DRAFT STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) … Reports/Tatu City... · tatu city extension (mchana estate) master plan on plot l.r. no. 31327 on 885.22 hectares of land adjacent

DRAFT STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED

TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE) MASTER PLAN ON PLOT L.R. NO. 31327 ON

885.22 HECTARES OF LAND ADJACENT TO TATU CITY (PHASE 1) IN KIAMBU COUNTY.

PROPONENT

TATU CITY LTD

P.O. Box 2739 ‐ 00621 NAIROBI

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT

AWEMAC

AFRICA WASTE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

CENTRE

TOP PLAZA 5TH FLOOR, OFFICE SUITE No.4 KILIMANI,

KINDARUMA ROAD, OFF NGONG ROAD,

P.O. Box 14365 - 00100, NAIROBI.

Tel: 020-2012408/0704333166

Email: [email protected]

FIRM NEMA Reg. No. 0527

SEPTEMBER, 2019

mailto:[email protected]

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Draft SEA Report

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ac Acre

AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

BTL CICC BTL Christian International Conference Centre

CBD Central Business District

CBO Community Based Organization

CEC County Environment Committee

CECM County Executive Committee Member

CEMMP Construction Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

CIDP County Integrated Development Plan

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CV Curriculum Vitae

DOE Department of Environment

DOSHS Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMCA Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act

EMU Environmental Management Unit

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESMMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan

GHGs Greenhouse Gases

GIS Geographic Information System

GoK Government of Kenya

GPS Global Positioning System

Ha Hectare

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

ICT Information and Communications Technology

IFC International Finance Corporation

ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management

JKIA Jomo Kenyatta International Airport

K. U Kenyatta University

KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards

KeNHA Kenya National Highways Authority

KFS Kenya Forest Service



KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute

KM Kilometer

KWS Kenya Wildlife Service

m a.s.l Metres above sea level

M3 Cubic Metres

MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements

MM Millimeter

NCA National Construction Authority

NCC Nairobi City County

NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan

NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy

NEAP National Environment Action Plan

NEC National Environmental Council

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

NET National Environment Tribunal

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

NIUPLAN Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan

NMP Northlands Master Plan

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act

PPP Policies Plans and Programs

PWDS Persons with Disabilities

RUJUWASCO Ruiru - Juja Water and Sewerage Company

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SEA Strategic Environment Assessment

SERC Standards and Enforcement Review Committee

STP Sewage Treatment Plants

SWMS Safe Work Method Statements

TODs Transit Oriented Development

UN habitat United Nations habitat

UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WIBA Work Injury Benefit Act

WRA Water Resources Authority



DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cumulative Impacts: IFC defines cumulative as those impacts that result from the successive,

incremental, and/or combined effects of an action, project, or activity when added to

other existing, planned, and/or reasonably anticipated future ones.

Cumulative Impact Analysis: a systematic procedure for identifying and evaluating the

significance of effects from multiple activities.

High water mark: means the historical recorded point of the highest level of contact between the

water and the shore or bank, as the case may be.

Low water mark: means the historical recorded point of the lowest level of contact between the

water and the shore or the bank as the case may be.

Riparian land: means land being a minimum of 6 metres and up to a maximum of 30 metres on

either side of a river bank from the highest water mark.

Buffer Zone: means distinct or established areas that separate potentially competing users and

that serves to lessen the danger of potential conflicts.

Master plan: a dynamic long-term planning document that provides a conceptual layout to guide

future growth and development. Master planning is about making the connection

between buildings, social settings, and their surrounding environments.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION PAGE ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... 2

DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................................ 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 6

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... 14

LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................................................................... 15

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................. 16

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 17

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 26

1.1 Background Information ................................................................................................................................. 26

1.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment Definition .................................................................................. 27

1.3 Basic Principles for SEA ................................................................................................................................... 27

1.4 Objectives of the SEA ........................................................................................................................................ 27

1.5 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan Specifications/ Elements ........................... 28

1.6 Definition of the Master Plan Boundaries / Scope ............................................................................... 29

1.7 Methodology and Criteria for undertaking the SEA ............................................................................. 30

1.7.1 Key Stages in the SEA preparation .................................................................................................... 31

1.7.2 Summary of the SEA process ............................................................................................................... 34

1.8 Work Plan for executing the SEA ................................................................................................................. 35

1.8.1 SEA Time Schedule ................................................................................................................................... 35

1.8.2 Key deliverables for the SEA ................................................................................................................ 35

1.8.3 Budget to implement the SEA .............................................................................................................. 36

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED MASTER PLAN .......................................................................... 37

2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 37

2.2 Purpose / Rationale of the Master plan .................................................................................................... 37

2.3 Objectives of the Master plan ........................................................................................................................ 37

2.4 Areas and sectors affected by the Master plan ...................................................................................... 37

2.4.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (2014 - 2030)-NIUPLAN .... 39

2.4.2 Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022 ..................................................... 42

2.4.3 Tatu City Phase 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 43

2.4.4 Kenyatta University Master Plan ....................................................................................................... 44

2.4.5 The Two Rivers Development Master plan ................................................................................... 45

2.4.6 The Northlands Master Plan ................................................................................................................ 47

2.4.7 Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan ................................................................................................................. 48



2.4.8 Other relevant Plans ................................................................................................................................ 49

2.5 Proposed Land Uses for Development in the Master Plan ................................................................ 50

2.5.1 Housing Development ............................................................................................................................ 51

2.5.2 Industrial Development ......................................................................................................................... 52

2.5.3 Educational Institutions......................................................................................................................... 52

2.5.4 Recreational and Sports Facilities and Services .......................................................................... 52

2.5.5 Natural Green Space ................................................................................................................................ 52

2.5.6 Wetlands & Water bodies...................................................................................................................... 53

2.5.7 Commercial Centre .................................................................................................................................. 53

2.5.8 Infrastructure Utilities and Services ................................................................................................. 53

2.5.9 Transportation System ........................................................................................................................... 53

2.5.10 Community Clusters ................................................................................................................................ 54

2.6 Implementation plan and time scale for the Master Plan ................................................................. 54

3 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE MASTER PLAN .................................................................... 56

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 56

3.2 Methodology for baseline analysis .............................................................................................................. 56

3.2.1 Data sources................................................................................................................................................ 56

3.2.2 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 57

3.3 Physiographic features .................................................................................................................................... 59

3.3.1 Physical & Topographic Features ...................................................................................................... 59

3.3.2 Ecological Conditions .............................................................................................................................. 61

3.3.3 Climatic Conditions .................................................................................................................................. 63

3.3.4 Water Resources ....................................................................................................................................... 64

3.4 Biological Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 70

3.4.1 Forests/Vegetation types ...................................................................................................................... 70

3.4.2 Wildlife .......................................................................................................................................................... 80

3.5 Socio-Economic Setting ................................................................................................................................... 83

3.5.1 Population Size and Composition ...................................................................................................... 83

3.5.2 Land Use and Local economy .............................................................................................................. 83

3.5.3 Mean land holding size ........................................................................................................................... 88

3.5.4 Infrastructure and Access ..................................................................................................................... 88

4 RELEVANT POLICY, PLAN, LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ......................... 95

4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 95

4.2 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 ................................................................................................................. 95

4.2.1 The Kenya Vision 2030 .......................................................................................................................... 95

4.2.2 The Government of Kenya’s Big Four Agenda .............................................................................. 96



4.3 Key Policies relevant to the SEA................................................................................................................... 96

4.3.1 Sessional Paper No. 10 of 2014 on the National Environment Policy ................................ 96

4.3.2 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework for

Kenya 2012 - 2030. ..................................................................................................................................................... 96

4.3.3 Draft National Wetlands Conservation and Management Policy ......................................... 97

4.3.4 Draft Wildlife Policy, 2011 .................................................................................................................... 97

4.3.5 National Energy and Petroleum Policy, 2015 ............................................................................... 97

4.3.6 HIV/AIDS Policy of 2009 ....................................................................................................................... 97

4.3.7 Forestry Policy, 2014 .............................................................................................................................. 97

4.3.8 National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2007 ............................................. 98

4.3.9 The National Housing Policy 2004 .................................................................................................... 98

4.3.10 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework for

Kenya 2012-2030 ........................................................................................................................................................ 98

4.3.11 Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2009 on National Land Policy ........................................................... 98

4.3.12 The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2017 on National Land Use Policy (NLUP) ......................... 99

4.3.13 National Policy for Disaster Management in Kenya ................................................................... 99

4.3.14 The National Water Policy of Kenya 1999 .................................................................................. 100

4.3.15 Environment and Development (Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999) ..................................... 100

4.3.16 Kenya National Policy on Gender and Development (NPGD), 2000 ................................ 100

4.3.17 National Urban Development Policy ............................................................................................. 100

4.4 National Strategies.......................................................................................................................................... 101

4.4.1 The Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy of 2010 ...................................... 101

4.4.2 The National Biodiversity Strategy of 2000 ............................................................................... 101

4.4.3 The National Water Master Plan 2030 ......................................................................................... 101

4.4.4 The Kenya National Spatial Plan (2015-2045) .......................................................................... 102

4.4.5 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 ......................................................... 102

4.4.6 Nairobi Metro 2030 .............................................................................................................................. 102

4.4.7 National Master Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water

Catchment Areas in Kenya, 2012........................................................................................................................ 103

4.4.8 The Big Four Agenda ............................................................................................................................ 103

4.4.9 The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030 .................................................................................................... 103

4.4.10 Nairobi Master Plan for Sewer, Sanitation and Drainage, Third Nairobi Water Supply

104

4.5 Legal Framework / Laws and Key relevant Regulations ................................................................ 104

4.5.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387) ............................ 104

4.5.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA 2007) ................................................................... 107

4.5.3 Climate Change Act, 2016 .................................................................................................................. 108



4.5.4 Wildlife Management and Conservation Act 2013 .................................................................. 109

4.5.5 The Forest Act, 2005 ............................................................................................................................ 109

4.5.6 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013 ............................................................. 109

4.5.7 Housing Act .............................................................................................................................................. 109

4.5.8 Education Act. ......................................................................................................................................... 109

4.5.9 Sports Act 2013 ...................................................................................................................................... 110

4.5.10 Building Code 2000............................................................................................................................... 110

4.5.11 County Governments Act, 2012 ....................................................................................................... 110

4.5.12 Employment Act, 2007 ........................................................................................................................ 110

4.5.13 Energy Act of 2006 ................................................................................................................................ 110

4.5.14 Environment and Land Court Act, 2011 ...................................................................................... 111

4.5.15 Food Drugs and Chemicals Substances Act (Cap 254) ........................................................... 111

4.5.16 Land Act, 2012 ........................................................................................................................................ 111

4.5.17 The Land Registration Act, 2012 ..................................................................................................... 111

4.5.18 National Land Commission Act, 2012 (No. 5 of 2012) ........................................................... 111

4.5.19 Penal Code Act (Cap.63)...................................................................................................................... 112

4.5.20 Physical Planning Act (Cap. 286) .................................................................................................... 112

4.5.21 Valuers Act Cap 532, 1985 ................................................................................................................. 112

4.5.22 Public Health Act (Cap. 242) ............................................................................................................. 112

4.5.23 Security Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014 ....................................................................................... 112

4.5.24 Special Economic Zones Act, 2015 ................................................................................................. 112

4.5.25 Standards Act Cap. 496 ....................................................................................................................... 113

4.5.26 Traffic Act Cap 403 ................................................................................................................................ 113

4.5.27 Urban Areas and Cities Act No 13 of 2011 .................................................................................. 113

4.5.28 Water Act, 2016 ...................................................................................................................................... 113

4.5.29 Work Injury Compensation Benefit Act (WIBA) 2007 ........................................................... 114

4.5.30 Public Roads and Roads of Access Act Cap 399 ........................................................................ 114

4.5.31 The Kenya Roads Act, 2007 ............................................................................................................... 114

4.5.32 National Gender and Equality Act, 2011 ...................................................................................... 114

4.5.33 The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 and its amendment 2012 ..................................................... 115

4.5.34 Persons with Disability Act, Chapter 133 .................................................................................... 115

4.5.35 Tobacco Control Act, 2007 ................................................................................................................. 115

4.5.36 Alcoholic Drinks Control Act, 2010. ............................................................................................... 115

4.6 Multilateral Environmental Agreements / Treaties ......................................................................... 116

4.6.1 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Africa

Union, 1968) ............................................................................................................................................................... 116


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4.6.2 Earth Summit on Sustainable Development, Agenda 21 ....................................................... 116

4.6.3 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.................................................................................................... 116

4.6.4 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) ............................................ 117

4.6.5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) ............................ 117

4.6.6 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change .. 117

4.6.7 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ................................................... 118

4.6.8 Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 ....................................................................................................... 118

4.6.9 The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland

Commission of 1987) .............................................................................................................................................. 118

4.6.10 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women .......... 119

4.6.11 International Labour Organization ................................................................................................ 119

4.6.12 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ....................................................................................... 119

4.7 Institutional Framework .............................................................................................................................. 120

4.7.1 Key National Institutions and Departments ............................................................................... 120

4.7.2 Institutions under EMCA Cap 387 .................................................................................................. 122

4.8 National and County Government Approvals and Permits ............................................................ 125

5 PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ........................................................................................... 129

5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 129

5.2 Objectives of the Consultation and Public Participation ................................................................. 129

5.3 Stakeholder Identification ........................................................................................................................... 129

5.4 Stakeholder Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 132

5.5 Methodology used for Public Participation and Consultation ...................................................... 133

5.5.1 Household Interviews and Survey ................................................................................................. 133

5.5.2 Key Stakeholders Consultation and Interviews ........................................................................ 134

5.5.3 Public Participation and Key Stakeholder Technical meeting ............................................ 134

5.6 Positive comments made by the respondents .................................................................................... 146

5.6.1 Employment Opportunities for the Locals .................................................................................. 146

5.6.2 Poverty Alleviation ............................................................................................................................... 146

5.6.3 Increased Business Opportunities .................................................................................................. 146

5.6.4 Increase in Land Value ........................................................................................................................ 146

5.6.5 Attraction of Investors ........................................................................................................................ 146

5.6.6 Development of Infrastructure and Social Amenities in Kiambu Area ........................... 146

5.6.7 Improved and Accessible Education .............................................................................................. 146

5.6.8 Better Healthcare ................................................................................................................................... 146

5.6.9 Improved Security ................................................................................................................................. 147

5.6.10 Improved and Increased Housing in the Area ........................................................................... 147


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5.6.11 Improve Networking and Culture Exchange .............................................................................. 147

5.6.12 Economic Growth / Increased revenue ........................................................................................ 147

5.6.13 Decongestion of Nairobi City ............................................................................................................ 147

5.6.14 Promote Urbanization in Kiambu County ................................................................................... 147

5.7 Negative impacts highlighted by the respondents ............................................................................ 147

5.7.1 Habitat loss, alteration and fragmentation of Land ................................................................. 147

5.7.2 Environmental Degradation on change of land use ................................................................ 147

5.7.3 Noise Pollution and Vibrations ........................................................................................................ 148

5.7.4 Air Pollution ............................................................................................................................................. 148

5.7.5 Water Pollution ...................................................................................................................................... 148

5.7.6 Increased pressure on infrastructure ........................................................................................... 148

5.7.7 Interference of Existing Development Infrastructure ............................................................ 148

5.7.8 Loss of Jobs ............................................................................................................................................... 148

5.7.9 Increased Insecurity ............................................................................................................................. 148

5.7.10 High Cost of Living for the Locals ................................................................................................... 148

5.7.11 Increased Spread of Communicable Diseases ........................................................................... 148

5.7.12 Increased Social vices .......................................................................................................................... 148

5.7.13 Dumping of Solid Waste ...................................................................................................................... 149

6 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 150

6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 150

6.2 Impacts analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 150

6.3 Quantification of the Magnitude of Impacts ......................................................................................... 150

6.4 Impacts on the Physical Environment .................................................................................................... 151

6.4.1 Impact on Air Quality ........................................................................................................................... 151

6.4.2 Impact on Noise and Vibrations ...................................................................................................... 152

6.4.3 Impact on Energy Resources ............................................................................................................ 153

6.4.4 Impact on Soils and Geology ............................................................................................................. 153

6.4.5 Impact on Water Resources .............................................................................................................. 154

6.4.6 Waste Generation .................................................................................................................................. 154

6.5 Impacts on the Biological Environment ................................................................................................. 155

6.5.1 Impact on Flora ...................................................................................................................................... 155

6.5.2 Impact on Fauna ..................................................................................................................................... 156

6.6 Impacts on the Socio- Economic Environment ................................................................................... 156

6.7 Impacts on the Health and Safety ............................................................................................................. 157

6.8 Cumulative Impacts ........................................................................................................................................ 158

6.8.1 Cumulative Impacts Analysis (CIA) ................................................................................................ 158


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6.8.2 Cumulative Positive Impacts ............................................................................................................ 159

6.8.3 Cumulative Negative impacts ........................................................................................................... 159

6.8.4 Mitigation measures for negative Cumulative Impacts ......................................................... 161

7 Alternative Options of the Master Plan ............................................................................................ 164

7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 164

7.1 Alternative Policy, Options and Strategies; .......................................................................................... 164

7.1.1 Option 1 - No Intervention Option (Carbon sink/ sequestration Option), .................... 164

7.1.2 Option 2 - Farm land / Agricultural Use Option ....................................................................... 165

7.1.3 Option 3 - Wildlife Conservancy ...................................................................................................... 168

7.1.4 Option 4 - Proposed City Development ........................................................................................ 169

7.2 Justification for the Preferred Alternative - Proposed Tatu City Extension Development170

7.3 Linkages with ongoing Projects and developments ......................................................................... 171

7.3.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (NIUPLAN) ........................... 171

7.3.2 Tatu City Phase 1 ................................................................................................................................... 171

7.3.3 The Kenyatta University Master Plan............................................................................................ 172

7.3.4 The Two Rivers Development Master plan ................................................................................ 173

7.3.5 The Northlands Master Plan and the Gulmarg- Sasini Master Plan .................................. 173

8 CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION ACTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................... 174

8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 174

8.2 The causes of climate change ..................................................................................................................... 174

8.3 Vulnerability of Proposed Master Plan to Climate Change ............................................................ 175

8.3.1 Heavy precipitation events ................................................................................................................ 175

8.3.2 Extreme heat events ............................................................................................................................. 175

8.3.3 Drought ...................................................................................................................................................... 175

8.4 Proposed Master Plan Sectors likely to be potential sources of GHGs ...................................... 175

8.4.1 Transport .................................................................................................................................................. 176

8.4.2 Commercial and residential buildings .......................................................................................... 176

8.4.3 Industries .................................................................................................................................................. 176

8.4.4 Waste .......................................................................................................................................................... 176

8.4.5 Agriculture, land-use change and forestry .................................................................................. 176

8.4.6 Energy supply for electricity generation ..................................................................................... 176

8.5 Adaptation and Mitigation actions for the Master Plan .................................................................. 177

9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (ESMMP) ....... 179

9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 179


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9.2 Scope and Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan

(ESMMP) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 179

9.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) .............................................................................................. 180

9.3.1 Biodiversity and Nature Conservation ......................................................................................... 181

9.3.2 Waste Management .............................................................................................................................. 183

9.3.3 Water Resources .................................................................................................................................... 184

9.3.4 Energy Resources .................................................................................................................................. 186

9.3.5 Environmental and Landscape Changes ...................................................................................... 187

9.3.6 Traffic and Transport ........................................................................................................................... 189

9.3.7 Greenhouse Gases Emissions ........................................................................................................... 191

9.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety ....................................................................................................... 192

9.3.9 Socio-Economic Concerns .................................................................................................................. 193

9.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan ............................................................................................................... 194

9.5 Monitoring Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 194

9.6 Construction Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (CEMMP) ........................ 198

9.6.1 Policy .......................................................................................................................................................... 198

9.6.2 Implementation and Operation ....................................................................................................... 198

9.7 Institutional Arrangements......................................................................................................................... 199

10 SUMMARY OF THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED MASTER PLAN 202

10.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 202

10.2 Rise to Grievances ........................................................................................................................................... 202

10.3 Degradation of aquatic ecosystems ......................................................................................................... 202

10.4 Traffic Impact .................................................................................................................................................... 203

10.5 Water Demand.................................................................................................................................................. 203

10.6 Waste Impacts .................................................................................................................................................. 203

11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 205

11.1 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 205

11.1.1 Recommended Master Plan Changes ............................................................................................ 205

11.1.2 Recommended Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................. 207

11.1.3 Need for Subsequent EIA .................................................................................................................... 209

LIST OF REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 214

APPENDICES ....................................................................................................................................................... 217


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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:1 SEA Actions and Decisions ............................................................................................................................ 32

Table 1:2 SEA Time Schedule ........................................................................................................................................... 35

Table 1:3 Key deliverables for the SEA ......................................................................................................................... 35

Table 2:1 Aerial distances to proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) ............................................ 38

Table 2:2 Projected water demand for larger Nairobi ........................................................................................... 39

Table 2:3 Recommended sources of water by NIUPLAN ...................................................................................... 39

Table 2:4 NIUPLAN sewage generation estimate..................................................................................................... 40

Table 2:5 Land use budget for proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan ............... 51

Table 2:6 Proposed Planning Program for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan ............ 55

Table 3:1 Data Sources on Pillars of Sustainability ................................................................................................. 56

Table 3:2 GIS Data Requirements and Output ........................................................................................................... 58

Table 3:3 Ruiru weather by Month- Weather Conditions .................................................................................... 64

Table 3:4 Water demand and wastewater volumes................................................................................................ 69

Table 4:1 National and County Government Approvals and Permits ........................................................... 125

Table 5:1: Stakeholder Engagement Plan ................................................................................................................. 130

Table 5:2 Stakeholder comments and concerns .................................................................................................... 139

Table 6:1 Levels of Scale used in the Analysis of Impacts ................................................................................. 151

Table 6:2 Sources of air pollution ................................................................................................................................ 152

Table 6:3 A highlight of key mitigation measures for described negative Cumulative Impacts ....... 161

Table 8:1 Adaptation and mitigation measures for the proposed Master Plan ........................................ 177

Table 9:1 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation ....... 181

Table 9:2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for solid and effluent waste .................................... 183

Table 9:3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Water Resources ................................................. 184

Table 9:4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Energy Resources ................................................ 186

Table 9:5 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Environmental and Landscape Changes .... 187

Table 9:6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Traffic and Transport ........................................ 189

Table 9:7 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Greenhouse Gases Emissions ......................... 191

Table 9:8 Management Plan for Occupational Health and Safety .................................................................. 192

Table 9:9 Management Plan for Socio-Economic concerns .............................................................................. 193

Table 9:10 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan 195

Table 9:11 Institutional Arrangements of Implementing Environmental Components of the Master

Plan ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 200


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LIST OF PLATES

Plate 3:1 Mukuyu River covered with indigenous vegetation ............................................................................ 65

Plate 3:2 A section of the Comte earth dam at the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) .. 66

Plate 3:3 Mchana earth dam at the proposed Master Plan area ........................................................................ 67

Plate 3:4 A Section of Galana/Ruiru River in the neighbourhood of the proposed site area ................. 67

Plate 3:5 RUJUWASCO Offices and plant located at Tatu City Phase 1 ............................................................ 68

Plate 3:6 Water treatment and Storage plant ............................................................................................................ 70

Plate 3:7 High canopy forest cover along Mchana River ....................................................................................... 72

Plate 3:8 Giant bamboo enriching the riparian corridor of Mchana River & Comte dam ....................... 72

Plate 3:9 Sections of Eucalyptus grandis plantation at the proposed Master Plan area ........................... 73

Plate 3:10 A log of felled Eucalyptus grandis .............................................................................................................. 74

Plate 3:11 Cuppressus lusitanica (Cypress) plantation at the proposed Master Plan area ..................... 75

Plate 3:12 Classical urban forestry at the entrance of Mchana coffee factory ............................................. 76

Plate 3:13 Lantana camara invading a marshy land at the proposed site ..................................................... 77

Plate 3:14 A road reserve invaded by Lantana camara at the proposed Master Plan area ................... 78

Plate 3:15 Marshy land at the proposed development area ................................................................................ 78

Plate 3:16 Isolated stems of Eucalyptus grandis in a marshy land at the proposed site. ......................... 79

Plate 3:17 Marshy land in the proposed Master Plan area .................................................................................. 80

Plate 3:18 Shade systems (intercrop of grevillea and coffee) at the proposed development area ..... 84

Plate 3:19 Agri-silviculture at the proposed site area ............................................................................................ 85

Plate 3:20 Coffee plantation within the proposed site ........................................................................................... 86

Plate 3:21 Livestock (cattle) grazing in the proposed site ................................................................................... 87

Plate 3:22 A beehive in a natural forest at the proposed Master Plan area .................................................. 87

Plate 3:23 Road construction works along Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65) ................................................. 89

Plate 3:24 Ngewe Primary School within the proposed site area ..................................................................... 91

Plate 3:25 Ngewe school pupils at the playing field ................................................................................................ 91

Plate 3:26 Ngewa (Kwa Maiko) Centre ......................................................................................................................... 93

Plate 3:27 Stone walled houses in the Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan area ............ 94

Plate 5:1 Kenya country head for Rendeavour giving his brief remarks on the Master Plan ............. 135

Plate 5:2 SEA team leader making a presentation on the key findings on proposed Master Plan ... 135

Plate 5:3 Kiambu County Director of Environment giving remarks on the Master Plan ...................... 136

Plate 5:4 NEMA Officer making a presentation on the SEA process ............................................................. 136

Plate 5:5 Client representative responding to stakeholders on issues raised about the Master Plan

.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 137

Plate 5:6 Views on the Master plan from a Kiambu County Official .............................................................. 137

Plate 5:7: Kenyatta University representative giving comments during meeting .................................. 138

Plate 5:8 A stakeholder giving recommendations about the Master plan .................................................. 138

Plate 7:1 Coffee plantation within the proposed site. ......................................................................................... 166

Plate 7:2 Tree Cover opposite Ngewe Primary School. ..................................................................................... 166

Plate 7:3 Bamboo trees near Comte Dam. ................................................................................................................ 167

Plate 7:4 Comte Dam ......................................................................................................................................................... 167


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan boundary Vis-à-vis Tatu City Phase 1 . 29

Figure 1.2 Existing major roads connecting to Tatu City ...................................................................................... 30

Figure 1.3 SEA Process ........................................................................................................................................................ 34

Figure 2.1 Illustration of the Master Plan boundary and proximity to other planned cities ................. 38

Figure 2.2 The general structural plan of the Tatu City Master Plan for Phase 1 ....................................... 44

Figure 2.3 An Architectural impression of the Kenyatta University Master plan ....................................... 45

Figure 2.4 An Architectural impression of the Two Rivers Development Master plan............................ 46

Figure 2.5 Northlands Master Plan ................................................................................................................................ 47

Figure 2.6 An Architectural impression of the Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan ................................................ 48

Figure 2.7 Proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan identifying different land

uses .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 50

Figure 3.1 Topo-Cadastral survey for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) ............................................... 60

Figure 3.2 Soils in Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) ...................................................................................... 61

Figure 3.3 Ecological sensitive areas (Natural Green Space and Water bodies) in Tatu City ................ 62

Figure 3.4 Rainfall graph for Ruiru by Month ............................................................................................................ 63

Figure 3.5 Average temperatures in Ruiru by Month ............................................................................................. 64

Figure 3.6 Area proposed for development compared to that under coffee, forests and bushlands . 71

Figure 3.7 Drainage flow at the proposed Master Plan area ............................................................................... 81

Figure 3.8 The plain green land in back boxes represent land cover under coffee plantations ........... 86

Figure 3.9 Road linkages to the proposed Site .......................................................................................................... 89

Figure 7.1 Tatu City Local Physical Development Plan ....................................................................................... 172


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NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Background Information

The Strategic Environmental Assessment of Tatu City Plan (2011) had been approved by the

National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to provide strategic direction to the City

Plan and individual development of the precincts and phased development of Tatu City. The SEA

study report was approved by NEMA on 6th of September 2011. Subsequently Environmental

Impact Assessments have also been undertaken for the various project phases to address the site-

specific impacts of the specific projects and EIA licenses issued by NEMA.

Due to increasing demand for the various land uses, Tatu City Limited realised the need to expand

the city by additional 885.22 Hectares on the land adjacent to the Tatu City (Phase 1); Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. Tatu City will be a large new city redefining the quality and

scale of urban development in Kenya, massively reducing congestion in central Nairobi and reverse

traffic flows between the centre and Kiambu County. With living and working spaces, communities,

schools and hospitals, Tatu City will help sustain and accelerate Africa’s economic growth, meet the

aspirations of Africa’s burgeoning middle classes, and serve as a catalyst for further urban

development. Tatu City phase 1 covers an area of approximately 965.66 Hectares (2385 acres)

whereas Tatu City Phase 2 - Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is 885.22 Hectares (2,186.49

acres). Accumulatively, Tatu city phase 1 and 2 development will cover an area of approximately

1850.77 hectares (4,571 acres).

Africa Waste and Environment Management Centre (AWEMAC) was contracted by Tatu City

Limited to carry out a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the proposed Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan in fulfilment of Regulation 42 of the Environmental (Impact

Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003 that requires all Policy, Plans or Programmes to be

subjected to a SEA. The SEA commission entailed carrying out the study in accordance with the set

regulations and guidelines, submission of the scoping, draft and final SEA reports to NEMA for

review, and follow up to provide any additional information to enable approval of the Master Plan.

The purpose of this Draft SEA report is to share the findings of the possible impacts on the bio-

physical and socio-economic environment upon implementation of the proposed Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. It also sought to provide information on the plan

proponent, an outline of the proposed plan, mitigation measures for identified negative impacts, an

environmental management and a monitoring plan to ensure effective implementation of the

mitigation measures, and a description of the SEA process including the assessment’s outcomes and

recommendations.

Methodology and Criteria for undertaking the SEA

The SEA was carried out in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management and

Coordination Act, (EMCA, Cap 387), the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations

2003, Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Strategic Assessment, Integrated

Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2018, the 2012 National Guidelines for Strategic

Environmental Assessment in Kenya, as well as international guidelines on SEA.

The main activities in this SEA study include:


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a) Description of the proposed Plan including the objective, purpose, and rationale;

b) Identification of alternative options and strategies, implementation plan and time scale;

c) Areas and sectors affected by the proposed Plan;

d) Field missions for baseline environmental analysis;

e) Collection of baseline data including data on ecological processes and services, resilience

and vulnerability of these processes and their significance to human well-being;

f) Review and analysis of existing policy and legislative frameworks for environmental

protection and existing environmental protection programs and their objectives;

g) Review of all relevant development plans for the area within the study boundaries;

h) Identification of alternatives options and justification of preferred alternatives and linkages

between ongoing projects and proposed plan;

i) Integration of climate change vulnerability assessment, adaptation and mitigation actions;

j) Prediction and evaluation of impacts, including cumulative effects;

k) Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP)

l) Institutional Strengthening/ Capacity Building;

m) Identification of gaps and alternatives actions;

n) Stakeholder consultations and public participation;

o) Presentation of findings and stakeholder dialogue;

p) Compilation, validation and submission of final SEA report;

Objectives of the Master Plan

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan aims to safeguard integration of all

the facets of a sustainably developed entity by ensuring that the economic, social and

environmental factors are its guiding principles. The specific objectives of the plan are;

i) To develop a housing development with low, medium and high-density units targeting both

middle and high-income earners.

ii) To establish industrial development that includes light and heavy industries.

iii) To develop educational institutions including pre-primary, primary and secondary schools,

middle level college, research centre and university.

iv) To designate recreational and sports facilities and services providing various sports and

recreational activities with public amenities such as green open spaces.

v) To provide commercial centre and services with various and mixed-use developments.

vi) To design infrastructure and utilities and services with reliable power supply network that

includes renewable sources.

vii) To establish a transportation system with a comprehensive road network system that

includes transit and local roads.

viii) To designate natural green open spaces, wetlands & water bodies.

Proposed Master Plan description

Tatu City Limited intends to develop a Tatu-Mchana Master Plan on Plot L.R. NO. 31327 on 885.22

Hectares of land adjacent to the Tatu City (Phase 1) comprising of different zones including:

i) Residential Zone - Low / Medium

ii) Residential Zone - High

iii) Industrial Zone

263.16 ha

111.67 ha

163.97ha


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iv) Educational Zone

v) Natural Green Spaces

vi) Public Purpose / Walking Trail

vii) Commercial Zone

viii) Recreational Zone

ix) Transportation Zone

x) Public Utilities Zone

xi) Water Bodies

TOTAL

15.24 ha

168.58 ha

12.44 ha

27.8 ha

47.41 ha

55.46 ha

7.1 ha

12.39 ha

885.22 ha

The proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan is anticipated to interlink with other regional and

local policies, plans and programmes. Some of the key interlinking regional plans, include;

▪ Tatu City Phase 1;

▪ Gulmarg- Sasini Master Plan;

▪ Kenyatta University Master Plan;

▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022;

▪ Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (NIUPLAN) - 2014-2030;

▪ Nairobi Metro 2030 (GoK, 2008);

▪ Ruiru Local Physical Development Plan 2005 – 2020;

▪ The Northlands Master Plan;

▪ The Two Rivers Development;

Baseline Environmental Analysis

During the SEA study, it was noted that Tatu City Phase 1 has an undulating topography but in

general comprises a very gradual gradient. There are raised grounds distributed around the site

and steeper slopes down towards the river areas. The topography for Tatu City Extension (Mchana

Estate) is undulating, and it generally slopes from Northwest to Southeast. The site slopes gradually

towards the river valleys. No aspect of the topography however presents a major restriction for

development.

There are four perennial rivers, namely the Ruiru River, Gaia River, Mukuyu River, and Kamiti River

and Earth dams which run along the northern and southern boundaries of Tatu City Phase 1 and 2.

The Comte and Mchana Earth dams are within the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

and are utilized for irrigation purposes. Wetlands (seasonally moist grasslands) occur in the low-

lying areas between the currently cultivated parcels of land.

The flora of the study area is largely characterized by coffee plantations as well as stands of large

gum trees and young plantations of silver oak, gum trees and pine tree species. The remaining

natural vegetation is mostly limited to the rivers, open grassed areas and some savannah/wooded

grassed areas. On the 885.22 hectares (2,186.49 acres) of land proposed for Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate), land cover under coffee plantations is estimated to be 1,090 acres.

Several pockets of wildlife habitats exist within the proposed Master Plan area including

hippopotami, which occupy the perennial rivers and earth dams which run along the northern and

southern boundaries of the site and make use of the seasonally moist grasslands and riparian areas


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(including wetlands) for foraging purposes and as ecological corridors for movement. During the

SEA study, no amphibian species were identified. However, the amphibians can be spotted during

the wet season. Many bird species exist in the study area including secretary bird, crowned cranes,

pelicans, marabou storks, and eagles.

Relevant policy, plan, legislative and regulatory framework

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) was subjected to a comprehensive analysis

based on the environmental obligations framework developed for the SEA. Key legislations and

pertinent regulations studied and reviewed in detail in the draft SEA report include:

i) The Constitution of Kenya 2010

ii) Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387) and subsidiary

legislations

iii) Physical Planning Act (Cap. 286)

iv) Agriculture Act (Cap 318)

v) County Governments Act, 2012

vi) National Housing Policy Sessional Paper (No. 3 of 2004)

vii) National Land Commission Act, 2012 (No. 5 of 2012)

viii) National Wetlands Conservation and Management Policy

ix) Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA 2007) and subsidiary legislations

x) Penal Code Act (Cap.63)

xi) Public Health Act (Cap. 242)

xii) Special Economic Zones Act, 2015

xiii) The Big Four Agenda

xiv) The Forests Act (Cap 385)

xv) The Kenya Vision 2030

xvi) The Land Registration Act, 2012

xvii) The National Housing Policy

xviii) The Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (Cap 376)

xix) Urban Areas and Cities Act No 13 of 2011

xx) Water Act, 2016

Stakeholder Engagement and Public Participation

Site visits assessments were conducted between 22nd May and 30th June 2018. The Strategic

Environmental Assessment for public participation exercise on key stakeholders’ consultations and

key informant interviews was conducted from 18th June to 22nd June 2018. Survey tools were

prepared for effective and systematic interviews by the environmental and socio-economic

consultants assisted by a team of technical field assistants.

During the scoping exercise, questionnaires and interviews were administered to thirty (30) key

stakeholders from government ministries and lead agencies, Kiambu County Government officials,

private investors, interested and affected individuals and institutions within and neighbouring the

proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.

A technical key stakeholders meeting was held on Friday 5th of July 2019 at Tatu Primary School

Playgrounds in Kiambu County. In attendance were eighty five (85) key stakeholders including

representatives from National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya Forest Service


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(KFS), Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA), Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA), State

Department of Housing, Kenya Power, Water Resources Authority (WRA), Kenyatta University

(KU), Kiambu Institute of Technology, County Executive Committee Members -Kiambu County,

youth leaders, local chiefs and Kenya Police

Impacts Identification and Analysis

The following table presents the anticipated key negative impacts and proposed mitigation

measures for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

POSSIBLE IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES

Ecological imbalance

due to loss of

agricultural land

destruction of natural

habitats for the local

flora and fauna

reducing biodiversity

in the area

▪ EIAs to be undertaken for all development activities

▪ Maintain the proposed green spaces as per the Master Plan

▪ Where clearance of native vegetation is inevitable, consider introducing such

natives in landscaped and other green spaces to compensate for the loss

▪ Liase with KWS on the migration of wild game within the Master Plan area

▪ Protection of the riparian environment and establishment of a riparian reserve

management plan

▪ Possible modification of river channels and riverine vegetation

▪ Clearance of the riparian vegetation leading to pollution of the streams and

rivers within the master plan area

▪ Ensure all projects comply with the Environmental Management and Co-

ordination (Conservation of Biological Diversity and Resources, and Access to

Genetic Resources and Benefits Sharing) Regulations, 2006.

High generation of

solid and effluent

waste from residential,

commercial and

industrial areas

▪ Adoption of an integrated solid waste management plan through a hierarchy of

options that includes reduction at source, reuse, recycling, incineration,

composting and land filling

▪ Domestic, commercial and industrial waste to be done and managed separately

▪ Provide mechanisms to segregate wastes at source to enable recycling

▪ Provision of transfer stations from where waste will be disposed in designated

areas

▪ Connection to existing trunk sewers in Tatu City

▪ Pre-treatment of industrial effluent before discharge into sewers

▪ Undertake EIA for all development activities

▪ Conduct waste Audits annually and other statutory and non-statutory reports

▪ Compliance to Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste

Management) Regulations 2006 and (Water Quality) Regulations 2006

Increased Demand on

water sources, decline

in ground water levels

and pollution of rivers

and earth dams within

the proposed master

plan

▪ Promote recycling and reuse of water as much as possible

▪ Conservative water use in low volume fixtures in buildings

▪ Use of recycled and harvested storm water in cleaning and Landscaping

▪ Incorporate water accounting systems and metering for all areas

▪ Limited abstraction of river water and instead use of alternative sources of water

such as roof catchment rain water harvesting and harvesting of flood waters

▪ Pre-treatment of all effluent before discharge into rivers

▪ Undertake a hydrogeological study in collaboration with WRA to determine the


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sustainable ground water abstraction levels


▪ Ensure all project comply to the Water Act, 2016 and Environmental

Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations 2006

Increased energy

consumption

▪ Institution awareness programmes to conserve energy

▪ Energy conservation through installation/use of energy efficient appliances /

fittings

▪ Adoption of green energy sources e.g. solar energy, waste to energy projects

▪ Use of green building designs that allow for passive heating and cooling, and

maximum utilization of natural light in buildings

▪ Continually seek avenues for energy conservation as international best practices

evolve

▪ Carry out Energy Audits and ensure all projects comply with The Energy Act

2019 and subsidiary legislation under the Energy Act

Environmental and

Landscape Changes


▪ Ensure adequate tree cover and gardens within developed areas to provide

shade and cooling effect

▪ Ensure adequate drainage of the site through drainage works

▪ Plenty of gardens and green areas within developed areas will enable

percolation of rainfall and reduce runoff

▪ Ensure plenty of vegetation cover (trees and shrubs) as buffers between land-

uses to reduce noise effects

▪ Enforcement of pollution control measures for air pollution sources

▪ Tarmacking all major roads to enhance movement in all-weather and to avoid

dust generation

Traffic and Transport

▪ Ensure a good connection between spine roads, the Thika Super Highway,

Northern and Eastern bypasses

▪ Provision of adequate vehicular circulation space and parking areas

▪ Provision of pedestrian walkways along all roads within the development

▪ Paving all pedestrian walk ways with robust, durable, and non-slippery materials

▪ Provision of all necessary street furniture along all roads within the development

to accommodate users (including the disabled, elderly, and children) and to

enhance security.

▪ Provision of bollards in appropriate areas to prevent vehicles from encroaching

into the pedestrian domains.

▪ Provision of street lights to provide sufficient light for both pedestrian areas and

carriage ways.

▪ Provision of trees along pedestrian walkways for shading and that require

minimum maintenance; preferably indigenous for ecological and cultural

advantages.

▪ Ensure Installation and maintenance of all construction signs, signals, markings,

and other devices used to regulate traffic, including posted speed limits,

warnings of sharp turns, or other special road conditions

▪ Development of a traffic management plan and compliance to Traffic Act, 2014


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Greenhouse Gases

Emissions

▪ Use of renewable sources of energy

▪ Retention of green spaces/landscaped spaces as carbon sinks

▪ Adoption of green buildings technology

▪ Adoption of efficient transport system


evolve

▪ Annual air quality monitoring

▪ Ensure compliance of The Environmental Management And Co-ordination (Air

Quality) Regulations, 2014

Socio- Economic

Concerns

▪ Maximize the recruitment of locals where possible

▪ Develop community awareness programmes to enhance cohesion between

project employees and the local community.

▪ Consult with the public and the locals during implementation of proposed

developments

▪ Sensitize coffee workers about the proposed mixed use development and allow

for smooth transition

▪ Develop and implement a Livelihood Restoration Plan(LRP) for the coffee

workers whose career will be affected during implementation of the proposed

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) master plan


Alternative options of the Master Plan

The land use zoning for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan was done after

considering several suitability factors to meet the social, economic, environmental, cultural and even

political aspirations of the respective planning jurisdictions. As a result, different land uses were opted

for ranging from, among others, residential, commercial, industrial, open spaces, transportation public

amenities and infrastructure in a balanced manner that promotes sustainable development

The SEA team identified four possible alternatives/ options to which the land could be used. They

include: Option 1-No Intervention Option (Carbon sink), Option 2-Farmland/Agriculture Use, Option 3-

Wildlife Conservancy and Option 4-The Proposed City Use. The likely environmental and socio-economic

impacts of each option were assessed.

A justification for the preferred alternative; Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) development was

based on the assessment of the compatibility of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) to immediate

surrounding land uses. The development further conforms to the zoning provisions of the land since

incompatible land uses such as residential and industrial have been clearly separated. Land uses have

been provided in an integrative manner ranging from among others, residential, commercial, industrial,

open spaces, transportation public amenities in order to promote sustainable development as

envisioned by the Kenya Vision 2030. Implementation of the Master Plan will lead to loss of agricultural

land as agriculture (coffee plantations) is the predominant economic activity in the proposed Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate). However changing use from agricultural to residential and commercial use

has often proved to be more economically viable as development comes with positive effects such as

employment and business opportunities leading to improved economy. This further leads to increased

urban land uses as well as population creating further opportunities into the rural areas.


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Climate change vulnerability assessment, adaptation and mitigation actions

Cities are major contributors to climate change: although they cover less than two per cent (2%) of the

earth’s surface, cities consume 78% of the world’s energy, and produce more than 60% of all carbon

dioxide and significant amounts of other greenhouse gas emissions, mainly through energy generation,

vehicles, industry, and biomass use (UN habitat). Together with local authorities, Cities have the

potential to diminish the causes of climate change (mitigation) and effectively protect themselves from

its impacts (adaptation).

The adaptation and mitigation measures that should be considered during the execution of the Tatu City

(Mchana Estate) include:

i) Developing strategies to enable efficient means of transport that have a low GHG foot print

ii) Put in place measures to enhance energy conservation, efficiency and use of renewable energy

iii) Develop strategies to enhance the agricultural and forestry zones which aid in carbon dioxide

sequestration

iv) Mainstreaming of climate change into development planning and management for sustainability

v) Develop strategies for waste reduction at source

vi) Promoting and institutionalizing payment for ecosystem services schemes to support watershed

protection initiatives in the uplands zones

vii) Establishment of rain water harvesting reservoirs

Conclusion and recommendations

From the foregoing, the proposed Tatu City Extension (Tatu Mchana Master Plan) by Tatu City Limited is

a worthy investment by the proponent and will contribute significantly to the improvement of living

standards among the investors and by extension spur economic development to the population within

Kiambu County and Kenya at large. The developments envisioned by the proposed Master Plan will

bring along numerous positive impacts ranging from creation of employment, supply of the much-

needed office, retail/commercial/industrial and residential spaces, decongestion of the nearby towns

and cities, optimized land use among other benefits, all aimed at attaining the vision 2030. Further, the

Master Plan aligns well with the Big Four Agenda on enhancing manufacturing sector, providing

affordable housing, providing universal health coverage and enhancing food and nutrition security

through the agricultural zone. The Kiambu CIDP objective of creating and transforming systems,

structures and institutions within the County based on five key pillars of security, employment,

education, health and urban planning echoes well with the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan

specifically growth of industries and trade; and other sectors of the economy such as housing, education,

agriculture, hospitality, natural resources conservation amongst others. It is our recommendation that

NEMA approves this SEA report to allow for the execution of the Master Plan and realization of

envisioned developments.

