Introduction (PPT/Video)

DR. ERICH D. CRUZ

Professor I

Drafting Tech. Area Coordinator

Drafting/Drawing/Research Professor

34 yrs. In Teaching Profession

BSIE (Drafting), MA Ed., Ed. D.

Researcher, IM and Book Writer

and Faculty Extensionist

Married to Prof. Thelma (CIT-Physics),

with 3 kids and a lovely granddaughter

San Pedro, Morong, Rizal

Prof. JUN F. PANGANIBAN

Associate Professor II

Drafting and Drawing Professor

33 yrs. In Teaching Profession

Drafting Specialist and Coach

BSIE Drafting Tech (Pioneer Grad. RTPI)

Master in Technician Education (Drafting)

Ph. D. - Educational Leadership (CAR) Married with 2 kids from SG, Morong

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

A program that prepares individuals to generally apply technical skills (where

Drafting is the study of communications of ideas through lines, symbols, sketches, etc.)

to create working drawings manually and eventually computer simulations for a variety

of applications.

Prof. Erich D. Cruz. Ed. D. Prof. Jun F. Panganiban, MTE

DT 1 Professors

First Semester, SY 2020 - 2021

erich.cruz@urs.edu.ph jun.panganiban@urs.edu.ph

erichcruz58@yahoo.com

Welcome !

Drafting Technology I

Drafting Fundamentals and Theory of Design

incl. Occupational Health and Safety Practices)

3 unit Major Subject

1 hr. lecture and 6 hrs. laboratory

Course Description

The course deals with the identification and application of the basic principles, theories and drafting fundamentals in the preparation of working drawing. It also focuses on orthographic projection, dimensioning, sectioning, scaling, notes and specifications using two methods such as freehand and mechanical drawing in the preparation of working drawing and blueprints with complete details. This course also deals with the safety standards and procedures in the workshops as set by the industry and the school. It includes topics such as personal safety, safety industry precautions and practices, hazard anticipation, accident preventions, and first aid administration. It also develops and enhances the knowledge, skills and attitudes of students to safety perform their tasks.

Objectives

General Objectives

1. To produce competent technical manpower vital in responding to the needs of

industrial society.

2. To produce research-oriented professionals in technology and highly skilled

technicians who are creative and innovative, productive, self reliant and morally

directed citizens.

3. To understand the importance of drawing as a universal language of industry.

4. To know the fundamental skills and knowledge in preparing working drawing.

Specific Objectives: At the end of the course the students

should be able to:

1. To discuss the importance of line as an element of drawing. 2. To explain that working drawing uses geometric construction as a basis for its

completion. 3. To discuss the principles of orthographic and pictorial drawings. 4. To identify the importance of dimensioning considering its lines, symbols and

rules. 5. To discuss the difference between and among the types of scaling. 6. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views. 7. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views. 8. To print letters legibly. 9. To construct the object in its pictorial form with the given views and/or vice versa. 10. To prepare working drawings. 11. To construct three dimensional figures based on principles of pattern and surface

development. 12. To observe desirable work attitudes.

Course Structure

The course DT 1 consist of twelve (12) instructional units divided into twenty

three (23) modules namely:

I. Introduction and Instrument Drawing (2) II. Lettering (1)

III. Geometric Construction (3) IV. Orthographic Drawing (2) V. Pictorial Drawing (3)

VI. Dimensioning (2) VII. Scaling (2)

VIII. Sectioning (3) IX. Auxiliary Views (1) X. Pattern and Surface Development (2)

XI. Working Drawing (1) XII. Occupational Safety and Health Practices (1)

See: Modules

Course Requirements Grading System

Course Requirement

May be submitted thru courier, online (email) or drop box.

Enhancement Activities

Drawing Exercises

Drawing of Plates

Grading System

Plates and Projects 40 %

Quizzes and Assignments 20%

Participation 10%

Periodical Examinations 30%

Course Schedule

Registration (August 24, 2020)

Classes Start and Orientation

Study Session 1 (August 25, 2020)

Submission of Activity and Requirement for Modules 1 to 8 Study Session 2 (October 8, 2020)

Submission of Activity and Requirement for Modules 9 to 18 Study Session 3 (December 5, 2020)

Submission of Activity and Requirement for Modules 19 to 23

Final Requirement Due (December 12, 2020)

DT 1 Drafting Fundamentals and Theory of Design

(incl. Occupational Health and Safety Practices)

Course Objectives

General Objectives

1. To produce competent technical manpower vital in responding to the needs of

industrial society.

2. To produce research-oriented professionals in technology and highly skilled

technicians who are creative and innovative, productive, self reliant and morally

directed citizens.