Recommendations

For the proposed Master Plan to achieve its intended strategic objectives and be compatible with

sustainable environmental planning and management, the following recommendations should be

incorporated in the design.

▪ Establishment of a Cemetery/crematorium

▪ Designation of a modern and well-maintained solid waste management facility

▪ Establishing an industrial waste treatment facility

▪ Location of Industrial uses away from residential uses

▪ Establishment of storm water treatment / filtration systems


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Further is suggested that the following mitigation measures be incorporated;

▪ Protection of riparian land / zones / wetlands

▪ Protection of upstream river basins

▪ Leverage for controlled urban planning on the Master Plan boundary

▪ Harnessing power from renewable energy sources

▪ Incorporating Green Building Techniques in construction of individual projects

▪ Develop a comprehensive Livelihood Restoration Plan for the coffee plantation workers whose

career will change in the long term during implementation of the proposed master plan

It is worth noting that this SEA is for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan;

hence, the developments and projects envisioned by the Master Plan will require to undergo individual

integrated environmental and social impact assessment as per second schedule of EMCA (Cap 387), and

Environmental Impact Assessment (Assessment and Auditing) Regulations of the year 2003 and 2019

amendments.


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Information

Tatu City is a new upcoming development by Tatu City Limited which portrays images of a new world

class, mixed use and mixed income satellite city for Nairobi. On execution Tatu City will consist of a

comprehensive mix of land uses including; low, medium and high residential developments,

commercial, industrial, educational and recreational developments, tourism and social facilities, public

utilities and open spaces including natural green zones and water bodies.

The Strategic Environmental Assessment of Tatu City Master Plan - Phase 1 (2011) had been approved

by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to provide strategic direction to the City

Plan and individual development of the precincts and phased development of the city. The SEA study

report was approved by NEMA on 6th of September 2011. Subsequently, Environmental Impact

Assessments have also been undertaken for the various project phases to address the site-specific

impacts of the specific projects and EIA licenses issued by NEMA. Due to increasing demand for the

various land uses, Tatu City Limited has seen the need to expand Tatu City by additional 885.22

Hectares of land adjacent to Tatu City Phase 1. Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is estimated to have

a final population of approximately 75,000 people and an additional 25,000 daily visitors with

construction split into various phases.

The vision for Tatu City, which affects Tatu phase 1 and 2, is anchored on specific principles and values.

The factors forming the basis of the foundation of the development plan for phase 2 - Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) are:

• A mixed-use and vibrant urban environment, which embodies the notion of live, work, and play;

• Public transport and pedestrian friendliness;

• Flexibility and accommodation of a variety of lifestyles;

• Spatial integration with the Tatu City Phase 1, immediate urban context and greater Nairobi as a

whole;

• Maximizing self-sufficiency

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is undertaken for policies, plans and programmes. This

proposed SEA is for a Master Plan. World Bank (2018) defines a Master Plan as a dynamic long-term

planning document that provides a conceptual layout to guide future growth and development. Master

planning is about making the connection between buildings, social settings, and their surrounding

environments. A Master Plan includes analysis, recommendations, and proposals for a site’s population,

economy, housing, transportation, community facilities, and land use. It is based on public input,

surveys, planning initiatives, existing development, physical characteristics, social and economic

conditions.

Master planning can assume some or all these roles:

• Develop a phasing and implementation schedule and identify priorities for action.

• Act as a framework for regeneration and attract private sector investment.

• Conceptualize and shape the three-dimensional urban environment.

• Define public, semiprivate, and private spaces and public amenities.

• Determine the mix of uses and their physical relationship.

• Engage the local community and act as builder of consensus.


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The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is generally a long-term proposition. It

is important to consider the Master Plan as a dynamic document that can be altered based on changing

project conditions over time. To fully understand the concerns of the Master Plan on the society and

environment, a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) was proposed to provide a framework of

recommendations to guide the plan.

The draft SEA entails carrying out the study in accordance with the set regulations and guidelines, and

submission of draft and final SEA Reports to NEMA for review, and follow up to provide any additional

information to enable approval of the Master Plan. This Draft SEA Report provides information on the

Master Plan proponent, an outline of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan,

and a description of the SEA process including the assessment’s outcomes and recommendations.

1.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment Definition

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) refers to a range of analytical and participatory approaches

to integrate environmental consideration into Policies, Plans and Programs (PPP) and evaluate the

inter-linkages with economic and social considerations (NEMA, 2012). SEA is a combination of

approaches that uses a variety of tools, rather than a single, fixed, prescriptive approach. The SEA

process extends the aims and principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) upstream in the

decision-making process, beyond the project level, when major alternatives are still possible. SEA is a

proactive approach to integrate environmental considerations into the higher levels of decision-making.

During a SEA process, the likely significant effects of a Policy, Plan, or Program (PPP) on the

environment are identified, described, evaluated, and reported.

1.3 Basic Principles for SEA

The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003 provide for SEA in compliance

to the following principles:

• The sustainable use of natural resources;

• The enhanced protection and conservation of biodiversity;

• Interlinkages between human settlements and cultural issues;

• Integration of socio-economic and environmental factors;

• The protection and conservation of natural physical surroundings of scenic beauty and the

protection and conservation of built environment of historic or cultural significance;

• Public and stakeholder engagement;

1.4 Objectives of the SEA

SEA aims to systematically integrate environmental considerations into planning and decision-making

processes in an effort to:

• Ensure that a proposed PPP is compatible with sustainable environmental planning and

management;

• Ensure the consideration of alternative policy options, including the do-nothing option, at an

early stage when an agency has greater flexibility;

• Enhance the consistency of a PPP across different policy sectors, and when relevant, make

explicit the trade-offs to be made between different sectoral policy objectives;

• Evaluate the regional environmental impacts of multi-sectoral developments over a specified

time;


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• Support decision-making and incorporate emerging environmental issues into sustainable

development;

• Guide investment programs that involve multiple sectoral policies or sub-projects;

• Assess the environmental impacts of policies that do not have an explicit environmental

dimension;

• Identify environmental impacts and integrate mitigation measures during program formulation,

and in the process, enhance Environmental Management Plans;

• Ensure the consideration of cumulative, indirect, or secondary impacts and other unintended

consequences when planning multiple, diverse activities;

• Support time-efficient and cost-effective development planning by avoiding the need to reassess

some issues and impacts at project level (e.g. when an issue or impact was effectively dealt with

at a strategic level);

• Inform decision makers by evaluating alternative options that meet the PPP objective(s), while

also being the best-practicable-environmental-option(s);

• Integrate environmental principles into the development, appraisal, and selection of policy

options;

• Give adequate attention to environmental considerations in decision making, at par with

economic and social concerns, and with a view that trade-offs may be necessary in some

situations;

• Provide an early opportunity to check whether a proposal complies with national and

international environmental policy and consequent legislative obligations;

• Establish a context that is more appropriate for subsequent development proposals;

• Provide a transparent and accountable decision-making framework;

1.5 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan Specifications/ Elements

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will comprise of several spatial land use

development activities patterns (Tatu City, 2019) which will include the following elements:

• Controlled and integrated city development that is governed by a development control code and

rules;

• Security that integrates both physical and technological aspects to provide advanced security

surveillance systems that include non-controlled ingress and egress into the city and individual

buildings;

• Reliable water distribution networks and sewerage facilities in the city, including storm water

drainage network ;

• Sustainable and sanitary system of solid waste management;

• Provision of reliable power distribution with minimal break outs, back-up generators and

provide up to 30% of the city power demand from renewable energy sources;

• Provision of 24 hours medical and emergency facilities to be incorporated in the Master Plan;

this includes ambulance and fire brigades;

• Provision of a zone for the development of health care city and research centre within the

development;

• Allocation of a zone for the development of universities, primary and tertiary education

facilities;

• An adequate traffic design that ensures a walkable environment that is not hampered by

vehicular traffic.


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1.6 Definition of the Master Plan Boundaries / Scope

Tatu City Limited proposes to expand Tatu City development by 885.22 Hectares of land under Phase 2 -

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan, adjacent to Tatu City Phase 1. The Master Plan

proposes a comprehensive mix of land uses including; low, medium and high residential developments,

industrial, commercial, educational and recreational developments, tourism and social facilities,

infrastructure and transport networks, public utilities and open spaces including natural green zones

and water bodies. The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan lies to the North of

Tatu City Phase 1 as shown in figure 1:1.

Figure 1.1 Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan boundary Vis-à-vis Tatu City Phase 1

Tatu City mixed use development is situated North of Nairobi City County, in Gitothua ward, Ruiru Sub

County, Kiambu County (which forms part of the Nairobi Metropolitan Region). Tatu City is located

thirty five (35) kilometers from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), 24 kilometers from

Nairobi’s Central Business District (CBD), five (5) kilometers from exit 11 on Thika Superhighway and

two (2) kilometers from both the Northern and Eastern Bypasses, along the Ruiru - Kamiti Road.

Developments surrounding Tatu City include:

• A prison to the East and South of the phase 1 and phase 2 - Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

respectively;

• Sasini Estate (proposed mixed use development) to the East of phase 2;

• An informal settlement directly South-East corner of the phase 1;

• A formal residential settlement to the south-west corner of the phase 1; and

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Tatu City Phase 1


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• Farmland and Jacaranda Coffee Research Institute to the west and north of the phase 1 and

phase 2 respectively.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) neighbours Kenyatta University to the South East

(approximately 3 kilometers) and to the East is Ruiru Town. It is dissected by Ruiru - Kamiti Road in the

far South and Ngendo - Githunguri Upland road to the center. To the West of the proposed development

is Kwa Maiko/Ngewa and Kimathi area is to the South West. Wamuguthuko to the North East, Ruiru

Town to the East and Kahawa West to the South. Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) borders Jacaranda

Coffee Research Estate, Sasini farm, Doondu farm and Manira farm

The key road linking Tatu city Phase 1 and Phase 2- Tatu City (Mchana Estate) is Ngenda Road (D399).

Other major road linkages between the proposed development and Nairobi are:

• The A 2 (Thika Road) it can be reached via the Ruiru Kiambu Road (C63)

• The C 65 Road which traverses through Mchana

• The Eastern and Northern Bypasses

Figure 1.2 Existing major roads connecting to Tatu City

1.7 Methodology and Criteria for undertaking the SEA

The SEA was carried out in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management and Coordination

Act, (EMCA, Cap 387), the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003, Draft

Environmental Management and Coordination (Strategic Assessment, Integrated Impact Assessment

and Audit) Regulations 2018, the 2012 National Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment in

Kenya, as well as international guidelines on SEA.


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Generally, the SEA process was phased into two: Phase 1 – Screening and Scoping, and Phase 2 (Tatu

City Extension Mchana Estate– the SEA Study. The Screening and Scoping Phase was aimed at

establishing the spatial and technical focus and content of the SEA and the relevant criteria for

assessment. The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan underwent a SEA study.

The purpose of the SEA is to identify, describe and assess at a strategic level the environmental and

socio-economic opportunities and constraints of implementing the proposed Master Plan. Further the

process developed practical mitigation measures for addressing the identified limitations as well as the

enhancement of opportunities. The SEA is intended to ensure that environmental and social

considerations are included in the planning, implementation and operation phases of the proposed

Master Plan. The main activities in this SEA study include:

i. Description of the proposed Master Plan including the objective, purpose, and rationale;

ii. Identification of alternative options and strategies, implementation plan and time scale;

iii. Areas and sectors affected by the proposed Plan;

iv. Field missions for baseline environmental analysis;

v. Collection of baseline data including data on ecological processes and services, resilience

and vulnerability of these processes and their significance to human well-being;

vi. Review and analysis of existing policy and legislative frameworks for environmental

protection and existing environmental protection programs and their objectives;

vii. Review of all relevant development plans for the area within the study boundaries;

viii. Identification of alternatives options and justification of preferred alternatives and linkages

between ongoing projects and proposed plan;

ix. Integration of climate change vulnerability assessment, adaptation and mitigation actions;

x. Prediction and evaluation of impacts, including cumulative effects;

xi. Preparation of Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans (ESMMPs);

xii. Institutional Strengthening/ Capacity Building;

xiii. Identification of gaps and alternatives actions;

xiv. Stakeholder consultations and public participation;

xv. Presentation of findings and stakeholder dialogue;

xvi. Compilation, validation and submission of final SEA report;

1.7.1 Key Stages in the SEA preparation

The following table summarizes the key stages in the SEA preparation;


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Table 1:1 SEA Actions and Decisions

STAGE 1: ESTABLISHING THE CONTEXT

Screening:

• A brief of the Master Plan is submitted to NEMA by the client’s approved SEA Expert,

• NEMA screens the Master Plan to determine whether a SEA is required; the screening results

are communicated to the Master Plan owner (Client) within 7 working days.

Establishing the context to conduct the SEA and other preparatory tasks:

• Understanding the Master Plan;

• Other preparatory tasks - constituting the SEA team.

STAGE 2: IMPLEMENTING THE SEA

Scoping:

• NEMA advises the Master Plan owner (Client) to select licensed SEA experts.

• The licensed SEA experts prepare the scoping report.

• The Master Plan owner submits three (3) copies of the scoping report to NEMA.

• NEMA reviews the adequacy of the scoping report.

• NEMA communicates the decision to approve the scoping report or to request more information

to the Master Plan owner within 21 days.

Detailed SEA Study and Draft SEA Report:

• Once the scoping report is approved, the SEA experts conduct the SEA process and prepare the

draft SEA report. The Master Plan owner or SEA team leader should subject the Draft SEA to a

quality-assurance procedure before it is submitted to NEMA.

• Along with the prescribed fees, the Master Plan owner submits to NEMA at least ten (10) hard

copies and one (1) electronic copy of the Draft SEA Report (which includes a non-technical

summary and a Submission Form)

STAGE 3: INFORMING AND INFLUENCING DECISION-MAKING

Review:

Administrative Review:

• NEMA shall within 14 days of the receipt of the report conduct an Administrative Review of the

Draft Report to ensure that the Draft SEA is sufficiently adequate to enter the stakeholder-

review process.

• Once the draft report passes the Administrative Review, NEMA distributes the Draft SEA Report

to stakeholders for comments.

Stakeholder Reviews:

• NEMA sends the draft SEA report to relevant stakeholders. Stakeholders generally have 30

working days (from the date of dispatch) to submit comments on a Plan or Program-level SEA,

and 45 working days to comment on a Policy-level SEA. NEMA may extend this review period in

some instances.

Public Review:

• A notice regarding the draft SEA is published for 2 successive weeks in both the Kenya Gazette

and a newspaper with a nationwide circulation. The public generally has working 30 days (from

the date of the first advertisement) to submit comments on a Plan or Program, and 45 working

days to comment on a Policy-level SEA.


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Committee Review(s):

• NEMA may constitute a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) to review and provide

independent technical comments on a Plan or Program-level SEA. The Standards and

Enforcement Review Committee (SERC) may be asked to review Policy-level SEAs. Committee

reviews will be done within a period of 60 days. An Independent Expert Commission will be

setup to review SEAs having trans-boundary impacts.

Validation, Preparation and Submission of Final SEA Report:

• The SEA experts incorporate stakeholder comments into the Draft SEA Report;

• To maintain validity of the SEA, the SEA team should bring the corrected version of the SEA

within sixty (60) days.

• In coordination with NEMA, the Master Plan owner will hold a validation workshop to engage

the public/ stakeholders in reviewing and validating the corrected SEA report.

• NEMA will coordinate the additional corrections arising from the validation workshop to

finalize the SEA report.

• The Master Plan owner submits five (5) hard copies and one (1) electronic copy of the Final SEA

Report to NEMA.

Decision Making for Plan or Program-level SEA

• NEMA will make the final decision for Plan and Program-level SEAs through issuing an approval

with conditions. The decision will be communicated within 60 days.

• The Master Plan owner needs to consent in writing to the approval conditions before

implementing the plan or program

STAGE 4: MONITORING AND EVALUATION

• The Master Plan owner is responsible for monitoring and evaluation of the Master Plan.

• NEMA shall oversee the M&E process by the Master Plan owner.

• SERC shall follow-up with NEMA on the M&E of the Policy.


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1.7.2 Summary of the SEA process

The flow chart below summarises the processes undertaken during the Strategic Environmental

Asessment (SEA) process.

Figure 1.3 SEA Process


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1.8 Work Plan for executing the SEA

1.8.1 SEA Time Schedule

The entire Strategic Environmental Assessment, starting from data collection to submission of the Final

SEA Report to NEMA and approval, was undertaken as per EMCA Cap 387 and SEA Guidelines of 2012.

Table 1:2 below presents a summary of the key activities that were followed. Table 1:3 summarizes the

milestones and the key deliverables.

Table 1:2 SEA Time Schedule

Report Due/Activities weeks

1-4 5-8 9-12 13-20

Task 1: Mobilization period / SEA Screening and Scoping/

Development of data collection tools/TORs- Drafting of Master Plan

Brief for NEMA Approval

Task 2: Detailed Description of the Proposed Master Plan

Task 3: Detailed Description of the Environment/ Baseline Surveys

Task 4: Analysis of the Legislative and regulatory Considerations

Task 5: Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed

Master Plan

Task 6: Analysis of the Alternatives to the Proposed Master Plan

Task 7: Development of Environmental Management Plan to Mitigate

Negative Impacts/ Concerns

Task 8: Development of Environmental Monitoring Plan

Task 9: Identification of Institutional Needs to Implement SEA

Recommendations

Task 10: Public Consultations and Public Participation

Task 11: Final SEA Report Compilation, Review and Final

Submission to Proponent/ Developer and NEMA

Task 12: Processing and Approval of Final SEA Report

Approvals = Within 20 weeks from the date of commencement

1.8.2 Key deliverables for the SEA

Table 1:3 Key deliverables for the SEA

SN Milestones/ deliverables Proposed Tentative Dates

1. Master Plan Brief, Submission and Approval by NEMA 04/07/2018

2. Data Collection and Submission of SEA Scoping Report to

NEMA

17/07/2018

3. Stakeholders meeting 05/07/2019

4. Submission of SEA Draft Report 05/08/2019

5. SEA Validation Workshop 05/10/2019

6. Drafting and submission of SEA Final Report 12/10/2019

7. NEMA Approval Period 12/01/2020


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1.8.3 Budget to implement the SEA

The proponent (Tatu City) committed to facilitate financial, administrative and technical resources to

see the SEA process from scoping into implementation stage. The proponent also provided access to

Master Plan details, various project information and obliged to facilitate consultative meetings among

key SEA consultants, technical teams and stakeholders.


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2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED MASTER PLAN

2.1 Introduction

This chapter highlights the purpose, rationale and objectives, of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Master Plan. It gives a detailed analysis of alternative policy, options, and strategies identified. Areas

and sectors affected by the Master Plan are also highlighted in the succeeding sections.

2.2 Purpose / Rationale of the Master plan

The main importance of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is to develop a sustainable

development that incorporates socio-economic and environment-friendly concepts/principles by

hosting a community of integrated mixed-use development. The Master Plan proposes a comprehensive

mix of land uses including; low, medium and high residential developments, light and heavy industrial

components, commercial, educational and recreational developments, tourism and social facilities,

infrastructure and transport networks, public utilities and high quality public open spaces including

natural green zones and water bodies. The Master Plan is seeking to pursue a balance among economic,

social, and environmental performance during plan implementation.

2.3 Objectives of the Master plan

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan aims to safeguard integration of all the

facets of a sustainably developed entity by ensuring that the economic, social and environmental factors

are its guiding principles in the design, construction and management. The specific objectives of the plan

are to provide the much-needed facilities and services as highlighted below;

i. To develop a housing development with low, medium and high-density units targeting both

middle and high-income earners.

ii. To establish industrial development that includes light and heavy industries.

iii. To develop educational institutions including pre-primary, primary and secondary schools,

middle level college, research Centre and university.

iv. To provide a commercial centre and services with various and mixed-use developments.

v. To provide various recreational and sports facilities and services.

vi. To design infrastructure utilities and services with reliable power supply network that includes

renewable sources.

vii. To establish a transportation system with a comprehensive road network system that includes

transit and local roads with cycle tracks and walkways

viii. To designate natural green open spaces, wetlands & water bodies with public purpose utilities.

2.4 Areas and sectors affected by the Master plan

The proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan is anticipated to interlink with other regional and local

policies, plans and programmes. Some of the key interlinking regional plans, briefly discussed below

include; Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (2014-2030)-NIUPLAN, Kiambu County

Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022, Tatu City Phase 1, Kenyatta University Master Plan, The Two

Rivers Development and The Northlands Master Plan. In addition, the Master Plan will cover other

sectors of the economy such as housing, education, hospitality, and natural resource conservation.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is also located closer to the other planned cities in

Kiambu County and the periphery of Nairobi City County as illustrated in figure 2.1, and table 2.1 below.


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Figure 2.1 Illustration of the Master Plan boundary and proximity to other planned cities

Table 2:1 Aerial distances to proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

City / Town Name Aerial Distance to Proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Tatu City Phase 1 4 km

Riverun-Estate 3.5 km

Ruiru Town 7.4 km but Municipality boundary touches Tatu City Phase 1

KU-Unicity 8.5 km

Northern Land City 10.5 km

Kiambu Town 10.5 km

Juja Town 12.5 km

Two Rivers City 16 km

Thika Town 21.5 km

Nairobi Town 21.5 km


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2.4.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (2014 - 2030)-NIUPLAN

The Nairobi Master plan provides for a 16 year plan (2014 - 2030) with the objective of developing

concepts for implementation of urban development projects for sustainable urban development and

improvement of living conditions based on integrated urban development plan for Nairobi City. This is

by integrating all existing sectoral plans in the city and aligning them to Vision 2030. The plan provides

a system of addressing urban challenges related to land use, urban economy, population, settlements,

urban infrastructure, and environmental disasters etc. The project area covered by the NIUPLAN is

approximately 700 km2 (Covers the entire Nairobi City County). The projected population in the

NIUPLAN is expected to rise from 3,138,372 according to the 2009 Population Census to 3,601,351 in

2013, 4174952 in 2018, 4,677,677 in 2023 and 5,212,500 in 2030. The Master Plan acknowledges the

fact that due to rapid urbanization, Nairobi City County is expanding across its borders set to about

20km forming the greater Nairobi Region/Nairobi Metropolitan.

Below, succeeding sub-sections give a highlight of key infrastructural facilities/services under NIUPLAN

which are envisioned to influence and link with proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) development.

2.4.1.1 Water

The existing water sources for the water supply system to Nairobi City are Sasumua Dam, Thika Dam,

Ruiru Dam and Mwagu Intake on the Chania River, Kikuyu Springs and groundwater. There are four

water supply systems to Nairobi City as per the water source, namely the Sasumua system, Ruiru

system, Mwagu system and Kikuyu system. Some of the facilities of the systems, such as the raw/treated

water transmission pipelines of Sasumua Water Treatment Plant and Ngethu Water Treatment Plant,

exist outside of Nairobi City. The distribution network for Nairobi City receives treated water from four

reservoirs, namely Kabete, Kyuna, Kiambu and Gigiri reservoirs. The distribution area is segmented into

13 zones based on the reservoir supplying the water to the zone. About the distribution network, pipes

are high densely installed in the western area of Nairobi City and low densely installed in the eastern

area. The water demand in year 2030 is projected to be 719,000 m3/day as shown in the table below;

Table 2:2 Projected water demand for larger Nairobi

Year 2009 2013 2018 2025 2030

Demand

(m3/day)

414,000 479,000 568,000 641,000 719,000

In order to meet the water demand in Nairobi, the following (Table 2:3) are the recommended sources

of water by the NIUPLAN. Completion of all the proposed water projects will raise the water capacity to

654,000 m3/day in 2030.

Table 2:3 Recommended sources of water by NIUPLAN

Phase Component Planned capacity

(m3/day)

Expected Completion

Year

1 Well Field in Kunyu 34,560 2014

Well Field in Uriru 30,240 2015

2 Northern Collector Tunnel

Phase 1 to Thika Dam

120,960 2016

Ngorongo Water Treatment Plant 2016

3 S. Mathioya Transfer 132,192


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Phase Component Planned capacity

(m3/day)

Expected Completion

Year

Maragua Dam 2020

Ndunyu Chege Water Treatment

Plant

4 Northern Collector Tunnel

Phase 1I to Thika Dam

120,096 2026

5 Ndarugu Dam

Raw Water PS

Ndarugu Water Treatment Plant

Treated Water PS

Kasarani BPS 216,000 2029

2.4.1.2 Sewerage Systems

There are 24 existing sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Nairobi City, but most of them are localized

STPs with small capacity of less than 2,000 m3/day. The major STPs are the Dandora STP (capacity

120,000 m3/day) and the Kariobangi STP (32,000 m3/day). The Plan notes that these STPs are not

functioning well in terms of actual sewage treatment volume and water quality of treated outflow.

Majority of existing sewers are the combined sewers, collecting both storm-water and wastewater, and

are developed in the CBD and other recent development areas. The total length of existing trunk sewers

is about 162 km, collecting wastewaters from the sewerage service areas totaling about 208 km2, which

accounts for approximately 40% of the total area covered by the water supply service. The NIUPLAN

estimates the sewage generation at 575,200 m3/day in year 2030 as shown in Table 2:4 below.

Table 2:4 NIUPLAN sewage generation estimate

Year 2009 2013 2018 2023 2030

Sewerage

Generation

(m3/day)

331,200 383,200 454,400 512,800 575,200

The plan gives a target of increasing the total capacity of Sewage Treatment Works (STWs) from

131,000 m3/day in 2010 to 572,000 m3/day by utilizing the extension of the Dandora Estate STW

(DESTW) and rehabilitation of the Kariobangi STW. The planned development of sewage treatment

capacity by 2030 is enough to meet the required sewerage treatment capacity of 431,400 m3/day

estimated by NIUPLAN.

2.4.1.3 Storm Water Drainage

In Nairobi City, storm water is collected through both natural and man-made drainage systems and

discharged to the Nairobi River system comprising the Gitathuru, Rui Ruaka, Nairobi, and Ngong rivers,

and then discharged through the main stream of the Nairobi River. The development and maintenance

of these rivers should be regarded as a primary task for the management of storm water drainage in

Nairobi City. Each of these rivers should be maintained with a hydraulic capacity sufficient for

discharging storm water runoff concentrated from its catchment areas. Within the catchment area of the

river, the storm water drainage systems draining the individual sub-catchment areas should be


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designed in conformity with the hydraulic capacity of the river. In the meantime, the riparian reserves

need to be delineated and secured to maintain better river environment.

2.4.1.4 Road Network

The importance of the Northern Corridor as the city’s trunk road as well as an international trunk road

is emphasized, and traffic flow along the Northern Corridor is given more priority than other crossing

roads. Therefore, the Northern Corridor becomes a kind of barrier for the local traffic flow in the west-

east direction. As the densely populated area of Nairobi City mainly stretches to the west and east, the

traffic demand in the west-east direction is larger than that in the north-south. Therefore, roads in west-

east direction across the Northern Corridor are always congested.

The road length density is 0.98 km/km2 over all of Nairobi City, which includes some low population

density areas. The Japanese standard density of a trunk road in the urban area is 4.0 km/km2, and only

the center of Nairobi City is in this range. The road length density by population for the entire Nairobi

City is 0.22 km/1000 people. Since Kenyan people walk a lot along the arterial roads and in the urban

streets, walking occupies a large proportion among the travel modes. Therefore, non-motorized

transport (NMT) facilities for safe, comfortable and easy movement are necessary especially in traffic

congested areas. The Master plan provides an integrated approach to the mobility and transport system,

considering a more diverse availability of transport modes, including the piloting of a Non-Motorized

Transport approach. The development of the Nairobi Railway City is another key strategic project,

where national, metropolitan and local interests are to be integrated, aligned and harmonized for an

effective and sustainable impact. By redeveloping the current railway area, the Railway City is to offer a

new city district, planned and designed to meet the requirements of sustainable urban development. A

Transport Oriented Development (TOD) approach provides the core for integrating mobility and land

use planning, and where the new district can be seen as a natural extension of the central parts of

Nairobi.

2.4.1.5 Electricity Supply

The main source of power in Nairobi is electricity supplied by Kenya Power with the NIUPLAN

approximating that there will be 3,925 MW of demand in Nairobi City by 2030. The maximum demand

of Nairobi City in 2015 was 1,192MW, and projected to be 1,862 in 2020 and 2,791 in 2025. The number

of power supply customers in Nairobi has increased by more than 100,000 annually from the 2009/10

financial year. The recorded number of customers in Nairobi totaled 1,062,329 in April 2013. Nairobi

County has an unreliable electricity supply system with frequent cases of blackouts with Kenya Power

struggling to implement underground distribution systems with frequent cases of vandalism on the

overhead distribution lines and transformers. Future strategies adopted by the NIUPLAN to increase

supply of electricity include adoption of nuclear technology and utilization of renewable energy sources

such as wind, solar and geothermal energy sources to meet the expected rise in power demand by 2030.

2.4.1.6 ICT Network

Fiber optic trunk communication network in Nairobi city and introduction of leased network among

government offices are identified as priority projects for telecommunications sector by the NIUPLAN.

Upgrading the optic fiber trunk network for the metro trunk communications and local access network

is essential to solve telecommunications infrastructure issues. Enhancement of communications

network contributes not only to the improvement in internet user convenience but also to the

introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) which provide innovative services to different


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modes of transport and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make

safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.

2.4.1.7 Security

Safety and security is identified as a priority social concern by the NIUPLAN. Poor planning, design, and

management of the city are some of the numerous factors that give rise to crime and violence in the city.

The existing governance, legal, and institutional frameworks have also failed in providing the much

desired safe and secure city. The lack of safety and increasing insecurity in Nairobi City has contributed

largely to the loss of property and even sometimes the loss of possible investment opportunities.

Consequently, the county is losing in its economic development agenda both in terms of losses in human

and financial resources. The NIUPLAN proposes proper urban development with a strong institution

that can mitigate the safety and security issues.

2.4.1.8 Firefighting facilities

Nairobi City has only three fire stations despite the fact that the physical planning handbook provides

that for every 50,000-100,000 people, a fire station should be provided. The NIUPLAN states that

Nairobi City needs 32 fire stations to serve its population. It provides different suggested sites for

proposed fire stations considering proximity to roads, availability of land, population of surrounding

area, and land use in the surrounding area.

2.4.1.9 Solid Waste Management

The Nairobi City County (NCC) has the responsibility of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Nairobi city.

Department of Environment (DOE) in NCC collects the solid waste by themselves or contract out with

private companies. On the other hand, private companies collect the solid waste through the contract

with households or public or private enterprises. The collected waste is transported into Dandora

landfill site or other dumping sites. Some of the collected waste is illegally dumped. The NIUPLAN

establishes the need to develop a new sanitary landfill site in Ruai (80 ha of NCC land), safe closure of

the existing landfill site in Dandora and alternative establishment of the material recovery facility (MRF)

near the source of waste generation as being crucial for effective solid waste management in regard to

the reduction of transportation cost and the cost of segregation. It also proposes establishment of

proper legal and institutional frameworks to guide waste management.

2.4.2 Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022

The Kiambu CIDP had the main objective of creating and transforming systems, structures and

institutions within the County based on five key pillars of security, employment, education, health and

urban planning that will light the way towards the birth and rise of Kiambu County. The Kiambu CIDP

acknowledges the fact that the proximity of the county to the city of Nairobi has seen transformation of

large pieces of land into residential houses. The presence of good all weathered roads have given an

opportunity to those working in Nairobi to reside within the county. This means that establishment of

residential estates such as Tatu city being one of the major housing projects currently under

implementation in the county provides for this advantage.

At the County level, the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan links well with the Kiambu CIDP.

Section 1.14 (industry and trade) sub-section 1.14.1 (industrial parks) of the CIDP emphasizes on

the importance of the Tatu City in spurring economic growth of Kiambu County. According to the CIDP,

the County has a gazetted and an established industrial park; Tatu City in Ruiru Sub-County. The park is


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also a special economic zone for the County. According to the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan,

substantial land has been set aside for industrial development. Sub-section 1.14.3 of the CIDP focuses

on major industries in Kiambu County. The Plan highlights that Thika Sub-County has over 58

industries. Inclusion of the industrial park in the proposed Tatu City extension links very well with the

Kiambu County industrial development agenda.

The proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan focuses on other sectors of the economy such as housing,

education, agriculture, hospitality, natural resources conservation amongst others. The sectors are well

captured in Kiambu CIDP. For instance, Tatu City Extension Plan, has set aside substantial land for

conservation (natural green spaces and water bodies). Similarly, Kiambu CIDP, has over 40,032.81ha of

gazetted forests. The proposed Tatu City mixed-use development activities are consistence with Kiambu

County development goals and are geared towards building on the Kiambu CIDP. The plan also lists Tatu

City as one of its priority programs and projects in Ruiru Constituency which will provide a city with

modern office facilities, residential houses and amenities, equipped with ICT. With obvious backing from

the county Government through its CIDP, the proposed Tatu City will benefit not only its residents but

the entire Kiambu County through creation of employment opportunities for county residents and

increased revenue to the county.

2.4.3 Tatu City Phase 1

Tatu City Phase 1 is on 965.66 Hectares (2,385 Aces) of land comprised of mixed-use developments with

a planned total resident population of 150,000 residents and thousands of day visitors. The success of

the Tatu City Phase 1, located to the south of Mchana Estate has contributed greatly to establishment of

Phase 2 -Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate). Phase 1 of Tatu City mainly comprises of residential

homes, office developments, retail/commercial zones with various infrastructure developments which

include water supply, waste water management, solid waste, road network, power and communication

infrastructure. The Master Plan aims at achieving a city that represents a new way of living and thinking

for all Kenyans, creating a unique live, work and play environment that is free from traffic congestion

and long-distance commuting.


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Figure 2.2 The general structural plan of the Tatu City Master Plan for Phase 1

2.4.4 Kenyatta University Master Plan

Kenyatta University is located approximately 3 km, south east of Tatu City. The University has

established a comprehensive, modern campus that appeals to the increasing numbers of collegiate

bound Kenyans. Tatu City extension (Mchana Estate) is expected to link with the Kenyatta University on

several up-fronts including key amenities (waste water treatment), and major roads (Northern Bypass

and Thika Road). The Master Plan provides the necessary framework for Kenyatta University to grow

from 35,000 students to 70,000 students by 2030. The Kenyatta University Master Plan seeks to

establish a comprehensive, modern campus on 350 hectares that appeals to the increasing numbers of

collegiate bound Kenyans. The Master Plan reorganizes facilities in order to coordinate with the planned

academic re-alignment. Key design elements include a 30,000 seat multi-purpose sports stadium which

includes a comprehensive student recreation center. The design also includes over 10,000 beds of

student housing. A transit loop, new Medical school, staff housing, and an incubator research park are

also elements of the new plan. Other additional amenities in the plan include a new main quad,

academic precincts and a green space network with shaded pedestrian connections.


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Figure 2.3 An Architectural impression of the Kenyatta University Master plan

(Source: Google)

2.4.5 The Two Rivers Development Master plan

The Two Rivers development is located in Nairobi, Kenya on a site area of 100 acres. It is located in the

western direction of Tatu City on the Northern Bypass. The development is situated in Nairobi’s

diplomatic Blue Zone at the heart of the affluent Gigiri, Muthaiga, Runda and Nyali neighborhoods and

just minutes away from the United Nations complex and the American Embassy. Key links with Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) are envisioned on economic zones, and residential areas. The mixed-use

development on completion is positioned to be the largest lifestyle Centre within Sub-Saharan Africa,

ex South Africa and includes with retail, residential, office, leisure and hospitality components. The total

built up area is 850,000 m² with uses including Retail (62,000 m²/220 stores), Office (21,000 m²), Hotel

(370 Keys), Residential (100 luxury apartments) and a parking silo (75,000m²/2,200 bays) & 3-level

retail center parking (1,500 bays). In addition to the over 150 retail and food outlets, the site has over

30% of land set aside for parks and natural open spaces. A prominent feature of this development is the

Two Rivers Mall that makes up 10% of the development. The retail section is made up of approximately

50% local and 50% international brands.


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Figure 2.4 An Architectural impression of the Two Rivers Development Master plan

(Source; Google)

The proposed 100 luxury apartments within the development will offer an impressive mix of medium

and high density serviced and unfurnished apartments. They will be unique and timeless, offering a

great value to investors and a high quality of life to residents comparable to global standards. The world

class amenities in the apartments will include;

▪ Adequate basement parking for residents

▪ High-speed elevators/ lifts

▪ 24 hour security including CCTV

▪ Reliable, potable water supply

▪ Reliable power source and/or backup generators

▪ High-speed internet access

▪ Sustainable and well landscaped environment

▪ Washer/drier in the units

▪ Fully equipped kitchens with modern appliances

▪ Storage areas

▪ Domestic staff quarters

The development will create value by optimizing on the uniqueness of the site that has undulating

terrain covered by a blend of indigenous trees and is cut across by two rivers. This not only provides key

attraction for visitors and residents but also offers exceptional scenery for recreational space,

entertainment, leisure and lifestyle facilities. The site will be developed in an environmentally

sustainable manner that will seek to protect and preserve the flora and fauna and the riparian reserve.

To achieve this noble objective, the Master Plan has allocated about 30% of the total area to

preservation of green areas. The development will also make the most of the favorable climatic

conditions resulting from the unique location of Nairobi within equatorial area to create destination that

is naturally appealing in all seasons.


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2.4.6 The Northlands Master Plan

Northlands Master Plan (NMP) is located less than 10 km eastwards of Tatu City set on an 11,576 acre-

parcel of land located in Ruiru Sub-County, Kiambu County (Figure 2.5) comprising of various proposed

land uses described below. The development is estimated to host 250,000 people,

Figure 2.5 Northlands Master Plan

a) Residential uses (Approx. 3,570 acres) consisting:

• Low density Residential (Northlands Meadows) : 3,134 acres

• High density Residential (Northlands Boulevards): 306 acres

• Medium density Residential (Northlands Heights): 130 acres

b) Educational uses (86 acres);

c) Commercial uses (390 acres) including:

• Central Business District (CBD): 355 acres

• Hotel/Mall: 33 acres

• Club House: 2 acres

d) Industrial uses (695 acres):

• Logistics Park: 630 acres;

• Brookside Dairies: 65 acres.

e) Recreational uses (1,697 acres):

• Recreational Parks and buffer zones: 1,431 acres;

• Water features: 266 acres.


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f) Agricultural/wildlife conservation uses:

• Ranching and wildlife conservation zone: 5,156 acres

g) Other public uses

• Internal roads (Spine Roads): 232 acres

• Reserves for sewer trunks and high voltage power lines

• Space allocations for Hospitals; Petrol Station; Interchange; Substation; Police station; Fire

station; Heliport.

2.4.7 Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan

The Gulmarg-Sasini Estate is located in Kiambu County. It is 20 kilometres from Nairobi Central

Business District, approximately 11 kilometres from Ruiru Town and 5 kilometres from Kiambu Town.

The seats on a 403 piece of land whose client’s vision is to create an integrated mixed-use development

consisting of residential housing units, retail, hotels, office developments, educational facilities and

recreation areas.

When completed the development will have 1,910 residential units with a resident population of 9,550

people. In addition, the development will have a university with a student population of 5,415. The total

resident and working population will be 30,000 people. The development will have 2 primary schools

and 4 religious buildings. Others include: office & commercial developments and a hospital facility. The

vision developed has a natural green space system of parks and river fronts of 74.28 acres or 18.4% of

the project site’s 403.6 acres.

.

Figure 2.6 An Architectural impression of the Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan


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2.4.8 Other relevant Plans

Below is a highlight of other key relevant plans with areas and sectors linking with the proposed Tatu

City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. A review and discussion of the plans is detailed in Chapter 4 (sub-

section 4:4) of this report.

▪ Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 (GoK, 2010)

▪ Nairobi Metro 2030 (GoK, 2008)

▪ National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2000(GoK, 2000)

▪ National Master Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water Catchment

Areas in Kenya, 2012 (GoK, 2012)

▪ National Water Master Plan 2030(GoK, 2013)

▪ National Spatial plan 2017

▪ The Big Four Agenda (GoK,2018)

▪ The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030,


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2.5 Proposed Land Uses for Development in the Master Plan

Figure 2.7 Proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan identifying different land uses

Source (Tatu City, 2019)


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Table 2:5 Land use budget for proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

Land Use Acreage (ha) Percentage (%)

Residential Zone - Low / Medium 263.16 29.73

Residential Zone - High 111.67 12.61

Industrial Zone 163.97 18.52

Educational Zone 15.24 1.72

Natural Green Spaces 168.58 19.04

Public Purpose / Walking Trail 12.44 1.41

Commercial Zone 27.8 3.14

Recreational Zone 47.41 5.36

Transportation Zone 55.46 6.27

Public Utilities Zone 7.1 0.80

Water Bodies 12.39 1.40

TOTAL 885.22 100.00

Precinct

Acreage (Hectares)

(Developable) Percentage (%)

6A 70.32 12

6BA 38.91 7

6BB 65.24 11

7A 88.81 15

7BA 40.19 7

7BB 53.52 9

8 206.11 34

9 34.57 6

Total Size 597.67 100

The zones in each of the development phases include:

2.5.1 Housing Development

The housing development area will have low and medium units and high-density units targeting both

middle and high-income earners. The development will offer individual ½ acre and ¼ acre serviced plots

and contemporary architectural designs with fully integrated amenities. The development will provide

large living spaces, with easy reach amenities such as schools, healthcare, shops and lush green areas all

within walking distance.

The high density residential will be located within a radius of 600 - 800 metres preferably within a

walking distance from the public transport interchange with low density residential spreading outside.

Going by this, the Northeastern part is the prime location for the high density residential while the

western part of the site has been earmarked for the medium density residential. The Southwestern side of

the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is also primed for exclusively low density residential

development because of the attractive natural and environmental features.

The housing will be in form of single family dwellings in individual plots. Multi dwelling units in form of

duplexes, row houses, and town houses can be allowed as well. The estimated figures for the total

resident population in Mchana is 66, 803 with an estimated daytime population is approximately 20,563.


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2.5.2 Industrial Development

The East and Southeastern side of the site has been earmarked for light industrial development (163.97

ha) including warehouses/depots, distribution centres and logistics services. Other activities that

typically will be permitted in the industrial zone include auxiliary uses such as offices and banks.

The Southeastern corner of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is the lowest point and relatively flat

area of the site and will therefore be the preferred location for a sewerage/waste treatment plant, should

one be required on the property. As residential development should not be allowed within proximity of

sewerage treatment plants, the ideal land uses for the immediate surroundings are light industrial (non-

noxious and non-polluting) and other infrastructure related facilities such as transport depots.

2.5.3 Educational Institutions

The education institutions (15.24 ha) include pre-primary, primary and secondary schools, middle level

college, research Centre and university. There is an existing public school (Ngewe Primary) in the

proposed development area (Mchana Estate) and it will be retained in its present location during

implementation of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. Tatu City has increased the total

acreage of Ngewe Primary School to approximately 8 hectares to cater for future expansion.

There is a proposal for a kindergarten along the road towards Kimathi Subloctaion as well as a school to

be located along the main road to Githunguri from Ngewa Primary. The Kindergarten and the school will

occupy 1.89ha and 4.73ha of land respectively.

2.5.4 Recreational and Sports Facilities and Services

The city will have a number of facilities providing various sports and recreational activities (47.41 ha).

This includes nature trails, water sports, spa, gym, tennis, cycling zones, swimming, basketball, mini-

soccer pitch, kids, play areas, and outdoor landscape events areas. In the proposed Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate) Master Plan 2.24ha will be occupied by a social/ Community hall which be located next

to the proposed school in an area between Ruiru river and road to Githunguri

2.5.5 Natural Green Space

The design of the development plan for Tatu city development is to protect the natural environment and

capitalize on the environmental assets. About 168.58 ha has been set for high quality public open spaces

for outdoor public events and beautifully landscaped gardens for leisure. The green open space includes

parks, playgrounds and a network of open spaces.

The natural open space system is made up of rivers and other watercourses, wetlands and riparian zones,

ecological buffers and corridors and dams. These elements are of high ecological value and must be

protected from intrusive and irresponsible development.

Layout designs around the natural open space system are informed by the following four principles:

▪ Minimizing any impact on the natural open space system, in particular the number of times which

roads have to cross the natural open space system;

▪ Keeping the natural open space system visible and public, i.e. not privatizing the entire perimeter

of the wetlands areas;

▪ Bordering all sections of the natural open spaces with a street on at least one side to ensure

continuous movement and surveillance along edges of the natural open space system; and

▪ Optimizing land values and development opportunities adjacent to the natural open space system

by demarcating some exclusive pockets of land that front onto the natural open space system.


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2.5.6 Wetlands & Water bodies

Natural features in Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) include dams, rivers, wetlands, and riverine

forests which are the lifeline of the city and ecologically sensitive areas that provide immense

opportunities. 12.39 ha will be maintained for riparian reserve, rivers, wetlands and dams.

2.5.7 Commercial Centre

The commercial zone (27.80 ha) will have mixed development complexes including shopping arcade,

office parks, show rooms and retail malls. The commercial centre will be fitted with first-class integrated

safety and high-tech security systems with state of the art ICT networking with provision for ultra-fast

internet service.

2.5.8 Infrastructure Utilities and Services

The city will have reliable power supply network from a dedicated substation, backup supply and

alternative renewable sources. The existing power within Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is what

had been installed by Kenya Power to service existing structures. These power structures will be

decommissioned to allow for installation of new power structures for construction and permanent works

in the proposed development. Tatu City main substation, which is located in phase 1 is currently being

developed and will have a capacity of 135MVA when fully developed. The substation will also serve Tatu

City Extension (Mchana Estate). This will be achieved by having separate 66/11kV substation fed from

phase 1 main substation. Additional three 45MVA transformers will also be installed in the proposed

development.

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will have adequate water supply from treatment of water from

existing dams and rivers, sinking deep wells and additional boreholes and rainwater harvesting. The city

will generate increased surface run-off and a comprehensive drainage system and waste water

management system including recycling facilities is to be developed. Currently, Tatu City Limited is

constructing all bulk infrastructure including water, power, roads, lighting, sewerage and recreational

area in Tatu City Phase 1.

It is anticipated that the solid waste will be disposed at one of the landfills operated by the County

Government of Kiambu, possibly, the landfill located in Thika Sub County that was constructed by the

County Government in the year 2015 to curb solid waste management issue

2.5.9 Transportation System

Tatu City Extension will have a comprehensive road network system with public transport and

pedestrian friendliness. The road transport system proposes a dual carriage way for the heavy transit of 4

traffic lanes, cycle track and walkways on either side and a single carriageway for light transit of 2 traffic

lanes and a walkway on either side.

In Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) - Phase 2 the existing regional road networks have a spatial and

functional structure that impacts on the organization of land use activities. The key road linking Tatu City

phase 1 and 2 is Ngenda Road (D 399). The D 399 which links C63 and C65 will be utilized as a public

transport corridor in Tatu City phase 1 and this will extend to phase 2 - Tatu City Extension (Mchana

Estate) as well. D 399 (Ngenda Road) also provides more access opportunities to industrial use.

The C63, C65, and D399, which connects the phase 1 and phase 2 of the development, are the pivot

around which the entire development concept revolves. This is based on the internationally accepted best

practice of Transit Oriented Development (TODs) (also referred to as Transit Oriented Design). The

concept of TODs seeks to support and enhance the use of public transport and public transport facilities

and focuses on the integration of major public transport facilities with urban development.


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A TOD area is characterized by the following:

▪ A centre with a rail or bus station linked to a public space such as a square, a market, or a

boulevard;

▪ A mixed-use activity node around the public transport facility that includes shops, offices, schools,

community services and high density residential;

▪ Relatively high-density residential development within a 10 min walking distance (approximately

600m) from the centre and progressively lower densities spreading outwards;

▪ Pedestrian movement and cycling; and

▪ A variety of housing types and prices in each neighborhood

Each of the public transport route within the development will be designated as the centre of a TOD, each

comprising a mixed-use activity node (of varying size and influence sphere) and high-density residential

development around the node.

2.5.10 Community Clusters

Community facilities make important contribution to sustainability and vitality of a neighborhood;

therefore, provision has been made for several community clusters throughout Tatu City development.

They will play a critical role in the development of vibrant neighborhood by providing opportunities for

the residents to interact socially thus creating a sense of place. They provide for health, cultural, social

welfare, spiritual, educational, leisure, recreational, and health needs of the community. The purpose of

these community clusters is to provide centrally located, accessible parcels of land that can be used for all

social and community facilities such as education facilities, health services, libraries, sports centres,

community centres.

The clustering of community facilities in and around points of highest accessibility is also important as it

enables the sharing of facilities between various services (for example buildings and office machinery)

and for convenience for residents. Those community services that are rendered primarily from buildings

(such as clinics, libraries, post offices) will be located within the secondary urban nodes and integrated

with other land uses such as offices, shops, banks, and restaurants.

2.6 Implementation plan and time scale for the Master Plan

Tatu City development is rolled out in phases. Mchana has 4 phases (Phase 6 - 9) as outlined in table 2:5

above. Once the developer embarks on Mchana Estate, the focus on site will be phase 6. The coffee on this

phase will therefore be cleared to pave way for infrastructure development and built environment.

The proposed planning program for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is outlined in table

2:6 below


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Table 2:6 Proposed Planning Program for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

SN Description Target Start

Date

Target Completion

Date Status

STAGE 1: SURVEY/ PRELIMINARY APPROVALS

1.1 Survey

a) Topographical Survey Jan 2018 Dec 2018 Complete

b) Land Survey & Boundary Verification Jan 2018 Dec 2018 Complete

1.2 Masterplan Approvals

a) Master Plan approved by County June, 2019 Oct, 2019

b) SEA /EIA Approvals June, 2019 Nov, 2019

STAGE 2: DESIGN & APPROVALS

2.1 Engineering Designs

a) Roads and Infrastructure designs Nov , 2019 Feb, 2020

b) Water and waste water design Nov , 2019 Feb, 2020

2.2 Precinct Layout Design

a) Tatu Industrial Park 2 Layout Design Dec, 2019 Mar, 2020

b) High Density Residential Design June, 2020 Dec, 2020

c) Medium Density Residential & Commercial Areas design Jan, 2021 Dec, 2021

STAGE 3: CONSTRUCTION

3.1 Tatu Industrial Park 2 Construction May, 2020 Dec, 2024

a) High Density Residential Construction Jan, 2021 Dec, 2026

b) Bulk Infrastructure Construction Jan, 2021 Dec, 2027

c) Medium Density Construction Jan, 2023 Dec, 2028

d) Commercial Area Construction Jan, 2024 Dec, 2030

e) Recreation and Other areas construction Jan, 2025 Dec, 2030


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3 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE MASTER PLAN

3.1 Introduction

This Chapter discusses the baseline environmental assessment and detailed analysis of the areas which

will be affected during execution of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. This

entails discussion on the pillars of sustainability including the physical, biological, socio-cultural and

socio-economic components in the proposed Master Plan. The chapter begins by highlighting an outline

of the methodology employed in the situational analysis, it gives the data sources used and methods of

analysis. Physiographic conditions are described in succeeding section with detailed description of the

current environmental situation followed by the biological and socio-economic issues.

3.2 Methodology for baseline analysis

The steps followed during the environmental baseline situation analysis were as follows:

▪ Environmental screening and scoping of the proposed Master Plan land uses

▪ Desktop studies

▪ Physical inspection of the proposed development area and surrounding Master Plan areas

The SEA screening process was conducted with an aim to narrow down to the most critical issues

requiring attention during the SEA study. Environmental issues were categorized into physical,

biological/ecological, socio-cultural and socio-economic components of the proposed Master Plan. It also

included discussions with Tatu City Limited managers, physical planners and design engineers as well as

interviews with residents and neighbours within the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate).

3.2.1 Data sources

The key data sources for desktop study and analysis for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana

Estate) Master Plan on each of the pillars of sustainability are outlined in the table below:

Table 3:1 Data Sources on Pillars of Sustainability

Pillars of

Sustainability Concerns/desired aims Data Sources

Natural

Resources or

Bio-physical

environment

Loss of forest cover ▪ Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kiambu County

▪ Kieni Forest Station

Loss of biodiversity (flora

and fauna)

▪ Kiambu County wildlife offices

▪ Lari Forest Station

▪ Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kiambu County

Land degradation

▪ Ministry of Agriculture, Kiambu County

▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-

2022

habitat loss and

fragmentation

▪ Department of Environment, Forestry and Natural

Resources, Kiambu County

▪ Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kiambu County

Water Resources

degradation

▪ Kiambu County Water Services Providers

▪ WRA, Upper Athi Sub- Region - Kiambu Office

▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-

2022

▪ Kiambu County, Department of Water


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Pillars of

Sustainability Concerns/desired aims Data Sources

Greenhouse gases

emission / Climate

Change

▪ Kiambu County State of the Environment Report,

2015

▪ National Environmental Management Authority,

Kiambu County

Physical Environment

(topography, landforms

geology, soils climate and

meteorology, air quality,

hydrology, etc.)

▪ GIS mapping

▪ National Survey of Kenya

▪ Kenya Meteorological Department

▪ KEBs

▪ KNBS Data - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

Social cultural

Issues

Rapid urbanization, Urban

poverty, Informal

settlements, Housing

Scarcity, Crime,

Migrations, Increased

Community Health/

Disease Control, Water

supply and sanitation,

Solid-waste management,

Traffic congestion,

Cultural Change.

▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP)


▪ World Bank

▪ Existing feasibility studies

▪ Kenya

▪ Tatu City Phase 1 Master Plan and SEA Report, 2011

▪ Reconnaissance visit findings

Economic

Issues

Income disparity,

Unemployment,

Disruption and loss of

businesses. labour market

analysis,

Government policy,

Taxes; Agriculture,

industries,

manufacturing; Main

economic activities and

livelihood patterns

▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP)

▪ World bank

▪ KEBS


▪ National Survey of Kenya

3.2.2 Data Analysis

Data obtained was analyzed based on GIS, mapping and use of spatial based methods.

3.2.2.1 Application of GIS and Spatial analysis

Spatial techniques involving Global Information Systems (GIS) analysis in Arc Map were employed to

develop map overlays useful in illustrating and analyzing the potential direct influence of the Master Plan

activities against the pillars of sustainability. In order to achieve this, baseline data was collected from the

National Survey of Kenya. The data was used to superimpose the different types of maps onto one

another.

Given the expansive size of the Master Plan area, which is 885.22 Hectares and the complexity of Master

Plan elements proposed, GIS and Remote Sensing were adopted to understand the spatial heterogeneity


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of both existing and proposed infrastructure, water bodies and land use zones. This was used to enhance

determination of visual relations between environmental elements and also inform identification of

impacts in relation to proximity distances and topographical undulations such as surface run off.

3.2.2.2 GIS data needs and related analysis

Some of the key data needs and related analysis for mapping included;

▪ Distances between infrastructures;

▪ Area coverage of various features;

▪ Population density-current and projected;

▪ Slope factor.

Table 3:2 GIS Data Requirements and Output

Data required Output Maps Analysis

▪ Agricultural space and flower farms

▪ Any data on land use, vegetation, forest, coffee farms

coverage in Acres

Land use map-Agriculture, forest, crops

▪ Industrial Zones-Phase 1 and Phase 1I Zoning Map-Residential vs. Industrial

▪ Proposed Housing-Low, Medium, High density

▪ Proposed Cultural sites, recreation and nature space

▪ Proposed Club House

▪ Workers Estate Coordinates

▪ Any data on neighbouring villages/settlement

Settlement Map-Housing and recreation

space

▪ Proposed Hospital

▪ Existing Hospital Infrastructure map-Health

▪ Existing schools, ECD, Primary, Secondary,

▪ Proposed schools - pre-primary, primary and

secondary schools, middle level college, research

Centre and university

Infrastructure map-education

▪ Existing roads-codes/names

▪ Proposed roads network

▪ Existing power line (2-3phase)

▪ Existing sewer line

▪ Proposed Sewer line

▪ Existing water pipeline and tanks

▪ Proposed water pipeline and tanks

▪ RUJUWASCO site and connectivity

▪ Existing dams and wetlands

Infrastructure map-roads, water, power

connection

▪ Geology/Soil Characteristics

▪ Master plan and coordinates of facilities in Phase 1 Geology/Soil Map

3.2.2.3 Mapping

The following maps have been studied into detail in the chapter;

(i) Land use/land cover map-Agriculture (coffee plantation), forest cover and other crops;

(ii) Geology/Soil map and suitability of proposed structures;


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(iii) Water resources;

(iv) Key infrastructure and existing utilities -residential, industrial, water, sewer, power, roads, clubs,

recreation areas;

(v) Spatial Analysis of all facilities to determine their cumulative effects.

3.3 Physiographic features

3.3.1 Physical & Topographic Features

Kiambu County is divided into four broad topographical zones viz, Upper Highland, Lower Highland,

Upper Midland and Lower Midland Zone.

The Upper Highland Zone is found in Lari Constituency and it is an extension of the Aberdare ranges that

lies at an altitude of 1,800 - 2,550 meters above sea level. It is dominated by highly dissected ranges and it

is very wet, steep and important as a water catchment area.

The lower highland zone is mostly found in Limuru and some parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu South,

Githunguri and Kabete constituencies. The area is characterized by hills, plateaus, and high-elevation

plains. The area lies between 1,500-1,800 meters above sea level and is generally a tea and dairy zone

though some activities like maize, horticultural crops and sheep farming are also practiced.

The upper midland zone lies between 1,300-1,500 meters above sea level and it covers mostly parts of

Juja and other constituencies with the exception of Lari. The landscape comprises of volcanic middle level

uplands.

The lower midland zone partly covers Thika Town (Gatuanyaga), Limuru and Kikuyu constituencies. The

area lies between 1,200-1,360 meters above sea level. The soils in the midland zone are dissected and are

easily eroded. Other physical features include steep slopes and valleys, which are unsuitable for

cultivation. Some parts are also covered by forests.

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) lies between 1500 – 1700 meters above sea level with an undulating,

landscape that generally slopes from North West to South East. It slopes gradually towards the rivers and

valleys as shown in figure 3:1.


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Figure 3.1 Topo-Cadastral survey for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

3.3.1.1 Geology and Soils

Kiambu County is covered by three broad categories of soils which are: high level upland soils, plateau

soils and volcanic footbridges soils. These soils are of varying fertility levels with soils from high-level

uplands, which are from volcanic rocks, being very fertile. Their fertility is conducive for livestock

keeping and growth of various cash crops and food crops such as tea, coffee, horticultural products,

pyrethrum, vegetables, maize, beans, peas and potatoes. These soils are found in the highlands, mostly in

Gatundu South, Gatundu North, Githunguri, Kiambu, Kiambaa, Lari, Kikuyu, Kabete and Limuru

Constituencies.

Most parts of the county are covered by soils from volcanic footbridges. These are well drained with

moderate fertility. They are red to dark brown friable clays. However, parts of Thika Town, Ruiru, Juja

and Lari constituencies are covered by shallow soils, which are poorly drained, and these areas are

characterized by low rainfall, which severely limits agricultural development. The proposed Master Plan

area has well drained, very deep kaolinitic clayey soils, Igneous bed rock, with rolling slope relative factor

8%, CLAY: KA, dominated with ridges.


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Figure 3.2 Soils in Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Soil reference No: KE122/1-30, Whose PHAQ: 5.6, PHKC: 5.1, CECS: 0.0.

There is potential flooding towards the area proposed for high-density housing. Once vegetation is

cleared, it may lead to increased surface run off and therefore, a proper drainage network needs to be

developed during implementation of the Master Plan, as well as use of cabbro tiles on the paved ground to

allow infiltrations. Around one-third of the land is set aside for natural green spaces and water bodies.

3.3.2 Ecological Conditions

Water in the county is from two principal sources: surface and sub-surface. About 90 percent of the

county‘s water resource comprises of both surface water resources and ground water potential. The

county is divided into several sub-catchments’ areas. The first one is Nairobi River Sub-catchment which

occupies the southern part of the county with the major rivers being Nairobi, Gitaru, Gitahuru, Karura,

Ruirwaka, and Gatharaini. The second one is Kamiti and Ruiru Rivers Sub-catchment which is located to

the north of the Nairobi River sub-catchment. It has eight permanent rivers which include Riara, Kiu,

Kamiti, Mukuyu, Ruiru, Bathi, Gatamaiyu and Komothai. The third one is the Aberdare plateau that

contributes to the availability of two sub-catchments areas comprising of Thiririka and Ndarugu Rivers.

The main streams found in the two areas include Mugutha, Theta, Thiririka, Ruabora, Ndarugu and Komu.

They flow from Nairobi, Kamiti, Ruiru, Thiririka, and Ndarugu sub-catchments to form Athi River sub-

catchment. The fourth is the Chania River and its tributaries comprising of Thika and Kariminu Rivers

which rise from the slopes of Mt. Kinangop in the Aberdares Range. Last one is Ewaso Kedong sub-

catchment which runs in the north-south direction and occupies the western part of the county. It has

several streams that normally form swamps.


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Following the ecological analysis, the site was divided into three sensitivity categories, namely:

▪ High Ecological Sensitivity – Riparian Areas and Moist Grassland

▪ Medium Ecological Sensitivity – Grassland

▪ Low Ecological Sensitivity – Transformed Areas

The high ecologically sensitive riparian areas and moist grasslands (i.e. wetlands) also require ecological

buffer zones around the delineated wetland area. A wetland buffer zone is an area of vegetation which

begins from the boundary of a wetland‘s temporary zone (wetland edge) and extends outward. Protection

of vegetated buffers may reduce the severity of water fluctuations and flooding, assist in stabilizing

riverbanks, absorb pollutants before they enter the watercourse, and provide ecologically important

habitat. In the context of the current study area, a buffer zone of 50 meters is recommended. With regard

to the medium ecologically sensitive areas (grasslands), the development should aim to remove as little

as possible of these grasslands as well as the large indigenous trees that it supports, or incorporate

ecological corridors to aid the persistence of biodiversity on the study site and surrounds.

Figure 3.3 Ecological sensitive areas (Natural Green Space and Water bodies) in Tatu City


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3.3.3 Climatic Conditions

The county experiences bi-modal type of rainfall. The long rains fall between mid - March to May followed

by a cold season usually with drizzles and frost during June to August and the short rains between mid-

October to November. The annual rainfall varies with altitude, with higher areas receiving as high as

2,000 mm and lower areas of Thika Town constituency receiving as low as 600 mm. The average rainfall

received by the county is 1,200 mm.

The mean temperature in the county is 26 °C with temperatures ranging from 7 °C in the upper highlands

areas of Limuru and some parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu South, Githunguri and Kabete constituencies,

to 34 °C in the lower midland zone found partly in Thika Town constituency (Gatuanyaga), Kikuyu,

Limuru and Kabete constituencies (Ndeiya and Karai). July and August are the months during which the

lowest temperatures are experienced, whereas January to March are the hottest months. The county‘s

average relative humidity ranges from 54 percent in the dry months and 300 percent in the wet months

of March up to August.

The climate in Kiambu is warm and temperate. There is a great deal of rainfall in Kiambu, even in the

driest month. This climate is considered to be Cfb according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification.

The temperature here averages 18.8 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 962 mm. The climate is mild, and

generally warm and temperate, and is classified as Cwb by the Köppen-Geiger system. Rainfall in the area

averages 797 mm, and is lowest in July, with an average of 13 mm. In April, the precipitation reaches its

peak, with an average of 170 mm. the difference in precipitation between the driest and wettest months is

157 mm (Figure 3:3). The temperatures here average 19.5 °C. March is the hottest month of the year at an

average temperature of 21.0 °C, while July is the coldest month of the year at 17.2 °C on average. The

variation in annual temperature is around 3.8 °C. (Figure 3:4).

Figure 3.4 Rainfall graph for Ruiru by Month


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Figure 3.5 Average temperatures in Ruiru by Month

Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 157 mm. The variation in annual

temperature is around 3.8 °C (Table 3:3)

Table 3:3 Ruiru weather by Month- Weather Conditions

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Avg. Temperature

(°C) 20 20.6 21 20.6 19.7 18.1 17.2 17.5 19.1 20.3 19.9 19.6

Min. Temperature

(°C) 12.6 12.6 13.8 14.6 13.8 11.9 11.3 11.4 12 13.3 14 13.3

Max. Temperature

(°C) 27.4 28.7 28.3 26.7 25.6 24.3 23.1 23.7 26.2 27.3 25.8 25.9

Avg. Temperature

(°F) 68.0 69.1 69.8 69.1 67.5 64.6 63.0 63.5 66.4 68.5 67.8 67.3

Min. Temperature

(°F) 54.7 54.7 56.8 58.3 56.8 53.4 52.3 52.5 53.6 55.9 57.2 55.9

Max. Temperature

(°F) 81.3 83.7 82.9 80.1 78.1 75.7 73.6 74.7 79.2 81.1 78.4 78.6

Precipitation /

Rainfall (mm) 37 43 86 170 122 29 13 15 17 53 140 72

Source: https://en.climate-data.org/location/717954/

3.3.4 Water Resources

3.3.4.1 Water Sources

Kiambu County has 16 permanent rivers originating from Aberdare Ranges which is the main tower of

the county. The major rivers that meet the water demand are: Ndarugu, Thiririka, Ruiru, Kamiti and Kiu,

all of which eventually drain into Athi Rivers and five major wetlands namely: Kikuyu, Lari, Theta, Kiganjo

and Gacii wetlands.

The eastern part of the county that includes Thika, Gatundu, Ruiru and Juja are well endowed with

surface water from China, Thika, Karimenu, Ruabora, Ndarugu, Thiririka, Theta, Mukuyu and Ruiru rivers.

The western part of the county that includes Limuru, Kimabu, Kikuyu, Karuri, Lari and Githunguri areas

has limited surface sources, hence rely on underground water sources mainly boreholes. However, some

https://en.climate-data.org/location/717954/


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areas of groundwater resources have high fluoride levels which cause negative effects to both people and

residue effects in crops.

There are four perennial rivers, namely the Ruiru River, Gaia River, MukuyuRiver, and Kamiti River,

which run along the Northern and Southern boundaries of Tatu City, Wetlands (seasonally moist

grasslands) occur in the low-lying areas between the currently cultivated parcels of land. The wetland

type identified within the study area comprises mainly of valley bottom wetlands without channels.In

some areas, channels were present although these were often associated with artificial drains. The

wetlands are of high ecological importance and deemed as areas of high ecological sensitivity. It is worth

noting that these areas have not been interfered with; they have been preserved as green spaces.

The Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers are the two key rivers existing within the proposed Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate) Master Plan. While Mukuyu River runs along the boundaries of Tatu City and the

proposed Master Plan area, Mchana River passes through the proposed Master Plan - Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate).

The two (2) rivers (Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers) are heavily covered by indigenous vegetation making

them invisible despite the high-water flows. For instance, at point (01007.668’, 036054.670’, 1564 m

a.s.l), Mukuyu River appears as a narrow stream (Plate 3:1) due to heavy vegetation cover.

Plate 3:1 Mukuyu River covered with indigenous vegetation


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Mukuyu River plays a critical role in recharging of Comte dam (Plate 3:2) located at point (01007.481’,

036054.408’, 1580 m a.s.l) while Mchana River recharges Mchana earth dam (Plate 3:3) located at point

(01006.756’, 036053.253’, 1616 m a.s.l). It is projected that surface run-off from the 1,180 acres to be

developed will generate water to recharge the dams in the development.

Plate 3:2 A section of the Comte earth dam at the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)


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Plate 3:3 Mchana earth dam at the proposed Master Plan area

Plate 3:4 A Section of Galana/Ruiru River in the neighbourhood of the proposed site area


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However, it will be important to note that storm water from urban environments is usually contaminated

and unless adequate precautionary measures are put in place, it may affect the quality of water in the

streams and dams to the detriment of aquatic life and local livelihoods dependent on the water bodies. It

will also be prudent to evaluate whether the existing earth dams will be able to withstand the huge

volumes of surface run-off to be generated upon development. It is significant to note once developed, the

land will form an ‘island’ of impervious surfaces thus increasing surface run-off drastically.

The rivers and dams in turn support local livelihood not only in the proposed land for the Master Plan but

also its environs through provision of water for domestic consumption, livestock and irrigated

agriculture. A diversity of wildlife depends on the water points for survival. Any activity that may degrade

the water quality will have far reaching impacts on wildlife and local livelihoods in the proposed Master

Plan area and its environs.

3.3.4.2 Water Supply Schemes

There are eight (8) main licensed water management institutions in Kiambu County namely: Limuru

Water and Sewerage Company, Kikuyu Water Company, Kiambu Water and Sewerage Company, Karuri

Water and Sanitation Company, Githunguri Water and Sanitation Company, Ruiru Juja Water and

Sewerage Company Limited, Gatundu Water and Sanitation Company, and Thika Water and Sewerage

Company Limited.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will be supplied with water from the Ruiru River via

the Ruiru - Juja Water and Sewerage Company (RUJUWASCO) located at Tatu City Phase 1 and boarders

the proposed site to the south east as illustrated in Plate 3:5.

Plate 3:5 RUJUWASCO Offices and plant located at Tatu City Phase 1


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The city will require approximately 14,725 m3 of water per day for the daily activities and operations in

the different zones within the Master Plan. Water volumes required for the low, medium and high

residential developments, industrial, commercial, educational and recreational developments, tourism

and social facilities are outlined in table 3:4

Table 3:4 Water demand and wastewater volumes

Category of Consumer Water Demand

(m3/day)

Sewage Factor Waste Water

Generation (m3/day)

Low Density Residential 78 75% 59

Medium Density Residential 706 80% 565

High Density Residential 10,944 85% 9,302

Industrial Area, ha 2,400 85% 2,040

Educational Facilities, No. 128 85% 108

Aviation School, ha 39 85% 34

Commercial, ha 324 85% 275

Public Purpose, ha 96 85% 82

Police Station, Fire Station 10 9

TOTAL 14, 725 12,474

The distribution of water within the city will be based on the demand from different developmental zones

with the high residential development having the highest water demand of 10,944 m3/day and an

estimated waste water generation 9,302 m3/day. Proposed water sources for Tatu City are boreholes,

Kamiti River, existing earth dams and proposed Kariminu Dam II, wells and supply from Ruiru - Juja

Water and Sewerage Company (RUJUWASCO) of 7500 m3/day.

During the field visit, it was noted that a water treatment and storage plant exists in Tatu phase 1 with a

storage capacity available is 5,000,000 litres as shown in Plate 3:6


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Plate 3:6 Water treatment and Storage plant

3.4 Biological Analysis

3.4.1 Forests/Vegetation types

The land proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is characterized by a diversity of

forests and vegetation types. Natural forests/vegetation types characterize the riparian zones of the key

rivers, streams and earth dams. Forest plantations are in isolated patches amidst the predominant coffee

plantations. Classical agroforestry systems exist in the coffee plantations. Some of the land zones are

characterized by bushlands heavily occupied by the invasive Lantana camara. Patches of small to medium

wetlands/marshy lands predominantly occupied by grasses are in existence.

As shown in figure 3.5 below, land under forests and bushlands is 235 acres while that under coffee

plantations is 1,089.71 acres. The proposed area to be developed is 1,180 acres. In essence, by the time

the proposed development is complete, only 144.71 acres will be left under coffee/forests/bushlands.


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Figure 3.6 Area proposed for development compared to that under coffee, forests and bushlands

The small area to be left under natural vegetation will greatly impact on the rivers in the proposed Master

Plan area due to catchment destruction and disturbances. The vegetation cover along the rivers play

critical environmental and ecological roles such as strengthening of stream banks, reduction of stream

banks erosion, reduction of sediment removal from the stream banks, reduction of water pollution,

provision of sediment traps, provision of habitat for riverine faunal biodiversity, reduction of river

channel modifications such as widening/deepening, modification of riverine habitat, reduction of

turbidity amongst others (Newell et al., 1999, Langer, 2003 and Roda, 2008). Below is a description of

forests/vegetation types in the proposed Master Plan area.

3.4.1.1 Natural forest Plantations

The main forest types in the county are natural/indigenous and plantation forests. The county has six

obiliz forests with the major ones being Kieni and Kinale forests occupying an area of 426.62 km2.

Natural forests/vegetation at the proposed Master Plan area is mainly restricted in riparian zones of

streams, rivers and earth dams. The Mukuyu and Mchana rivers are well covered by indigenous

vegetation as shown in plate 3:1. The riverine vegetation is characterized by both low and high canopy

forests. For instance, along Mchana River at point (01006.864’, 036053.650’, 1593 m a.s.l), high canopy

forest type (Plate 3:7) characterize the riparian corridor.


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Plate 3:7 High canopy forest cover along Mchana River

Key indigenous and riverine species encountered in the proposed Master Plan area include: Diospyros

abyssinica, Polycias kikuyuensis, Vangueria apiculata Vangueria infausta Vangueria madagascariensis Ficus

sur Ficus sycomorus, Lantana camara, Olea europaea, Rhus natalensis, Rhus tenuinervis, Rhus vulgaris,

Strombosia scheffleri, Prunus Africana, Dombeya kirkii, Dombeya rotundifolia, Teclea simplicifolia, Teclea

nobilis, Syzygium guineense, Erythrina abyssinica, Cordia Africana, Caesalpinia volkensii, Kigelia africana

amongst others. In some sections of the indigenous forests, enrichment planting has been done to

increase vegetation cover. Key species used in enrichment planting include Jacaranda mimosifolia,

Casuarina equisitifolia, Olea Africana, Dendrocalamus giganteus (Plate 3:8) amongst others.

Plate 3:8 Giant bamboo enriching the riparian corridor of Mchana River & Comte dam


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It will be very important for the proponent to exercise maximum caution during planning to avoid land

use changes that might result into disturbances to the natural forest/vegetation. The forests serve as the

key catchment for the rivers. Isolated forest plantations exist at the area proposed for Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate) Master Plan. The different types of forest plantations that characterize the area are

typically small and scattered amidst the predominant coffee plantations. They are described below.

3.4.1.1.1 Eucalyptus grandis plantations

Most of the forest plantations at the proposed Master Plan area are characterized by Eucalyptus grandis

(Plate 3:9). The plantations are characterized by mature trees. Typically, forest plantations are mainly

grown for economic gains such as provision of timber, poles, posts and fuel wood. Due to its fast growth

and high calorific value, Eucalyptus grandis is mostly preferred for provisions of fuel wood. The high value

wood from the species is mainly used in tea and coffee processing.

Plate 3:9 Sections of Eucalyptus grandis plantation at the proposed Master Plan area

Selective logging of mature eucalyptus trees (Plate 3:10) was noted at point (01006.864’, 036053.650’,

1593 m a.s.l) along Mchana River and at the neighbourhood of Mchana Coffee Factory. The selective

logging may not have a long-term impact on the plantations since eucalyptus have excellent copping

ability after they are cut. Though the plantations are small, they contribute greatly to increased tree cover

and diversity at the project area. As such, during the implementation of the Tatu City Extension Master

Plan, it will be prudent to avoid and/or avoid complete clear-fell of the plantations.


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Plate 3:10 A log of felled Eucalyptus grandis

3.4.1.1.2 Grevillea robusta plantations

Grevillea robusta does well in coffee growing zones. Small plantations of the species characterize the

proposed Master Plan area. Typically, Grevillea robusta is grown for provision of timber, fuel wood

amongst others. In coffee farms, it is grown as a nurse crop purposely to provide shade and act as a wind

breaker. During implementation of the proposed Master Plan, it will be prudent to retain the plantations

unless it is mandatory to clear-fell them. It is also important to note that Grevillea robusta is an important

tree species for hedge and roadside tree planting in urban environments.

3.4.1.1.3 Cuppressus lusitanica (cypress) plantations

Isolated Cuppressus lusitanica plantations (Plate 3:11) exist at the proposed site for Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate). The species is predominantly grown for timber production noted at point (01°06.884’,

036°54.042’, 1603 m a.s.l). The observed plantations are basically small and young. It will be prudent to

allow the young plantations to reach maturity age (merchantable age) if clear fell will be mandatory

during implementation of the Master Plan. This will help in recouping some of the capital investment

used during plantation establishment.


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Plate 3:11 Cuppressus lusitanica (Cypress) plantation at the proposed Master Plan area

3.4.1.2 Urban forestry

The farm houses, school, coffee factory, workers’ camp sites are characterized by tree planting typical of

urban forestry. Urban forestry in form of road side tree planting is also common at the proposed Master

Plan area. Classical road side tree planting (Plate 3:12) was evident as you enter Mchana coffee factory at

point (01°06.869’, 036°53.679’, 1597 m a.s.l). Urban forestry provides economic values (increased real-

estate values, recreational values, savings due to carbon dioxide sequestration and air pollutant removal

among others), social values (positive psychological effects, aesthetic quality, emotional and spiritual

benefits among others) and ecological values (increased biodiversity, air pollution removal, carbon

capture, regulation of the hydrological cycle, regulation of the micro-climatic environment, harbouring

wildlife among others). Unless it is mandatory, it is important to avoid clearance of trees and other

ornamental plants under urban forestry during project implementation. It is also important to note that

the Master Plan for the proposed Tatu City Extension ( Mchana Estate) has provided for landscaped areas.


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Plate 3:12 Classical urban forestry at the entrance of Mchana coffee factory

The proposed mixed-use development will likely disturb the natural forest ecosystem along the rivers

and the dams. Such disturbances can result to amplified negative impacts to both the natural and social

environment not only in the project area but also the neighbourhood. Typically, natural ecosystems are

usually very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances (Mackey and Currie, 2001; Svensson, R. et al., 2009).

Similarly, Sapkota et al. (2010) documents species diversity reduction in response to increase in

disturbances. Since the natural forest ecosystem plays a critical ecological and social role, it will be

prudent for the developer to enhance the stability of the ecosystem for enhanced service provisions.

Taking into cognizant that the Master Plan has set aside areas under water resource to be retained under

natural conditions, the proponent should work towards increasing the vegetation cover and diversity

through enrichment planting using suitably adapted tree species. Creation of buffer zones around such

catchment areas will go a long way in cushioning the areas from spill-over effects of the proposed mixed-

use development.

3.4.1.3 Bush and shrub lands

Some of the areas proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan are under bushes and

shrubs. Bushes and shrubs in many cases are indicators of ecosystem disturbances or ecosystems at the

early stages of succession. Majorly, the bushes and shrubs are composed of pioneer species and in many

cases, weedy/invasive species. At the proposed project site, such bushes were common in open areas or

where the indigenous forests were transiting into open grasslands. In such transition zones, they formed

an ecological ecotone that bound the forested region and the open grasslands. This ensures that

ecosystem boundaries do not form abrupt edges, but ecotones and mosaic habitats bind them. At the

proposed Master Plan area, one shrub species; Lantana camara predominated.


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Lantana camara is a weedy/invasive species known to cause major ecological disturbances in natural

ecosystems. The species is an aggressive gap colonizer, prolific and heavy seeder with the ability of out-

competing native species. The proposed Master Plan area is characterized by open grasslands/flood

plains/marshy lands characterized by periodic flooding. These open grasslands are a major target for

invasion and colonization by Lantana camara. For instance, at point (01°06.792’, 036°53.403’, 1619 m

a.s.l), at the outskirts of Mchana coffee factory, Lantana camara (Plate 3:13) is invading an open marshy

land.

Plate 3:13 Lantana camara invading a marshy land at the proposed site

At the proposed site area, Lantana camara was found to form heavy and impenetrable thickets in open

spaces. Such thickets make the affected sites inaccessible and completely eradicate other species from

growing underneath including grasses. In the long run, the land becomes unproductive. Lantana camara

poses a major challenge in roads. Where a road has been opened, Lantana camara starts invading the

edges of the road. If the road is earthen, the species will completely invade it unless periodic roadside

bush clearance is done. For instance, at the proposed Master Plan area at point (01°06.675’, 036°54.135’,

1608 m a.s.l), Lantana camara has invaded a road reserve (Plate 3:14) making passage of traffic a

challenge. The proposed Master Plan development is expected to open up many roads and other open

spaces. It will be prudent to monitor invasion of such roads and open spaces and take corrective

measures against early colonization. This will reduce the cost of road and open spaces due to invasion by

Lantana camara.


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Plate 3:14 A road reserve invaded by Lantana camara at the proposed Master Plan area

3.4.1.4 Open plains/grasslands/marshy lands

At the proposed Master Plan area, several open plains exist amidst the coffee plantations. These open

plains form typical wetlands due to their marshy nature. For instance, at point (01°06.846’, 036°54.316’,

1596 m a.s.l), an expansive marshy land (Plate 3:15) exists adjacent to a coffee plantation. The main

vegetation in the wetland is assorted grass species that can withstand prolonged waterlogging. However,

invasive species such as Lantana camara were found to colonize the edges of the marshy lands. Such

edges are subject to periodic dryness thus offering opportunity for water logged intolerant species to

invade.

Plate 3:15 Marshy land at the proposed development area


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Eucalyptus species are known to be heavy consumers of water and in some instances, they are used to

reclaim water logged areas. In some of the marshy lands (01°06.693’, 036°54.012’, 1602 m a.s.l) at the

proposed Master Plan, Eucalyptus grandis (Plate 3:16) has been planted to reclaim the land. However,

survival of the Eucalyptus is very low probably due to the species inability to withstand prolonged

periods of water logging.

Plate 3:16 Isolated stems of Eucalyptus grandis in a marshy land at the proposed site.

Marshy/wetlands play critical ecological and economic roles. They act as habitats for aquatic animals,

breeding and feeding sites for birds, take up storm/flood waters, remove pollutants, and recharge

underground aquifers, streams, rivers amongst others. Against this background, it is important that the

existing marshy lands in the proposed Master Plan area are maintained in their natural state. All efforts

should be geared towards integrating the wetlands into the proposed Master Plan land use zones.


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Plate 3:17 Marshy land in the proposed Master Plan area

3.4.2 Wildlife

Several pockets of wildlife habitats exist within the proposed Master Plan area. Depending on type of

habitat, different wild game exists. At the proposed Master Plan area, three types of wildlife habitats exist.

Water bodies such as Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers, Comte and Mchana dams form a key wildlife habitat

mostly for aquatic animals. Secondly, the riparian corridors of the water bodies mainly composed of

natural forests/vegetation forms another key wildlife habitat at the proposed Master Plan area. Thirdly,

the many pockets of grasslands/marshy lands scattered in the proposed area forms another habitat for

wildlife. The forest plantations that characterize some sections of the proposed Master Plan do not form

suitable wildlife habitat. Typically, forest plantations are subject to human intervention thus discouraging

wildlife habitation. Secondly, forest plantations are mostly monocultures that do not provide a diversity

of food and breeding niches for wild game.

As a result of ongoing agricultural activities at the proposed Master Plan area, most of the wildlife

habitats are small and isolated. Ecologically, only small game can survive in such small habitats since the

available resources for feeding, sheltering and reproduction are limited. Once the proposed development

is complete, approximately 144.71 acres will be left under coffee/forests/bushlands. This implies that the

existing wildlife habitat will be decimated further to the detriment of the wildlife in habitation. Wild game

is known to prefer natural ecosystems and any disruption that may result to departure from the natural

state such as habitat fragmentation, loss of nesting sites and other wildlife habitat through bush clearing,

disruption of watercourses, establishment of non-native invasive plant species, creation of barriers to

wildlife movement and visual and auditory disturbance forces wild game to move out of their habitat, die

of heat stroke or die due to lack of their most preferred diet. The proposed Master Plan mixed-use land


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uses are expected to subject the existing wildlife habitats to further disturbances/modifications.

Incidences of habitat pollution, especially the water bodies and marshy lands, are likely to occur thus

altering the existing natural conditions. Surface run-off from the proposed Master Plan development will

be used to recharge the earth dams. Surface run-off from urban environs is usually contaminated and this

may compromise the quality of water to the detriment of aquatic life in habitation. Since the existing

wildlife habitats are small and previously disturbed by habitat fragmentation, it will be prudent during

Master Plan implementation to put measures aimed at increasing the habitat sizes as well as maintain

their natural status. In many cases, mimicking what happens in natural ecosystems can make even human

modified ecosystems suitable for wildlife habitation.

3.4.2.1 Types and diversity of wildlife

According to the Kiambu CIDP (2018-2022), most of the wildlife in Kiambu County is concentrated in Lari

Sub-County especially Kinale forest. The existing wildlife habitats at the proposed Master Plan area are

small and isolated. Typically, such habitats can only house small game. Ecologically, large game requires

large and continuous habitats capable of supporting their huge resource requirements in terms of food,

shelter and breeding sites. The water bodies (rivers and dams) in the proposed Master Plan area house

aquatic animals such as fish, crocodiles, and hippopotamus amongst others. Mukuyu River is relatively big

compared to Mchana River. Similarly, Comte earth dam along Mukuyu River is big compared to Mchana

earth dam along Mchana River. The big water bodies at the proposed project area have high potential of

housing crocodiles and hippopotamus.

It is, however, important to note that the drainage pattern (Figure 3:6) of the proposed project area and

its environs is interconnected by a network of streams and rivers thus giving the aquatic wildlife a chance

to freely roam the drainage pattern.

Figure 3.7 Drainage flow at the proposed Master Plan area


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Galana/Ruiru River is the largest in the neighbourhood of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana

Estate) and drains most parts of Ruiru. Due to its size, Galana/Ruiru River is expected to house a large

number of aquatic wildlife and probably serve as the main wildlife dispersal point to the other streams

and rivers in the Master Plan area. Cases of human-wildlife conflicts, especially involving crocodiles and

hippopotamus, have been reported in the past. Control and management of the human-wildlife conflicts

will require a thorough understanding of the drainage pattern of the Master Plan area and the environs.

As such, the sources/dispersal points which are the main rivers such as Galana, should be given a lot of

focus as the sinks which are mainly the dams and rivers/streams at the proposed Master Plan area. Due

to their nocturnal feeding habits, hippos are known to stray from water bodies into neighbouring farms

thereby intensifying human-wildlife conflicts through crop destruction and possible injuries to humans.

Crops in farmlands provide fallback resource to the hippos especially during times of scarcity.

The natural forests in riparian corridors of water bodies house a number of small games such as

monkeys, rabbits, dikdiks, and snakes amongst others. At the proposed Master Plan area, monkeys prefer

the natural forests along the riparian corridors due to the presence of tree species diversity and

availability of water. The tree diversity provides a wide range of feeding, sheltering and breeding niches

for the monkeys. Several species of Moraceae family key among them Prunus africana where noted among

the indigenous tree species at the proposed masterplan area. The species, especially the fruits, form the

top diet (Fashing 1999, Fashing et al., 2003 and Fashing, 2004) for Colobus guereza (colobus monkeys).

However, in absence of their top diet, monkeys go for fall-back resources which are mainly food crops in

farms. They are also known to stray into cypress plantation (Cuppressus lusitanica) and cause serious

debarking in search of food (Mutiso et al., 2008). Such straying into farms and plantations increases

human-wildlife conflicts. Since the area under natural forest cover is expected to reduce, food resource

for wildlife will also reduce thus increasing incidences of human-wildlife conflicts.

The open wetlands/grasslands in the proposed Master Plan area house a number of aquatic wildlife

including several bird species. The open wetlands/grasslands provide a suitable habitat for assorted bird

species by proving feeding, breeding and sheltering sites. Ecologically, birds prefer open plains to closed

canopy forests due to a number of reasons. One, open plains are characterized by grasses whose seeds

form a big part of the birds’ diet while the grasses are important for making nests. Secondly, during

breeding seasons, male birds prefer open plains with isolated trees on which they can perch and perform

dancing and singing rituals to attract females for mating. Frogs, toads, small reptiles and assorted insects

prefer wetlands as their habitat. Since the wetlands/grasslands are small and isolated, it will be

important to avoid any disturbances that may interfere with wildlife inhabitation.

The proposed development area comprises several hippopotami, which occupy the perennial rivers and

earth dams which run along the northern and southern boundaries of the site and make use of the

seasonally moist grasslands and riparian areas (including wetlands) for foraging purposes and as

ecological corridors for movement. During the baseline field survey and detailed SEA study no amphibian

species were identified. However, the amphibians can be spotted during the wet season. Many bird

species exist in the study area including secretary bird, crowned cranes, pelicans, marabou storks, and

eagles.Tatu City in coordination with relevant agencies such as the Kenya Wildlife Service are in the

process of relocating the animals since the existing wildlife habitats are small and previously disturbed by

habitat fragmentation. This will also ensure the safety of the people living within the proposed

development as well as the survival of the animals.


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3.5 Socio-Economic Setting

3.5.1 Population Size and Composition

According to the 2009 Population and Housing Census, Kiambu County had a population of 1,697,887

while Ruiru Constituency had a population of 201,986 with a density of 1,122 people per square

kilometre. Further, the population of Kiambu County was projected to be 1,766,058 with 873,200 males

and 892,857 females by 2012 and expected to reach 2,032,464 people by the end of 2017. This is

influenced by the county‘s high population growth rate, which is at 2.81 per cent and the influx of people

working in nearby counties who prefer to stay in Kiambu and its environs where there is less congestion

and well developed infrastructure. In terms of gender, the sex ratio of male to female is approximately

1:1.02.

3.5.2 Land Use and Local economy

The combination of good soils, suitable climate, well developed infrastructure and the proximity to the

most important capital city in the region have all served to make Kiambu the most lucrative farming

county in the country. Farms range from less than 0.3 ha to large plantations of well over 1,000 ha. Over

90% of the total rural land mass is suitable for farming.

Agricultural activity has a major new competitor in the form of real estate as housing, trading centers and

shopping malls offer more reliable dividends to investment than farming. Horticulture, the growth

industry of the last two decades appears capable of out-earning tea and coffee – the traditional cash crops

of this region. Other agricultural activities include dairy farming and growing of pyrethrum and

subsistence crops such as maize, beans and locally consumed vegetables.

3.5.2.1 Agro-Forestry

3.5.2.1.1 Farm Forestry

Farm forestry characterize substantial portion of the proposed Master Plan areas. On-farm tree planting

is important in provision of shade, wind break, fodder, fruits, construction materials, soil erosion control,

bee foraging, medicinal value, fuel wood, nitrogen fixation among others (Cheboiwo & Langat, 2006). Two

agroforestry systems namely shade systems and agri-silviculture were observed in the proposed Master

Plan area as described below.

3.5.2.1.2 Shade systems

This is a classical agroforestry system common in coffee plantations. With shade applications, coffee is

purposely raised under Grevillea robusta canopies and within the resulting shady environment. For most

uses, the understory crops are shade tolerant or the overstory trees have fairly open canopies. This

practice reduces weeding costs and increases the quality and taste of the coffee. At the proposed Master

Plan area, cases of the shade systems (Plate3:18) were common in the coffee plantations as noted at point

(01°06.849’, 036°54.649’, 1587 m a.s.l). Apart from increasing coffee production, the shade systems

increase land productivity mainly from the multiple uses of the Grevillea trees. The systems also improve

the aesthetic value of the plantations. Since the systems offer a wide range of economic and ecological

values, it will be prudent to avoid complete elimination of the systems unless it is mandatory.