3. To understand the importance of drawing as a universal language of industry.

4. To know the fundamental skills and knowledge in preparing working drawing.

Specific Objectives: At the end of the course the students should be able to:

1. To discuss the importance of line as an element of drawing. 2. To explain that working drawing uses geometric construction as a basis for its

completion. 3. To discuss the principles of orthographic and pictorial drawings. 4. To identify the importance of dimensioning considering its lines, symbols and

rules. 5. To discuss the difference between and among the types of scaling. 6. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views. 7. To explain the purpose of sectioning and auxiliary views. 8. To print letters legibly. 9. To construct the object in its pictorial form with the given views and/or vice versa. 10. To prepare working drawings. 11. To construct three dimensional figures based on principles of pattern and surface

development. 12. To observe desirable work attitudes.

Course Structure

The course DT 1 consist of twelve (12) instructional units divided into twenty

three (23) modules namely:

CONTENT WRITER

Unit 1. Introduction and Instrument Drawing Module

1. Drafting Related Careers and Line Sketching 2. Hand Manipulated Tools, Set of Drawing

Instruments, Machine Operated Instruments and Consumable Materials

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 2. Lettering Module

3. Lettering as an Essential Element in a Working Drawing

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 3. Geometric Construction Module

4. Points, Lines, Angles and Circles 5. Polygons 6. Solids

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 4. Orthographic Drawing Module

7. Alphabet of Lines 8. Multiview Projection incl. Planes of Projection and

Methods of Presentation

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 5. Pictorial Drawing Module

9. Isometric Drawing 10. Oblique Drawing 11. Perspective Drawing

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 6. Dimensioning Module

12. Systems of Measurement and Placing Dimensions, and Types of Dimensioning

13. Lines, Symbols and Rules Used in Dimensioning

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 7. Scaling Module

14. Reproduction Process 15. Reduction and Enlargement Processes

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 8. Sectioning Module

16. Lines and Symbols Used in Sectioning 17. Cross and Longitudinal Sections 18. Types of Sections

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 9. Auxiliary Views Module

19. Types of Auxiliary Views

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 10. Pattern and Surface Development Module

20. Common, Platonic and Orthogonal Solids 21. Truncated Vs. Frustum Incl. Archimedean Solids

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 11. Working Drawing Module

22. Assembly Drawing 23. Detail Drawing 24. Complete Working Drawing

Erich D. Cruz

Unit 12. Occupational Safety and Health Practices Module

25. Understanding OSH and Recognizing Safety Hazards and Appropriate Control Measures

26. Unsafe and Unhealthy Acts and Conditions

Erich D. Cruz

MODULE 6

GEOMETRIC SOLIDS

OBJECTIVES: After reading the topics and doing exercises you will learn to:

define geometric solid.

discuss common solids, regular polyhedral and Archimedean solids.

draw and construct geometric solids

appreciate the importance of understanding various three-dimensional figures essential to working drawing.

OVERVIEW

Geometric Solids are 3-dimensional (3D) shapes – which mean they have the 3 dimensions of width, depth, and height. Basic examples are spheres, cubes, cylinders, and pyramids. But there are lots of others. Some geometric solids have faces that are flat, curved, or both. Some have faces that are all the same shape. Some have faces that are different shapes. But they all have 3 dimensions. In this module, one will explore the basic information on how edges, sides, faces or vertices interconnected to form a solid. The manipulation of compass will be extensively used together with protractor and ruler or triangles.

Solid figures are 3-dimensional or 3D figures that have width, depth and height.

They take up space or volume. Example of common solid figures: Sphere, Cube, Cylinder, Cone, Pyramid and Prism.

In order to describe a geometric shape, it is important to use the proper technical terms as follows: (Visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8c5TXVPPeg)

Edge: a line that joins two vertices Side: the lines that make a 2D shape or surface Face: the shape that defines the structure of a pyramid or prism Vertex: the corner where two or more lines meet (vertices)

Common Solids

Cube Pyramid Sphere Cone Cylinder Prism CONE PYRAMID CYLINDER PRISM

Cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base to a point called the apex or vertex.

Cube is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides, with three meeting at each vertex. The cube is the only regular hexahedron and is one of the five Platonic solids. It has 6 faces, 12 edges, and 8 vertices.

Pyramid is a polyhedron that has a base, which can be any polygon, and three or more triangular faces that meet at a point called the apex. These triangular sides are sometimes called the lateral faces to distinguish them from the base.

Cylinder is a three dimensional shape with two round shapes at either end and two parallel lines connecting the round ends.

Sphere is a geometrical object in three-dimensional space that is the surface of a ball.

Prism is a 3-dimensional shape with two identical shapes facing each other. These identical shapes are called “bases”. The bases can be a triangle, square, rectangle or any other polygon.