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Plate 3:18 Shade systems (intercrop of grevillea and coffee) at the proposed development area

3.5.2.1.3 Agri-silviculture system

This is an agroforestry system that encompasses growing of trees and agricultural food crops. The system

increases land productivity while benefiting from the multiple uses of the trees. At the proposed site area,

this practice was common in small farms at the coffee workers’ camp sites. For instance, at Mchana coffee

factory (01°06.869’, 036°53.679’, 1597 m a.s.l) many small farmlands (Plate 3:19) are under agri-

silviculture system. Notably, several agri-silvicultural practices were evident at the proposed site area

and the neighbourhood farms such as trees mixed with bananas (Musa acuminate), trees and maize, trees

and arrow roots amongst others.


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Plate 3:19 Agri-silviculture at the proposed site area

3.5.2.2 Crop, Livestock and Value addition

The county has a total arable land of 1,878.4 km2 of which a total of 21,447 ha is under food crops and a

total of 35,367.41 ha is under cash crops.

The main food crops grown in the county include maize, beans, Irish potatoes bananas and vegetables.

Coffee and tea form the major industrial (cash) crops grown in the county especially in the upper and

lower highlands. There are 21 coffee and 3 pyrethrum co-operative societies which assist in marketing of

coffee and pyrethrum.

3.5.2.2.1 Coffee Plantation

The development area and neighbouring land is vastly covered with coffee plantation (Plate 3:20),

natural/indigenous tree species, bamboo trees and grassland vegetation Food crops such as bananas,

maize and beans can be spotted grown relatively in small scale.


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Plate 3:20 Coffee plantation within the proposed site

On the 885.22 ha of land proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate), land cover under coffee

plantations is estimated to be 1,090 acres and land under bush and other forest vegetation covers at 235

acres.

Figure 3.8 The plain green land in back boxes represent land cover under coffee plantations


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3.5.2.2.2 Livestock

Dairy industry is the leading enterprise with nearly 70% of the farm families keeping an average of 2-3

cows under the zero grazing systems. Milk is the major livestock product in Kiambu County and currently

leading in Kenya. Production has increased from 264,773,621 litres in 2013 to 308,818,919 litres.

Plate 3:21 Livestock (cattle) grazing in the proposed site

3.5.2.2.3 Apiculture (beekeeping)

having known the importance of honey to human health, adoption of bee keeping in the County has

gradually increased leading to an increase in the kilograms of honey produced as well as the farmers’

income. Beekeeping is scattered in the county and most farmers use Langsroth hives, top bar hive and Log

hives. The production of honey has risen from 102,397 kg of honey produced in 2014 to 114,000 kg in

2017. The value of honey in Kenyan Shilling has also increased from Kshs 51.2 Million in 2014 to 56

Million Shillings in 2017.

Plate 3:22 A beehive in a natural forest at the proposed Master Plan area


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3.5.3 Mean land holding size

The size of arable land in the County is 1,878.4 km2 while that of the non-arable land is 649.7 km2. Water

masses (dams, ponds and rivers) cover 15.5 km2 of the County. The average small-scale land holding size

is 0.36 ha while the large-scale land-holding size is 69.5 ha.

The small-scale land holdings are mostly found in upper parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu South,

Kiambaa, Limuru and Kikuyu constituencies while the large-scale land holdings are usually found in the

lower parts of the County especially in Juja constituency and the upper highlands in Limuru and Lari

constituencies.

3.5.4 Infrastructure and Access

3.5.4.1 Road and Rail Network

According to Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) 2018 - 2022, the county has a total of

5533 km of roads network; 249 km of road are yet to be opened. The roads under bitumen standards are

865.4 km, 1,051 km on gravel, 3,167 km on earth surface. The county is served by Thika Super Highway

from Githurai-Ruiru-Juja-Thika on average of 50 kms and A104 Uthiru-Kikuyu-Kamandura- Kinungi on

average of 65 which 25.1 km of it is on rehabilitation expansion programme. It is also served by a railway

line which is 131km and has Railway stations in Kahawa, Ruiru, Juja, Thika, Kikuyu and Limuru. There are

exist bus parks in all sub counties; 9 paved and 4 unpaved.

It is expected that Tatu City will attract most of its traffic from 3 areas, namely Nairobi, Ruiru and Kiambu.

The existing routes affecting the development of Tatu City are:

▪ The Ruiru–Kiambu road: This road runs through the development and is a Class C (C63) surfaced

road with gravel shoulders. The road falls under the jurisdiction of the Kenya National Highway

Authority (KENHA) and accommodates through-traffic from Ruiru to Nairobi or Kiambu. It also gives

access to the local communities and coffee plantations.

▪ An existing North-South link road: This road runs through Tatu City (Mchana Estate) and is a Class D

(D399) existing gravel road linking the C63 with the C65 to the north of the site. This road is in a very

poor condition, has numerous rivers and low-lying area crossings constructed by concrete culverts

(pipe- or box-culvers), and is mainly used by local traffic and the coffee plantation transport. This

road falls under the jurisdiction of the Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KERRA). The road needs to be

upgraded to enhance connectivity between phase 1 and 2 of Tatu City.

▪ The Ruiru-Githunguri Road: This road runs through the phase 2 and it is a class C (C65). Currently the

road is under construction and is expected to improve connectivity between Ruiru and Githunguri.

The Northern and Eastern Bypasses, which increases the accessibility of the proposed site from a

regional/metropolitan perspective, are very critical for development of Tatu City. The Eastern Bypass

terminates on the Southeastern boundary of the phase 1, at the point where the existing Ruiru- Kiambu

road (C63) enters the site.

The Northern Bypass terminates in the Eastern Bypass, and it is located approximately 1.2 km to the East

of the site. The Northern Bypass, the Eastern Bypass, together with Thika Road (A2) is a major

access/link between the development and Nairobi. The existing Ruiru-Kiambu road is the extension of the

Eastern Bypass at the Eastern entrance to Tatu City. This link road is the major entrance road into the

phase 1 of the development. There is also an existing 60m wide road reserve/easement that runs through

the site, and which was originally intended to be the alignment of the C63 and D399.


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Figure 3.9 Road linkages to the proposed Site

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is served by two major roads, Ngenda Road (D399)

and Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65) which are currently under construction as illustrated in plate 3:23

Plate 3:23 Road construction works along Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65)


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3.5.4.2 Information, Communication Technology

Kiambu County has 98 percent mobile network coverage owing to its location and proximity to the city as

per Kiambu CIDP 2018 -2022. Landline coverage has been on the decline due to adoption of new

technology and ease of using mobile phones. There is a total of 19 post offices and 14 sub post offices

which are fairly distributed in the county. These post offices are; Ruiru, two at Thika, Juja, Githunguri,

Karuri, Kiambu, Kikuyu, Limuru and Matathia-Lari post office. There are quite a number of cyber cafes

offering internet access hence easy access of communication. This has been possible due to the

introduction of fibre optic cables in the county. Many residents listen to local FM and radio stations

mainly Kameme, Inooro and Coro FM for primary information in addition to other national stations. The

citizens are able to watch a variety of TV stations operating in the country. There is one Huduma centre

located at Thika where citizens access government services

3.5.4.3 Financial Institutions

There is a total of 18 commercial banks with branches well distributed within the county. In addition,

there are 31 microfinance institutions, 4 village banks, 12 insurance companies and 520 SACCOs. The

institutions are well distributed within the county and hence they are easily accessible. This is an

indication of vibrant economic activities that are able to sustain the financial sector making it one of the

fastest growing sectors in the county over the last five years.

3.5.4.4 Education Institutions

The county is well endowed with education institutions which are well distributed within the county. It

has 948 Primary Schools, 365 Secondary Schools, 7 Universities and 4 University Campuses, 26 Colleges,

31 Operational Youth Polytechnics and 2 Technical Vocational Education Training Institutions (TVET).

They are well distributed within the county and hence children do not have to travel long distances.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) has one public school, Ngewe Primary school located

within the development site (plate 3:24). Adjacent to the school is a playing field for the pupils, illustrated

in Plate 3:25. During implementation of the Master Plan, Ngewe Primary School will be retained in its

present location and the size of land for the school has been increased to approximately 8 Hectares to

cater for future expansion


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Plate 3:24 Ngewe Primary School within the proposed site area

Plate 3:25 Ngewe school pupils at the playing field


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3.5.4.5 Energy Access

Kiambu County has 98 percent coverage of electricity with effective coverage on the last mile programme.

There has been an increase in the connectivity of rural households to electricity due to the rural

electrification programme. The total households connected to electricity form 70 percent, and this

number is expected to rise to 100 percent in the year 2022. Solar energy has less than 5 percent coverage,

while biogas use is at 25 percent especially by farmers in Githunguri, kikuyu, Limuru and other sub-

counties where dairy farming is practiced. Kenya Power and Lighting Company has played a key role in

street lighting, installation of flood masts; 12 in Thika, 11 in Kiambu, 5 in Kikuyu, 11 in Limuru, 11 in

Ruiru, 11 in Juja and 9 in Kiambaa. These flood masts are of 30 m in height.

The city will have reliable power supply network from a dedicated substation, backup supply and

alternative renewable sources. The existing power within Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is what

had been installed by Kenya Power to service existing structures. These power structures will be

decommissioned to allow for installation of new power structures for construction and permanent works

in the proposed development. Tatu City main substation, which is located in phase 1 is currently being

developed and will have a capacity of 135MVA when fully developed. The substation will also serve Tatu

City Extension (Mchana Estate). This will be achieved by having separate 66/11kV substation fed from

phase 1 main substation. Additional three 45MVA transformers will also be installed in the proposed

development.

3.5.4.6 Markets and Urban Centres

The county has a total of 2,517 trading centres with 6,634 registered retail traders and 750 registered

wholesale traders. There are also a number of urban centres with the largest being Thika Town which is

one of the largest industrial towns in the country. Other urban centres include Kiambu and Karuri in

Kiambaa constituency, Kikuyu in Kabete constituency, Limuru in Limuru Constituency, Gatundu in

Gatundu South Constituency and Ruiru in Juja Constituency.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is bordered by Ngewa Centre (Plate 3:26) which has

health centres, housing units, restaurants, re-creational facilities among others.


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Plate 3:26 Ngewa (Kwa Maiko) Centre

Other centres near the proposed site area include: Ruiru Town (GPS Cordinates -1.148426, 36.95806);

BTL center near Tatu Sales office (GPS Cordinates -1.153415, 36.908529); and Lioki (Kwa Githiri)

Shopping Center GPS Cordinates -1.106549, 36.848385).

3.5.4.7 Housing

According to 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, 48.3 percent of all homes in the county are

stone –walled, 4.9 percent are brick/block while 4.8 percent are mud/wood. There are 74.6 percent of the

houses that have cemented floors and 87.5 percent with corrugated iron sheets. Only 0.1 percent has

used other forms of roofing materials.

During the SEA study, it was noted that the proposed Master Plan area has existing housing structures

including Kofinaf offices, two (2) Mchana houses, Kofinaf driers located to the North East and

approximately 40 staff houses built of stone with iron roofing where the staff working within Mchana

Estate and surrounding coffee farms reside.


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Plate 3:27 Stone walled houses in the Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan area


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4 RELEVANT POLICY, PLAN, LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

4.1 Introduction

There is a growing concern in Kenya and at a global level that many forms of development activities cause

damage to the environment and the community. It is part of the Kenyan laws that all Policies Plans and

Programmes (PPPs) for implementation shall be subject to Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

SEA acts as a useful tool for prevention of negative environmental and social effects of developmental

activities. It is now accepted that developments must be economically viable, socially acceptable and

environmentally sound. The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) was subjected to a

comprehensive analysis based on the environmental obligations’ framework developed for the SEA.

This chapter highlights the Constitution of Kenya, 2010, and describes key government vision and agenda.

A review of relevant National Environmental Policies, National Strategic Plans, Legislations and pertinent

regulations and Multilateral Environmental Agreements / (MEAs) is studied and reviewed in detail in

succeeding chapters.

4.2 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010

The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It lays the foundation on which the wellbeing of Kenya is

founded. The constitution’s provisions are specific to ensuring sustainable and productive management

of land resources; transparent and cost-effective administration of land; and sound conservation and

protection of ecologically sensitive areas.

Article 42: Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment which includes: -

a) To have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through

legislation and other measures, particularly that contemplated in article 69.

b) To have obligation relating to the environment fulfilled under article 70.

Section 69 states that: The state shall;

a) Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the

environment.

b) Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of

the environment.

c) Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment.

Every person has a duty to cooperate with state organs and other persons to protect and conserve the

environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and those of actual resources. The Master

Plan has made provisions to ensure a clean and healthy environment through the environmental and

social management plan. It is also anticipated that Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will be guided by

the spirit of the Kenyan constitution considering environmental protection and conservation.

4.2.1 The Kenya Vision 2030

Nationally, the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan links well with Vision 2030

blue print. The proposed development builds on Chapter 4 (economic vision and strategy: adding value to

our products and services) and Chapter 5 (the social strategy: investing in the people of Kenya) of the

vision 2030 blue print. Chapter 4 of the blue print focuses on tourism, agriculture, whole sale and retail

trade, financial services amongst others, while chapter 5 focuses on education, health, water,

environment, housing and urbanization amongst other sectors. The projects envisioned in the proposed

Tatu City extension adequately addresses the economic and social pillars of the vision 2030. For instance,


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in the proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan, adequate land has been set aside for construction of

hospitals, schools, hospitality facilities, residential and commercial premises, and natural green space and

water bodies. As such, implementation of the Tatu city extension Master Plan will contribute immensely

towards the achievement of key flagship vision 2030 projects captured under the economic and social

pillars of the blue print.

The Economic Pillar of Vision 2030 seeks to improve the prosperity of all regions of the country and all

Kenyans and as such the development blueprint recognizes projects such as the Proposed Master Plan to

be a prerequisite in attaining the Kenya’s Vision 2030.

Moreover, Environment’s cleanliness and security is ensured via protection and conservation and

conservation of sensitive areas such as wetlands and wildlife corridors and migratory routes which can

be done by conducting specific project’s Environmental and Social Impact Assessments and developing of

comprehensive mapping of land use patterns in Kenya.

4.2.2 The Government of Kenya’s Big Four Agenda

The Big Four Agenda entails enhancing manufacturing sector, providing affordable housing, providing

universal health coverage and enhancing food and nutrition security. The proposed Tatu City extension is

in consistence with the Big Four Agenda. For instance, in agenda number one of enhancing manufacturing

sector, the government is proposing to promote industries like leather, textile and agro-processing.

Similarly, in the proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan, a big chunk of land has been set aside for

industrial development. Residential premises have also been allocated a big piece of land in the proposed

Tatu City extension Master Plan. In summary, all the projects contained in the Tatu City extension Master

Plan contribute greatly towards achievement of the government’s Big Four Agenda.

4.3 Key Policies relevant to the SEA

4.3.1 Sessional Paper No. 10 of 2014 on the National Environment Policy

The Republic of Kenya has a policy, legal and administrative framework for environmental management.

The broad objectives of the national environmental policy in Kenya are: -

a) To ensure optimal use of natural resources while improving environmental quality.

b) To conserve natural resources such that the resources meet the needs of the present without

jeopardizing future generations in enjoying the same.

c) To develop awareness that inculcates environmental stewardship among the citizenship of the

country.

d) To integrate environmental conservation and socio-economic aspects in the development process.

e) To ensure that national environmental goals contribute to international obligations on

environmental management and social integrity.

To achieve this, it is a policy direction that appropriate reviews and evaluations of proposed Tatu

Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan and operations are checked to ensure compliance with the

environmental policy.

4.3.2 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework

for Kenya 2012 - 2030.

The main objective of the national industrialization policy is to enable the industrial sector to attain and

sustain annual sector growth rate of 15% and make Kenya the most competitive and preferred location

for industrial investment in Africa leading to high employment levels and wealth creation. Specific

objective number 6 of the policy focuses on developing at least 2 Special Economic Zones and 5 SME

Industrial Parks. This specific objective anchors well with the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan


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objective on industrial development. Under the Master Plan, substantial land has been set aside for

special economic zones, SME and industrial parks. As such, the proposed Tatu City Extension contributes

greatly to the government efforts on industrialization.

4.3.3 Draft National Wetlands Conservation and Management Policy

The draft Wetlands Conservation and Management aims at integrating both local and expert knowledge

while upholding the principle of public participation as entrenched in the Constitution. The policy

therefore seeks to secure and ensure the benefits of wetlands for posterity. It also aims at providing a

framework for mitigating and tackling the diverse challenges that affect wetlands conservation and wise

use in Kenya. Also, the policy fulfils Kenya’s obligations under the Ramsar Convention and the East Africa

Community (EAC) among other instruments. The proposed Master Plan is therefore expected to jointly

support the implementation of the policy to sustain healthy wetland ecosystems within the proposed

development area for community livelihoods and biodiversity conservation.

4.3.4 Draft Wildlife Policy, 2011

The wildlife policy is aimed at promoting protection and conservation of wildlife in Kenya, both in

protected and non-protected areas. The policy is implemented by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). The

proposed Master Plan will need to be consistent with this policy. Where wild animals will be disturbed

during the Master Plan implementation phase appropriate mitigation measures must be implemented to

minimize disturbance to wildlife.

4.3.5 National Energy and Petroleum Policy, 2015

This policy was formulated to beef up the Sessional Paper No. 4 on Energy. The overall objective of the

policy is to ensure affordable, competitive, sustainable and reliable supply of energy to meet national and

county development needs at the lowest cost, while protecting and conserving the environment. On solar

energy, the policy recommends that there should be regular review of standards for solar energy

technologies and equipment, provision of a framework for connection of electricity generated from solar

energy to national and isolated grids, through direct sale or net metering and Research Development and

Dissemination (RD&D) should be undertaken on solar technologies. The proposed Master Plan is

therefore expected to incorporate the various aspects of the energy policy including renewable energy

and energy efficiency and conservation measures.

4.3.6 HIV/AIDS Policy of 2009

The policy identifies HIV/AIDS as a global crisis that constitutes one of the most formidable challenges to

development and social progress. The Pandemic heavily affects the Kenyan economy through loss of

skilled and experienced manpower due to deaths, loss of man hours due to prolonged illnesses,

absenteeism, reduced performance, increased stress, stigma, discrimination and loss of institutional

memories, among others. Due to the large of number of workers who will be involved in the

implementation of the Master Plan and the associated social issues expected in the proposed city,

HIV/AIDS policy aspects will be considered.

4.3.7 Forestry Policy, 2014

This policy of the government is intended to ensure forests in the country are protected from wanton

destruction. The goal of the policy is to increase the area under forest to 10% of the total land area in the

country. The proposed Master Plan will therefore be required to be consistent with the Kenya’s forest

policy. Where clearance of forests or sections of forests is envisaged, it would be important to put in place


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appropriate mitigation measures such as those specified in the preliminary environmental management

and monitoring plan of this SEA report.

4.3.8 National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2007

The National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy is devoted to environmental sanitation and

hygiene in Kenya as a major contribution to the dignity, health, welfare, social well-being and prosperity

of all Kenyan residents. The policy recognizes that healthy and hygienic behaviour and practices begin

with the individual. Proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan is in line with the implementation of the

policy to enhance sanitation, hygiene, food safety, improved housing, use of safe drinking water, waste

management, and vector control at the household level. As a basic human right, all Kenyans should be

able to live with dignity in a hygienic and sanitary environment. The proposed Master Plan should ensure

that all sectors understand what constitutes a healthy human environment, and that they adopt attitudes

and practices that create and sustain such an environment.

4.3.9 The National Housing Policy 2004

The sessional paper no. 3 of 2004 on national housing policy outlines the government of Kenya’s

commitment in provision of affordable housing. The main goal of the policy is to facilitate the provision of

adequate shelter and a healthy living environment at an affordable cost to all socio-economic groups in

Kenya in order to foster sustainable human settlements. This will minimize the number of citizens living

in shelters that are below the habitable living conditions. It will also curtail the mushrooming of slums

and informal settlements especially in the major towns. Chapter two of the housing policy outlines one of

the objectives of the policy as to promote inclusive participation of the private sector, public sector,

community-based organisations, Non-Governmental Organisations, co-operatives, communities and other

development partners in planning, development and management of housing programmes. The proposed

Tatu City extension Master Plan provides adequate land for high end residential premises. This provision

links very well with the goals and objectives of the national housing policy 2004. Further, in the national

housing policy, the government of Kenya commits to facilitate investments in the housing sector. Based

on the provisions of the national housing policy 2004, the proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan

builds on the government’s agenda on housing.

4.3.10 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework

for Kenya 2012-2030

The Vision of this policy aims to make Kenya the leading industrialized nation in Africa with a robust,

diversified and globally competitive manufacturing sector. The Mission is: “To promote and sustain a

vibrant, globally competitive and diversified industrial sector for generation of wealth and employment

through the creation of an enabling environment”. The implementation of this Sessional Paper is

premised on the guiding principles namely: (i) Productivity and competitiveness; (ii) Market

development; (iii) High value addition and diversification; (iv) Regional dispersion; (v) Technology and

innovation; (vi) Fair trade practices; (vii) Growth and graduation of Micro, Small and Medium Industries;

(viii) Employment creation; (ix) Environmental sustainability; (x) Compliance with the current

Constitution; and (xi) Education and human resource development. All these principles are in line with

the envisioned development and will form key tenets in the Tatu City Extension Master plan.

4.3.11 Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2009 on National Land Policy

The Land Policy in Kenya is guided by the environmental management principles which are aimed at

restoring the environmental integrity through introduction of incentives and encouragement of use of

technology and scientific methods for soil conservation, among others. The policy further requires fragile

ecosystems to be managed and protected by developing a comprehensive land use policy bearing in mind


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the needs of the surrounding communities. The policy also requires zoning of catchment areas to protect

them from degradation and establishment of participatory mechanisms for sustainable management of

fragile ecosystems. The policy also called for development of procedures for co-management and

rehabilitation of forest resources while recognizing traditional management systems and sharing of

benefits with contiguous communities and individuals. Lastly, all national parks, game reserves, islands,

front row beaches and all areas hosting fragile biodiversity are declared as fragile ecosystems under the

policy.

The policy recognizes that sustainable management of land based natural resources depends largely on

the governance system that defines the relationships between people, and between people and resources.

To achieve an integrated approach to management of land-based natural resources, all policies,

regulations and laws dealing with these resources need to be harmonized with the framework

established by the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387).

The policy also addresses land management particularly in Section 3.4.3.2 on ecosystem protection

(including wetlands). Measures for protection are required for fragile ecosystems. The policy also calls for

the protection of watersheds, lakes, drainage basins and wetlands. The policy prohibits settlement and

agricultural activities in water catchment areas and calls for identification, delineation and gazettement of

all water courses and wetlands. The Master Plan will therefore ensure adequate planning is in line with

the aims of the land policy. The developers will be required to adhere to the requirements of the land use

policy in order to ensure a sustainable and equitable use of land. The proposed development should

address issues such as land degradation, pollution, soil erosion and come up with proper strategies to

ensure protection of the ecosystem and a sustainable use of available land.

4.3.12 The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2017 on National Land Use Policy (NLUP)

The Policy outlines how Land in Kenya should be utilized efficiently, equitably, productively and

sustainably for the current and future generations. It provides a framework for adequately addressing the

challenges related to the use of land and land-based resources. Implementation of the policy will help in

the conservation of water catchment areas, mitigating climate change effects in order to have a reliable

and steady rainfall for sustained water supply for human settlement, manufacturing and agriculture. The

policy provides a guide for preparation of physical development plans at the county level and provide for

renewal and re-development of urban areas. The Proposed Master Plan will be subjected to the

provisions of this land use policy in order to ensure proper utilization of the available land.

4.3.13 National Policy for Disaster Management in Kenya

The policy lays emphasis on preparedness on the part of the Government, communities and other

stakeholders in Disaster Risk Reduction activities. In this regard, the policy aims at the establishment and

strengthening of Disaster Management institutions, partnerships, networking and main streaming

Disaster Risk Reduction in the development process so as to strengthen the resilience of vulnerable

groups to cope with potential disasters. The proposed Master Plan is therefore required to be in line with

the provisions of disaster management. Adequate and informed planning will be required to ensure

disaster preparedness is implemented during planning. Key aspects of the policy that the Master Plan

should consider are the two major categories of disasters; 1) Natural: Bush fires, epidemics on human

beings and animals, pests on crops, forests and livestock; geologic and climatic disasters (e.g. droughts,

floods, landslides, cyclones, storm surges, coastal erosions, earthquakes, invasive plants. 2) Human-made:

Terrorism, Industrial accidents, fires, transport accidents, civil, resource-based and political conflicts,

collapsed infrastructure, food poisoning, invasive plants, drug and substance abuse, human trafficking,

industrial sabotage, environmental degradation and other emerging disasters.


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4.3.14 The National Water Policy of Kenya 1999

The National Policy on Water 1999 aims to achieve sustainable development and management of the

water sector by providing a framework in which the desired targets/goals are set, outlining the necessary

measures to guide the entire range of actions and to synchronize all water-related activities and sectors.

The policy set the following specific policy objectives covering the four basic areas of water resources

management, water supply and sewerage development, institutional arrangement and financing of water

sector: The proposed Master Plan should therefore ensure its objectives are aligned with the key water

policy objectives stipulated below;

a) Preserve, conserve and protect all available water resources and allocate it in a sustainable,

rational and economical way;

b) Supply of water of good quality and in enough quantities to meet the various water needs

including poverty alleviation, while ensuring safe disposal of wastewater and environmental

protection;

c) Establish an efficient and effective institutional framework to achieve a systematic development

and management of water sector; and

d) Develop a sound and sustainable financing system for effective water resources management,

water supply and sanitation development.

4.3.15 Environment and Development (Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999)

The Kenya’s policy paper on the Environment and Development was formulated in 1999. The policy

defined approaches that will be pursued by the Government in mainstreaming environment into

development. The policy harmonized environmental and developmental objectives with the broad goal of

achieving sustainable development. The policy paper also provided guidelines and strategies for

government action regarding environment and development. In regard to wildlife, the policy

reemphasized government’s commitment towards involving local communities and other stakeholders in

wildlife conservation and management, as well as developing mechanisms that allow them to benefit

from the natural resources occurring in their areas. The policy also advocated for the establishment of

zones that allow for the multiple use and management of wildlife. This policy is relevant to the proposed

Master Plan in view of the potential impacts on the environment and involvement of the public in

planning.

4.3.16 Kenya National Policy on Gender and Development (NPGD), 2000

The purpose of the Gender Policy is to institutionalize The Kenya National Policy on Gender and

Development (NPGD), within Gender, Children and Social Development. It articulates the policy approach

of gender mainstreaming and empowerment of women at the ministry level. The policy seeks a society

where women, men, children and persons with disabilities enjoy equal rights, opportunities and a high

quality of life. This report has in depth addressed matters to do with gender and development and in the

concession period the Master Plan should be guided by respective principles under this policy.

4.3.17 National Urban Development Policy

The National Urban Development Policy Provides a framework for sustainable urban development in the

country. The various sectors addressed in the policy include; urban economy; urban finance; urban

governance and management; national and county urban planning; land, environment and climate

change; social infrastructure and services; physical infrastructure and services; urban housing; urban

safety and disaster risk management; and marginalized and vulnerable groups. The policy is guided by

the Constitution of Kenya 2010, clauses 184 and 176 (2) which provides for regulation of urban areas and

cities, clause 200(2), which outlines the governance of the capital city, other cities and urban areas and


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Vision 2030, which calls for a nationwide urban planning and development campaign. The policy aims at

strengthening urban governance and management, development planning, urban investment and the

delivery of social and physical infrastructure in urban areas throughout the country. The proposed

development being a city will be required to adhere to the frameworks stipulated in the policy in order to

ensure proper governance and management of the city by provision of high-quality infrastructure and

services to its residents, proper and planned urban development and investments and also sustainable

use of land.

4.4 National Strategies

4.4.1 The Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy of 2010

This strategy provides measures that the Government of Kenya is taking to address issues related to the

impact of climate change on various sectors of the economy. The proposed Master Plan will need to take

on board the effects of changing climate in the country and apply climate change mitigation measures.

4.4.2 The National Biodiversity Strategy of 2000

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) was formulated to enable Kenya address

national and international commitments defined in Article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity

(CBD). The strategy is a national framework of action for ensuring that the present rate of biodiversity

loss is reversed, and present levels of biological resources are maintained at sustainable levels for

posterity. The general objectives of the strategy are to conserve Kenya’s biodiversity; to sustainably use

its components; to fairly and equitably share the benefits arising from the utilization of biological

resources among the stakeholders; and to enhance technical and scientific cooperation nationally and

internationally, including the exchange of information in support of biological conservation. The

proposed Master Plan will need to comply with the requirements of this strategy since the land uses may

interfere with biodiversity in some sections along the wetlands.

The Proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan has made provisions to ensure a clean and healthy

environment through the environmental and social management plan. This will ensure protection of the

biodiversity. It is also anticipated that Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will be guided by the Kenya

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, considering environmental protection and conservation.

The proposed development has the potential of impacting on biodiversity including wetlands, forests

resources and other natural environment. It is crucial to take appropriate measures to minimize

interference and maximize conservation and proper utilization of biodiversity within the development

area.

4.4.3 The National Water Master Plan 2030

The National Water Master Plan (NWMP) 2030 was launched on 26th March 2014. It is a product of an

intensive study of Kenya’s water resources and meteorological conditions to facilitate planning for

development and management of the same. The objectives of the Project were: To assess and evaluate

availability, reliability, quality, and vulnerability of the country’s water resources up to around 2050

taking into consideration climate change; To renew the National Water Master Plan towards the year

2030 taking into consideration climate change; To formulate an action plan for activities of WRA up to

2022 to strengthen their capability; To strengthen the capacity of water resources management through

transfer of technology.

NWMP 2030 has been prepared for six catchment areas which are management units of WRA. These

include; Athi Catchment Area (ACA) – Machakos; Ewaso Ng’iro North Catchment Area (ENNCA) –

Nanyuki; Lake Victoria North Catchment Area (LVNCA) – Kakamega; Lake Victoria South Catchment Area


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(LVSCA); Rift Valley Catchment Area (RVCA) – Nakuru and Tana Catchment Area (TCA) – Embu. The

NWMP 2030 consist of the following nine component plans: a) Water Supply Development Plan; b)

Sanitation Development Plan; c) Irrigation Development Plan; d) Hydropower Development Plan; e)

Water Resources Development Plan; f) Water Resources Management Plan; g) Flood and Drought

Disaster Management Plan and h) Environmental Management Plan.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan fits within the Athi Catchment hence will

require to be in line with the development plans and overall NWMP. The Master Plan aims at ensuring

protection of water resources within the development site and management of water including proper

rain water harvesting and creating buffer zones for protection of water bodies. Tatu City Limited should

input all strategies necessary to ensure adequate provision of water to the city residents.

4.4.4 The Kenya National Spatial Plan (2015-2045)

The National Spatial Plan is a long-term plan that covers a period of 30 years and provides a spatial

structure that defines how the national space is going to be utilized for the realization of optimal and

sustainable use of our land. The Plan provides a spatial framework upon which the various sectoral plans

and policies will be anchored and is a basis for preparation of all other lower level plans. The Plan covers

the entire Kenyan territory and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The Plan addresses the disconnect

between economic and spatial planning that has led to uncoordinated and unguided development by

establishing a broad physical planning framework that provides physical planning policies to support

economic and sectoral planning. The National Spatial Plan is therefore, designed to provide a national

spatial planning framework for integration of social, economic and environmental policies. The proposed

Tatu city Extension Master Plan should be able to adhere to the goals of the national spatial plan in order

to promote planned and sustainable development. The development should achieve a balance between

economic and spatial planning by bridging the gap.

4.4.5 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020

Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 is the overall national policy document that guides

all agricultural stakeholders and ministries in Kenya. It outlines the characteristics, challenges,

opportunities, vision, mission, strategic thrusts and the various interventions that the ministries will

undertake to propel the agricultural sector to the future. The policy document advocates for improved

management of the environment and natural resources, improved environmental conservation and

improved pollution and waste management. The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master

Plan should ensure sustainable management of riparian reserves, wildlife and establishment of green

belts in the development. The Master Plan has designated areas for agricultural zones in order to promote

agricultural practices.

4.4.6 Nairobi Metro 2030

The Nairobi Metro created by the Ministry of Nairobi Metropolitan Development in 2008 outlines a

strategy for the entire Nairobi Metropolitan Region by promoting development through rapid economic

growth, employment and balanced wealth creation, poverty alleviation, meaningful youth engagement,

and a vigorous pursuit of regional equity. The Nairobi Metro 2030 growth strategy aims to transform the

Nairobi metropolitan region into a world class African region that offers sustainable wealth creation and

a high quality of life for its residents, by the year 2030. In the Proposed Nairobi Metropolitan growth

structure, the region includes Nairobi, Machakos, Kiambu and Kajiado Counties. One of the metropolitan

within the Nairobi Metropolitan Region is Ruiru town which boarders the proposed Tatu City. On

completion of the development, Tatu City sets to promote development of not only within Ruiru town but


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also in the entire Nairobi metropolitan region as it is expected to create employment, generate wealth

through investments and business activities.

4.4.7 National Master Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water

Catchment Areas in Kenya, 2012

The Master Plan was formulated to create a framework that will support the rehabilitation, protection

and conservation of important water catchment areas in Kenya to ensure sustainable use of water

resources. This includes the two dams within the proposed Tatu City Master plan.

The proponent of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan should ensure water

catchment areas within the development area are conserved and protected during and after

implementation of the Master Plan, and this will be done in collaboration with relevant stakeholders such

as WRA and ATHI Water.

4.4.8 The Big Four Agenda

The National government came up with the Big Four agenda with four pillars; manufacturing, universal

healthcare, affordable housing, and food security. This is fully supported by President Uhuru Kenyatta in a

bid to cement his legacy. The government allocated Sh44.6 billion for universal health coverage, Sh6.5

billion for provision of affordable and decent housing for all Kenyans, Sh20.25 billion to enhance food and

nutrition security to all Kenyans by 2022, and Sh2.4 billion to support value addition and raise the

manufacturing sector’s share to gross domestic product to 15 per cent by 2022. To make the Big Four

Agenda a success, the government plans to create partnerships with the private sector and development

partners with the final goal of accelerating economic growth of the country through achievement of the

four pillars.

The proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan offers a direct linkage to the Big Four Agenda as it provides

adequate land for high end residential premises. This provision links very well with the goals and

objectives of the Big Four Agenda for provision of affordable housing by investing in the housing sector.

The Plan also lays out substantial land for development of special economic zones, SME and industrial

parks. As such, the proposed Tatu City extension contributes greatly to the government’s Big Four Agenda

on manufacturing.

4.4.9 The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030

The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030 was created by the Ministry of tourism to review its marketing strategy

in a bid to upscale the tourism sector and reclaim Kenya’s position as a leader in the sector. The blueprint

provides strategies that aim at ensuring that the country’s tourism sector unlocks its maximum potential.

The plan calls for innovative approaches in the management of the tourism sector in Kenya to achieve

Vision 2030, while outlining the tools and guidelines to achieve this. It is anchored on four pillars that

include product strategy, marketing strategy, investment promotion and infrastructure strategy.

To achieve this, the plan aims at capitalizing on Kenya’s rich biodiversity by protecting indigenous

animals, plants, habitats and ecosystems, and maintaining its purity for future generations while at the

same time minimizing challenges that face wildlife and habitats such as climate change, population

growth, pollution, poaching and human wildlife conflict. The Plan acts as a transformational framework

for the tourism sector in Kenya offering modern approaches to tourism with vibrant, innovative and

inclusive propositions that seek to provide unforgettable experiences to visitors, as well as ensure that

tourism resources in the country benefit Kenyan communities.

The proposed Tatu city extension Master Plan consists of a comprehensive mix of land uses including

residential, commercial, retail, tourism, social facilities and recreation which will be privately managed.


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This means that it will be able to attract both domestic and international tourists who will be eager to

enjoy the facilities and biodiversity of the proposed development. The proposed Tatu City extension

Master Plan also focuses on natural resources conservation as it has set aside substantial land for

conservation (natural green spaces and water bodies) similarly, The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030

advocates for protection of Kenya’s biodiversity including indigenous animals, plants, habitats and

ecosystems and maintaining its purity for future generations. The proposed Tatu City mixed-use

development activities are consistent with The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030 and are geared towards

promoting tourism in the Country.

4.4.10 Nairobi Master Plan for Sewer, Sanitation and Drainage, Third Nairobi Water

Supply

The Nairobi Sewerage Master Plan states that due to the ever-increasing population within the entire

Nairobi Metropolitan Region, infrastructure development does not match the population growth rate that

is currently estimated at 7.8% per annum in the urban regions of NMR. The Master Plan acknowledges

that peri-urban boundaries of Nairobi are constantly growing at a projected population of 350,000 people

in 1989 to 1.4 million people in 2020, this poses a major challenge to the County Government and the

National Government due to the unavailability of a sewerage system in the area.

The Master Plan indicates that, to meet the envisaged development for Nairobi and its environs, there will

be need to provide sewerage services through construction of own local sewerage treatment systems or

by employing privately owned, on site treatment systems. The Master Plan proposes development of

Ruiru II Sewerage Treatment Works for the growing population of Ruiru town estimated to grow to

237,413 persons from 174,877 persons according to the 2009 census.

Development of the Proposed Tatu city in Ruiru Municipality will further lead to increased population in

the area hence the need for a well-developed modern sewer and drainage system to effectively cater for

the expected population.

4.5 Legal Framework / Laws and Key relevant Regulations

There are several legal provisions on environmental protection, which touch on and regulate the

development of infrastructure like Tatu City (Mchana Estate). A brief review of the various legislations

relevant to the development is given hereunder. The following pieces of legislations are applicable to the

proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate).

4.5.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387)

EMCA Cap 387 apply to all policies, plans and programs as specified in part IV, part V and the Second

Schedule of the Act. According to Part VI of the Act, section 42 (1), the lead agencies in consultation with

the Authority are mandated to subject all proposals for public policy, plans and programmes to a Strategic

Environmental Assessment to determine which ones are the most environmentally friendly and cost

effective when implemented individually or in combination. The SEA must consider the effect of

implementation of alternative policy action on the use of natural resources, protection and conservation

of biodiversity, human settlement and cultural issues, socio-economic factors, the protection,

conservation of natural physical surroundings of scenic beauty as well as protection and conservation of

built environment of historic or cultural significance. The principles of SEA must also be incorporated in

any sector or national policy development. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan has been

subjected to a SEA as per the requirement of these regulations. Below is a highlight of key regulations

under EMCA, Cap 387;


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4.5.1.1 Environmental Management and Coordination (Controlled Substances) Regulations, 2007

(Legal Notice No.73 of 2007)

These regulations provide the classification of the controlled substances by the Authority as set out to the

First Schedule of these regulations. It also gives the control measures that should be put in place to ensure

adequate safety of people and environment during the manufacture, storage, and transport, selling,

handling and disposing of a controlled substance. The regulations also give provisions for licensing of any

person who wishes to manufacture, import, and supply or transit a controlled substance in Kenya. The

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will incorporate the controlled substances regulations

to ensure the safety of all stakeholders.

4.5.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination (Environmental Impact Assessment and

Audit) Regulations, 2003

These regulations stipulate the steps to be followed when undertaking an Environmental Impact

Assessment, and Environmental Audit. The proposed Master Plan land uses will have impacts on several

environmental compartments and several considerations will have to be made when assessing them as

prescribed in the Second Schedule of the regulations. All developments / projects within the proposed

Master Plan that falls under the Second Schedule of the EMCA Cap 387, will require to undergo an

Environment Impact Assessment/Audit which will be carried out in accordance with these regulations.

The regulations stipulate the ways in which environment impact assessment and audits should be

conducted. The project falls under the second schedule of EMCA, Cap 387 that requires an Environmental

Impact Assessment Study be undertaken to provide baseline information upon which subsequent

environmental control audit shall be based.

4.5.1.3 Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006

Water Quality Regulations apply to water used for domestic, industrial, agricultural, and recreational

purposes; water used for fisheries and wildlife purposes, and water used for any other purposes.

Different standards apply to different modes of usage. These regulations provide for the protection of

lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other water sources. The effective enforcement of the water

quality regulations will lead to a marked reduction of water-borne diseases and hence a reduction in the

health budget.

The regulations also provide guidelines and standards for the discharge of poisons, toxins, noxious,

radioactive waste or other pollutants into the aquatic environment in line with the Third Schedule of the

regulations. The regulations have standards for discharge of effluent into the sewer and aquatic

environment. While it is the responsibility of the sewerage service providers to regulate discharges into

sewer lines based on the given specifications, NEMA regulates discharge of all effluent into the aquatic

environment. Everyone is required to refrain from any actions, which directly or indirectly cause water

pollution, whether or not the water resource was polluted before the enactment of the Environmental

Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387). The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master

Plan will incorporate these regulations to protect human health and the environment.

4.5.1.4 Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006

These regulations stipulate how the different types of waste streams should be stored, transported, and

disposed of. The type of waste streams described herein include solid waste, industrial waste, hazardous

waste, pesticides and toxic substances, biomedical waste and radioactive substances. The regulations also


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stipulate the conditions for licensing any person dealing with the transport or waste disposal. The Tatu

City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will also incorporate the waste management regulations to

offer proper guidelines in waste management.

4.5.1.5 Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution

Control) Regulations, 2009

These regulations prohibit any person from making or causing any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or

unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others

and the environment. It also stipulates the factors to be considered when determining the amount of

noise produced from various sources. The regulations further provide the permissible noise levels within

different neighborhoods at different times. In determining whether noise is loud, unreasonable,

unnecessary or unusual, the following factors may be considered:

▪ Time of the day;

▪ Proximity to residential area;

▪ Whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant;

▪ The level and intensity of the noise;

▪ Whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type of electronic or mechanical

means; and,

▪ Whether the noise is subject to be controlled without unreasonable effort or expense to the

person making the noise.

The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will be guided by these regulations to ensure that

all land use changes and developments envisioned in the Master Plan execution comply with the

provisions of the regulations.

4.5.1.6 Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2014

These regulations provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution to ensure clean and

healthy ambient air. It applies to all internal combustion engines, all premises, places, processes,

operations, or works to which the provisions of the Act and Regulations made thereunder apply, and any

other appliance or activity that the Cabinet Secretary may by order in the Gazette, specify. They stipulate

the measures to prevent air pollution from both stationary and mobile phases. They also provide for the

permissible occupational exposure limits. The Master Plan will incorporate these provisions to ensure

ambient air quality is attained at the development and operation stage

4.5.1.7 The Environmental Management and Coordination (Wetlands, Riverbanks, Lakeshores,

and Seashores Management) Regulations, 2009

The objective of these regulations is to ensure that the wetlands and wetland resources, Riverbanks,

lakeshores and seashores are used and managed in a sustainable manner. The regulations provide

conditions for an area to be declared as a protected wetland and its subsequent use after the declaration.

They also provide for special measures that should be undertaken to protect the Riverbanks, lakeshores

and seashores from degradation. These regulations will be incorporated in the Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate) Master Plan to ensure that the areas such as Riverbanks are protected.


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4.5.1.8 Environmental Management and Coordination (Conservation of Biodiversity)

Regulations, 2006

These regulations prohibit any person from engaging in any activity that may have an adverse impact on

any ecosystem, lead to the introduction of any exotic species or lead to unsustainable use of natural

resources without an Environmental Impact Assessment License issued by the Authority under the Act. It

stipulates the measures to be undertaken in a bid to conserve any threatened species, and provides for

the protection of environmentally significant areas. These regulations will be incorporated in the Tatu

City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan to ensure that any species of importance within the development area

will be protected.

4.5.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA 2007)

Occupational Safety and Health Act applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether

temporarily or permanently. The purpose of the Act is to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons

at work and protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising out of

the activities of persons at work. Section 19 of the Act provides that an occupier of any premises likely to

emit poisonous, harmful, injurious or offensive substances, into the atmosphere shall use the best

practicable means to prevent such emissions into the atmosphere and render harmless and inoffensive

the substances which may be emitted. During the execution of the Master Plan, there will be the need to

ensure that all employees and people around the area are protected against any risks that could arise

from the operations, hence the provisions of this Act will be incorporated. Below is a highlight of

subsidiary legislations under OSHA, 2007.

4.5.2.1 The Factories & Other Places of Work (First Aid) Rules, 1977

These rules describe the contents of a First Aid box or cupboard for workplaces depending on the number

of employees i.e. less than ten or more than fifty employees. It also stipulates that there should be

employees who are trained on First Aid on every shift. The rules will be applicable during the execution of

Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. It will be noble to ensure availability of enough First Aid supplies

and trained personnel in all development/project workplaces envisioned in the Master Plan.

4.5.2.2 The Factories & Other Places of Work (Safety and Health Committee) Rules, 2004

These rules stipulate that all workplaces which regularly employ twenty or more employees must

establish Safety and Health Committees. The committees should have representatives from the

management and all other departments in the workplace. The duties of the committees will be to oversee

all the safety issues within the workplace and provide effective corrective measures for any safety

incidences or accidents to ensure the Safety and Health of all employees and visitors. The Tatu City

(Mchana Estate) development will incorporate these rules to ensure the safety and Health of all

employees, visitors and the surrounding community.

4.5.2.3 The Factories and Other Places of Work (Fire Risk Reduction) Rules, 2007

These rules stipulate the measures that should be put in place in all workplaces, processes or operations

as provided for by the Act. They provide guidance on the storage and handling of flammable substances,

measures to prevent the occurrence and spread of fires, measures to evacuate employees and measures

to provide First Aid care or treatment in case of injuries during fires.


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4.5.2.4 The Factories and Other Places of Work (hazardous Substances) Rules, 2007

These rules apply to every factory, premises, places, process, operation, or work to which the provisions

of the Factories and Other Places of Work Act apply, and also to employees and occupiers of premises.

The rules stipulate that it is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that the hazardous substances

are within the required limits, and should provide personal protective equipment to protect the

employees. The rules provide for measures to control, handle and dispose of the hazardous substances.

The rules will be considered in the envisioned developments to ensure the hazardous substances are

controlled.

4.5.2.5 The Factories and other places of Work (Medical Examination) Rules, 2005

The rules stipulate that a medical examination should be carried out on employees who may be exposed

to various hazards within the workplaces in order to control the spread of occupational diseases. The

employees working in occupations described in the Eighth Schedule of the Act should undergo medical

examinations as stipulated in the First Schedule of these rules. The rules will be incorporated in the Tatu

City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan to ensure the health of the employees during the execution.

4.5.2.6 The Factories and other places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control), 2005

The rules stipulate the maximum level of noise that employees should be exposed to at given times. It also

stipulates measures that should be put in place to ensure that the noise generated and exposed to

workers at the workplace such as in the industrial sector envisioned by the proposed Master Plan.

4.5.3 Climate Change Act, 2016

This Act provides for a regulatory framework for enhanced response to climate change; to provide for

mechanism and measures to achieve low carbon climate development, and for connected purposes. This

Act is applicable for the development, management, implementation and regulation of mechanisms to

enhance climate change resilience and low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya

and envisioned Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Phase 1I development. The Act’s main objectives related to the

various development zones for the proposed Master Plan are;

a) Mainstream climate change responses into development planning, decision making and

implementation;

b) Build resilience and enhance adaptive capacity to the impacts of climate change;

c) Formulate programmes and plans to enhance the resilience and adaptive capacity of human and

ecological systems to the impacts of climate change;

d) Mainstream and reinforce climate change disaster risk reduction into strategies and actions of

public and private entities;

e) Mainstream intergenerational and gender equity in all aspects of climate change responses;

f) Provide incentives and obligations for private sector contribution in achieving low carbon climate

resilient development;

g) Promote low carbon technologies, improve efficiency and reduce emissions intensity by

facilitating approaches and uptake of technologies that support low carbon, and climate resilient

development;

h) Facilitate capacity development for public participation in climate change responses through

awareness creation, consultation, representation and access to information;

i) Mobilize and transparently manage public and other financial resources for climate change

response;


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j) Mainstream the principle of sustainable development into the planning for and decision making

on climate change response.

4.5.4 Wildlife Management and Conservation Act 2013

The Wildlife and Conservation Act deals with the conservation and management of wildlife in Kenya. The

Act provides that wildlife should be conserved so as to yield optimum returns in terms of cultural,

aesthetic, scientific and economic benefits. The Act requires that full account be taken of the inter-

relationship between wildlife conservation and land use. The Act controls activities within the national

parks, which may lead to the disturbance of wild animals. Unauthorized entry, residence, burning,

damage to objects of scientific interest, introduction of plants and animals and damage to structure are

prohibited under this law. The development envisioned in the Master Plan will interact with wildlife

areas hence Tatu City Limited will need to ensure the provisions of this act are implemented.

4.5.5 The Forest Act, 2005

This law was enacted by Parliament in 2005 to provide for the establishment, development and

sustainable management including conservation and rational utilization of forest resources for the socio-

economic development of the country. Parts of the proposed Master Plan land uses will interact with

forests albeit artificial. Section 8 of the Act requires all woodlands to be managed on a sustainable basis

for the purposes inter alia of conservation of water, soil and biodiversity, riparian and shoreline

protection, sustainable production of wood and non-wood products. Community participation as

provided for under Section 46 of the Act should be encouraged. The most appropriate would be the

initiation of participatory forest management so that the local community and organization can have a

significant input with Kenya Forest Service (KFS) office playing a coordination role.

4.5.6 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013

The Act provides legislation for the control over soil conservation and development. The Cabinet

Secretary may provide guidelines for several matters for the purpose of the conservation of the soil, or

the prevention of the adverse effects of soil erosion on any land. These may include: prohibiting,

regulating or controlling the undertaking of any agricultural activity including the firing, clearing or

destruction of vegetation so as to protect the land against degradation, the protection of water catchment

areas or otherwise, for the preservation of the soil and its fertility. The provisions of this Act will be

considered in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan to ensure that measures will be put in

place to conserve the existing vegetation, and where necessary measures to replace the vegetation that

may be affected during the execution.

4.5.7 Housing Act

The Act established a National Housing Corporation (NHC) to perform the duties conferred on it by this

Act. The primary mandate of NHC is to play a principal role in the implementation of the Government’s

Housing Policies and Programmes. The proposed Master Plan for TATU City Extension has a housing

development sector which is in line with the national housing policy.

4.5.8 Education Act.

An Act of Parliament to provide for the regulation and progressive development of education in Kenya.

The proposed Master Plan has set aside land use areas for development of educational institutions which

should abide to the provisions of this act.


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4.5.9 Sports Act 2013

An Act of Parliament to harness sports for development, encourage and promote drug-free sports and

recreation; to provide for the establishment of sports institutions, facilities, administration and

management of sports in the country, and for connected purposes. Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate)

Master Plan has provisions for development of sports facilities which should be done in line with the Act

and in consultation of relevant bodies established by the Sports Act.

4.5.10 Building Code 2000

This Act stipulates the procedures that should be followed before a development is carried out. It

provides for application and payment for licenses and permits for construction. It also stipulates that the

Authority should submit physical development plans to the relevant local authorities before a

development is carried out. It provides the requirements for certificates of occupation of premises. The

proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will be guided by this Act during its execution and

operation.

4.5.11 County Governments Act, 2012

This is an Act of parliament to give effect to Chapter Eleven of the Kenyan Constitution; to provide for

County government’s powers, functions and responsibilities to deliver services and for connected

purposes. The Act lays emphasis on the need for a consultative and participatory approach where the

principles of planning and development facilitation in a county serve as a basis for engagement between

the county government and the citizens and other stakeholders. The county government of Kiambu

County will play an important role during the execution of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Master Plan.

4.5.12 Employment Act, 2007

The Act is enacted to consolidate the law relating to trade unions and trade disputes, to provide for the

registration, regulation, management and democratization of trade unions and employers organizations

and federations. The purpose of the Act is to promote sound labour relations through freedom of

association, the encouragement of effective collective bargaining and promotion of orderly and

expeditious dispute for the protection and promotion of settlements conducive to social justice and

economic development for connected purposes. This Act is important since it provides for an employer –

employee relationship that is important for the execution of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Master Plan.

4.5.13 Energy Act of 2006

This is an Act of Parliament to amend and consolidate the law relating to energy, to provide for the

establishment, powers and functions of the Energy Regulatory Commission and the Rural Electrification

Authority, and for connected purposes. The provisions apply to every person or body of persons

importing, exporting, generating, transmitting, distributing, supplying or using electrical energy;

importing, exporting, transporting, refining, storing and selling petroleum or petroleum products;

producing, transporting, distributing and supplying of any other form of energy, and to all works or

apparatus for any of these purposes. The proposed development will involve the development of

infrastructure for electricity transmission and petroleum supply hence this Act will be incorporated in the

Master Plan to ensure all the provisions are adhered to.


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4.5.14 Environment and Land Court Act, 2011

This Act was established to give effect to Article 162(2) (b) of the Constitution; to establish a superior

court to hear and determine disputes relating to the environment and the use and occupation of, and title

to, land, and to make provision for its jurisdiction functions and powers, and for connected purposes. The

principle objective of this Act is to enable the court to facilitate the just and expeditious resolution of land

disputes. This Act will be taken into consideration in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

to facilitate the resolution of any land disputes that may arise during its execution.

4.5.15 Food Drugs and Chemicals Substances Act (Cap 254)

This is an Act of Parliament to make provision for the prevention of adulteration of food, drugs and

chemical substances. Any person who contravenes the provisions of this Act commits an offence. The Act

provides for the establishment of a Public Health (Standards) Board. The Act also provides for the

cancellation of licenses of any person or institution that contravenes the provisions of this Act during the

sale of food, drugs and chemical substances. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will be

guided by this Act to ensure that its provisions are adhered to during execution.

4.5.16 Land Act, 2012

This is an Act of Parliament to give effect to Article 68 of the Constitution, to revise, consolidate and

rationalize land laws; to provide for the sustainable administration and management of land and land-

based resources, and for connected purposes. Part VIII of this Act provides procedures for compulsory

acquisition of interests in land. Section 111 (1) States that if land is acquired compulsorily under this Act,

just compensation shall be paid promptly in full to all persons whose interests in the land have been

determined. The Act also provides for settlement programmes. Any dispute arising out of any matter

provided for under this Act may be referred to the Land and Environment Court for determination. Tatu

City Limited will acquire land/ensure due diligence for the proposed development envisioned by the

masterplan in accordance with this Act.

4.5.17 The Land Registration Act, 2012

This is an Act of Parliament that revises, consolidates and rationalizes the registration of titles to land, to

give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration, and for connected

purposes. The Act requires that there is proper marking and maintenance of boundaries. An interested

person who has made an application to the Registrar for his/her boundaries to be ascertained, the

Registrar shall give notice to the owners and occupiers of the land adjoining the boundaries in question of

the intention to ascertain and fix the boundaries. With regard to the maintenance of boundaries, the Act

requires every proprietor of land to maintain in good order the fences, hedges, stones, pillars, beacons,

walls and other features that demarcate the boundaries, pursuant to the requirements of any written law.

4.5.18 National Land Commission Act, 2012 (No. 5 of 2012)

The National Land Commission of Kenya is an independent government commission whose

establishment was provided for by the Constitution of Kenya to, amongst other duties, manage public

land on behalf of the national and county governments, initiate investigations into present or historical

land injustices, recommend appropriate redress, monitor and have oversight responsibilities over land

use planning throughout the country. It was officially established under The National Land Commission

Act, 2012. The duties of the commission are among others to monitor the registration of all rights and

interests in land and ensure that public land and land under the management of designated state agencies

are sustainably managed for their intended purpose and for future generations. The Commission is also

required in consultation and cooperation with the national and county governments, to establish county


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land management boards for the purposes of managing public land. The Master Plan will ensure that the

provisions of this Act are adhered to in order to eliminate any land related disputes.

4.5.19 Penal Code Act (Cap.63)

This Act stipulates the various activities and conduct that are considered to be unlawful or criminal in

nature, and the penalties as provided for by the Act. According to section 191, any person who voluntarily

corrupts or fouls the water of any public spring or reservoir, so as to render it less fit for the purpose for

which it is ordinarily used, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Section 192 also stipulates that any person who

voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place, so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in

general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhood or passing along a public way, is guilty of a

misdemeanor. The Master Plan will take into consideration the provisions of this Act to prevent

deliberate water and air pollution during execution.

4.5.20 Physical Planning Act (Cap. 286)

The main objective of the Act is to provide for proper coordination between the different levels of

government in the preparation and implementation of the various physical development plans. Part IV of

the Act provides for the preparation of physical development plans for the selected area and selected

purpose for the concerned administrative unit, while Part V, on “control of development” provides for

powers of planning authorities in development permission including application and approval of

development proposals. The Act requires application for development if there will be: (i) change of use of

the land, (ii) extension of use, (iii) amalgamation of the plot or use of land, and (iv) sub-division of the use

of the land. The proposed city will involve the change in land use hence the Master Plan will incorporate

the Act to ensure its provisions are adhered to.

4.5.21 Valuers Act Cap 532, 1985

The revised edition 1985 of the Valuers Act Cap 532 makes provisions for the relevant charges and

conducts of valuers in relation to valuation of assets. The Act also provides the relevant regulations and

guidelines in the undertaking of the valuation works. The Act requires that adequate valuation is carried

out to help meet the actual compensation measures and the market rates and reduce any acts of malice in

the exercise. A competent valuer will have to be deployed to site to carry out the professional valuation of

assets for compensation.

4.5.22 Public Health Act (Cap. 242)

This Act provides a guide on how to establish a Central Board of Health and how to appoint its members.

It stipulates measures that should be put in place so as to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such

as malaria and smallpox among others within the country. It also provides for protection of foodstuffs and

water from contamination. It stipulates measures to prevent the entry of infectious diseases through the

ports and inland borders. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will incorporate the Act

to guide its execution as regards to public health.

4.5.23 Security Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014

This is an Act of Parliament to amend the laws relating to security. It provides the amendments to various

sections of the Penal Code Act and the Criminal Procedure Code. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Master Plan will incorporate this Act to ensure all the operations will adhere to security laws.

4.5.24 Special Economic Zones Act, 2015

This is an Act of Parliament to provide for the establishment of special economic zones; the promotion

and facilitation of global and local investors; the development and management of enabling environment


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for such investments, and for connected purposes. The government declared Tatu City, through a Kenya

Gazette Notice, a Special Planning Area (SPA), which means the master-planned city will be under state

control rather than county authority.

This act will assist Tatu City Limited to fast track Tatu City’s materialization by allowing for fast planning

and cutting construction approval bureaucracies for homeowners within the project while also paving

way for the development of Tatu City’s Local Physical Development Plan whose key aim is to ensure

coordinated and progressive development of the area in order to ensure health, safety, convenience, and

the general welfare of its inhabitants.

Tatu City is now required to liaise with the Special Economic Zones Authority to establish and

operationalize a ‘one-stop’ shop within the city to facilitate processing and issuance of development

construction permits and certificates of occupancy as envisaged under the provisions of section 11 of the

Special Economic Zones Act, No. 16 of 2015. This will provide a framework for the physical development

and management of the area, and guide the development control processes within Tatu City.

4.5.25 Standards Act Cap. 496

This Act is meant to promote the standardization of the specification of commodities, and to provide for

the standardization of commodities and codes of practice. It also provides for the establishment of a

Kenya Bureau of Standards, definition of its functions and provides for its management and control. The

Code of practice is interpreted in the Act as a set of rules relating to the methods to be applied or the

procedure to be adopted in connection with the construction, installation, testing, sampling, operation or

use of any article, apparatus, instrument, device or process. The Act will be incorporated in the Master

Plan to ensure that all the commodities that will be purchased and used during the execution will adhere

to the provisions of this Act.

4.5.26 Traffic Act Cap 403

This is an Act of Parliament consolidating the laws that govern the use of traffic on the roads. It stipulates

the procedures for vehicle registration, licensing, training of dRivers and conduct of dRivers when using

the road. It also stipulates the offences committed on the road and the penalties to be imposed in relation

to these offences. The proposed Master Plan execution stage will have a lot of traffic hence the Act

provisions will be quite relevant.

4.5.27 Urban Areas and Cities Act No 13 of 2011

This Act of Parliament gives effect to Article 184 of the Constitution; to provide for the classification,

governance and management of urban areas and cities; to provide for the criteria of establishing urban

areas, to provide for the principle of governance and participation of residents and for connected

purposes. The Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will incorporate provisions of the Act to ensure that

the proposed city is established as per the legislations

4.5.28 Water Act, 2016

This Act provides the legal framework for the regulation, management and development of water

resources and water, and sewerage services in line with the Constitution. The Act gives provisions

regarding ownership of water, institutional framework, national water resources, management strategy,

and requirement for permits, state schemes and community projects. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana

Estate) Master Plan will incorporate the provisions of the Act as it will include the development of

infrastructure for water supply within the proposed city.


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4.5.29 Work Injury Compensation Benefit Act (WIBA) 2007

This is an Act of Parliament to provide for compensation to employees for work related injuries and

diseases contracted in the course of their employment and for connected purposes. The Act applies to all

employees, including employees employed by the Government, other than the armed forces, in the same

way and to the same extent as if the Government were a private employer. It is the duty of all employers

to obtain and maintain an insurance policy from an approved insurer in respect of any liability the

employer may incur as provided for by the Act. The Act also stipulates that an employee who suffers an

accident that leads to disablement or death is subject to the provisions of this Act and is entitled to

compensation. The Master Plan execution will incorporate this Act to ensure that all the employees who

will be engaged during the execution are covered as provided for in the Act.

4.5.30 Public Roads and Roads of Access Act Cap 399

The Public Roads and Roads of Access Act Cap.399 Act states that a public road is any road which the

public has a right to use immediately before the commencement of this Act, or all proclaimed or reserved

roads and thoroughfares being or existing on any land sold or leased or otherwise held under the East

Africa Land Regulations, 1897, the Crown Lands Ordinance,1902, or the Government Lands Act at any

time before the commencement of this Act and all roads and thoroughfares hereafter reserved for public

use. The infrastructural developments in the proposed Master Plan will need to take note of the

provisions of this Act.

4.5.31 The Kenya Roads Act, 2007

This is an Act of Parliament that provided for the establishment of Kenya Road Agencies i.e. Kenya

National Roads Authority (KeNHA), the Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) and the Kenya Rural Roads

Authority (KeRRA) and provided powers and functions of the authorities.

KeNHA is mandated to manage, develop, rehabilitate and maintain all national roads. Other function

vested to this authority relevant to the proposed project are: controlling national roads and road reserves

and access to roadside developments; implementing road policies in relation to national roads; ensuring

adherence to the rules and guidelines on axle load control prescribed under the Traffic Act (Cap. 403) and

under any regulations under this Act; ensuring that the quality of road works is in accordance with such

standards; in collaboration with the Ministry responsible for Transport and the Police Department,

overseeing the management of traffic and road safety on national roads; collecting and collating all such

data related to the use of national roads as may be necessary for efficient forward planning under this

Act; monitoring and evaluating the use of national roads; planning the development and maintenance of

national roads and liaising and coordinating with other road authorities in planning and on operations in

respect of roads.

4.5.32 National Gender and Equality Act, 2011

National Gender Equality Commission is a constitutional Commission established by an Act of Parliament

in August 2011, as a successor commission to the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission

pursuant to Article 59 of the Constitution. NGEC derives its mandate from Articles 27, 43, and Chapter

Fifteen of the Constitution; and section 8 of NGEC Act (Cap. 15) of 2011, with the objectives of promoting

gender equality and freedom from discrimination.

Gender mainstreaming in developments ensures that the concerns of women and men form an integral

dimension of the design, implementation, operation and the monitoring and evaluation ensures that

women and men benefit equally, and that inequality is not perpetuated.


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4.5.33 The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 and its amendment 2012

Observing a standard work ethic is recommended to ensure persons from both genders are not subjected

to sexual offences. Ample working environment should prevail in all work places in the envisioned

development by the Master Plan to be enhanced through implementation of a Sexual Misconduct Policy.

4.5.34 Persons with Disability Act, Chapter 133

This act protects the rights of people with disabilities ensuring they are not marginalized and that they

enjoy all the necessities of life without discrimination. The act guarantees that (1) No person shall deny a

person with a disability access to opportunities for suitable employment, (2) A qualified employee with a

disability shall be subject to the same terms and conditions of employment and the same compensation,

privileges, benefits, fringe benefits, incentives or allowances as qualified able-bodied employees, (3) An

employee with a disability shall be entitled to exemption from tax on all income accruing from his

employment.

A person with disability is entitled to exemptions which apply with respect to exemptions and deductions

as described in Schedule 42 subsection (2) of the Act, among other provisions within this Act that should

be complied with all parties involved.

4.5.35 Tobacco Control Act, 2007

The Act of Parliament aims to control the production, manufacture, sale, labelling, advertising, promotion

and sponsorship of tobacco products, to provide for the Tobacco Control Board, to regulate smoking in

specified areas and for connected purposes.

The Act seeks to:

▪ To protect individuals from disease and death caused by tobacco use

▪ To protect consumers of tobacco products from misleading inducements to use tobacco

▪ To protect children by restricting their access to tobacco products

▪ To educate the public on the dangers of tobacco use

▪ To protect non-smokers from 2nd hand smoke

▪ To protect tobacco growers, workers and sellers by providing alternative economic activities

▪ To protect the government by dealing with illicit trade

The developments envisioned by the proposed Tatu City Mchana Estate Master Plan are expected to

educate the public on the dangers of tobacco use while protecting non-smokers from 2nd hand smoke.

4.5.36 Alcoholic Drinks Control Act, 2010.

The Alcoholic Drinks Control Act is an act of Parliament to regulate the production, sale, and consumption

of alcoholic drinks, to repeal the Chang’aa Prohibition Act, the Liquor Licensing Act and for connected

purposes. The Act seeks to:

▪ To protect the health of individuals by providing a legal framework to control sale, production &

consumption of alcoholic drinks

▪ To protect consumers of alcohol products from misleading inducements to use alcohol

▪ To protect young people (those below 18 years) by restricting their access to alcoholic products

▪ To educate the public on the dangers of alcohol use (economic, social & health)

▪ To protect the government by dealing with illicit trade

▪ To promote and provide for treatment & rehab programmes for the addicted

▪ To promote research and dissemination of information especially of health risks


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The developments envisioned by the proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan are therefore

expected to be in the forefront to ensure that the public is informed and sensitized on the dangers of

alcohol use (economic, social & health) impacts.

4.6 Multilateral Environmental Agreements / Treaties

There are number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) that are relevant to the proposed

Master Plan reviewed in detail.

i. African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

ii. Earth Summit on Sustainable Development Agenda 21

iii. International Labour Organization

iv. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

v. The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

vi. The Paris Agreement

vii. The Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands

viii. The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission of 1987)

ix. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)

x. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

xi. Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer

4.6.1 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Africa

Union, 1968)

The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Article II – Fundamental

Principle states the Setting aside areas for the propagation, protection, conservation and management of

vegetation and wild animals as well as for the protection of sites, land-spaces or geological formations of

particular scientific or aesthetic value, for the benefit and enjoyment of the general public.

4.6.2 Earth Summit on Sustainable Development, Agenda 21

The Agenda 21 entails a comprehensive plan of action to be undertaken globally, nationally and locally by

organizations affiliated to the United Nations, governments, and other groups in every area in which

humans’ impact on the environment. Kenya continues to implement Agenda 21 plan of action by

incorporating its principles in national policies, plans, programmes and strategies. The provisions have

also been incorporated in the Master Plan to promote sustainable development, which comprises of the

three underlying tenets of economic, social and ecology, which will be articulated in the Environmental

and Social Management and monitoring Plan.

4.6.3 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is primarily concerned with the conservation and management of

wetlands. Parties to the convention are required to promote prudent use of wetlands within their

territories and to take measures for the conservation of the same. One way to conserve the wetlands (as

proposed under this convention) is establishing nature reserves whether they are included in the ramsar

list or not.

The wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, soaks, shallow lakes, ox-bow lakes, River meanders and

flood plains, as well as Riverbanks, lakeshores where wetland plants grow. They also include marine and

inter-tidal wetlands such as deltas, estuaries, mudflats, mangroves, salt marshes, sea grass beds, shallow

coral reefs and creeks. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is expected to observe and


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adhere strictly to the Ramsar Convention’s principles of prudent use of wetlands especially in controlling

developments along the Riverine areas.

4.6.4 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)

The purpose of this convention is to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Kenya

signed the convention on 5th June 1992 and ratified the same on 26th July 1992. The National

Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the national focal point to this Convention. The

provisions of this convention have been integrated in many laws of Kenya such as Wetlands,

Riverbanks, Lake Shore and Sea Shore Management Regulations, 2009 (Legal Notice No. 19).

The industrial park proposes the establishment of industrial investments that are agro-based whose

operations have direct implications on the natural plant biodiversity through the utilization of raw

materials and industrial processing.

4.6.5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)

The primary purpose of the convention is to establish methods to minimize global warming and in

particular emission of greenhouse gases. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCC) was adopted on 9th May 1992 and came into force on 21st March 1994. Kenya ratified the

Convention on 30th August 1994 thereby committing to join the international community in combating

the problem of climate change. The National Environmental Management Authority is the agency acting

as the national focal point for this protocol.

The objective of the Convention is; “Stabilization of the greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere

at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system” (UNFCC)

A general description of steps envisaged to implement the Convention and other relevant information to

achieve the objectives include:

• Preparation and implementation of abatement plans on climate change.

• Integration of climate change consideration into the development of environmental, social and

economic policies, that is, in development policies.

• Promoting the sustainable management of sinks and GHG reservoirs.

• Promoting research and cooperation in information exchange.

• Development of education, training and public awareness raising programs.

• Promoting and developing research and systematic observation.

These activities are related to seeking and processing of information, building long- term scenarios,

identification and evaluation of abatement options and strategies, climate change vulnerability evaluation

of the most likely scenarios, policy design for the implementation of abatement and/or adaptation

activities, evaluating the social and economic impacts of activities that are to be implemented and

integrating them into the global and sector objectives, evaluating the viability of the scenarios foreseen.

The execution of these obligations implies that the industrial park implementation process requires the

human, organizational, institutional and scientific resources for developing and implementing the tasks

and functions that reduce emission of GHG.

4.6.6 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The Kyoto Protocol requires signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

to reduce their greenhouse emissions levels to 5% below 1990 levels by the year 2012. The Protocol

came into force on 16th February 2005, after it received the pre-requisite signatures. However, major


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countries like United States, China, India, and Australia are not signatories to the Protocol. NEMA is the

national focal point for this Protocol.

4.6.7 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

Intergovernmental negotiations for an international agreement to phase out ozone depleting substances

concluded in March 1985 with the adoption of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone

Layer. This Convention encourages intergovernmental cooperation on research, systematic observation

of the ozone layer, monitoring of CFC production, and the exchange of information.

The convention’s declaration demands a voluntary attempt at monitoring development processes, their

resultant emissions and the impacts on the ozone layer for purposes of knowledge and information

sharing in order to combat the same. The Master Plan proposes industrial development, and therefore the

SEA report has determined and put in place measures to minimize the emissions that affect the ozone

layer through technological monitoring of gaseous emissions and their toxicity levels for purposes of

minimizing the same.

4.6.8 Rio Declaration and Agenda 21

The Rio Declaration and Agenda 2, the action plan for the 21st century are two non-legally binding

instruments adopted by the 1992 United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development

(UNCED). While the Rio Declaration contains general principles and objectives, Agenda 21 contains

detailed guidance on their practical implementation. Principle 4 of the Rio Declaration provides that to

achieve sustainable development environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the

development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. Principle 25 accentuates this by

stating that peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.

To control levels of air pollutants from industries sources, the Geneva Convention on long-range trans-

boundary air pollution was signed. Other conventions include the convention on the law of the sea

(1994). Conventions on nuclear accidents (Notification Assistance) 1986; the Montréal Protocol on

substances that deplete the ozone layer, the Biological and toxin weapons etc.

4.6.9 The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland

Commission of 1987)

The Commission in its 1987 report dubbed “Our Common Future” focused on the environmental aspects

of development, in particular the emphasis on sustainable development that produces no lasting damage

to the biosphere and to particular ecosystems. In addition to environmental sustainability is economic

and social sustainability. Economic sustainable development is development for which progress towards

environmental and social sustainability occurs within available financial resources. While social

sustainable development is development that maintains the cohesion of a society and its ability to help its

members work together to achieve common goals, while at the same time meeting individual needs for

health and well-being, adequate nutrition, and shelter, cultural expression and political involvement. The

key aspect of sustainability is the interdependence of generations.

The concept of EIA is embodied in many multilateral environmental agreements. Principle 17 of the Rio

Declaration provides that environmental impact assessment as a national instrument shall be undertaken

for proposed activities that are likely to have a significant impact on the environment and are subject to a

decision of a competent national authority.


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4.6.10 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women

The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) places explicit

obligations on states to protect women and girls from sexual exploitation and abuse. Universal

Declaration of Human Rights (Article 7), the UN Charter (Articles 1, 13, 55, and 76) and the International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 24) reaffirm the freedoms and rights of all children,

including internally displaced children.

4.6.11 International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is built on the constitutional principle that universal and

lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. The ILO has generated such

hallmarks of industrial society as the eight-hour working day, maternity protection, child-labour laws,

and a range of policies which promote workplace safety and peaceful industrial relations.

The ILO has four principal strategic objectives:

• To promote and realize standards, and fundamental principles and rights at work.

• To create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment.

• To enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all.

• To strengthen tri-parties and social dialogue.

The key ILO Conventions applicable to the proposed developments envisioned by the Master Plan

include:

• Equal Remuneration Convention (1951) (No. 100) - Calls for equal pay and benefits for men and

women for work of equal value.

• Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958) (No. 111) - Calls for a national

policy to eliminate discrimination in access to employment, training, and working conditions, on

grounds of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, and to

promote equality of opportunity and treatment.

• Minimum Age Convention (1973) (No. 138) - Aims at the abolition of child labour, stipulating that

the minimum age for admission to employment shall not be less than the age of completion of

compulsory schooling.

• Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999) (No. 182) - Calls for immediate and effective

measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour which

include slavery and similar practices, forced recruitment for use in armed conflict, use in

prostitution and pornography, any illicit activity, as well as work which is likely to harm the

health, safety, and morals of children.

4.6.12 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that

UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15

years. The SDGs include 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets. The 17 sustainable

development goals (SDGs) include:

▪ GOAL 1: No Poverty

▪ GOAL 2: Zero Hunger

▪ GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being

▪ GOAL 4: Quality Education

▪ GOAL 5: Gender Equality

▪ GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation

▪ GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

▪ GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth


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▪ GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure

▪ GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality

▪ GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

▪ GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

▪ GOAL 13: Climate Action

▪ GOAL 14: Life Below Water

▪ GOAL 15: Life on Land

▪ GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions

▪ GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals that

expired in 2015. Most notably SDGs are integrated, indivisible and balance the three dimensions of

sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental. This Master Plan is expected to cut-

across the three dimensions of sustainable development hence making SDGs a key reference point. The

SDGs are also linked to several Kenyan legal frameworks such as Water Act, Forestry Act, and EMCA Cap

387.

4.7 Institutional Framework

The SEA process extends the aims and principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) upstream in

the decision-making process. Section 57A of EMCA (Cap 387) and Environmental (Impact Assessment and

Audit) Regulations, 2003 recognizes SEAs as a measure of environmental impact assessment at strategic

level such as policy, plans and programmes.

EMCA (CAP 387) Section 57A requires all Policies, Plans and Programmes for implementation to be

subjected to Strategic Environmental Assessment. The Regulations section 42 and 43 address Strategic

Environment Assessment; section 42(1) requires Lead Agencies in consultation with NEMA to subject all

policy, plans and programmes for implementation to a Strategic Environment Assessments. Regulation

42(3) commits the government and all Lead agencies to incorporate principles of SEA in the development

of sector or national policy.

4.7.1 Key National Institutions and Departments

At present there are over twenty (20) institutions and departments under the umbrella of different

ministries albeit others being semi-autonomous; which deal with environmental issues in Kenya. Some of

the key institutions which are relevant to the proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) include;

i. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA),

ii. Kenya Forestry Service (KFS),

iii. Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS),

iv. Water Resources Authority (WRA)

4.7.1.1 Ministry of Water and Sanitation

In 2013, the government, in line with the Constitution, rationalized the portfolio, responsibilities and

functions of all the ministries and other government agencies. Consequently, the Ministries of

Environment and Mineral Resources, Forestry and Wildlife, Water and Irrigation and Regional

Development were merged to form the Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (MEWNR).

In April 2015 MEWNR was again split to form the current Ministry of water and irrigation, giving

recognition to the crucial role played by the irrigation sub-sector in national development. This was

further split towards the realization of water security to promote sustainable development in line with


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the Big Four agenda leading to formation of Ministry of Water and Sanitation. Strategic objectives of the

Ministry include;

▪ Accelerating the implementation of water sector reforms;

▪ Improving the sustainable management of water resources;

▪ Improving the provision of water and sewerage services;

▪ Improving utilization of land through irrigation and land reclamation;

▪ Strengthening institutions in the Ministry and the water sector;

▪ Mobilizing resources and promoting efficiency in their utilization; Improving the management

and access to water resources information.

State Corporations under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation

▪ Water Services Trust Fund

▪ National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation

▪ Water Resources Authority (WRA)

▪ Water Appeals Board

▪ Kenya Water Institute

▪ Water Services Regulatory Board

4.7.1.1.1 National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation

The National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) was established under the State

Corporation’s Act Chapter 446 of the Laws of Kenya as an autonomous agency. NWCPC overall goal is to

enhance social and economic wellbeing of all Kenyans through improved access; availability and

reliability of water supply. The long-term objectives are to seek to bridge the gap between the demand

and supply of water which is in line with Kenyan Constitution and Vision 2030. The main objectives of the

corporation is to develop state schemes and spearhead dam construction for water supplies, flood control

and other multi-purpose uses; land drainage and construction of dykes; Carry out groundwater recharge

using flood water; Develop, retain existing and expand bulk water supply to Water Service Boards and

other Water Service Providers.

4.7.1.1.2 Water Resources Authority (WRA)

Water Resources Authority (WRA) is a state corporation established under Section 11 of the Water Act,

2016. Pursuant to Section 6 of the Act, the Authority is an Agent of the National Government responsible

for regulating the management and use of water resources. The Water Act, 2016 makes extensive

provisions on the Authority’s role in regulating the use and management of water resources. WRA was

operationalized on 21st of April 2017, vide Gazette Notice No. 59. However, the Authority has been in

existence for 12 years following its establishment under the Water Act, 2002 as Water Resources

Management Authority (WRMA). WRA will provide the necessary borehole and water extraction permits

from local streams.

4.7.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

The Ministry was established and mandated to undertake protection, conservation and development of

environment and natural resources to ensure sustainable development. Semi-Autonomous Government

Agencies under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources include:

i. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

ii. Kenya Water Towers Agency (KWTA)


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iii. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)

iv. Kenya Forest Service (KFS)

v. Kenya Forest Research Institute (KEFRI)

4.7.1.2.1 National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)

NEMA is a semi-autonomous agency under the Ministry of Environment, established to exercise general

supervision and coordinate over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal

instrument of the government in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment. The

Director General appointed by the president heads NEMA. Any project that falls under the second

schedule of EMCA, Cap 387 shall seek an Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment Licence from

NEMA.

4.7.1.2.2 Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)

KWS is a state corporation that was established by an Act of Parliament (Cap 376), now repealed by

WCMA (2013), with the mandate to conserve and manage wildlife in Kenya, and to enforce related laws

and regulations.

KWS undertakes conservation and management of wildlife resources across all protected areas systems

in collaboration with stakeholders. KWS goal is to work with others to conserve, protect and sustainably

manage wildlife resources.

4.7.1.3 Ministry of Labour and social development

The mandate of the ministry is “formulation, review and implementation of employment, national human

resource planning and development, national Labour productivity, Facilitating and Tracking Employment

creation, Co-ordination of National employment, Internship and Volunteers for public service, Community

Development, Protection and advocacy of needs of Persons with Disabilities, and Workplace Inspection

and Workman’s Compensation.

4.7.1.3.1 The Labour Department

The Labour Department is the Ministry’s focal point agency responsible for implementation of the three

major Labour Laws; namely: The Employment Act, 2007; The Labour Institutions Act, 2007; and The

Labour Relations Act, 2007.

4.7.1.3.2 Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services (DOSHS)

The Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services (DOSHS) is one of departments within the

Ministry of Labour and social protection, whose primary objective is to ensure safety, health and welfare

of all workers in all workplaces. Unsafe and unhealthy work environment causes accidents, diseases,

disasters and environmental pollution that occasion huge economic and social burdens to individuals and

enterprises thereby stifling economic and social growth.

4.7.2 Institutions under EMCA Cap 387

There are other institutional arrangements provided for within the EMCA Cap 387 and relevant to the

developments envisioned in the Master Plan. The roles are reviewed and discussed into details below:

4.7.2.1 National Environmental Tribunal

The National Environment Tribunal (NET) created under Section 125 of EMCA Cap 387 has the following

functions:


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▪ To hear and determine appeals from NEMA’s decisions and other actions relating to issuance,

revocation or denial of (EIA) licences or amount of money to be paid under the Act and imposition

of restoration orders;

▪ To give direction to NEMA on any matter of complex nature referred to it by the Director General;

and

If the proponent disagrees with NEMA decisions in exercising the above-mentioned functions, then they

may lodge a case at the NET to seek to overturn the decision. Should this avenue not lead to a favourable

ruling from the NET, an appeal may be lodged in the Environment and Land Court.

4.7.2.2 National Environmental Complaints Committee

The National Environmental Complaints Committee performs the following functions:

▪ Investigate any allegations or complaints against any person or against the authority in relation to

the condition of the environment in Kenya and on its own motion, any suspected case of

environmental degradation and to make a report of its findings together with its

recommendations thereon to the Cabinet Secretary.

▪ Prepare and submit to the Cabinet Secretary periodic reports of its activities which shall form part

of the annual report on the state of the environment under section 9 (3) and

▪ To undertake public interest litigation on behalf of the citizens in environmental matters.

This committee will act as a safeguard for members of the public who feel aggrieved by actions taken

under the proposed project and can exercise their constitutional rights to launch a complaint should they

have exhausted all other grievance redress mechanisms available to them.

4.7.2.3 National Environment Action Plan Committee

The Authority is responsible for the development of a 6-year National Environment Action plan and shall

ensure that it has undertaken public participation before the adoption of the plan. The National

Environment Action Plan shall:

▪ Contain analysis of the Natural Resources of Kenya with an indication as to any pattern of change

in their distribution and quantity over time.

▪ Contain analytical profile of the various uses and value of the natural resources incorporating

▪ Considerations of intergenerational and intra-generational equity.

4.7.2.4 County Environment Committees

Governors shall by notice in the gazette constitute a County Environment Committee that shall be

responsible for the proper management of the environment within the County for which it is appointed.

They should also perform such additional functions as prescribed by the Act or as may, from time to time

be assigned by the Governor by notice in the gazette. The decisions of these committees are legal and it is

an offence not to implement them.

4.7.2.5 National Environment Restoration Fund

The objective of the Restoration Fund shall be to serve as supplementary insurance for the mitigation of

environmental degradation where the perpetrator is not identifiable or where exceptional circumstances

require the Authority to intervene towards the control or mitigation of environmental degradation. There

is a draft EMC (deposit bonds) regulation 2014, but it is yet to be gazetted.


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4.7.2.6 National Environment Trust Fund

The trust fund is vested in NEMA and subject to EMCA Cap 387. A board of five trustees appointed by the

Cabinet Secretary administers it. These funds may be received from donations, endowments, grants and

gifts from whatever source or sums of money or from monies designated by NEMA for this fund.


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4.8 National and County Government Approvals and Permits

The implementation of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan require approvals, permits and licenses from relevant governing Authorities

which has been analyzed in Table 4.1

Table 4:1 National and County Government Approvals and Permits

Approvals Procedure for granting approval Deliverables Approving Authority Duration for

Approval

Land sub-division

▪ Background search and field survey

▪ Preparation of Local Physical

Development Plan Report (Advisory

Plan)

▪ Preparation of Application Form PPA1

and submission to Kiambu County

Government

▪ Preparation of Public Notice Form PPA6

and posting the same on site and

newspapers

▪ Obtaining Approval Form PPA2 by the

County Government

▪ Preparation and submission of deed

plans to Director of Survey

▪ Approval Form

PPA2

▪ County Government ▪ 2-3 Months

Land Amalgamation


▪ Preparation of Local Physical

Development Plan Report (Advisory

Plan)



Government

▪ Preparation of Public Notice Form PPA6

▪ Approval Form

PPA2

▪ County Government ▪ 2-3 Months


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Approval

and posting the same on site and

newspapers


County Government.

▪ Preparation and submission of deed

plans to Director of Survey

Change of use/density


▪ Preparation of Local Physical -

Development Plan Report

(Redevelopment Plan).



Government

▪ Preparation of Public Notice and posting

the same on site and newspapers


County Government

▪ Obtaining approval by Ministry of Land

and Physical Planning (Director of

Survey, Director of Physical Planning &

National Land Commission)

▪ Approval Form

PPA2

▪ County Government

▪ Ministry of Land and

Physical Planning

▪ 1-2 Months

Extension of use


▪ Preparation of Local Physical -

Development Plan Report

(Redevelopment Plan)



▪ Approval Form

PPA2


▪ 1-2 Months


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Approval

Government

▪ Preparation of Public Notice and posting

the same on site and newspapers


County Government

Transactions on

agricultural land

▪ Application through prescribed form

▪ Payment of prescribed fee to the board

▪ Land Control

Board Consent

▪ County Land Control

Board

▪ 1-2 Months

Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) ▪ Application to NEMA through Form 1 ▪ EIA License

▪ National Environment

and Management

Authority (NEMA)

▪ 1-3 Months

Approval of Building

Architectural

Drawings


▪ Approval in a

prescribed form ▪ County Government ▪ 1-2 Months

Approval of Building

Structural

Engineering Drawings


▪ Approval in a

prescribed form ▪ County Government ▪ 1 Month

Approval of Civil



▪ Approval in a


Approval of

Electrical/Mechanical



▪ Approval in a


Approval by National

Construction

Authority


▪ Approval in a

prescribed form

▪ National Construction

Authority (NCA) ▪ 1 Month


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Approval

Obtain Occupation

Certificate


▪ Occupation

certificate


Authority (NCA)

▪ 1 Month

Obtain Certificate of

Compliance


▪ Form PPA5



Authority (NCA)

▪ 1 Month


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5 PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

5.1 Introduction

Stakeholder Engagement and Public Participation process is an integral aspect of decision making in the

SEA process for the purpose of achieving the fundamental principles of sustainable development. Public

Participation and Consultation is a key policy requirement as stipulated in Article 10(2) and 69(d) of the

Constitution of Kenya, 2010; Legal Notice 101 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act

(EMCA), 1999 (Cap 387); Section 3 of the EIA/EA regulations, 2003; Section 87 & 113 of the County

Governments Act, 2012 and the National Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 2012.

It is an important process through which the affected parties and communities are given an opportunity

to give their views on the proposed Master Plan before its implementation. The stakeholders

environmental and social concerns will be integrated into the proposed Master Plan for purposes of

ensuring its long-term sustainability. In addition, the process creates a sense of responsibility,

commitment and local ownership for smooth implementation.

This chapter describes the process of public consultation and participation that were followed to identify

the key issues and impacts of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.

5.2 Objectives of the Consultation and Public Participation

The objective of the consultation and public participation is to:

(i) Disseminate and inform the stakeholders about the development with special reference to its key

components and location;

(ii) Create awareness among the public on the need for the SEA study for the proposed Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan;

(iii) Collect stakeholders’ views on the proposed plan including potential positive/negative impacts

associated with the proposed plan and stakeholders’ preferred development;

(iv) Get local knowledge on any sensitive areas within the plan scope (physical/environmental,

cultural or proposed facilities); and

(v) Incorporate all the information collected in the screening, scoping and SEA study for decision

making process.

In addition, the process will enable:

(i) The establishment of a communication channel between the general public and the team of

consultants, the proponent and the key government agencies; and

(ii) The concerns of the stakeholders to be known to the concerned parties at an early (planning)

stage of the Master Plan for decision-making purposes.

5.3 Stakeholder Identification

Key stakeholders consulted during the SEA study were identified in accordance with the areas/sectors

that are affected directly or indirectly by the proposed Master Plan. The criteria used to identify various

stakeholders was based on the legal mandates of various institutions, assessment of the different

interests of the stakeholders, stakeholder power rights and responsibilities and their role in the proposed

Tatu City Extension Master Plan as outlined in the stakeholder engagement plan (Table 5:1).


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Table 5:1: Stakeholder Engagement Plan

Stakeholder Category/

organization, group or

individual

Potential role in the SEA activity Engagement strategy Follow-up strategy plans for feedback

or continued involvement

▪ Public Sector and

Key Ministries/

Inter-ministerial

Lead Agencies and

Key Public

Institutions

▪ Give their views on Tatu City

▪ Interlinkage of the Plan with other

existing Plans

▪ Identify any improvement needed

for the plan

▪ Invitation to public meetings

▪ Special consultations at the

organizational levels

▪ Case studies to specific projects/

programs

▪ Review of any relevant existing

documents

▪ Invitation to SEA validation meeting

▪ Implement the final recommendations

▪ Participate in Monitoring and

Evaluation of the implementation of

SEA recommendations

▪ Private Sector

Actors/ Investors

and Associations

▪ Come up with ideas to improve the

plan

▪ Give the challenges and the current

trends most preferred by investors

in such a city

▪ Invited to participate in

consultation meetings

▪ Special consultations at the

organisational levels

▪ Invitation to SEA validation meeting



evaluation of the implementation of

SEA recommendations

▪ Political

Leadership

▪ Political leaders have a great

influence on the various policies,

plans and programs

▪ Play major role in creating

awareness on the Master Plan

▪ Influence creation of more

favourable policies, programs and

plans to hasten economic growth in

the country

▪ Help prevent negative perception of

the Master Plan

▪ Invitation of some political leaders

to participate in public

consultation meetings

▪ Invitation to validation meeting


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Stakeholder Category/

organization, group or

individual

Potential role in the SEA activity Engagement strategy Follow-up strategy plans for feedback

or continued involvement

▪ Civil Society

Organisations

(NGO’s and CBOs)

▪ Help to ensure that gender and

other vulnerable groups issues and

concerns are incorporated in the

entire SEA process.