A Platonic Solid is a special type of Polyhedra, in which each face is exactly the same, and the same number of faces meet at each corner, or vertex. They were named after a famous philosopher and mathematician from ancient Greece named “Plato. Platonic solid is a regular, convex polyhedron with congruent faces of regular polygons and the same number of faces meeting at each vertex. Five solids meet those criteria and each is named after its number of faces.

Tetrahedron also known as a triangular pyramid is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces (equilateral triangle), six straight edges, and four vertex corners.

Visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8x61AJnIBPE

Hexahedron is any polyhedron with six faces. A cube, for example, is a regular hexahedron with all its faces square, and three squares around each vertex. There are seven topologically distinct convex hexahedra, one of which exists in two mirror image forms.

Octahedron is a polyhedron with eight faces, twelve edges, and six vertices. The term is most commonly used to refer to the regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex.

Dodecahedron is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces. The most familiar dodecahedron is the regular dodecahedron, which is a Platonic solid

Icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 faces. The name comes from Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi), meaning 'twenty', and ἕδρα (hédra), meaning 'seat'. The plural can be either "icosahedra" (/-drə/) or "icosahedrons".

Archimedean solid a highly symmetric, semi-regular convex polyhedron composed

of two or more types of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices.

Directions: Identify the correct answer of the following and write your answer on the

space provided for.

__________ 1. Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces (equilateral triangle), six

straight edges, and four vertex corners.

__________ 2. Three dimensional shape with two round shapes at either end and two

parallel lines connecting the round ends.

__________ 3. Name comes from Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi), meaning 'twenty', and

ἕδρα (hédra), meaning 'seat'.

__________ 4. Figures are 3-dimensional or 3D figures that have width, depth and

height.

__________ 5. The corner where two or more lines meet.

___________ 6. Highly symmetric, semi-regular convex polyhedron composed of two or

more types of regular polygons meeting in identical vertices.

__________ 7. The shape that defines the structure of a pyramid or prism

__________ 8. Three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat

base to a point called the apex or vertex.

__________ 9. Polyhedron with twelve flat faces.

__________10. Special type of Polyhedra, in which each face is exactly the same, and

the same number of faces meet at each corner, or vertex.

NAME________________________________ DATE____________________ COURSE: _________________YR. & SEC.: _______ SCORE: ____________

DRAWING EXERCISE NO. 13

COMMON SOLIDS Directions: Draw the common solids according to the given space in pictorial form.

Pyramid Cone

Prism Cylinder

NAME________________________________ DATE____________________ COURSE: _________________YR. & SEC.: _______ SCORE: ____________

DRAWING EXERCISE NO. 14

PLATONIC SOLIDS Directions: Draw the following platonic solids:.

Icosahedron

Octahedron

(ASAQ of Module 6)

1. TETRAHEDRON

2. CYLINDER

3. ICOSAHEDRON

4. SOLIDS

5. VERTEX

6. ARCHEMIDEAN SOLIDS

7. FACE

8. CONE

9. DODECAHEDRON

10. PLATONIC SOLIDS

Rubrics for Drawing Exercises

Criteria

Excellent

Good

Fair

Poor

Accuracy and

Correctness of Work (50%)

Drawing exercise is engagingly organized and presents correct and complete.

Drawing exercise is somewhat organized, complete.

Drawing exercise is disorganized and incomplete at times and is somewhat able to hold the attention of the viewer.

Drawing exercise is incomplete and not easy to read.

Speed (15%)

The drawing exercise was completed with minimum effort

The student finished the drawing exercise but it could have been improved with more effort.

The student worked hard and completed the drawing exercise but with a bit more effort it might have been outstanding.

The drawing exercise was continued until it was complete as the student could make it; gave it effort far beyond that required.

Neatness (15%)

Exceptionally attractive and particularly neat in design and layout

Attractive and neat in design and layout

Acceptably attractive but may be messy at times and/or show lack of organization

Distractingly messy or very poorly designed. Does not show pride in work.

Legibility (20%)

The drawing exercise was beautiful and patiently done; lettering printed accordingly.

With a little more effort, the work could have been outstanding; lacks the finishing touches.

The student showed average competence; adequate, but not as good as it could have been, a bit careless.

The student showed average competence, lack of pride in finished work

Score Range

Interpretation (Grade)

Description

91- 100 Outstanding (1.5 – 1.0)

Conditions and provision is excellent and the standard of function meets quality.

81 - 90 Very Satisfactory (2.0 – 1.6)

Conditions and provision is extensive and the standard of function is above average.

71 – 80

Satisfactory (2.5 – 2.1)

Conditions and provision is adequate and meets the normal function.

61 – 70

Moderately Satisfactory (3.0 – 2.6)

Conditions and provision is limited and functions are temporarily acceptable.

51 – 60

Needs Improvement

(3.5 – 3.1)

Conditions and provision needs improvement and functions are missing.