▪ Enhance awareness of the Master

Plan since they deal with people on

the ground

▪ Invitation to participate in scoping

meeting

▪ Invitation SEA validation meeting


especially on community-related

issues

▪ Professional

Associations/

Experts/ Research

and Academic

Institutions

▪ Lead in research and consultancy

▪ They are potential investors in the

Tatu City

▪ Invitation to public meetings

▪ One on one consultation

▪ Invitation SEA validation meeting


evaluation of the implementation of

SEA recommendations


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5.4 Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder analysis was done with a view to understand stakeholders mandate and interest in this

particular Master Plan and for them to highlight their divergent views on anticipated impacts of the

proposed Master Plan.

The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is mandated to supervise and coordinate over

all matters relating to the environment. The Kiambu County NEMA office was consulted as it is the

principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all Policies, Plans and Programmes relating

to the environment in Kiambu County.

The development area and neighbouring land is vastly covered under coffee plantation, non-indigenous

tree species, bamboo trees, and bush and grassland vegetation. It is worth noting that coffee is a major

industrial (cash) crop grown in the county and therefore the Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research

Organization (KALRO) - Coffee Research Institute was consulted to provide insight on the coffee output

and how it will affect agriculture considering it is the predominant economic activity in the proposed

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) area. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Kenya

Forest Service (KFS) are key stakeholders that were consulted to shed light on the interrelation between

the proposed development and Environment and natural resources in the project area.

The Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning is the regional center of power in the County on matters

concerning developments such as the proposed Master Plan. The Physical Planning office was consulted

about the zoning plans for Tatu City Mchana Estate and related matters to ensure the proposed Master

Plan is compliant to the County’s zoning plans. The Planning Minister provided information about the

County’s development plans and how these may affect or be affected by the proposed development.

Water Resources Authority (WRA)-Upper Athi Sub Region Kiambu County was consulted as the

stakeholder dealing with effective regulation and management of water resources in the proposed

development area including the issuing of permits for water abstraction. The proposed development will

lead to increased demand on water resources during construction and operations phases for the housing

and industrial developments, commercial centres, educational institutions, sports facilities, infrastructure

and utilities developments and for recreation areas. Ruiru - Juja Water and Sewerage Company

(RUJUWASCO) is mandated with the task of water service provision in Ruiru sub-county and is the water

service provider for Tatu City. The company was thus consulted on matters of water supply and waste

water management in the proposed development especially their ability in terms of capacity to handle

water demand and supply.

In Tatu City Phase 1I, the existing regional road networks have a spatial and functional structure that

impacts on the organization of land use activities. It will be served by two major roads, Ngenda Road

(D399) and Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65) which are currently under construction. These two roads will

be the major arterial of the proposed development providing linkage to A2 (Thika Road) and C63 (Ruiru

Kiambu Road). The next hierarchies of roads are the internal circulation networks, which will distribute

goods and services, and people from the major arterials into the development. Kenya National Highways

Authority (KeNHA), Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) and Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) are

key stakeholders who were consulted on how they will manage, develop, rehabilitate and maintain the

public roads as they are interlinked with the proposed site.

Kenya Power was consulted to provide baseline information and advice on matters of electrical

transmission, and distribution to the proposed development as Tatu City Limited seeks to have a

dedicated substation within the Master Plan area.


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As per the Master plan zoning, 163.97 Hectares has been allocated for an industrial park that includes

light and heavy industries. The Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives was consulted on the

compatibility of the industrial park with other zones in the Master Plan. The establishment of the

proposed Master Plan conforms to this provision by actualizing the development demands in addition to

meeting the flagship project proposals of the Kenya Vision 2030 and the Big 4 agenda which entails

enhancing the manufacturing sector.

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development was consulted to shed light on the low, medium and

residential housing in the Proposed Master Plan are in tandem with affordable housing being one of the

Big Four Agendas of the National Government

The education institutions have been mapped for 15.24 Hectares in the proposed development. This

includes pre-primary, primary and secondary schools, middle level college, research Centre and

university and the existing public Ngewe Primary School which will be retained in its present location.

The Ministry of Education was consulted on the educational facilities, their compatibility and how they

integrate in achieving societal needs.

The neighbouring individuals and institutions are key stakeholders who were consulted with regard to

mapping of potential project specific impacts and identification of mitigation measures for adverse

impacts.

5.5 Methodology used for Public Participation and Consultation

Views and concerns from the local residents, local leaders, surrounding institutions and development

partners in Tatu City Phase 1, who in one way or another would be affected or have interest in the

proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan was sought through interviews, key

stakeholder and public meetings as stipulated in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act,

1999 (Cap 387). During the consultation process, the stakeholders were taken through the Master Plan

including their objectives and possible impacts associated with implementation activities. Stakeholders

were then given time to ask relevant questions regarding the Proposed Master Plan to enable the

consultants clarify on any issues that they may not have understood properly. Stakeholders were

consulted during screening, scoping and SEA study.

In general, the following steps were followed in carrying out the public consultation process: -

▪ Identification and compiling a database of interested and affected individuals and institutions

▪ Interview schedules to different target groups and local community members in the proposed

development site.

▪ Technical Meetings with Key stakeholders

The public consultation and participation was conducted through;

1) Household socio-economic survey

2) Key stakeholder consultation and interviews

3) Key Stakeholder Consultative Meeting

The procedures used for each of the above are outlined below

5.5.1 Household Interviews and Survey

Household surveys were conducted within the entire neighborhood of the proposed development. Survey

tools were prepared for effective and systematic interviews by the environmental and socio-economic

consultants assisted by a team of technical field assistants from the area on the baseline survey. The tools


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included; structured and non-structured household interview schedules, key informant guidelines,

mapping, sampling of the areas to be surveyed, field visits and observations, and triangulation of field

data which focused specifically on the communities who stay within and around the proposed site. Two

(2) site visits were conducted on 22nd May and 2nd June 2018.

5.5.2 Key Stakeholders Consultation and Interviews

During the scoping exercise, thirty (30) key stakeholders from government ministries and lead agencies,

Kiambu County Government officials, private investors, interested and affected individuals and

institutions within and neighbouring the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan were

identified, consulted and interviewed from 18th June to 22nd June 2018

The Strategic Environmental Assessment for public participation exercise was conducted by experienced

experts via interviews and discussions under the guidance of interview schedules developed to capture

the general and specific concerns, comments and issues comprehensively. The completion of such

schedules subsequently allowed for the synthesis and analysis of issues that arose which provided basis

upon which the environmental, economic and social aspects of the SEA study was undertaken. The

purpose for such interviews was to identify the positive and negative impacts that have been studied in

detail (Chapter 6, 9 and 10) of this SEA draft report and subsequently promote proposals on the best

practices to be adopted and mitigate the negative impacts respectively.

A standard public consultation and participation form was administered to the thirty (30) key

stakeholders to obtain their views, comments and concerns and the filled-in questionnaires were

attached to the scoping report submitted to NEMA on 18th July 2018 and approved on 19th October 2018.

5.5.3 Public Participation and Key Stakeholder Technical meeting

To ensure adequate public participation was undertaken consultative invitation letters were sent to

stakeholders including key ministries, government departments operating in Kiambu, local leaders, local

authority amongst others who in one way or another interact with the proposed Master Plan

development and the technical key stakeholders meeting held on Friday, 5th of July 2019 at Tatu Primary

School Playgrounds In Kiambu County

Sixty six (66) key stakeholders (Annex 1 - List of key stakeholders consulted) were consulted for the Key

Stakeholder technical meeting. Consultative invitation letters (Annex 2a) and the programme (Annex 2b)

were sent to stakeholders including key ministries, government departments operating in Kiambu, local

leaders, local authority amongst others who in one way or another interact with the proposed Master

Plan development. The technical key stakeholder meeting was held on Friday, 5th of July 2019 at Tatu

Primary School Playgrounds in Kiambu County. A comprehensive list of the people/stakeholders who

attended the key stakeholders meeting and the respective minutes are attached as annex 3 of this report


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Plate 5:1 Kenya country head for Rendeavour giving his brief remarks on the Master Plan

Plate 5:2 SEA team leader making a presentation on the key findings on proposed Master Plan


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Plate 5:3 Kiambu County Director of Environment giving remarks on the Master Plan

Plate 5:4 NEMA Officer making a presentation on the SEA process


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Plate 5:5 Client representative responding to stakeholders on issues raised about the Master Plan

Plate 5:6 Views on the Master plan from a Kiambu County Official


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Plate 5:7: Kenyatta University representative giving comments during meeting

Plate 5:8 A stakeholder giving recommendations about the Master plan


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Key issues and concerns raised during the key stakeholders consultative meeting have been summarized in table 5:2 below

Table 5:2 Stakeholder comments and concerns

S/N KEY ISSUES RAISED COMMENTS/ ISSUES/ CONCERN TECHNICAL TEAM RESPONSE

1. Water Conservation

and waste water

management

• Mr. James Nyangweso (Water Resources Authority -Upper

Athi Sub Region) proposed that Tatu City Limited should

ensure dams, Rivers, wetlands, and Riverine forests are

protected especially during construction and operation

phases to capitalize on the environmental assets.

• Kiambu County Executive Committee Member -Water,

Environment & Natural Resources Environment (Mr.

David Kuria) further proposed that Tatu City should be

connected to a water source in the Aberdares and a

mechanism on water harvesting should be adopted.

• Kiambu County Executive Committee Member (CECM) for

Roads, Transport & Public Works (Dr. Juliet Kimemia),

suggested a water conservation system that harvests

water, treats and recycles water should be adopted.

• Mr. Gitau (Kenya Power) suggested for a comprehensive

water resource management plan with efficient storage

facilities such dams that will enable sustainable water use

during dry seasons.

• Red Land Roses Flower Farm representative (George

Kimani) was concerned on that the proposed Master Plan

will increase water demand which will have an impact on

their water supply and most likely hamper the flower

farm productivity.

• The Physical Planner (Ms. Jane Manasseh) stated

the ecologically sensitive areas will be protected

from encroachment as they are the nerves of the

natural open space of the city. Tatu City Limited

will ensure appropriate measures are in place to

protect the riparian land within the Master Plan

boundaries and acknowledge the three Rivers and

its Riverine forest in phase 2 are the lifeline of the

city.

• The developer’s representative (Mr. Anthony

Njoroge) informed the stakeholders that there is a

water treatment and Storage plant in Tatu phase 1

with a storage capacity available is 5,000,000

litres. Plans are underway to construct and

another plant of 10,000,000 litres.

• The SEA team leader (Prof. Kibwage) also

highlighted that a comprehensive water

management plan shall be designed to ensure

sustainable use of water within the City. A storm

water management plan that minimizes

impervious area infiltration by use of recharge

areas and use of detention and/or retention with

graduated outlet control structure will be also be

implemented.

• Water abstraction for the development will be

subject to availability assessments and the

relevant laws;


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2. Effluent Discharge • KURA representative (Omondi Odero) wanted to know

what measures will be put in place to ensure industrial

effluent is treated before its channeled to water bodies.

• Prof. Kibwage pointed out effluent discharge for

the development will be handled as per the

established regulations and conservation of

riparian reserves and catchment areas within the

development is key.

• The Proponent was also advised to have a

designated plant for treating Industrial effluent

before release into the main effluent treatment

system.

• The consultant also recommended that developers

within Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will be

required to undertake project-specific

Environmental and Social Impact Assessments

(ESIAs) with Environmental Management and

Monitoring Plans (EMMP) developed for

construction, operational and decommissioning

phases with measures in place to ensure effluent

discharge is treated up to the NEMA standards.

3. Solid Waste

Management

• The stakeholders proposed the establishment of an

integrated solid waste management system for Tatu City.

• Mr. Gitau (Kenya Power) also wanted to know how

separation of waste from source would be implemented

and whether the system would be a success. He suggested

that waste produced should pass through transfer stations

before taken to recycling sites.

• SEA team leader (Prof. Kibwage) recommended

Solid waste management for the development is

critical and the proponent can consider designating

an area in the Master Plan for a sanitary land fill.

Working with the County government on this

would give the best results.

• The consultant further remarked that if separation

of waste from source is introduced at the earlier

stages of settlement, it would be easier to

implement it than in the later stages.

• Effluent discharge and solid waste management


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should be efficiently handled to avoid pollution of

water bodies.

4. Graveyards/

Crematorium

• Dr. Macharia (Kenyatta University) inquired if land has

been allocated for the development of graveyard since

death is inevitable.

• He also proposed the development of a crematorium

• The Physical Planner (Ms. Jane Manasseh)

informed the stakeholders that Tatu City Limited

will continue to modify and update the zoning and

subdivision ordinances to promote a more

thoughtful and holistic approach that is compatible

with and compliments the character of its

surroundings to ensure optimal land use of the

proposed development.

• The SEA team leader (Prof. Kibwage) also

suggested, if Tatu considers the establishment

graveyard in phase 2, they should design it in a

more landscaped form as part of civic development

of beliefs and institutions that sought to portray

the city as civilized and harmonious. He gave an

example of the Nairobi War Memorial cemetery

which was articulately designed and serves as a

picnic site and photographic site.

• Adherence to zoning plans for the area is critical

and must be respected

5. Green/ Renewable

Energy

• The stakeholders suggested the developer to invest in

renewable/green energy by developing a power-park for

solar energy harvesting. This will reduce reliability on the

Hydro electrical power and enhance adoption of green

energy technology.


Njoroge) informed stakeholders that a solar park

will be constructed in Phase 2 to generate

renewable energy for the city. He further explained

the power produced from the solar panels will be

distributed for use by homes and businesses thus

residents will enjoy sustained power supply at

very minimal costs.


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• He also pointed out that this is in line with Tatu

City’s long-term commitment to environmental

conservation through harnessing renewable

energy sources.

6. Power Way leaves • Mr Gitau (Kenya Power) requested the developer to

provide sufficient space for power lines by clearing trees

along where the cables will pass.

• He also proposed the location of high-rise buildings to be

set effectively to deter interference with overhead lines.

• The Proponent informed they will observe power

line way leaves requirements keenly and the

existing power infrastructure within the site

belongs to Kenya Power.

• Proponent has also reserved land for construction

of a substation

7. HIV/AIDS • Mercy Njoki (KeNHA) proposed the incorporation of a

HIV/AIDS mainstreaming strategy due to influx of

construction workers and people likely to join the

community.

• The SEA team leader (Prof. Kibwage) consultant

assured the stakeholders that there would be a

HIV/AIDS programme for Tatu City.

8. Affordable Housing • Michael Muturi (State Department of Housing) inquired if

there was an inclusion of affordable housing in the Tatu

City development plan.

• Mr Makori ( BTL) also wanted to know how the developer

will integrate the local community who cannot afford the

housing units.

• The Physical Planner (Ms. Jane Manasseh)

explained that the Master Plan has allocated

15,000 units for affordable housing.

9. Integrity • Kiambu County Executive Committee Member -Water,

Environment & Natural Resources Environment (Mr.

David Kuria) expressed concern that the county should be

included in all planning, as they may give ideas that would

lead to more effective development of the Tatu City.

• Mercy (KENHA) also proposed the involvement of Kenya

Forest Service (KFS) to enhance the welfare of water

• The SEA team leader informed stakeholders that

anticipated loss of biological resources as a result

of the development should be documented

including any loss of endangered/threatened

species.

• Conservation of sensitive ecological areas such as

pockets of marshy areas within the development to


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catchment areas.

be carefully looked into.

10. Human

displacement

• Wilfred Koech (Kenya Power) requested to know whether

a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be carried out for

the people living within the proposed during Master Plan

that are likely to be displaced during implementation of

the Master Plan

• He further proposed that if a Resettlement Action Plan will

be carried out, it is essential the physical and economic

relocation of individuals, households and communities in

the area should be approached as an opportunity for

promoting sustainable development through

improvements to the economic and social well-being of

affected people.

• The stakeholders also suggested that the Resettlement

Action Plan should consider the accommodation of older

people, the social systems and cater for diverse aspects of

health as a result of lifestyle, age and occupation.

• The SEA team leader responded that since the

project affected persons (PAPs) during execution

of the Master Plan are less than 200, Tatu City will

undertake a comprehensive Livelihood Restoration

Plan

• The consultant also assured the stakeholders that

they will take into account the social systems

(young and old) during implementation of the

livelihood restoration plan

• They will be no displacement of persons living in

the staff houses within the proposed master plan

area.

• During implementation of the proposed Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) staff working in the

coffee plantations will be given priority in the

upcoming developments thus they will continue

earning a living.

11. Security • The Kiambu Police commander expressed concern on

security surveillance. He proposed security should be

classified physically and technologically as cyber-crimes

were likely to prevail due to the ultra-modern nature of

the proposed development.

• He requested that CCTVs cameras be installed in all access

points to monitor human traffic movement as some

residents are likely to be civilian firearm holders

• Further, residents should be involved in doing a

comprehensive examination on the safety of the Tatu City

• The Physical Planner (Ms. Jane Manasseh) stated

proper security measures will be put in place

within the development and its environs and a

police station is one of the community facilities

included in the Master Plan.

• The proponent also stated that first class

integrated safety and high tech security will be

installed in the developmental zones and public

facilities including community and welfare

centres, leisure facilities, children care


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area and capacity building for the security officers

required for such a city done.

• Tatu City Limited should have a biodata record resident

that will be residing in phase 1 and 2.

• He also suggested the integration of security experts in the

development plan

centres/crèche among others

12. Industrial Pollution • The stakeholders wanted to have a clearcriteria on the

type of industries to be built within Tatu City due to their

proximity with the residential.

• They also proposed for the level of pollution from the light

industries to be set-up to be established

• The proponent responded by stating that Tatu City

has its own policies and standards that each

industry has to undergo before approval.

• Some of Industrial uses will include

warehousing/depots, distribution centres and light

manufacturing

13. Youth Opportunities • Residents (youth) wanted to know if there would be

sustainable of sports and educational facilities for their

welfare.


Njoroge) informed that the training academy,

school meals and more convenient facilities would

still be made available for the youth.

• Tatu City Limited will strive to continuously

provide increased training opportunities for the

increasing school leavers and other trainees to

increase employability.

• The academy’s vision is to provide skilled and

globally competitive employable human resource

through a dynamic curriculum responsive to the

manpower needs of a dynamic economy; Impart

marketable skills, technical know-how and

attitudes that respond to contemporary labour

market demands by the industry, informal sector

and for self-employment.


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14. Environmental

Awareness

• Mr Isaac Kimotho (Kiambu Institute of Science and

Technology) proposed that components encompassing

environmental conservation information to be

incorporated into various learning institutions and

training sessions.

15. Vegetation Cover • Wilfred Koech (Kenya Power) raised an issue regarding

the rates of compensation for cut trees during the project

construction phase

• Kiambu County Executive Committee Member -

Environment expressed concern that current green cover

is at 20% including water bodies while aspirations for the

county would be 30%.

• The consultant explained that water bodies and

forest cover is planned to occupy 20-30% of the

area.


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5.6 Positive comments made by the respondents

5.6.1 Employment Opportunities for the Locals

The respondents interviewed/consulted were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development

activities will create numerous employment opportunities for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour

during implementation of the master plan. Even though most of the development will need skilled labour

force during operation, the participants expressed hope that they will be able to access employment once

the development commences mostly as casual workers.

The respondents were also optimistic that they will be trained in advance by the proponent to take up

jobs during construction and operational stages to ensure social investment to the community.

Employment opportunities are of benefit both economically and socially. Generally, employment will lead

to multidimensional development in the area and improve several people’s living standards.

5.6.2 Poverty Alleviation

The respondents were positive that the proposed Master Plan development activities would improve the

living standards for several individuals and households hence it is expected to alleviate poverty in

Kiambu County and its environs, boost the country GDP and improve the living standards of Kenyans.

5.6.3 Increased Business Opportunities

The respondents were optimistic that business opportunities will arise during construction of Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan in Kiambu County. Small scale business people such as food

vendors and kiosk owners will benefit greatly during construction and operation stages due to the

expected population increase.

5.6.4 Increase in Land Value

Land rent and standard of living of the populace will increase due to high demand for space for urban

development thus increasing the value of land and property within and surrounding the Master Plan. This

in turn will improve the standards of living of the locals.

5.6.5 Attraction of Investors

With the proposed Master Plan, investors will be attracted to invest their money in the proposed

development through enterprises, business among others.

5.6.6 Development of Infrastructure and Social Amenities in Kiambu Area

Respondents were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development activities would improve

infrastructure in the area. Kiambu area will develop from a rural area to an urban area with improved

transport and communication infrastructure, power distribution network, water and sewerage networks,

education, health and recreational facilities among other social amenities.

5.6.7 Improved and Accessible Education

The respondents were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development activities will improve the

value of education and accessibility to research institutions.

5.6.8 Better Healthcare

Respondents were positive that the proposed Master Plan development activities will improve health

services in the area and it will reduce fatalities from curable diseases. It will increase life expectancy since

health facilities will be a priority in the proposed mixed-use development.


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5.6.9 Improved Security

The respondents were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development activities will lead to

improved security situation in the neighbourhood due to the numbers that will reside in the areas and the

possible synergistic effects that populated neighbourhoods bring along with them.

5.6.10 Improved and Increased Housing in the Area

The development will attract better housing within Kiambu area since there would be high demand due

to increased population. Better housing will be required in the proposed mixed-use development to cater

for various classes of residents (high, medium and low).

5.6.11 Improve Networking and Culture Exchange

The development will attract various people from different counties and countries and this will promote

cultural integration of knowledge and exchange of a wide range of ideas.

5.6.12 Economic Growth / Increased revenue

The use of locally available materials and labour for the proposed Master Plan development activities will

contribute towards growth of the local and national economies by contributing to the gross domestic

product. The consumption of these materials like sand, cement, steel, building stones, timber, oil and

others will attract taxes including VAT which will be payable to the government hence increasing

government revenue while the cost of these raw materials will be payable directly to the producers.

5.6.13 Decongestion of Nairobi City

The proposed Master Plan will massively reduce congestion in central Nairobi and reverse traffic flows

between the Centre and Kiambu County.

5.6.14 Promote Urbanization in Kiambu County

The proposed Master Plan will accelerate economic growth and serve as a catalyst for further urban

development in Kiambu County and environs.

5.7 Negative impacts highlighted by the respondents

5.7.1 Habitat loss, alteration and fragmentation of Land

The respondents were concerned that the proposed Master Plan development activities will result in

alteration and disruption to terrestrial habitats. Construction activities may adversely affect wildlife

habitats depending on the characteristics of existing vegetation, topographic features, and waterways.

Habitat alteration may include fragmentation of forested habitat and other wildlife habitat through bush

clearing, disruption of watercourses, establishment of non-native invasive plant species, creation of

barriers to wildlife movement and visual and auditory disturbance due to the presence of machinery,

construction workers, and associated equipment.

5.7.2 Environmental Degradation on change of land use

Respondents were concerned with the change of land use from agricultural land to a built environment.

Conversion of land in the proposed Master Plan from coffee plantations to a mixed-use development will

degrade the environment and alter the environmental conditions of Kiambu. The clearance coffee

plantations, trees and vegetation cover for construction of the proposed development will have a negative

impact to the environment through loss of biodiversity in the area.


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5.7.3 Noise Pollution and Vibrations

The respondents expressed fear over high noise and vibrations levels produced by the construction

machines and other moving machines because of excavation, construction and demolition works and this

has likely effects on the strength of the buildings nearby.

5.7.4 Air Pollution

The people expressed concern over possibility of generation of large amount of dust and fumes within the

development and surrounding areas because of excavation works and transportation of construction

materials and industries.

5.7.5 Water Pollution

The residents fear that due to increased population in the town, the streams would be polluted through

sewage effluent and water from industries. This will also affect the quality of water that is being utilized

by the locals in Kiambu County and environs.

5.7.6 Increased pressure on infrastructure

Some participants were concerned that due to magnitude of the proposed Master Plan, there is a potential

of increasing pressure on existing infrastructure such as roads, water supply system, waste handling

facilities, electricity etc. This would be due to increased volumes on human and vehicle traffic along the

access road.

5.7.7 Interference of Existing Development Infrastructure

The respondents also claimed that the proposed Master Plan would interference with already existing

infrastructure such as the pipeline, water pipes, power lines, roads and thus causing inconveniences.

5.7.8 Loss of Jobs

Clearance of the coffee plantations at Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will impact negatively to the

local communities who derive their livelihoods from these plantations. Coffee workers working at the

coffee plantations will lose their jobs once the coffee plantation will be cleared and this will have a

localized impact on rural household economy.

5.7.9 Increased Insecurity

There were concerns that due to an influx of many people during construction and operational phases,

insecurity is likely to increase.

5.7.10 High Cost of Living for the Locals

Respondents were worried that the development will result into high cost of living. They feared that they

may not be able to afford the cost of living.

5.7.11 Increased Spread of Communicable Diseases

The respondents expressed concern that there would be emergence of new diseases such as HIV/AIDS

especially during construction. There would also be a possibility of prostitution.

5.7.12 Increased Social vices

Respondents interviewed complained about the emergence of social issues such as drug abuse,

immorality, teenage pregnancy and crime.


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5.7.13 Dumping of Solid Waste

The people expressed concern over possibility of generation of large volumes of waste during the

construction and operation stages.


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6 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction

The environmental baseline information and the Master Plans land uses discussed earlier, formed the

basis for impact identification and evaluation. Field surveys, key stakeholder consultation and public

participation forums conducted on the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan also

identified both positive and negative environmental and social impacts. Additionally, literature review of

published reports, scientific papers and other approved SEAs was conducted by the team of experts to

provide a complete list of expected impacts. The impacts that are expected to arise from the Master Plan

execution could either be termed as positive, negative, direct, indirect, short-term, long-term, temporary,

and permanent depending on their area of cover and their stay in the environment.

This chapter gives a highlight of impacts analysis. Prediction and evaluation of impacts, including

cumulative effects have been clearly documented including trade-offs. The positive and negative impacts

likely to originate from the proposed Master Plan execution are described based on social and biophysical

environment and the economic aspects.

6.2 Impacts analysis

The magnitude and the extent of the impacts was also quantified by this study. The magnitude of each

impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or negligible, temporary or permanent, long-term

or short-term, specific (localised) or widespread, reversible or irreversible. Generally, temporary impacts

having no obvious long-term consequences are regarded as being minor. But those with long-term

repercussions are classified as significant. Significant positive impacts are usually associated with

improved access, which is the prime objective of the development.

The negative and positive impacts likely to originate from the development have been linked to the social

and biophysical environment and the economic aspects on various land uses proposed by the Master

Plan. Among the broad linkages discussed are as follows:

i. Biophysical Environment:

• Biodiversity: Flora and Fauna.

• Water: hydrology of the area.

• Land and Soil.

• Climate and Weather

ii. Social Environment:

• Population characteristics.

• Land use patterns.

• Health and Safety.

iii. Economic Issues:

• Trade and industries.

• Transportation and communication.

• Income generation activities.

6.3 Quantification of the Magnitude of Impacts

The magnitude and significance of impacts was assessed based on the following factors:

• Location or extent: The area/volume covered

• Timing: Whether immediate or delayed

• Duration: Short term, long term, intermittent or continuous


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• Reversibility or irreversibility

• Likelihood: Probability of the impact taking place

• Significance: Whether it is local, regional or global

In order to make the following observation, expert knowledge based on the magnitude of the predicted

impacts was relied upon. The impacts are rated based on the applicable mitigation measures. The scale

that was applied in the analysis of impacts is shown in the table below and all the impacts discussed

within this chapter have been quantified in line with this scale.

Table 6:1 Levels of Scale used in the Analysis of Impacts

Value Description Scale Description

0 No impact This means that to the best knowledge of the expert, the activity/action will not

have any known impact on the environment. Such an impact will not in any way

affect the normal functioning of either the human or the natural systems and

does not therefore warrant any mitigation.

1 Minimal

impact

Any activity with little impact on the environment calls for preventive measures,

which are usually inexpensive and manageable. Such activities have minimum

impacts on either natural or human environment or both.

2 Moderate

impact

A moderate impact will have localized effect on the environment. If the effect is

negative and cumulative, action in form of mitigation measures needs to be put in

place to ensure that it doesn’t become permanent and /or irreversible.

3 High impact An impact is high if it affects a relatively high area (spatial), several biological

resources (severity) and/or the effect is felt for a relatively long period

(temporal) e.g. more than one year. In case the effect is negative, such an impact

needs to be given timely consideration and proper mitigation measures put in

place to prevent further direct, indirect or cumulative adverse effects.

4 Very high

impacts

Such an activity rates highly in all aspects used in the scale i.e., temporal, spatial

and severity. If negative, it is expected to affect a huge population of plants and

animals, biodiversity in general and a large area of the geophysical environment,

usually having trans-boundary consequences. Urgent and specialized mitigation

measures are needed. It is the experts’ opinion that any project with very high

negative impacts MUST be suspended until enough effective mitigation measures

are put in place.

5 Not known There are activities for which impacts are not yet known e.g. some chemicals are

suspected to produce carcinogenic effects, but this has not yet been confirmed.

6.4 Impacts on the Physical Environment

6.4.1 Impact on Air Quality

Air pollution is the single biggest environmental health risk, which include black carbon, methane, ozone,

and airborne particles produced by industrial operations and the burning of diesel, coal, kerosene or

biomass (UNEP, 2018). These pollutants are also contributing to global warming, lowering labour

productivity, and increasing food insecurity around the world.


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The local ambient air quality will be impacted both during the execution and operation phases of the

envisioned development by the proposed Master Plan. This will mostly be from dust emitted during

excavation/earthworks and aggregate transportation to construction sites, and from construction

vehicles and machinery emitting oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur into the atmosphere during the

construction phase.

Upon completion of the development, the most likely sources of air pollution include emissions from

housing development, industrial, educational, sports facilities, commercial infrastructure, transportation,

and agriculture (Table 6:2). Key pollution points would be standby generators, motor vehicles and

kitchen fires. Other potential sources would be from incineration on site, and odours from sewer

treatment plants/waste transfer sites.

Table 6:2 Sources of air pollution

Sector Sources of air pollution

Agriculture and food Land-based farming, food and agro-industry,

Energy Combustion plants, fossil fuels, biomass, nuclear, domestic solid fuel heating

Industrial Chemicals, mineral extractives, , cement

Manufacturing

Information technology, home electronics, construction and home-building

products, batteries,

textiles, apparel, footwear, and luxury goods, pharmaceuticals (for example

antibiotics)

Services Retail, hospitality and tourism, hospitals and health-care services

Transport Automobiles, fuel use and supply, engine emissions, road (tyres, surface)

Waste

Improper management of municipal solid waste (which includes e-waste,

plastics, food waste, organic waste and open burning), industrial waste (which

includes e-waste, construction and demolition waste),hazardous waste (which

includes e-waste), sewerage effluents, landfills (leachates)

Impact on ambient air quality was also echoed by various consulted stakeholders; however with

adequate measures described in the environmental and social management plan chapter; this impact can

be mitigated. The Master Plan should aim at ensuring maintenance and enhancement of green zones to

sequester carbon from emissions. Further, Tatu can develop an air quality policy that binds developments

such as industrial sector to pollution control and adherence to air quality regulations. It’s worth noting

that the Air Quality Regulations 2014 provides for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution

to ensure clean and healthy ambient air. Based on this, impact on ambient air quality was therefore found

to be moderate and allocated value of 2.

6.4.2 Impact on Noise and Vibrations

Development works will most likely result in noise generation as a result of the machines in use e.g.

excavation equipment, mixers and construction vehicles delivering materials to active construction sites.

The noise is expected to last for the entire Master Plan execution period, respective developments

operations and is likely to affect the neighbouring residents and institutions. Off-site noise will also be

experienced near and along the access roads to the construction materials sources.


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It is expected however that there will be a permanent increase in ambient noise levels with the

completion and occupation of the developments. The ambient noise elevations will arise from the

mundane activities in an urban developed area.

With proper planning of the various land uses to locate the noisier activities (such as industrial and

commercial uses) near main roads or peripheral areas, and the residential / recreational / educational

uses inwards in the more serene areas, noise impacts can be mitigated. Establishment of buffer zones

between different land uses will attenuate noise, further reducing the potential impacts. Adherence to

noise ordinances such as the Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive

Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009 and employment of noise attenuation mechanisms for

point sources will mitigate the impact. Based on this, impact on noise and vibrations was therefore found

to be moderate and allocated value of 2.

6.4.3 Impact on Energy Resources

The proposed development will result in a higher demand on energy resources both during execution of

the planned developments and operation phases. The forms of energy to be utilized include grid energy

and fossil fuel.

Construction activities will mostly require fossil fuel in the running of construction vehicles, and

generators. Some grid energy will also be required during construction but will be more so required for

lighting and powering of machinery/equipment in residential, commercial and industrial establishments

in the operation phase. It will be imperative to carry out energy audits for evaluation and improvement of

energy consumption and saving practices adopted by all sectors involved.

It is however imperative to institute energy conservation measures in proposed developments while at

the same time taking advantage of the renewable energy opportunities that the site and proposed

developments provide. These include the harnessing of solar energy, and generation of energy from

waste. Further, legal compliance on energy management will be critical for success in energy efficiency.

Practical energy management and conservation options also require to be implemented as highlighted in

the Energy ESMP. Impact on energy demand is expected to be moderate hence a rating of 2.

6.4.4 Impact on Soils and Geology

Development of the proposed Master Plan will affect the soil and geology of the land in ways such as

depletion of the local soil resource from excavation and carting away of spoil material, and soil

degradation from compaction and soil sealing leading to increased surface runoff and soil erosion. Soil

compaction happens during construction or when remodelling of some type occurs near trees. Other

causes of compaction are hardscape or landscape modifications such as driveways, sidewalks, or patios.

Any time that equipment, vehicles, or people are driving or operating under trees, there will likely be soil

compaction, leading to unhealthy and possibly dead trees.

Spillage of hazardous construction chemicals (such as oils, fuel, grease, paints, solvents, curing

compounds, adhesives, acids, soil stabilizers and binders etc.) may also lead to soil contamination while

importation of soil in landscaping and fill activities may lead to introduction of invasive species / noxious

weeds and pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and nematodes.

Increased soil erosion and sedimentation is likely to be expected, usually an indirect impact of vegetation

clearance. Removal of coffee bushes, indigenous and exotic tree species will leave bare land subject to soil

erosion. Such bare land will be prone to wind and water erosion. Soil erosion is a serious problem both at

its source and downstream of the development site. Lost soil is deposited elsewhere, and the location of

the deposition could alter downstream hydrology and increase flooding. It may also interfere with water


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quality directly through increasing turbidity levels in the dams, siltation and indirectly from

contaminants carried with or attached to eroded soil particles.

It is considered that these impacts can be mitigated and should be adequately addressed in

Environmental and social Management Plans (ESMPs) developed. Impact on soils and geology is expected

to be moderate hence a rating of 2.

6.4.5 Impact on Water Resources

The development is likely to lead to increased demand on water resources both for all the land uses

including, industrial, educational, sports facilities, commercial infrastructure, transportation, agriculture

and recreation areas. This water will be sourced from RUJUWASCO flood water and rain water harvesting,

and River abstraction.

Without conservative use of these water resources, there is likely to be adverse impacts such as depletion

of groundwater resources from over-abstraction, and increased water scarcity in Ruiru and Kiambu area.

Measures to ensure adequate water supplies for the envisioned development by the proposed Master

Plan need to be established in the Master Planning. Further, water conservation measures will be

instituted in the construction and operation phase of environmental management plans for the various

proposed projects / developments to ensure conservation of water resources.

Effluent from the proposed developments in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) has potential to

cause ground/surface water pollution, and health hazards to human and aquatic life. Management of

construction wastewater, spill control mechanisms, and treatment of effluent will be required to ensure

protection of water resources. Public consultations revealed residents fear from upstream pollution by

the proposed City through sewage effluent and water from industries. This will also affect the quality of

water that is being utilized by the locals in Kiambu County and environs. In order to curb this sustainable

water resource protection, and conservation options require to be instituted. Surface and ground water

quality from periodic tests and analysis will need to be conducted for various land use zones. The

developed ESMP require to be implemented for water use efficiency alongside implementation of water

conservation and management policy. Due to the expected water uptake, impact on water resources is

expected high allocated value of 3.

6.4.6 Waste Generation

All the proposed developments and land uses will generate a substantial amount of solid and liquid waste.

During development phase spoil materials (soil, rocks, vegetation) packaging materials (e.g. paper,

polythene, plastic and metallic packaging), reject materials (including damaged bricks, concrete and

mortar, plastics), waste water, used oil among others will be generated. Adequate waste management

measures are required since dumping/careless disposal both on-site and off-site will cause

environmental pollution, interfere with aesthetics and lead to creation of breeding grounds for vermin.

The households, commercial and industrial developments are also likely to generate significant amounts

of effluent and organic/inorganic wastes. These wastes require proper handling and disposal to avoid

environmental pollution

Inadequate management of solid and sewerage waste from the developments will lead to pollution and

creation of human health hazards endangering the residents and the public. Proper effluent management

plans including treatment and discharge into the existing trunk sewer systems and recycling of waste

water will be required to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of the generated effluent.

An integrated solid waste management strategy that includes reduction at source, reuse, recycling,

incineration and disposal in designated landfill site(s) will also be required for management of solid


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waste from the developments. Opportunities for generation of energy from solid waste and/or effluent

should be explored. It will be important for the development to pursue waste minimization at source

principles e.g. zero generation, reduction, re-use and/or recycling. Separation of waste per respective

zones domestic, commercial and industrial waste will be best suited to ensure effectiveness in waste

management. Tatu Limited should also ensure mechanisms to segregate wastes at source to enable

recycling. Pre – treatment of industrial effluent before discharge into sewers should be enforced as per

regulations. Enactment of relevant laws such as Environmental Management and Coordination (Water

Quality) Regulations, 2003 and Waste Management Regulations, 2006. Although echoed impacts can be

mitigated, the expected solid and liquid waste generation is expected to be high hence allocated value of

3.

6.5 Impacts on the Biological Environment

6.5.1 Impact on Flora

An upsurge in catchment degradation within the Master Plan area through cutting down of trees and

vegetation may lead to loss of economically significant flora and degradation of environmentally

important areas. This may further interfere with ecosystem functions within the Master Plan area with

attendant environmental consequences. Destruction of flora will be accelerated by the envisioned land

use changes consisting of developments in housing, industrial, educational, sports facilities, commercial,

infrastructure, transportation and agriculture. This will result into habitat loss, alteration and

fragmentation of land. The proposed Master Plan development activities will also result in alteration and

disruption to terrestrial habitats. Developments may adversely affect wildlife habitats depending on the

characteristics of existing vegetation, topographic features, and waterways. habitat alteration may

include fragmentation of forested habitat and other wildlife habitat through bush clearing, disruption of

watercourses, establishment of non-native invasive plant species, creation of barriers to wildlife

movement and visual and auditory disturbance due to the presence of machinery, construction workers,

associated equipment and development operations.

Most of the isolated forest plantations scattered amidst the coffee plantations will be cleared. Similarly,

most of the isolated indigenous trees at the coffee plantations will be cleared to pave way for the

proposed mixed development. Some sections of the natural forests are likely to be cleared. Cutting

down/clearing of vegetation is known to have adverse effects on the environment such as reduction of

biodiversity, reduction of aesthetic beauty, exposure of soil to surface run-off, reduction of shade and

increment in dust pollution among others. Exposure of ground due to vegetation clearance will result to

surface run-off. In absence of vegetation, dust pollution is expected to occur as well as sedimentation of

the neighbourhood water bodies such as the Rivers and dams.

Environmental degradation on change of land use from agricultural land to a built environment was

identified as a concern by the stakeholders. Conversion of land in the proposed Master Plan from coffee

plantations to a mixed-use development will likely degrade the environment and alter the environmental

conditions of the region. The clearance coffee plantations, trees and vegetation cover for the envisioned

development will aptly have a negative impact to the environment through loss of biodiversity in the

area. Destruction of wildlife habitat can result in the direct loss or displacement of species and the ability

of the ecosystem to support other biological resources such as the plant communities upon which the

wildlife rely on for survival.

The ESMP has identified key mitigation measures that can be employed to manage the impact associated

with the destruction of fauna. Some of the key management strategies include should entail carrying out

landscaping of different zones and maintaining the proposed green spaces as per the Master Plan. Nature

trails and research sites should be enriched with native vegetation and where possible, avoidance of


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clearance of the existing indigenous vegetation should be done. The Master Plan should also ensure

protection of the riparian environment and establishment of a riparian reserve management plan. Based

on the precautionary measures to be put in place, this impact is expected to be moderate (value of 2).

6.5.2 Impact on Fauna

The natural forests house a number of small game / wildlife. Development of the land will cause

disturbances to the wild game. There would be visual and auditory disturbance due to the presence of

machinery, construction workers, and associated equipment. There is also the likely loss and

fragmentation of wildlife habitats. Some of the natural forests which act as habitat for wildlife are likely to

be cleared to pave way for the proposed development. This will result to habitat loss and fragmentation.

Changes that may alter the existing natural conditions are known to impact negatively on wildlife. In

many cases, wildlife is known to move out or die due to lack of food, shelter and mates when their

habitats depart from natural conditions.

Disturbances to aquatic species and communities will be affected by the proposed land use developments.

The Master Plan area is characterized by wetlands, Rivers and dams which house aquatic floral and faunal

biodiversity. Development activities are expected to have negative impacts on the water bodies through

catchment disturbances and siltation. Changes in surface hydrology and water quality can have adverse

impacts on aquatic species such as fish, hippos, crocodiles, plants and microbes. Increased turbidity,

temperature, velocity of flow, and pollutant loads can have direct impacts on the species and their habitat.

A wildlife management plan can be developed in collaboration with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) to

determine the carrying capacity of the conservation area, translocations and/or introduction of any new

wildlife species.

The destruction of natural habitats can also impacts on the local flora and fauna reducing biodiversity.

This in turn affects the existing trophic levels (food chains and food webs). Such alterations may result to

ecological imbalances to the detriment of all the biota inhabitation. The introduction of exotic species of

plant or animal may oust indigenous species or introduce disease agents which may affect plants, animals

and/or man. Further, opening up of vegetated areas may create gaps which are suitable entry point of

invasive floral species. Many invasive species are known to be aggressive colonizers and tend to out-

compete native species hence introducing ecological imbalance. Since the Master Plan of the proposed

development has set aside areas under water bodies to be maintained, this impact will be moderate

(value of 2).

6.6 Impacts on the Socio- Economic Environment

Development of the various land uses will bring along major socio-economic impacts which are likely to

be both negative and positive. Key positive impacts anticipated will include provision numerous

employment opportunities for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour. Even though most of the

development will need skilled labour force during operation, the stakeholders expressed hope that they

will be able to access employment once the development commences mostly as casual workers.

Employment opportunities will in return benefit both economically and socially. Generally, employment

will lead to multidimensional development in the area and improve several people’s living standards

hence enabling poverty alleviation for the locals and boost the country GDP overall improve the living

standards of Kenyans.

Business opportunities are anticipated during the execution of different land uses. Opportunities will

range from supply of raw materials to small scale business people such as food vendors and kiosk

owners. It is also anticipated that the value of land will increase with urbanisation. Land rent and

standard of living of the populace will increase due to high demand for space for urban development thus


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increasing the value of land and property within and surrounding the Master Plan area. Investors are

likely to be attracted to invest their money in the proposed development through enterprises, business

among others. The development of infrastructure and social amenities would improve Kiambu area. The

County environs will develop from a rural area to an urban area with improved transport and

communication infrastructure, power distribution network, water and sewerage networks, education,

health and recreational facilities among other social amenities. Due to the anticipated educational

institutions, the value of education and accessibility to research institutions will be made easy.

Better Healthcare is anticipated in the area due to development of health care facilities. This will reduce

fatalities from curable diseases and increase life expectancy. It is anticipated that there will also be

improved security situation in the neighbourhood due population and the possible synergistic effects that

populated neighbourhoods bring along with them. Further, improved and increased housing

development will attract various classes of residents (high, medium and low). The development will bring

along networking and culture exchange as it attracts various people from different counties and countries

resulting into cultural integration of knowledge and exchange of a wide range of ideas.

The envisioned development will enhance economic growth resulting to increased revenue. The use of

locally available materials and labour for the proposed Master Plan development activities will contribute

towards growth of the local and national economies by contributing to the gross domestic product. The

consumption of these materials like sand, cement, steel, building stones, timber, oil and others will attract

taxes including VAT which will be payable to the government hence increasing government revenue

while the cost of these raw materials will be payable directly to the producers. Moreover, the proposed

city is anticipated to massively reduce congestion in central Nairobi and reverse traffic flows between the

Centre and Kiambu County. This will accelerate economic growth and serve as a catalyst for further urban

development in Kiambu County and environs.

Nonetheless, envisioned development will result to negative pressures such as on infrastructure

associated with magnitude of land use changes. There is a potential of increasing pressure on existing

infrastructure such as roads, water supply system, waste handling facilities, electricity etc. This would be

due to increased volumes on human and vehicle traffic along the access road. Further, there will be

interference with already existing infrastructure such as the pipeline, water pipes, power lines, roads and

thus causing inconveniences. Displacement of the local people mostly coffee settlers lead to loss of

property in the area. Additionally, clearance of the coffee plantations at Tatu City Extension (Mchana

Estate) will impact negatively to the local communities who derive their livelihoods from these

plantations. Coffee workers working at the coffee plantations will lose their jobs once the coffee

plantation are cleared and this will have a localized impact on rural household economy. Fears also

emerged that locals may not be able to afford the cost of living brought about by accelerated urbanization.

However, socio – economic impacts are expected to be mitigate and hence rated to be moderate (value of

2).

6.7 Impacts on the Health and Safety

The several developments and land use changes envisioned by the Master Plan will result to known

workplace safety risks. Safety hazards are likely to increase resulting in a possible increase in accidents

involving workers and/or the public. Development works will expose workers to occupational health and

safety risks and injuries resulting from accidental falls or use of hand tools and construction equipment.

Safety hazards are also posed to the public especially pedestrians and motorists passing near ongoing

developments.

Upon development (or various phases/projects are complete) and in operation, potential health and

safety hazards may arise in the event of a lack of adequate facilities, protection measures, worker


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protection measures, and general laxity in adherence to best practices and OSHA, 2007 regulations.

Adequate health and safety plans will therefore require to be implemented to mitigate all foreseeable

health and safety risks in the development.

Due to population influx, there is concern for increased spread of communicable diseases and emergence

of new diseases such as HIV/AIDS with a possibility of prostitution. Such social vices including drug

abuse, immorality, teenage pregnancy and crime could catalyse health and safety risks. However, health

and safety impacts are expected to be mitigate and hence rated to be minimal (value of 1).

6.8 Cumulative Impacts

Cumulative impacts are impacts which result from the incremental impact of a proposed activity on a

common resource when added to the impacts of other past, present or reasonably foreseeable future

activities. IFC defines cumulative as those impacts that result from the successive, incremental, and/or

combined effects of an action, project, or activity when added to other existing, planned, and/or

reasonably anticipated future ones. It is anticipated that cumulative impacts on resources such as water,

and energy within Kiambu County region and environs might arise due to the needs for the simultaneous

development of other interlinking plans. Based on this the SEA undertook a Cumulative Impacts Analysis

(CIA) as described in succeeding sections.

6.8.1 Cumulative Impacts Analysis (CIA)

Cumulative Impact Analysis is a systematic procedure for identifying and evaluating the significance of

effects from multiple activities. CIA was carried out during the Strategic Environmental Assessment as it

considers a wider temporal and spatial scope at an early level of the planning process. With reference to

development plans, cumulative impacts can occur from the combined impacts of policies and proposals

on specific areas or sensitive receptors. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is

anticipated to generate several cumulative impacts from the different operations zones considered in its

development. During the CIA, the following elements that define the cause-effect relationship of the

impacts according to Cooper (2004) were used;

▪ Identification of the impact sources i.e. multiple activities that could lead to potential impacts or

environmental changes

▪ Consideration of the pathways of impacts between sources and receptors and the linkages

between these impacts

▪ Analysis of the characteristics of these impacts i.e. whether they are additive, synergistic or

antagonistic

The CIA process took place in several steps, some of which were done concurrently with the initial steps

of the SEA process. The CIA for the proposed Master Plan was undertaken in the process summarized as

follows:

i) Scoping in consultation with the relevant key stake holders and agencies

ii) Establishing of the baseline characteristics of the proposed Master Plan

iii) Assessing the impacts of the Master Plan

iv) Proposing mitigation measures for the potential significant impacts

v) Development of a monitoring plan – Chapter 10 of this SEA

vi) Incorporating findings


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6.8.2 Cumulative Positive Impacts

6.8.2.1 Improved road network

The developments taking place around the Tatu City will lead to the construction of more roads to link

the various areas. This will improve the road network within Ruiru and Kiambu towns making the area

more and easily accessible from different parts of the county.

6.8.2.2 Improved communication network coverage

The new industrial, residential and educational zones will increase the demand for better communication

services, in terms of internet and normal cellular services. The major communication companies in Kenya

will expand their coverage to the Ruiru and Kiambu towns region neighboring the development, leading

to an overall better and efficient coverage and service provision.

6.8.2.3 Increased job opportunities in the area

The industrial, residential, educational and commercial zones will provide an opportunity for the local

community and the rest of the neighbouring communities to get employment. The opportunities will also

be available to people residing in Ruiru town, Kiambu town and its environs. Small-scale businesses and

markets will also be established due to the demand by the foreseen increased population in the area,

hence will lead to more job opportunities for the unemployed people.

6.8.2.4 Improved literacy level within the neighbouring community

New schools will also be constructed in the educational zones to cater for the foreseen growing

population within and outside Tatu City, hence education services (primary, secondary and tertiary) will

be easily accessible. This will increase the number of people who can read, write and engage in different

professions within Ruiru and Kiambu towns.

6.8.2.5 Increase in property value

Once the Master Plan is executed, the land will appreciate hence leading to the overall increase in

property value around Tatu City. The local community within Ruiru and Kiambu towns may benefit from

selling the property at higher profit margins as compared to when there was no development.

6.8.3 Cumulative Negative impacts

6.8.3.1 Increased demand for housing / Population influx

The current Tatu City neighbourhood does not have a lot of housing facilities for low-middle class

citizens. The population influx due to job opportunities will necessitate the need for the construction of

more residential zones around Tatu City, which may later lead to other negative environmental impacts

such as loss of biodiversity due to clearing of vegetation.

6.8.3.2 Increased traffic

There will be increased traffic in the area due to the high number of people who will be accessing the Tatu

City and the neighbouring foreseen residential zones around Tatu city. The improved road network will

also create a new route for other motorists to use who may not be necessarily going to the new city.


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6.8.3.3 Increased demand for water use

There will be an increase in demand for water use by the Tatu City, neighbouring residential zones and

the current demand within Ruiru and Kiambu towns in general. This will lead to increased pressure on

water services provision to the already scarce resource in the area.

6.8.3.4 Increased demand for sewerage services

Ruiru and Kiambu towns do not have an efficient sewerage system and most of the neighbouring areas

lacks sewer coverage. The new developments and anticipated new housing facilities will require more

sewerage services which are not currently available.

6.8.3.5 Urbanization

The area where the Tatu city extension will be developed is mostly a rural area. The new road network,

population influx and foreseen residential zones around Tatu city will lead to rapid urbanization of the

area, leading to loss of the initial scenic beauty and aesthetic value.

6.8.3.6 Development of uncontrolled housing / Influx of new inhabitants

The increased demand for housing and urbanization of the area may lead to encroachments in some parts

of the neighbouring land, hence leading to development of slum dwellings / uncontrolled housing for low

income earners who may not afford the medium-high cost of rent in the residential zones.

The development of new industrial and residential zones will also lead to movement of people from the

neighbouring estates and towns due to the new job opportunities within the area. This will eventually

result in an increase in the population of the area around Tatu City.

6.8.3.7 Loss of biodiversity

The constant clearing of vegetation to create space for the developments will lead to loss of some of the

indigenous species within the area resulting to loss of biodiversity.

6.8.3.8 Increased air pollution

The increased traffic within the Ruiru town, Kiambu town and around the Tatu city will lead to increased

release of toxic gases and particulates from the vehicles, industrial zones and other activities within the

neighbourhood.

6.8.3.9 Increased noise pollution

The industrial zones, residential, commercial zones, airstrip and increased traffic may lead to increased

noise generation. The noise maybe of nuisance to the neighbouring community.

6.8.3.10 Increased solid waste generation

The industrial, commercial, educational and residential zones will lead to generation of more solid waste.

The solid waste if not handled properly could lead to unpleasant smells and spread of diseases by some

rodents.


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6.8.3.11 Soil erosion

The clearing of vegetation for the development of the various zones will expose the soil to erosion by

wind or water during the rainy seasons. The industrial zones may contaminate the soil by spillage of

hazardous substances or wastewater. The residential zones will generate high volumes of wastewater

and if not properly disposed of may spill into soil hence contaminating it.

6.8.3.12 Depletion of water resources

The industries and the residential areas will need a high and regular supply of water. The water will be

abstracted from the Rivers and the existing boreholes. Continuous abstraction may lead to depletion of

the River and groundwater resources. The fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides that will be used in the

agricultural zones may leach into the surface water and groundwater resources hence contaminating

them and rendering them useless for domestic use.

6.8.3.13 Eutrophication

The continuous leaching of nutrients from the agricultural zones may lead to their accumulation in the

dams and the wetlands. This may result in algal blooms that will contaminate the water and kill the

aquatic animals.

6.8.4 Mitigation measures for negative Cumulative Impacts

Mitigation of cumulative impacts is best approached through a multi-stakeholder’s approach. Some of the

actions that may be needed to effectively manage cumulative impacts include the following:

▪ Project design changes to avoid cumulative impacts (location, timing, technology).

▪ Adaptive management approaches to project mitigation

▪ Mitigation of project impacts by other projects (not under control of the proponent to further

minimize impacts).

▪ Collaborative engagement in other regional cumulative impact management strategies.

▪ Participation in regional monitoring programs to assess the realized cumulative impacts and

efficacy of management efforts.

▪ Effect monitoring needed to assess the realized cumulative impacts is clearly defined and

implemented.

▪ Ensure multiparty regional mitigation and/or management (e.g., additional mitigation of other

developments, offsets, management programs) that may be needed to effectively manage

cumulative impacts is also identified

▪ Support from other stakeholders (County Governments, developers and communities) is sought

to implement it

Table 6:3 A highlight of key mitigation measures for described negative Cumulative Impacts

Impact Mitigation

Increased demand for housing

/ Population influx

▪ Increase accessibility of Tatu City by enhanced traffic for prompt

transport.

▪ Develop well planned - low income residential zones

Increased traffic ▪ Work with the relevant road authorities to develop efficient road

designs


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Impact Mitigation

▪ Proper signage should also be incorporated to guide the road

users with ease and the most efficient way.

Increased demand for water

use

▪ Come up with measures of optimizing the existing water

resources such as rain harvesting and water recycling

technologies

▪ Sensitizing the occupiers in all the zones on water conservation

initiatives

▪ Perform scheduled maintenance on the water supply

infrastructure to reduce any leakages

Increased demand for

sewerage services

▪ Develop an onsite wastewater treatment plant since Rujuwasco

sewer coverage is low

▪ Lobby Kiambu County government to expand the current

sewerage system and capacity improvement of the existing

wastewater treatment plant to cater for the envisioned demand.

Urbanization ▪ Implement a controlled development strategy around the Tatu

city to prevent an uncontrolled urbanization

Development of uncontrolled

settlements / Influx of new

inhabitants

▪ Work closely with the Kiambu County Physical planner to control

and prevent any persons from settling in unauthorized areas

▪ Sensitize local community into community policing to prevent

illegal settlements

▪ Work closely with some private investors to develop well planned

- low income residential zones to cater for the low-income

earners and low middle class

Loss of biodiversity ▪ Avoid clearing indigenous vegetation

▪ Ensure replacement of any cleared vegetation is done after

development

Increased air pollution ▪ Instigate measures of air pollution control before releasing any

harmful substances into the air

▪ Sensitize on the use of non-sulphur fuels for different purposes in

all the zones.

▪ Sensitize neighbouring community against open burning of waste

Increased noise pollution ▪ The industrial and commercial zones to schedule most of the

operations during the day

▪ Only operations that meet the required permissible noise levels

should be allowed to operate at night

▪ Install ‘no hooting’ signs in zones where noise will be of most

nuisance like the education and residential zones.

▪ Sensitization of motorists within these zones against unnecessary

noise making

▪ Airstrip to be developed away from the residential and

educational zones to minimize the effect of the noise

Increased solid waste

generation

▪ Develop a waste management plan for the city which will guide

the occupiers of the different zones in managing their waste

▪ Sensitize the occupiers and visitors on the recommended ways of

waste disposal

Impacts on soil ▪ Put measures in place to control the spillage of hazardous


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Impact Mitigation

substances and wastewater into the soil.

▪ Ensure that the wastewater system in all the zones is adequate

and made from good quality materials to prevent spillage into the

soil.

Impacts on water resources ▪ In collaboration with the Kiambu County government, implement

water resource conservation measures such as water storage in

dams and rainwater harvesting

▪ Lobby county government to implement laws to prohibit illegal

abstraction of surface and ground water

▪ Encourage organic farming to reduce the leaching of the

chemicals from the agricultural zone

Eutrophication ▪ Encourage the use of organic farm inputs to reduce the usage of

chemical fertilizers.

▪ Wetland plants that have the capability of utilizing the excess

nutrients should be introduced to aid in water biological water

purification.


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7 ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS OF THE MASTER PLAN

7.1 Introduction

This chapter addresses the alternative options of the Master Plan compared against key environmental

indicators. It bases this on various options including the employing alternatives to achieve the same plan,

use of alternative approaches, and the no intervention and discussing the implication of key Master Plans

to the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. The chapter begins by identification of

alternatives which include the no intervention option (carbon sink), farmland/agriculture, wildlife

conservancy and proposed city use. Justification of the preferred alternative is given in succeeding section

with the linkages with ongoing projects and developments forming the last subsection in the chapter.

7.1 Alternative Policy, Options and Strategies;

The land use zoning for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan was done after

considering several suitability factors to meet the social, economic, environmental, cultural and even

political aspirations of the respective planning jurisdictions. As a result, different land uses were opted for

ranging from, among others, residential, commercial, industrial, open spaces, transportation public

amenities and infrastructure in a balanced manner that promotes sustainable development. The

establishment of the proposed Master Plan conforms to this provision by actualizing the development

demands in addition to meeting the flagship project proposals of the Kenya Vision 2030.

Much as this development conforms to the zoning provisions of the land, there was need to widen the

scope of potential alternative developments which may suffice needs other than the designated use. The

SEA team identified four possible alternatives/ options to which the land could be used. They include:

Option 1-No Intervention Option (Carbon sink), Option 2-Farmland/Agriculture Use, Option 3-Wildlife

Conservancy and Option 4-The Proposed City Use. The likely environmental and socio-economic impacts

of each option were assessed.

7.1.1 Option 1 - No Intervention Option (Carbon sink/ sequestration Option),

The site proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is characterized by a diversity of

forests and vegetation types. Forest plantations occur in isolated patches amidst the predominant coffee

plantations and the natural forests/vegetation types characterize the riparian zones of the key Rivers,

streams and earth dams within the proposed development. On the 885.22 ha (2,186 acres) of land

proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate), 235 acres is under forests and bushlands.

Carbon sequestration in the agriculture sector refers to the capacity of agriculture lands and forests to

remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Trees are natural sequesters of carbon and depending on

their characteristics and local circumstances, forests can play different roles in the carbon cycle, from net

emitters to net sinks of carbon. Forests sequester carbon by capturing carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere and transforming it into biomass through photosynthesis. Sequestered carbon is then

accumulated in the form of biomass, deadwood, litter and in forest soils. Release of carbon from forest

ecosystems results from natural processes (respiration and oxidation) as well as deliberate or

unintended results of human activities (i.e. harvesting, fires, deforestation). For this process of carbon

sequestration to succeed it is essential that carbon must not return to the atmosphere from burning.

Forests and stable grasslands are referred to as carbon sinks because they can store large amounts of

carbon in their vegetation and root systems for long periods of time. Soils are the largest terrestrial sink


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for carbon on the planet. The ability of agriculture lands to store or sequester carbon depends on several

factors, including climate, soil type, type of crop or vegetation cover and management practices.

The contribution of forests to carbon cycles has to be evaluated taking also into account the use of

harvested wood, such as wood products storing carbon for a certain period of time, or energy generation

releasing carbon in the atmosphere. In cases where the net balance of carbon emissions by forests is

negative, i.e. carbon sequestration prevails, forests contribute to mitigating carbon emissions by acting as

both a carbon reservoir and a tool to sequester additional carbon. In cases when the net balance of carbon

emissions is positive, forests contribute to enhancing greenhouse effect and climate change.

Forests and their role in the carbon cycle are affected by changing climatic conditions. Evolutions in

rainfall and temperature can have either damaging or beneficial impacts on forest health and

productivity, which are very complex to predict. Depending on circumstances, climate change will either

reduce or increase carbon sequestration into forests, which causes uncertainty about the extent to which

the forest will be able to contribute to climate change mitigation in the long term. Forest management

activities have the potential to influence carbon sequestration by stimulating certain processes and

mitigating impacts of negative factors.

Carbon sequestration is not separable from other environmental effects of a given land-use practice and

the storage of carbon in agricultural soils is likely to come with a number of co-benefits including wildlife

habitat, water quality, and landscape aesthetics Carbon Sequestration can assist significantly in

maintaining the natural carbon cycle. However, to implement this practice properly there is a need

to go for natural sequestration thus conservation of existing forests and more and more

reforestation is required. Only then we will be able to reduce carbon emission and corresponding harmful

impacts.

Land is one of the finite natural resource on earth. Its optimal utilization is therefore one key factor to

consider. This option has the highest and most appealing environmentally and ecologically rewarding

outputs. Nature shall thrive, both flora and fauna. Eventually, the land can end up creating a micro-climate

in the urban set up, a peaceful park for the locals and promote carbon sequestration. However, if the

value of the land is compared to the no use option, this shall amount to massive wastage of valuable land,

owing to the fact that’s its located a few kilometers from Nairobi City Centre.

7.1.2 Option 2 - Farm land / Agricultural Use Option

Agriculture is the predominant economic activity in the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate).

The development area and neighboring land is vastly under coffee plantation, non-indigenous tree

species, bamboo trees, bush and grassland vegetation as shown in Plates 7:1, 7:2 and 7:3 below. On the

885.22 hectares of land proposed for Tatu City Extension, land cover under coffee plantations is

estimated to be 1,090 acres. However, also notable are sparsely populated natural/indigenous tree

species. Food crops such as bananas, maize and beans can be spotted grown relatively in small scale.


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Plate 7:1 Coffee plantation within the proposed site.

Plate 7:2 Tree Cover opposite Ngewe Primary School.


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Plate 7:3 Bamboo trees near Comte Dam.

According to the Master Plan, Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) has two dams. To the South, Comte

Dam built in 1984 (Plate 7:4.) which separates the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) from

Tatu City Phase 1. The other dam is Kofinaf Dam.

Plate 7:4 Comte Dam


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Historically, coffee has been an important commodity in Kenya because of its contribution to foreign

exchange earnings, farm incomes and employment opportunities. Apart from the direct impact on

livelihoods of farming families, coffee cultivation offers several other advantages. Coffee growing helps

reduce soil erosion, is a useful carbon sink (especially with plantations grown under shade trees), aids

good watershed management, helps to maintain a degree of biodiversity, particularly in systems with

mixed cropping on small family farms, and can provide a good habitat for many migrant birds and other

animals.

However, if this land use option is compared to other land use development options identified above, it

will be noted that this is not the most optimal way to use the land. This land is in a prime high land value

area for the mixed use and mixed income satellite city of Nairobi.

7.1.3 Option 3 - Wildlife Conservancy

Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting wild species and their habitats in order to prevent

species from going extinct. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides

stability to different natural processes of nature and maintenance of essential ecological processes and

life-support. Major threats to wildlife include habitat destruction/degradation/fragmentation,

overexploitation, hunting, pollution and climate change.

Wildlife conservation has social, environmental and economic benefits: Social in the sense that, apart

from being a carbon sink by absorbing toxic gases in the environment, wildlife provides sites for natural

beauty, hiking, controlled hunting, canoeing and wildlife photographing. On the environment perspective,

wildlife plays an essential role in the ecological and biological processes that are yet again significant to

life. The normal functioning of the biosphere depends on endless interactions amongst animals, plants

and microorganisms. This in turn maintains and enhances human life further. To add on these, ecological

processes are vital for agriculture, forestry, fisheries and other endeavors that support human life.

Besides, there are several biological processes wherein wildlife plays a key role such as pollination,

germination, seed dispersal, soil generation, nutrient cycling, predation, habitat maintenance, waste,

breakdown among other benefits. Wildlife conservation is also linked to the acceleration of ecotourism on

a national level which is a very influential stimulus for the Kenyan economy. Eco-tourism and wildlife

conservation are complementary or overlapping sectors of the economy. Income generated from

ecotourism can be used to fund both wildlife conservation and socio-economic development to benefits of

the local communities

Several pockets of wildlife habitats exist within the proposed Master Plan area. Depending on type of

habitat, different wild game exists. At the proposed Master Plan area, three types of wildlife habitats exist.

Water bodies such as Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers, Comte and Mchana Earth dams form a key wildlife

habitat mostly for aquatic animals. Secondly, the riparian corridors of the water bodies mainly composed

of natural forests/vegetation forms another key wildlife habitat at the proposed Master Plan area.

Thirdly, the many pockets of grasslands/marshy lands scattered in the proposed area forms another

habitat for wildlife. The proposed development area comprises several hippopotami, which occupy the

perennial rivers and earth dams which run along the northern and southern boundaries of the site and

make use of the seasonally moist grasslands and riparian areas (including wetlands) for foraging

purposes and as ecological corridors for movement. During the SEA study, no amphibian species were

identified. However, the amphibians can be spotted during the wet season. Many bird species exist in the

study area including secretary bird, crowned cranes, pelicans, marabou storks, and eagles.

Wildlife species need four essential elements to survive: food, water, shelter, and space. Shelter must be


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adequate to protect the wildlife from predators and the environment. Space must be adequate for the

wildlife to successfully rear their young. In addition to these four requirements, the spatial arrangement

of these necessities must be in proper order. That is to say, the sources must be within a certain distance

of each other so that the animal can access each safely on a daily basis.To control urban wildlife

populations, one must manipulate one of the four habitat factors as wildlife cannot survive unless their

habitat needs are met. If one of these habitat requirements is absent, wildlife will either migrate to

another area capable of providing their needs or die. For long-term wildlife management, this can be

challenging leading to possible human- wildlife conflicts.

As a result of ongoing developmental activities in Tatu City phase 1 and agricultural activities currently at

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate), most of the wildlife habitats are small and isolated. Ecologically,

only small game can survive in such small habitats since the available resources for feeding, sheltering

and reproduction are limited. This implies that the existing wildlife habitat will be decimated further to

the detriment of the wildlife in habitation. Wild game is known to prefer natural ecosystems and any

disruption that may result to departure from the natural state such as habitat fragmentation, loss of

nesting sites and other wildlife habitat through bush clearing, disruption of watercourses, establishment

of non-native invasive plant species, creation of barriers to wildlife movement and visual and auditory

disturbance forces wild game to move out of their habitat, die of heat stroke or die due to lack of their

most preferred diet.

The proposed Master Plan mixed-use land uses are expected to subject the existing wildlife habitats to

further disturbances/modifications. Incidences of habitat pollution, especially the water bodies and

marshy lands, are likely to occur thus altering the existing natural conditions. Surface run-off from the

proposed Master Plan development will be used to recharge the earth dams. Surface run-off from urban

environs is usually contaminated and this may compromise the quality of water to the detriment of

aquatic life in habitation.

Tatu City in coordination with relevant agencies such as the Kenya Wildlife Service are in the process of

relocating the animals since the existing wildlife habitats are small and previously disturbed by habitat

fragmentation. This will also ensure the safety of the people living within the proposed development as

well as the survival of the animals.

Wildlife Conservancy option is also not compatible to Tatu City’s immediate surroundings of mixed land

use developments and as much as this land use option is important, the economic gain is low as compared

to the current option of utilizing it as mixed-use city development.

7.1.4 Option 4 - Proposed City Development

This option will focus on developing the whole 2000 acres of land for mixed use development, including

housing, commerce, manufacturing industry, education, agriculture and livestock, recreation, public

purpose and natural green open spaces with riparian reserve, water bodies and wetlands. All the

proposed development will be served with a comprehensive transportation network and

telecommunication facilities.

Recently, the Kenyan government, under its Economic Transformation Agenda, identified four key

priority sectors for the development of the country and realization of Vision 2030. Popularly known as

the Big Four, the transformation focuses on increasing capacity in affordable housing, manufacturing

sector, universal healthcare and food security. With housing provision for over 150,000 residents planned


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on completion, alongside tens of thousands of jobs in construction, manufacturing and ancillary services,

Tatu City (Mchana Estate) will contribute significantly toward Kenya’s Big Four objectives.

Housing has always been a basic human need. Developing countries, Kenya included, have encountered

the perennial challenge of housing shortage, more so for the low and middle-income population. The

housing shortage can be attributed to the high urban population influx and growth rate. Nairobi, as the -

country capital city, has heavy shortage of the middle-low income housing.

The mixed-use development option will optimize economic benefits in its entire decision making.

Commercial development shall promote the economic development by providing more space for doing

business. One key factor to consider is the socio-economic impact of this option to both the locals and

investors.

Industrial development on the other hand has a higher potential of impacting on the value chain aspects

of development. For instance, whereas the option will promote the various professional, business and

service provision elements of development, industrial development shall promote the entire range from

agro-production, agroforestry, transport, manufacturing, logistics, professionals, research and

development. This shall also promote production for export. This will earn foreign exchange in the short,

medium and long term. The housing development alone cannot achieve this.

Industrialization has been one of the major economic Rivers since the industrial revolution era. As a

result, less industrialized countries in the third world countries, Kenya included, have struggled to thrive

economically and competitively in the global trade. It is on this backdrop that Kenya established several

industrial development flagship projects under the Kenya Vision 2030. Industrial development is an

approach to revitalizing the industrial sector that has been dwindling over time. In addition, industries

focus on the public value rather than individual value.

7.2 Justification for the Preferred Alternative - Proposed Tatu City Extension

Development

A justification for the preferred alternative; Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) development was based

on the assessment of the compatibility of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) to immediate surrounding

land uses. Since the proposed development is also surrounded by other proposed land uses such as

Northlands city development, Kenyatta University development, The Two Rivers Development and

Gulmarg- Sasini development, it is compatible with these land uses since their implementation will lead to

further development of not only the area but the entire Kiambu County and Nairobi Metropolitan Region.

This will help in achieving the development goals stated in the Kiambu County Integrated Development

Plan as well as the Nairobi Metro Plan and the NIUPLAN. Increased urbanization of the area will lead to

increased job opportunities, availability of housing and increased revenue by both the County and

National Government.

The development further conforms to the zoning provisions of the land since incompatible land uses such

as residential and industrial have been clearly separated. Land uses have been provided in an integrative

manner ranging from among others, residential, commercial, industrial, open spaces, transportation

public amenities in order to promote sustainable development as envisioned by the Kenya Vision 2030.

Preferred land uses in the Master Plan have also been designated to be correlation with the adopted

streets and highways provided this very crucial in enhancing connectivity, effective traffic flow and

convenience.


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It is noted that implementation of the Master Plan will lead to further loss of agricultural land since

majority of the existing project site is under agricultural use. This loss of fertile agricultural land means a

decline in the national food basket. Moreover, the development of the city will also lead to future threats

on existing neighbouring agricultural land uses due to urban sprawl hence the need of coming up with

proper zoning guidelines to curb these negative effects. However changing use from agricultural to

residential and commercial use has often proved to be more economically viable as development comes

with positive effects such as employment and business opportunities leading to improved economy. This

further leads to increased urban land uses as well as population creating further opportunities into the

rural areas.

7.3 Linkages with ongoing Projects and developments

Linkages with ongoing projects, plans and programmes and how they fit in the Proposed Tatu City

Extension ( Mchana Estate) Master Plan was based on two key analysis. These included assessing the

implication of the key linkage Master Plans to proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) and the vice

versa.

7.3.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (NIUPLAN)

NIUPLAN provides for creation of satellite Towns to decongest the City by creating a Nairobi

Metropolitan Region (NMR). Ruiru Town is identified as one of the satellite towns. Ruiru has the potential

to become an alternative or secondary Centre of the NMR and may even become the “Future Centre of the

Metropolis” as envisaged in Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Programme (NaMSIP). Tatu City

which is located within Ruiru Municipality will provide an excellent solution to this due to its strategic

location coupled with the proposed transport developments in the NIUPLAN.

Proximity to Nairobi therefore gives Tatu a wide range of benefits from which it can capitalize from. To

make Tatu City a smart and futuristic development that covers for all the needs for its residents, the city

needs to come up with strategies of managing anticipated population from Nairobi and its environment

that encompasses both the poor and the rich in the society. The NIUPLAN also gives Tatu City a

framework of how to manage anticipated urban area challenges as Nairobi acts as a real case study.

Tatu City will offer facilities that as expected to attract populations from Nairobi for mutual benefit

between the two cities. The city will offer alternative opportunities those offered in Nairobi attracting

people to hence acting as a satellite city thus helping in decongesting Nairobi. NIUPLAN provides for

creation of satellite Towns to decongest the City by creating a Nairobi Metropolitan Region (NMR). Ruiru

Town is identified as one of the satellite towns.

7.3.2 Tatu City Phase 1

The Success of the Tatu City Phase 1 development gave to rise of the proposed Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate) with the newly proposed project standing to benefit from the structures and strategies

already established by the Phase 1 project. A Completed Phase 1 project will act as a direct marketing

strategy to investors who will be willing to directly invest in the proposed Tatu City extension (Phase 1I

since it mirrors the values and objectives towards sustainable urbanization and development.

The proposed Tatu City will lead to further development and expansion of the Tatu City as one Unit with

ability to offer first class infrastructure and services to not only its residents but also visitors. The

proposed extension will lead to increased population in the city raising its status and also increasing its

facility and service base.


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Figure 7.1 Tatu City Local Physical Development Plan

7.3.3 The Kenyatta University Master Plan

Proximity to the University means that Tatu City will gain immensely as the expected increase in

population of both students and staff will offer opportunities in terms of needs for accommodation and

shopping which can be offered by the proposed Tatu City. Moreover, the university will offer tertiary

education to Tatu City residents at a stone throw comfort.


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Further development and expansion of Kenyatta University means an increase in the numbers of students

who will in turn lead to increased demand for accommodation for both students and staff. Tatu city due to

its proximity to the University will therefore benefit from this increased demand as it will be able to offer

accommodation for both the students and staff.

7.3.4 The Two Rivers Development Master plan

The Two Rivers will offer Tatu City Residents access to its high-quality retail, residential, office, leisure

and hospitality components. Residents will be able to visit the Two Rivers Mall for their shopping needs

and also for leisure. Moreover, the development offers opportunities for employment and business for the

residents to explore.

However, this development is also aims at providing similar facilities and services such as homes, schools,

offices, a shopping district, medical clinics, nature areas and sport & entertainment complex. This means

Tatu City will have to compete with Two Rivers. Therefore, Tatu city will be forced to ensure that these

services and facilities are provided in a unique and effective manner in order to suit different tastes and

preferences for both its residents and visitors. This will enable the city to compete favourably with the

Two Rivers Development.

Tatu City residents will be a ready market for the variety of commercial, recreation, lifestyle and

recreational activities offered at the Two Rivers Development. The proposed Tatu City extension

development will offer highly competitive facilities and services which are also offered by The Two Rivers

development including residential, commercial and leisure.

7.3.5 The Northlands Master Plan and the Gulmarg- Sasini Master Plan

The Master plans aim at offering almost similar features as the proposed Tatu City such as Residential

Housing Units, Retail, Hospitality and Office Developments, Educational Facilities, Industrial uses and

Recreation areas. This means that they provide direct competition to Tatu City in terms of attraction to

interested investors. This means that in order to compete with these new developments, Tatu City will

have to offer not only unique services but also advertise its services and facilities to potential clients,

investors and visitors to ensure success.

The proximity of Tatu City to these proposed new development means that urban developments will be

concentrated on one large area creating a continuous urban space. The area will have increased

populations (both rural-urban migration and urban –urban migration) due to increased urbanization.

This will come with challenges such as pressure on existing facilities and resources, solid and liquid waste

management, unemployment, natural resource management among other urban issues. Tatu City will

need to come up with effective strategies on how to counter these anticipated future urban challenges.

Tatu City provides competition to The Northlands and The Gulmarg- Sasini developments in terms of

attraction to available investors. Tatu City will lead to further urbanization of the area after

implementation of all the Master Plans hence leading to organized development in the region.


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8 CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, ADAPTATION AND

MITIGATION ACTIONS

8.1 Introduction

Cities are major contributors to climate change: although they cover less than two per cent (2%) of the

earth’s surface, cities consume 78% of the world’s energy and produce more than 60% of all carbon

dioxide and significant amounts of other greenhouse gas emissions, mainly through energy generation,

vehicles, industry, and biomass use (UN habitat). At the same time, cities and towns are heavily

vulnerable to climate change. Despite these risks, many cities have not yet addressed climate change. The

reasons include a lack of relevant city policies and action plans; existence of regulations on urban

planning and environment which have not been adjusted to manage climate change; slow response to

climate disasters due to lack of capacity and resources; and lack of public awareness on climate variability

and climate change-induced hazard mitigation. However, when properly planned, capacitated, and

managed through the appropriate governance structures, cities can be places of innovation and efficiency.

Together with their local authorities, they have the potential to diminish the causes of climate change

(mitigation) and effectively protect themselves from its impacts (adaptation).

This chapter begins with a highlight of causes of climate change and later discusses the climate change

vulnerability of proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate). It also assesses the likely impacts from the

envisioned development by Tatu City Master Plan which will contribute to climate change. Further it

analyses the key adaptation and mitigation actions that need to be employed during the Master Plan

execution.

8.2 The causes of climate change

The main sources of GHGs contributing to global warming include but not limited to increase in energy

use, land-use changes and emissions from industrial activities. Urban households may also consume fuels

more directly, in heaters and cookers, or indirectly in air conditioning or electric heating further

impacting on climate change. Land-use changes induced by urban growth may lead to deforestation and

reductions in the uptake of CO2 by vegetation. Landfill sites taking up urban wastes also generate

methane. Cement, as a construction material of primary importance to the development of urban

infrastructure, as well as of commercial and residential buildings, also has a large carbon footprint due to

an energy-intensive manufacturing process and high energy cost for transporting this dense material.

Lastly, activities such as agriculture, livestock production, mining, and timber production, increase GHG

emissions as direct emitters or reduce the uptake of these gases by vegetation.

Reducing the contribution of cities to climate change, or mitigation, requires an adequate understanding

of the dRivers of urban GHG emissions, while effective adaptation must be based on a good understanding

of what makes cities and their constituent socio-economic groups either vulnerable or resilient to climate

change impacts. The exploration of how cities contribute to climate change requires an understanding of

how transportation, heating and cooling systems, industries and other urban activities and

infrastructures act both as emitters and direct causes of climate change. They create two main categories

of impacts on the carbon cycle and the climate system:

a) Changes related to the emission of aerosols, GHGs and solid wastes - GHGs are the main source

of changes in the climate system. Not only do they change the dynamics of the carbon cycle, but

together with aerosols they also generate changes in the Earth’s radiation that induce climate

change. Wastes affect the growth, function and health of vegetation and of ecosystems in general.

b) Land-use related changes - Urbanization is a process that changes the use of land and by

creating impervious surfaces, filling wetlands and fragmentation of ecosystems has


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disproportional impacts upon the carbon cycle. The built environment of urban areas is also a

forcing function on the weather–climate system of urban centres because it is a source of heat and

a poor water storage system.

8.3 Vulnerability of Proposed Master Plan to Climate Change

With increasing urbanization, understanding the vulnerability of the envisioned development by

proposed Master Plan to climate change is important. This has been addressed by assessing the likely

impacts of climate change to proposed Master Plan land uses. The impacts have been described below.

8.3.1 Heavy precipitation events

Heavy precipitation events are defined as the percentage of days with precipitation that exceeds some

fixed or regional threshold compared to an average reference period of precipitation. Severe decreases in

both precipitation intensity and volume have been documented in the recent past.

8.3.2 Extreme heat events

Heat waves are typically defined as extended periods of hotter than average temperatures, although the

precise timing and temperature differential varies regionally. As a result of climate change, extreme heat

events are predicted to become more frequent, intense and longer lasting over most land areas

8.3.3 Drought

Drought can be defined as a phenomenon in which precipitation is significantly below normal levels,

which leads to hydrological imbalances that negatively affect land resources and production systems.

Drought affects urban areas in numerous ways. It can compromise water quality and increase the

operating costs of water systems while reducing their reliability.

8.4 Proposed Master Plan Sectors likely to be potential sources of GHGs

There are several reasons for the importance of considering the contribution of urban areas to climate

change. First, there are a range of activities associated with cities and their functioning that contribute to

GHG emissions. Transportation, energy generation and industrial production within the territorial

boundaries of towns and cities generate GHG emissions directly. Urban centers rely on inward flows of

food, water and consumer goods that may result in GHG emissions from areas outside the city during

their transportation.

Second, climate-friendly developments have the potential to attract external investment, and the growing

importance of international urban network provides spaces for learning and knowledge transfer. The

measuring of emissions level has recently been inserted into global policy debates. For example, the

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme

(UN-habitat) and the World Bank launched an International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas

Emissions for Cities. This standard provides a common method for cities to calculate the amount of GHG

emissions produced within their boundaries.

Third, an assessment of the contribution of cities to climate change is a vital first step in identifying

potential solutions. The large and growing proportion of the Earth’s population living in towns and cities,

and the concentration of economic and industrial activities in these areas, means that they need to be at

the forefront of mitigation. The establishment of emission baselines is necessary if effective mitigation

benefits are to be identified and applied.

Critical sectors identified to have the potential of contributing to the GHGs have been briefly described

below.


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8.4.1 Transport

Globally, transportation is responsible for about 23% of total energy-related GHG emissions and 13% of

global GHG emissions. Urban areas rely heavily on transportation networks of various kinds for both

internal and external movements of goods and people. The road transport is the largest contributor to

GHGs emission. The implementation of the proposed Master Plan will see increase in the number of

vehicles on the roads. This as a result will have a negative impact on the environment as it will increase

consumption of petroleum products while releasing CO2 and N2O to the atmosphere.

8.4.2 Commercial and residential buildings

GHG emissions from commercial and residential buildings are closely associated with emissions from

electricity use, space heating and cooling. Commercial and residential buildings are responsible for direct

emissions (onsite combustion of fuels), indirect emissions (from public electricity use for street lighting

and other activities, and district heat consumption), and emissions associated with embodied energy (e.g.

in the materials used for their construction). Emissions are affected by the need for heating and cooling,

and by the behaviour of building occupants.

8.4.3 Industries

Many industrial activities are energy intensive in their operation. These include the manufacturing

industries, chemicals and fertilizer industries, cement, and pulp and paper. Tatu city is envisaged to

establish an industrial park that includes light and heavy industries. The light industries involve light

processing of goods such as detergents, toiletries; plastics and pharmaceuticals while heavy industries

involve large and heavy equipment or complex, numerous processes. Some of the industries can generate

nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and fluorinated gases which form the principle GHGs.

8.4.4 Waste

Despite being only a small contributor to global emissions, rates of waste generation have been increasing

during recent years, particularly in developing countries that have been experiencing increasing

affluence. Poor management of waste in landfills and dumpsites contributes to production of methane gas

which is one of the major GHGs.

8.4.5 Agriculture, land-use change and forestry

Urban areas have a potential to shape emissions from agriculture, land-use change and forestry in two

major ways. First, the process of urbanization can involve direct changes in land use, as formerly

agricultural land becomes incorporated within built-up areas. Agriculture is one of the leading sectors in

the removal of GHGs from the atmosphere. Second, the forested areas can be cleared to pave way for the

development hence leading to a reduction in the forest cover. This can reduce the capacity of the forests

and vegetation to carry out carbon dioxide sequestration.

8.4.6 Energy supply for electricity generation

Energy is perhaps the broadest possible category for assessing GHG emissions. The combustion of fossil

fuels is the major source amongst them, and is used throughout the world for electricity generation,

heating, cooling, cooking, transportation and industrial production. Energy is obtained from fossil fuels,

biomass, nuclear power, hydroelectric generation and other renewable sources. Urban areas rely heavily

on energy systems, the energy structure (types of energy forms used) and the quality of the energy (its

energetic and environmental characteristics). This section will thus focus on the use of energy for

electricity generation in urban areas, the different sources of energy and the implications for GHG

emissions. Hydroelectricity is the main form of electricity in the region, and its powered by diesel

generators. The generation of electricity from diesel generators contributes the highest to GHG emissions.


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8.5 Adaptation and Mitigation actions for the Master Plan

The climate change adaptation actions are those that help in reducing the vulnerability of a development

plan to the effects of climate change, while the mitigation actions are those that should be undertaken to

avoid the increase of a pollutant emission. The following adaptation and mitigation measures should be

considered during the execution of the Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.

Table 8:1 Adaptation and mitigation measures for the proposed Master Plan

Sector Adaptation Actions Mitigation Actions

Transportation

-Revision of the road construction designs and materials to incorporate those that are climate change proof

-Develop strategies to enable

efficient means of transport that

have a low GHG foot print

Commercial centers

-Revision of the existing building codes and standards to incorporate the use of climate change proof designs and materials

- Develop strategies for preventive and precautionary actions e.g. evacuation plans

-Put in place measures to

enhance energy conservation,

efficiency and use of renewable

energy


ensure implementation of the

revised building codes and

standards

Industries

-Develop a policy to guide the design and operations of the industries


control and reduce GHG

emissions by the industries

such as carbon taxing

Agriculture development, and green spaces

- Develop policies to incorporate landscape restorations and reforestation in all development plans

- Develop strategies for flexible agriculture to prepare for natural catastrophes

-Develop strategies to enhance

the agricultural and forestry

zones which aid in carbon

dioxide sequestration

Housing development / educational institutions

- Develop an integrated, improved early warning and response systems for climate change risks such as flooding - Development and implementation of educational and public awareness programmes on climate change and its effects -Ensuring that all new development are climate-proof over their lifespan

- Mainstreaming of climate

change into development

planning and management for

sustainability


enhance conservation of energy


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Sector Adaptation Actions Mitigation Actions

-Develop strategies to optimize the use of renewable and sustainable energy sources

Infrastructure and utilities -Ensuring that all new infrastructure is climate-proof over its lifespan

Revise the designs for the waste management systems such as landfills to those that can adapt to the effects of climate change

- Put in place emergency measures to deal with waste management during catastrophes

- Improving local water

recycling facilities

-Develop strategies for waste

reduction at source

- Develop strategies to enhance

the waste treatment methods

Natural Green Open Space , wetlands and water bodies

- Discourage environmentally destructive land uses and improper non-green infrastructure whose impacts could eventually amplify the effects of climate change -Sustainable riparian zone management for Rivers in the Master Plan zone such as Mukuyu, Mchana, Comte etc. -Establishment of rain water harvesting reservoirs

-Increasing tree cover in the

green and open spaces of the

Master plan to greater carbon

sequestration, both in the soil

and the biomass,

-Promoting and

institutionalizing payment for

ecosystem services schemes to

support watershed protection

initiatives in the uplands zones


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9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

(ESMMP)

9.1 Introduction

An Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) is prepared to show how site-

specific concerns and mitigation measures will be addressed through planning/design, construction and

operation phases of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. It provides a link

between the impacts of project activities during the Master Plan implementation and the mitigation

measures which should be put in place to minimize the negative impacts and enhance the positive

impacts.

In this SEA report, most of the proposed plan interventions are at a broader level and are only envisaged

to provide strategic guidelines for the subsequent project specific ESMMP based on detailed component

designs, construction and operation plans. These will be formulated from project and site specific

Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIA) which will be undertaken before commencing

implementation of the various specific projects.

This ESMMP prescribes and directs the management of all environmental aspects associated with and

arising from planning, construction, and operation of the components of the proposed Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate) Master Plan and shall be expanded and may be modified where there is need to

customize to specific project/development conditions.

9.2 Scope and Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring

Plan (ESMMP)

This ESMMP is an instrument that will allow Tatu City Limited, private developers, regulatory agencies

and key stakeholders to integrate Environmental and Social components during implementation and

execution of the various components of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

under study. Its aim is to detail the actions required to effectively implement the mitigation measures and

alternative options for environmental and social obligation and enhance the positive impacts as

recommended in SEA. These actions are necessary in order to minimize the negative impacts which might

originate from implementation of the Master Plan and support the long-term management and

monitoring of the environmental and social issues during plan implementation.

Specific objectives of this Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) are to:

a) Provide the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) with a tool to make ease the

evaluation of the objectives of the different phases of the proposed Master Plan taking into

account Kenyan environmental legislation;

b) Provide guidelines for appropriate management and protection measures of environmental and

social issues and concerns resulting from all activities associated with implementation of all

phases of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan components;

c) Provide Tatu City Limited, private developers, regulatory agencies and other key stakeholders

their environmental and social responsibilities in implementation of all phases of the proposed

Master Plan;

d) Assure the regulators, interested and affected parties the satisfaction of their demands in relation

to environmental and social performance;

e) Provide detailed standards and specifications for the management and mitigation of activities that

have the potential to impact negatively on the physical and social environment; and


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f) Provide guidelines to project implementers regarding procedures for protecting the environment

and minimizing negative environmental effects, thereby supporting the Master Plan’s goal of

promoting sustainable development.

Tatu City Limited, private developers, all investors and stakeholders within the proposed Master plan

should comply with various conditions of implementing the Environmental and Social Management and

Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) which include:

a) Ensure continuous compliance of the ESMMP and adhere to the recommendations thereof;

b) Ensure sound environmental management by minimizing negative environmental impacts in all

the activities they undertake and instead enhance on the positive impacts; and

c) Comply with all Kenyan legislation and policies regarding the environment and implement them

accordingly

9.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Environmental Management is an essential component of the SEA Process. The SEA has recommended

simple, straight-forward and tangible management actions which are specific to each of the mitigation

measures and alternative options. These can be considered as the direct environmental management

prescriptions which will deal with the environmental challenges identified in the proposed Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.

The various actions should be implemented to ensure that the environmental weaknesses are addressed

for the good of the locality. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been outlined in tables for

each management action including:

▪ Biodiversity and nature conservation;

▪ Solid and effluent waste;

▪ Water resources;

▪ Energy resources;

▪ Environmental and landscape changes;

▪ Traffic and transport;

▪ Greenhouse gases emissions;

▪ Occupational health and safety; and

▪ Socio - economic concerns


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9.3.1 Biodiversity and Nature Conservation

Table 9:1 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation

Potential Adverse Impact

▪ Ecological imbalance due to destruction of natural habitats for the local flora and fauna reducing biodiversity in the area

▪ Loss of agricultural land under coffee plantation, forests and bushlands

▪ Disturbance/ Loss of habitats for monkeys, rabbits, dikdiks, snakes, bees residing in the natural forests and along the

riparian corridors

▪ Loss of habitats for number of aquatic wildlife including several bird species such as the secretary bird, crowned cranes,

pelicans, marabou storks, and eagles

▪ Loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitats especially for the crocodiles and hippopotamus residing in the riparian zones of

streams, Rivers and earth dams.

▪ Possible modification of River channels

▪ Modification of Riverine vegetation

▪ Clearance of the riparian vegetation leading to pollution of the streams and Rivers within the project area

▪ Wildlife habitat deterioration due to low carrying capacity

Objective

▪ Conservation of wildlife and biodiversity on site

▪ Conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the

benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources

Management strategy ▪ Protection of endangered/threatened/vulnerable species and habitats and enhancement of biodiversity on site

Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible

Party Time Frame Cost


▪ Carry out landscaping of different zones

▪ Maintain the proposed green spaces as per the Master Plan

▪ The nature trails and research sites as per the Master Plan to be enriched with

native vegetation

▪ Unless it is mandatory, avoid clearance of the existing indigenous tree species

▪ Where clearance of native vegetation is inevitable, consider introducing such

natives in landscaped and other green spaces to compensate for the loss

▪ Consider leaving isolated patches of indigenous vegetation to act as refuge to

▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developer /

Contractors

▪ KWS

During Plan

Implementation

▪ Cost of EIAs and preparation

of management plans to be

determined at prevailing

rates during plan

implementation


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small wild game during implementation of the Master Plan

▪ Liase with KWS on the migration of wild game within the Master Plan

▪ Consider putting up a small orphanage/park

▪ Invest some of the land in other agricultural investments

▪ Protection of the riparian environment and establishment of a riparian reserve

management plan

▪ Establishment of a wildlife management plan in collaboration with KWS

Performance Indicators

▪ Number of crocodiles and hippopotamus

▪ Numbers of bee hives , monkeys, rabbits, dikdiks

▪ Relocation of mammals to the Undeveloped & Agriculture Zone through the use of a wildlife management plan

▪ Size of riparian zone

▪ Size of land under natural forest, coffee plantations, bushlands and indigenous vegetation cleared for development

Monitoring Requirements ▪ Periodical ecological surveys and mammal counts

▪ Wildlife Inventory

Reporting ▪ Ecological Survey Report

Legal Obligation

▪ Riparian Reserve Management Plan, Wildlife Management Plan

▪ Wildlife Management and Conservation Act 2013

▪ Water Act, 2016

▪ The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management)

Regulations, 2009, Conservation and Management of Wetlands Amendment Regulations, 2017


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9.3.2 Waste Management

Table 9:2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for solid and effluent waste

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ High generation of solid and effluent waste from residential, commercial and industrial areas.

Objective ▪ Eliminate impact on public health due to the poor waste management on location.

Management strategy ▪ Removal of agents of environmental pollution and proper disposal of wastes.



▪ Adoption of an integrated solid waste management plan through a hierarchy

of options that includes reduction at source, reuse, recycling, incineration,

composting and land filling

▪ Pursue waste minimization at source principles e.g. zero generation,

reduction, re-use and/or recycling

▪ Domestic, commercial and industrial waste to be done and managed

separately

▪ Provide mechanisms to segregate wastes at source to enable recycling

▪ Provision of transfer stations from where waste will be disposed in designated

areas

▪ Ensure all wastes are stored temporarily at the designated transfer stations,

and that they are regularly carried away for disposal in designated areas

▪ Connection to existing trunk sewers in Tatu City

▪ Pre-treatment of industrial effluent before discharge into sewers


▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developer /

Contractors

Throughout

plan

Implementation

▪ Cost of waste collection and

disposal systems to be

determined in the detailed

planning for each phase of the

development


▪ Housekeeping, littering, status of solid waste management

▪ Functional waste management facilities

▪ Re-use and recycling plants

Monitoring Requirements ▪ Periodical inspection of waste management operations

Reporting ▪ Environmental Audits and other statutory and non-statutory reports

Legal Obligation ▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006

▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations 2006


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9.3.3 Water Resources

Table 9:3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Water Resources


▪ High water demand in residential, commercial and industrial areas and for recreational areas during construction and

operational phases

▪ High water abstraction from Mukuyu, Mchana, Galana/Ruiru Rivers, Comte Earth Dam and Mchana Earth Dam

▪ Pollution of Mukuyu River, Mchana River Comte Earth Dam and Mchana Earth Dam

▪ Decline in groundwater levels

Objective ▪ Minimize impact on available water resources and ensure their conservation

Management strategy ▪ Conservation of water resources through sustainable utilization



▪ Promote rain water harvesting

▪ Promote recycling and reuse of water as much as possible

▪ Conservative water use in low volume fixtures in buildings

▪ Use of recycled and harvested storm water in cleaning and Landscaping

▪ Incorporate water accounting systems and metering for all areas

▪ Limited abstraction of River water and instead use of alternative sources of

water such as roof catchment rain water harvesting and harvesting of flood

waters

▪ Pre-treatment of all effluent before discharge into Rivers

▪ Undertake a hydrogeological study in collaboration with WRA to determine

the sustainable ground water abstraction levels

▪ Continually seek new avenues for water conservation as international best

practices evolve


▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developer /

Contractors

During Plan

Implementation

▪ Cost of water efficient fixtures

and appliances will be part of

project costs

▪ Cost of water monitoring

including viable conservation

measures to be determined and

procured at prevailing rates

during operations

Performance Indicators ▪ Water use levels

▪ Borehole yields

Monitoring Requirements ▪ A water use monitoring and evaluation schedule


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Reporting ▪ Logs of inspections

Legal Obligation

▪ The Water Act 2016,

▪ Water Resource Management Rules 2007 and Water ( Resources Management) Amendment Regulations 2010

▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations 2006


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9.3.4 Energy Resources

Table 9:4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Energy Resources

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ Increased energy consumption / High energy demand in residential, commercial and industrial areas

Objective ▪ Minimize impact on available energy resources and ensure their conservation

Management strategy ▪ Conservation of energy resources through lowering of consumption levels



▪ Institution awareness programmes to conserve energy

▪ Energy conservation through installation/use of energy efficient appliances /

fittings

▪ Adoption of green energy sources e.g. solar energy, waste to energy projects

▪ Use of green building designs that allow for passive heating and cooling, and

maximum utilization of natural light in buildings


evolve

▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developer /

Contractors

During Plan

Implementation

▪ Cost of energy efficient

fixtures and appliances will

be part of project costs

▪ Cost of energy monitoring

including viable

conservation measures to

be determined and

procured at

prevailing rates

during operations

Performance Indicators ▪ Energy use levels against benchmarks

Monitoring Requirements ▪ Metering

▪ Energy use monitoring and evaluation schedule

Reporting ▪ Energy Audit reports

Legal Obligations

▪ The Energy Act 2006

▪ Subsidiary legislation under the Energy Act

▪ International Best Practices


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9.3.5 Environmental and Landscape Changes

Table 9:5 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Environmental and Landscape Changes


▪ Increased risk of flooding due to increase in storm water generated on site

▪ Poor ambient air quality and increase in background noise level

▪ Negative visual impact due to loss of visual amenity from dense urban structures

▪ Long term evolution of urban heat islands

▪ Risk of urban heat island effects

▪ Noise Pollution and Excessive Vibrations

Objective ▪ Ensuring positive landscape changes and enhancement of environmental quality

Management strategy ▪ Protection of endangered/threatened/vulnerable species and habitats , enhancement of biodiversity on site




▪ Ensure adequate tree cover and gardens within developed areas to provide

shade and cooling effect

▪ Ensure adequate drainage of the site through drainage works

▪ Plenty of gardens and green areas within developed areas will enable

percolation of rainfall and reduce runoff

▪ Ensure plenty of vegetation cover (trees and shrubs) as buffers between land-

uses to reduce noise effects

▪ Enforcement of pollution control measures for air pollution sources

▪ Tarmacking all major roads to enhance movement in all-weather and to avoid

dust generation

▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developer /

Contractors

During Plan

Implementation

▪ Cost of landscaping to be


rates during plan

implementation

▪ Cost of EIAs and

preparation of management

plans to be determined at

prevailing rates during plan

implementation


▪ Percentage green spaces vis a vis developed spaces

▪ Size of buffer zones

▪ Background noise and ambient air quality

Monitoring Requirements ▪ Periodical surveys and measurements

Reporting

▪ Air Quality tests

▪ Noise survey

▪ Audit Report


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Legal Obligation

▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Air Quality) Regulations 2009

▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Noise & Excessive Vibration Pollution) (Control) Regulations, 2009

▪ The Factories & Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules 2005


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9.3.6 Traffic and Transport

Table 9:6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Traffic and Transport

Potential Adverse

Impact

▪ Increased human and vehicular traffic/ Risk of traffic congestion within Tatu City

▪ Increased traffic activity and traffic interruptions along the Thika Super Highway, Northern and Eastern bypasses

▪ Increased vehicular traffic may lead to higher air and noise emissions adversely affecting the local air quality and ambient

noise levels.

Objective ▪ Ensure the smooth flow of pedestrian and vehicular traffic and minimize risks of accidents

Management strategy

▪ Provision of adequate facilities and infrastructure

▪ Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic

▪ Continually monitoring traffic incidences, establish their root cause and provide solutions



▪ Ensure a good connection between spine roads and the Thika Super Highway,

Northern and Eastern bypasses

▪ Provision of adequate vehicular circulation space and parking areas

▪ Provision of pedestrian walkways along all roads within the development

▪ Paving all pedestrian walk ways with robust, durable, and non-slippery materials

▪ Provision of all necessary street furniture along all roads within the development

to accommodate users (including the disabled, elderly, and children) and to

enhance security.

▪ Provision of bollards in appropriate areas to prevent vehicles from encroaching

into the pedestrian domains.

▪ Provision of street lights to provide sufficient light for both pedestrian areas and

carriage ways.

▪ Provision of trees along pedestrian walkways for shading and that require

minimum maintenance; preferably indigenous for ecological and cultural

advantages.

▪ Ensure Installation and maintenance of all construction signs, signals, markings,

and other devices used to regulate traffic, including posted speed limits,

warnings of sharp turns, or other special road conditions

▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developer /

Contractors

▪ Implementi

ng agencies

like KeNHA,

KURA,

During Plan

Implementation

▪ Cost of signage and

warnings in hazard prone

areas and other

infrastructure shall be

included in the project costs

during construction

▪ Additional safety measures

/ features to be procured at

prevailing rates during

operations


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Performance Indicators ▪ Traffic status

▪ Ease of access and circulation

Monitoring Requirements ▪ Regular monitoring of traffic flow

Reporting ▪ Incidence logging

Legal Obligation

▪ Traffic Management Plan

▪ Physical Planning handbook

▪ Traffic design and management guidelines


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9.3.7 Greenhouse Gases Emissions

Table 9:7 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Greenhouse Gases Emissions

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ Emission of greenhouse gases

Objective ▪ Minimize emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

Management strategy ▪ Removal of agents of environmental pollution



▪ Use of renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar energy

▪ Retention of green spaces/landscaped spaces as carbon sinks

▪ Recycling of solid/liquid wastes

▪ Adoption of clean production mechanism

▪ Adoption of green buildings technology

▪ Adoption of efficient transport system

▪ Continually seek avenues for energy conservation as international best

practices evolve

▪ Annual air quality monitoring

▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developer

/

Contractor

s

Throughout

plan Implementation

▪ Cost of EIAs and preparation of

management plans to be

determined at prevailing rates

during plan implementation


▪ Reduced atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration

▪ Reduced climate change related illnesses

▪ Sustainable energy consumption- increased use of renewable energy sources

▪ Increased tree cover and green areas

▪ Increased use of low carbo technologies

Monitoring Requirements ▪ Annual air quality monitoring

Reporting ▪ Environmental Audits and other statutory and non-statutory reports

Legal Obligation ▪ Climate Change Act, 2016

▪ International best practice


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9.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety

Table 9:8 Management Plan for Occupational Health and Safety

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ High number of incidents, accidents, dangerous occurrences , fatalities / deaths reported during construction, operational

and decommissioning phases of specific project implementation

Objective ▪ To provide for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all persons at workplaces

Management strategy ▪ Ensure project sites are registered with DOSHS as work places

Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost

▪ All places intended to be used as a work place must be registered by DOSH

before they are occupied.

▪ Ensure that all building plans are approved by the Local Authority and the

County Occupational Health and Safety Office

▪ All workplaces must have written procedures for hazard identification

and risk assessments and Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS) for all

activities intended to be done at site.


▪ Tatu City Limited

▪ Developer/

Contractors

▪ DOSHS

During Plan

Implementati

on

▪ Cost of EIAs and preparation of


determined at prevailing rates

during plan implementation


▪ Number of incidents, accidents and dangerous occurrences reported

▪ Fatalities / Deaths reported during construction, operational and decommissioning phases

▪ Number of fire service stations within the area

▪ Number Police Stations and Disaster Operations Centre

Monitoring Requirements

▪ Number of workplaces registered by DOSHS within Tatu City Extension Master Plan

▪ Premises insured as per statutory requirements (third party and workman’s compensation)

▪ Emergency preparedness and evacuation procedures

▪ Compensation Claims related to work injuries

Reporting

▪ Health and Safety Audits and other statutory and non-statutory reports

▪ Health and Safety Management Plan

▪ Emergency Response Plan

Legal Obligation

▪ Occupational Health And Safety Act (OSHA), 2007

▪ Subsidiary Legislations under OSHA 2007

▪ Public Health Act


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9.3.9 Socio-Economic Concerns

Table 9:9 Management Plan for Socio-Economic concerns


▪ Disruption and change of local livelihoods

▪ Unemployment -Loss of employment opportunities for people working in the coffee plantations

▪ Increased crime rates

▪ Urban poverty

▪ Rapid urbanization

▪ Informal settlements

▪ Housing scarcity

▪ Income disparity between the city and local communities

Objective ▪ Improve livelihoods of people within and around the Master Plan

Management strategy ▪ Sustain and accelerate economic growth of Kiambu County and serve as a catalyst for further urban development.

Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost

▪ Maximize the recruitment of locals where possible

▪ Develop community awareness programmes to enhance cohesion

between project employees and the local community.

▪ Consult with the public and the locals during implementation of

proposed developments

▪ Sensitize the kofinaf coffee workers about the proposed mixed use

development and allow for smooth transition

▪ Where feasible compensate the affected appropriately


▪ Tatu City Limited

▪ Developer /

Contractors

Throughout

plan

Implementation

▪ Cost of EIAs and

preparation of



rates during plan

implementation


▪ Gauge impact of Master Plan implementation on livelihoods

▪ Land value trends

▪ Development of market centres

Monitoring Requirements ▪ Records of hired manpower and remuneration

Reporting ▪ Statutory and non-statutory reports


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9.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan

An Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) is vital for any Strategic Environmental Assessment

Plan as it helps in assessing the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures, in assessing

changes in environmental conditions and to provide warning of significant deterioration in

environmental quality for further preventive action.

Specific attention has been made to ensure that the monitoring plan conforms to the following

criteria, it is auditable in that it:

▪ Identifies sampling sites and variables to be measured

▪ Associates mitigation and monitoring tasks to specific impacts.

▪ Proposes frequency and timing of sampling sites

▪ Identifies specific quantifiable monitoring regimes

▪ Where practically possible identifies key indicator, which can be utilized for

environmental performance monitoring

▪ Conforms to all best practice principles by acknowledging the existence of both long

term and immediate impacts and the resulting mitigation measures necessary to deal

with such

▪ Delineates key lines of accountability and responsible parties to implement the

monitoring plan

▪ Ensures flexibility to enable incorporation of additional monitoring and mitigation

techniques as deemed necessary throughout the life of the development

▪ Identifies key corporate commitments made by the proponent, with regard to its

environmental performance.

9.5 Monitoring Requirements

To ensure that the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is effective, environmental

monitoring is mandatory. Because of the complexity of cumulative effects problems at a

strategic level, there will be uncertainty about impact predictions. Monitoring is therefore

important in order to assess the accuracy of the predictions and to monitor the effectiveness of

mitigation measures.

The monitoring frequency and indicators have been recommended for each management action.

Regular monitoring using the recommended indicators will indicate the level of progress with

regard to ensuring environmental sustainability in the proposed Master Plan.

The parameters of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan that were

identified for monitoring include: water quality, air quality, biodiversity loss, Landscape

changes, solid and liquid waste generation, occupational health and safety risks and socio-

economic concerns. This is represented in the table below.


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Table 9:10 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

Environmental

Aspects &

socioeconomic

component

Points / sources to be

monitored

Parameters Key Issues Frequency of

monitoring

Responsibility

Water Quality

and Quantity

▪ Mukuyu River

▪ Mchana River

▪ Galana/Ruiru River

▪ Comte Earth Dam

▪ Mchana Earth Dam

▪ Surrounding streams

▪ Ground water resources

Borehole

▪ County Council supply

▪ Runoff from buildings

▪ Water treatment plant

▪ pH, Total Suspended Solids

(TSS) and Total Dissolved

Solids(TDS), heavy metals,

oils and grease

▪ Abstraction rates and

drawdown for boreholes

▪ Water quality and quantity as

a public health concern.

▪ Residential, commercial and

industrial water standards

▪ Aquatic life ecosystem

support.

▪ Waterborne diseases

prevalence

▪ Quarterly or at

least two times a

year to cover

seasonal

variations

▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ WRA

▪ RUJUWASCO

Solid and

Liquid Waste

Generation

▪ Residential, commercial

and industrial zones

▪ Rivers, streams and

earth dams within and

around the proposed

area


▪ Runoff from buildings

▪ Amounts produced

▪ Nature or type of waste

▪ Storage means

▪ Transportation

▪ Treatment methods

▪ Waste composition such as

slag, domestic refuse,

metallic scraps, sludge

▪ Waste reduction and

recovery at source

▪ pH, Total Suspended Solids

(TSS) and Total Dissolved

Solids(TDS), heavy metals,

▪ Water quality and quantity as

a public health concern.

▪ Aquatic life ecosystem

support.

▪ Waterborne diseases

prevalence

▪ Continuous ▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ NEMA

▪ Government

lead

Agencies


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Environmental

Aspects &

socioeconomic

component


monitored


monitoring

Responsibility

oils and grease

Biodiversity

Loss

▪ Land area under coffee

plantation, forests and

bushlands cleared for

development

▪ Rivers, streams and

earth dams around the

site

▪ Wildlife habitats in

proposed development

▪ Ecological surveys and

mammal counts

▪ Wildlife inventory

▪ Individual species count

(capture recapture)

▪ Biomass Index

▪ Ecological imbalance due to

destruction of natural habitats

for the local flora and fauna

reducing biodiversity in the

area

▪ Loss of agricultural land

▪ Loss and fragmentation of

endangered flora & fauna and

bird species

▪ Continuous ▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developers

/Contractor

Environmental

and Landscape

Changes

▪ Project specific areas

▪ Excavated areas, sloppy

areas along the road

▪ Water sources

▪ Topography

▪ Soil salinity and humus

content

▪ Turbidity in storm water

and other water sources

▪ Rainfall volume

▪ Temperature levels

▪ Slope stability

▪ Soil erosion rates,

▪ Water, sediments load,

Annually ▪ Tatu City

Limited

Air Quality

and Noise

▪ Commercial and

industrial zones


▪ Construction sites

Quarrying and Earth

Borrowing sites,

campsites

▪ Air particulate matter

▪ TSP, NOx, SO2, CO, Dust

particles, particulate matter

▪ Noise levels,

▪ Air pollution and excessive

Noise and Vibrations

▪ Continuous

▪ Throughout

Construction and

operational

Phases

▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Developers

/Contractor

▪ NEMA

▪ DOSHS

Occupational

Health and

▪ Industrial, residential

and commercial zones

▪ Health and Safety audit

reports

▪ Compliance to Occupational

Safety and Health Act 2007 ▪ Annually

▪ Tatu City

Limited


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Environmental

Aspects &

socioeconomic

component


monitored


monitoring

Responsibility

Safety risks ▪ Construction of support

trunk utilities for Tatu

city such as

air and road

infrastructure,

power distribution

network, water and

sewerage networks

waste water collection,

treatments and

recycling facilities,

telecommunication

facilities, firefighting

facilities

▪ Number and types of

accident and incident

reports and records,

▪ Accident locations

▪ Field inspections and

information from lead

agencies

▪ Developers

/Contractor

▪ DOSHS

Socio-

Economic

▪ New tenants

▪ Neighbouring

communities

▪ General population

information,

▪ Demographic

characteristics

▪ Economic activities

▪ Housing characteristics

▪ Land tenure and ownership

regimes,

▪ Energy source

▪ Impact of the development on

the immediate and

neighboring community

▪ Annually ▪ Tatu City

Limited

▪ Kiambu

County

Government

▪ Project

committees


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9.6 Construction Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (CEMMP)

Implementation of specific projects within Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will

be preceded by project-specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs).

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMMP) developed in these EIAs shall be in

line with the Strategic Environment Assessment EMMP developed for the proposed Master Plan.

The contractors who shall be appointed for construction of the various developments shall

develop their own EMMPs to ensure actions and mitigation necessary to protect the

environment are incorporated into all site procedures. At a minimum, the Construction

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans must address the following issues identified

as key in Tatu City Extension Master Plan:

▪ Physical setting, flora and fauna;

▪ Solid and Liquid waste management;

▪ Storm-water, runoff and soil erosion;

▪ Air quality (Dust and Exhaust emissions);

▪ Water resources ;

▪ Energy resources;

▪ Noise and vibrations;

▪ Traffic Management; and

▪ Occupational Health and Safety;

The contractors who shall be appointed for construction of the various developments shall

develop their own Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs) to ensure

actions and mitigation necessary to protect the environment are incorporated into all site

procedures. At a minimum, a contractor’s EMP must address the following:

▪ Policy

▪ Planning

▪ Implementation and Operation

9.6.1 Policy

The contractor will develop an environmental policy that includes, as a minimum, the following:

A commitment to comply with applicable regulations and other requirements that the company

subscribes to;

▪ A commitment to provide a safe work environment;

▪ A commitment to provide the training and equipment necessary to for employees to

conduct their work safely;

▪ A commitment to continuously improve performance and to pollution prevention;

▪ A commitment to communicate the policy to all persons working for and on behalf of the

company;

9.6.2 Implementation and Operation

Roles, responsibilities and authorities should be defined, documented and communicated to

ensure effective environmental and social management. A specific management representative

should be assigned that is responsible for ensuring that the EMP is established, implemented

and maintained and is responsible for reporting performance, reviewing the Plan and making

recommendations for improvement.


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9.7 Institutional Arrangements

For effective implementation of the EMMP, it is a necessary to identify the relevant institutions,

agencies, authorities or persons and their respective roles in the SEA process. Thus, the

following identified entities ought to be involved in the implementation of the EMMP

throughout the project cycle or as deemed fit.

For environmental sustainability of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan there

is need for close and committed monitoring of all the activities. The study therefore proposes

that Tatu City Limited establishes an Environmental Management Unit (EMU) to take

responsibility of overseeing the implementation activities. The unit officers main

responsibilities will be to understand the environmental requirements of the Master Plan,

ensure full implementation and maintenance of the recommended actions, reviewing the Plan

and make recommendations for improvement where need be, monitor environmental

parameters using the appropriate indicators , reporting performance and ensure compliance by

all agencies.

The unit representative will be expected to understand all the environmental, health and safety

laws and by-laws relevant to implementation of the EMMP and all the equipment required to

monitor environmental parameters.

Secondly, the unit will be expected to liaise with the departments responsible for environmental

matters at the Kiambu County Office, National Government Agencies and the implementing

agencies to ensure effective implementation of the EMMP. Key implementing agencies include

County Government (s), local Water and Sewerage Company, Kenya Power, Kenya National

Highways Authority(KeNHA), Ministry of Lands and physical planning, local Non-Governmental

Organizations (NGOs), all government parastatals among others.

The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the key institution of the

government overseeing implementation of environmental policy and laws in Kenya. The

authority will take responsibility for general supervision and coordination of all environmental

matters. In addition to reviewing environmental reports on the progress of proposed Master

Plan, the authority’s inspectors may visit any of the projects, during implementation and

suggest improvements to ensure compliance to the recommended quality standards.

The institutional arrangement for implementing the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana

Estate) Master Plan is summarized in Table 10.11 below:


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Table 9:11 Institutional Arrangements of Implementing Environmental Components of the Master Plan

S/No Institutions Key Responsibilities

1. Tatu City Limited

▪ Tatu City Limited to participate in the entire ESSMP process as the developer and

oversee implementation of the proposed Master Plan as conducted by

contractors/investors during construction and operation phases of specific project

activities and reviewing and verifying the implementation of the ESSMP of Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate)

2. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) ▪ Review the draft SEA report and approve of the Final SEA

▪ Review Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Audit (EA)

reports for the different investors/projects

▪ Approve EIA and EA reports.

▪ Deal with cases of non-compliance

3. Kiambu County Government

(All relevant departments and ministries)

▪ Provide oversight and advisory services during the Plan implementation

4. National Government Ministries

▪ Policy direction on implementation of the Master Plan

▪ Approval of Master Plan activities

▪ Training and mobilizing - Facilitate capacity building of young entrepreneurs.

▪ Facilitating technology development and transfer.

5. Governmental Parastatals / Implementing Agencies

▪ Provision of infrastructure utilities and services like road networks, Electricity

power supply

▪ Monitoring and Evaluation - quality control and product standards

6. Water Resources Management Authority ( WRMA) ▪ Monitoring of water abstraction rates.

▪ Monitoring of water quality - pollution of water sources –Rivers and boreholes.

7. Ruiru- Juja Water and Sewerage Company ▪ Efficient and sustainable water supply management


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S/No Institutions Key Responsibilities

(RUJUWASCO) ▪ Supply of clean water to Tatu City Extension

▪ Providing sewer services

▪ Regular monitoring of sewer quality before draining into the public sewer.

8. Tatu City Limited, Private developers and Investors

▪ Construct and invest according to the laid down development and environmental

guidelines and regulations

▪ Comply with county, national and international quality standards


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10 SUMMARY OF THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED

MASTER PLAN

10.1 Introduction

This chapter gives a highlight of key potential and significant impacts of the proposed Master Plan.

The impacts have been analysed based on the SEA study including stakeholders’ consultations. It is

therefore imperative for Tatu City Limited to ensure the highlighted impacts and key concerns are

prioritized.

10.2 Rise to Grievances

In regard to the development scale, and displacement of people, rise to grievances among the

affected population over varying issues ranging from rates of compensation and eligibility criteria

to the location of resettlement sites and the quality of services at those sites to unknown fears will

inevitably lead to grievances. Timely redress of such grievances is vital to the satisfactory

implementation of resettlement and to completion of the development. Tatu Limited should

develop and ensure that procedures are in place to allow affected people to lodge a complaint or a

claim (including claims that derive from customary law and usage) without cost and with the

assurance of a timely and satisfactory resolution of that complaint or claim. In addition, the

development should make special accommodations for women and members of vulnerable groups

to ensure that they have equal access to grievance redress procedures. Such accommodation may

include employment of women or members of vulnerable groups to facilitate the grievance redress

process or to ensure those groups representing the interests of women and other vulnerable

groups take part in the process. Grievances are best redressed through project management, local

civil administration, or other channels of mediation acceptable to all parties. Such channels of

mediation may involve customary and traditional institutions of dispute resolution. Tatu Limited

management should make every effort to resolve grievances at the community level. Recourse to

the legal system should be avoided except as a last resort. Key measures for grievances redress

from affected people or organizations/ institutions should include;

▪ Institutional arrangements for grievance redress;

▪ The procedures for recording and processing grievances;

▪ The mechanisms for adjudicating grievances and appealing judgments; and

▪ A schedule with deadlines for all steps in the grievance redresses process.

10.3 Degradation of aquatic ecosystems

The storm water from Tatu City Extension (Mchana estate) will be directed to the existing dams.

Typically, storm water/surface run-off from urban environments is known to be of low quality due

to high level of sediment loads and pollutants. Entry of such waters into water bodies is likely to

degrade the quality of aquatic ecosystems. It is highly likely that the streams, Rivers, wetlands and

dams in the proposed Master Plan area will be the recipient of surface run-off from the proposed

development. Creation of buffer zones around such catchment areas will go a long way in

cushioning the areas from spill-over effects of the proposed mixed used development.


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10.4 Traffic Impact

The envisioned development by the proposed Master Plan is likely to result into an increase on

current levels of human and vehicular traffic. This will be exacerbated by the ongoing linkage

developments such as Northland City, K.U, Ruiru and Juja Towns. It is therefore important to ensure

a traffic impact analysis is conducted based on KeNHA and KURA plans. Key insights should be on

how traffic in the Master Plan area will be managed including design standards for connections to

the existing national roads. Further, capacity of existing traffic and transport infrastructure to

support the traffic is required. Clear improvement/modifications need to be recommended

including the type and capacity of the access junction to be established, the peak hourly traffic

volume along the existing roads as well as from the development needs to be established. Further

trip distribution and route assignment of the development traffic needs to be established. The data

requires to be forecasted into the future planning horizon of each land use area / phase to establish

the future capacity of the roads.

Traffic Impact analysis (TIA) will help to determine the possible effects of the development on the

transportation and traffic system. TIA should be used as one of the vital parts of several kinds of

information’s to judge the suitability of development from a transportation standpoint. Traffic

congestion results in a number of problems, including economic cost due to delayed travel times,

stop and go situation of traffic at both link and nodes in any traffic network and its concomitant air

pollution and of course road accidents. As one roadway becomes congested, drivers may use others

not necessarily intended for through traffic. Often TIA it is applied only to the direct impact area

and countermeasures for potential negative impacts are specific for the development. TIA will help

to assess the adequacy of the existing or future transportation infrastructure to accommodate

additional trips generated by a proposed development and land use rezoning.

10.5 Water Demand

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan has earmarked mega developments

such as industrial zones, recreation areas, residential, commercial and agricultural zones all of

which are water demanding. It is anticipated that there will be high water abstraction from

Mukuyu, Mchana, Galana/Ruiru Rivers, Comte Earth Dam and Mchana Earth Dam. Pollution of the

aforementioned water resources is also not guaranteed. This therefore necessitates the need to

conduct hydrological studies and account for the actual water demand for the city relative to

proposed land uses. Further the studies will help to establish the potential of ground water

resources in Tatu City and amounts of storm water that can be harvested for utilization. The supply

potential of Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company (NWSC), Ruiru-Juja Water and Sewerage

Company (RUJWASCO) and others need to be examined in respect to other upcoming development

such as Gulmarg - Sasini, KU Unicity and Northlands City.

10.6 Waste Impacts

The proposed Master Plan will result to developments known to generate high amounts of solid and

effluent waste. This will mainly be output from residential, commercial and industrial areas. It is

therefore important to ensure the impact associated with waste are critically analysed. These

should entail an assessment of the existing and planned management infrastructure on site, Ruiru

Sub-county and Kiambu County at large. Scenarios should look into waste generated by the


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interlinking Master Plans and the capacity to manage waste from Tatu City. The potential of

alternative waste management technologies such as on-site treatment for energy production,

recycling or disposal require to be studied.


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11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From the foregoing, the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Master Plan) by Tatu City Limited is

a worthy investment by the proponent and will contribute significantly to the improvement of

living standards among the investors and by extension spur economic development to the

population within Kiambu County and Kenya at large.

The developments envisioned by the proposed Master Plan anchored on specific principles of a

mixed-use and vibrant urban environment, which embodies the notion of live, work, and play;

public transport and pedestrian friendliness; flexibility and accommodation of a variety of

lifestyles; spatial integration with the Tatu City Phase 1, immediate urban context and greater

Nairobi as a whole; and maximizing self-sufficiency will bring along numerous positive impacts

ranging from creation of employment, supply of the much-needed office,

retail/commercial/industrial and residential spaces, decongesting the nearby towns and cities,

optimized land use among other benefits, all aimed at attaining the vision 2030. The proposed

Master Plan helps in realization of the two pillars of Vision 2030 by contributing in the economic

and social pillars. Further, the Master Plans align well with the Big Four Agenda on enhancing

manufacturing sector, providing affordable housing and providing universal health coverage. In

summary, all the projects contained in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

contributes greatly towards achievement of the government’s Big Four Agenda.

The Kiambu CIDP objective of creating and transforming systems, structures and institutions within

the County based on five key pillars of security, employment, education, health and urban planning

echoes well with the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan specifically growth of industries

and trade; and other sectors of the economy such as housing, education, agriculture, hospitality,

natural resources conservation amongst others. It is our recommendation that NEMA approves this

SEA report to allow for the execution of the Master Plan and realization of envisioned

developments.

11.1 Recommendations

This sub-section gives a detailed description of recommended Master Plan changes. Further it has

elaborated on the recommended mitigation measures for the Master Plans based on analysed

impacts. The sub-section echoes various projects and developments that must undergo an EIA with

an aim at developing systems that shall be environmentally friendly, economically viable, socially

acceptable and sustainable for the developments. Towards the end, the sub-section has identified

key tasks that should serve as the minimum components for subsequent EIAs.

11.1.1 Recommended Master Plan Changes

Tatu city Limited will continue to modify and update the zoning and subdivision ordinances to

promote a more thoughtful and holistic approach that is compatible with and compliments the

character of its surroundings to ensure optimal land use of the proposed development. A well-

defined mandatory design review process shall be established to ensure the zoning designs are

appropriate and consistent with the long-term objectives of the Land-Use Plan.

All preferred land uses deemed necessary to accommodate present and future needs of the city for

a sustained long-term growth will be adopted to maintain a favourable land use map that


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incorporates all areas within the boundaries of the city. Ample areas will be identified and

designated within the land use map to cover for the missing gaps identified such as cemeteries /

crematoriums and dumpsites in order to satisfy anticipated demands for a wide-range of

residential development

For the proposed development to achieve its intended strategic objectives and be compatible with

sustainable environmental planning and management, the following recommendations should be

incorporated in the design.

11.1.1.1 Establishment of a Cemetery/crematorium

The Master Plan has not provided for a cemetery/crematorium for its population since death is

inevitable. There needs to be a facility to provide for safe and organized disposal of dead bodies.

The master Plan should provide sufficient land for cemetery purposes. The Kiambu County

Integrated Development Plan accommodates for provision of these facilities in order to promote

general public health and sanitation.

11.1.1.2 Designation of a Solid waste management facility

The master Plan has not provided for a dumpsite for solid waste disposal. The Kiambu County

Integrated Development Plan identifies poor urban area solid waste management as a problem in

the county and proposes the acquisition of suitable land for dumpsites. A sustainable solid waste

management facility therefore is crucial to enhance hygiene of the city hence a suitable site should

be identified for waste management which should be anchored on an integrated solid waste

management system.

11.1.1.3 Waste Water Treatment facility

Tatu City Limited has estimated that 12,474 cubic metres of waste water will be generated daily by

the low, medium and high residential developments, industrial, commercial, educational and

recreational developments, public utilities, tourism and social facilities with the industrial zone

producing the highest volume of waste water (2,040 M3/Day). Tatu City Limited should consider

adopting an Industrial Ecology Approach for the Industrial Park. Industrial Ecology is a paradigm

based on the idea of making industrial systems to emulate a more efficient and sustainable natural

systems to reduce the industrial systems’ environmental impacts. One of its key components is to

change from linear (open) processes to cyclical (closed) processes, so that the waste from one

industry is used as an input for another, in an effort to mirror an ecosystem. Land should therefore

be allocated for Waste Water Treatment facility with emphasis on an industrial waste treatment

plant from the industrial park. Every industry should have its own treatment plant for effluent

waste before being discharged into the main sewer line or to the industrial waste treatment facility

11.1.1.4 Location of Industrial uses away from residential uses

Both light and heavy industrial forms are classified as undesirable neighbours of residential land

uses, especially low density residential developments. Following the anticipated negative impacts

from some of the components of the Master Plan (more especially heavy industries/commercial

areas), there is need to consider the proximity distances and establish a control system so as not to


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negatively affect the residential areas; hence it will be prudent for the proponent to ensure the

minimum distances are observed.

11.1.1.5 Establishment of storm water treatment / filtration systems

Tatu City should develop a local storm water management plan that includes design strategies to

protect sensitive open space areas, minimizing site disturbances, and using the land’s natural

treatment functions. An option of providing a space for storm water ponds can also be incorporated

in an effort to recharge underground water.

11.1.2 Recommended Mitigation Measures

The Master Plan is intended to provide the direction for development within the proposed Tatu City

Extension (Mchana Estate). It must balance the capacity for supporting new development within

the ability and desire of the City to best manage growth. In order to be effective as a decision-

making tool for design, construction and management, it should also serve as the foundation for the

zoning ordinance text and map. Generally, this foundation is to link the density or intensity of

development within the plan with the appropriate use and parcel requirements within the

ordinance.

11.1.2.1 Protection of riparian land / zones / wetlands

For the preservation, protection and management of riparian areas which are endowed with a

number of natural resources that need to be protected through a better and effective system of

management, Tatu City Limited should ensure no development activity is undertaken within the full

width of a River or stream to a minimum of six (6) metres and a maximum of 30 metres on either

sides based on the highest recorded flow levels. This is according to Environmental Management

and Coordination (Water Quality Regulations), 2006, Part II section 6 (b) and (c) that provides

regulations on protection of Lakes, Rivers, Streams, Springs, Wells and other water sources.

The constitution of Kenya (GOK, 2010) Chapter 5 - Land and Environment - in article 62 1 (l) states

that public land is ‘all land between the high and low water marks’ which translates to all riparian

zones being public land and therefore Tatu Limited should therefore ensure no development

activities encroach on riparian zones.

Other key legislations on riparian land protection include; Water Resources Management Rules,

2007, Agricultural Act (Cap318), Forest Act, 2005, the Land Act 2012, the Water Act, 2016 and the

Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act 2013.

Conservation and protection of wetland resources should form part of Master Plan activities.

Wetlands within the Master Plan area should be mapped and protected in order to reap ecological

and other benefits associated with these areas. Local communities should be actively involved in

the development activities and be made part of the decision making process on matters linked to

the Master Plan. Catchment destruction should be controlled and the areas conserved by involving

local stakeholders in environmental conservation process.


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11.1.2.2 Protection of upstream River basins

The evolution and growth of cities and towns are primarily dependent on three important factors-

Its geographic location, physical environment and its socio-economic environment. The presence of

water in various forms in its natural setting plays an important role in enhancing the quality of

physical environment and the socio-economic environment. Tatu City is endowed with water

bodies whose sources are from the highland areas located outside Master Plan boundaries.

The implementation of the various components of the Master Plan will be a catalyst for growth and

development within the neighbourhood, thus rapid urbanization and unplanned growth is expected

on upstream River basins leading to deterioration of the upstream water bodies which flow into

Tatu City. This results in land transformation which in turn affects the water bodies either by

pollution, disappearance or making it completely useless. This will be increased water demand

within the mushroomed developments, obstruction and diversion of water channel and pollution of

the water bodies is inevitable as they become dumping sites for untreated domestic sewage and

solid waste thus compromising the quality of water in the Rivers

It is therefore prudent for Tatu city to work in collaborative partnership with the department of

Water, Environment, Energy & Natural Resources of Kiambu County and raise environmental

awareness on the preservation, conservation and rejuvenation of water bodies as major factors that

contribute to the sustainable development of Kiambu County. Through public participation

programmes, communities should be enlightened on water pollution abatement since water bodies

improve the social and recreational value thus increasing the liveability of the residents and land

value many fold. It should also be noted that the presence of water bodies give added social,

psychological and environment value as it enhances the aesthetic quality and place quality, thereby

contributing to the image of the city or town.

The proposed Tatu City extension will promote a pattern of zoning and development along the

River reserves in a manner that is sensitive to and compatible with the natural habitat and

character of this area. The City development will also encourage recreational development and

commercial opportunities in areas adjacent to the Rivers including provisions of facilities for

walking, hiking, cycling, fishing, picnicking, wildlife and natural habitat observation, as well as a

variety of active recreational facilities where appropriate.

11.1.2.3 Habitat and Wildlife management

The Tatu City Management in consultation with KWS should prepare an Integrated Wildlife

Management Plan (WMP) and provide an inventory of the wildlife species within the Master Plan.

Where feasible the plan should allow migration of the small wild game to neighbourhood

undisturbed sites during implementation of the Master Plan. Alternatively Tatu City Limited may

consider putting up a small orphanage/park and introduce native wild game

11.1.2.4 Leverage for controlled urban planning on the Master Plan boundary

Effective planning regulations and enforcement will help Tatu City deal with the growth of informal

settlements and provide a map for how the city will grow and develop, while promoting economic

growth. Tatu city Limited should work in collaborative partnerships with the planning department


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of Kiambu County in supporting the developments compatibility with the neighbourhood scale and

character. Low-density residential subdivisions and development shall be discouraged from

developing immediately adjacent to arterial roadways which are anticipated for long-range

widening and improvements, unless appropriate transitional zoning or buffering is provided.

11.1.2.5 Harnessing power from renewable energy sources to supplement supply from the

National Grid

The design of sustainable cities plays a natural catalytic role for change and improvement of the

environment quality. Sustainable development strategies and methodological principles of

sustainable architecture in particular, serve as a basis to define a set of core principles of

establishing architectural solutions of energy-efficient buildings such as urban, architectural and

planning, design concepts as well as the principles of the use of renewable energy. The proposed

development will result in a higher demand on energy resources both during construction and

operation phases of the development. Tatu City should encourage developers within the Master

Plan to explore options for establishing sustainable energy systems by reducing energy

consumption, particularly in the buildings. Solar energy can be harnessed by incorporating solar

infrastructure within the roofs of all residential buildings.

11.1.2.6 Incorporating Green Building Techniques in construction of individual projects

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a

structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-

efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation,

maintenance, renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the

architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands

and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort

at the same time rendering the building more efficient in utilization of renewable resources thereby

reducing pollution. There is need for Tatu City Management to consider incorporating the green

building techniques in the individual projects during project design, construction and operation

phases

11.1.3 Need for Subsequent EIA

This SEA is for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan; the developments

and projects envisioned by the Master Plan will require to undergo individual integrated

environmental and social impact assessment as per EMCA (Cap 387), and Environmental Impact

Assessment (Assessment and Auditing) Regulations of the year 2003. The second schedule of EMCA

(Cap 387), provides details on projects that require Environmental Impact Assessment study be

undertaken to provide baseline information upon which subsequent environmental audits shall be

based. The Environmental Impact Assessment (Assessment and Auditing) Regulations of the year

2003, which is given under legal notice no. 101 stipulate the ways in which environment impact

assessment and audits should be conducted.


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11.1.3.1 Projects to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment

The second schedule of EMCA Cap 387 has categorised respective projects to undergo

Environmental Impact Assessment according to risks. These include;

(i) Low risk projects

(ii) Medium risk projects

(iii) High risk projects

All low risk and medium risk projects are required to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment

whereas high risk projects require submission of environmental impact assessment study reports

under section 58(2) of the Act. As per the 2nd schedule of EMCA (Cap 387) high risk projects in

general include; an activity out of character with its surrounding; and any structure of a scale not in

keeping with its surrounding. Further, as anticipated in the proposed Master Plan, major changes in

land use; urban development including designation of new townships; transportation and related

infrastructure projects including all new major roads such airports and airfields; must undergo an

environmental impact assessment study.

The proponent for all respective developments and projects which fall under the Second Schedule

of EMCA Cap 387, as anticipated in the execution of Tatu City Extension Master Plan will require to

consult NEMA licenced environmental consultants/firms to ensure an EIA is undertaken for

licensing purposes before works commence.

11.1.3.2 Key components for the EIAs

The respective EIAs will mainly aim at developing systems that shall be environmentally friendly,

economically viable, socially acceptable and sustainable for the developments. To achieve these

components, the EIAs will be undertaken as per legal notice no. 101. The following tasks should

serve the minimum components for subsequent EIAs;

Task 1: ESIA Screening and Scoping

To undertake a consultative ESIA screening and scoping through desktop studies, literature review,

development and administration of checklists, identification and preliminary consultations with

key stakeholders, reconnaissance trip to the project area and identification of key issues. The key

issues that will emerge during the screening stage will be included in the EIA Report and TORs that

will be developed for approval by NEMA. The TORs for NEMA approval as required by EMCA Cap

387 will outline the main outputs of this task that will be carried out in the first week of the EIA

study. It will give provision for scoping the key issues identified and to be addressed in the report.

Task 2: Description of the Proposed Project

The Consultant will provide a good description of the relevant components of the project based on

the existing baseline surveys and existing maps (at appropriate scale) where necessary and

including the following information: location; general layout of activities/ components, approaches,

operations, required off-site investments; and life span. The final project objectives should be

outlined. This information will be collected from existing project documents and interviews of the

project proponents/ developers.


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Task 3: Description of the Environment/ Baseline Surveys

The Consultant will assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental

characteristics of the study area. This task refers to all baseline surveys outlined below:

▪ The climate, habitat and vegetation, soils, geology, demographic and settlement

characteristics; the physical environment; historical archeological monuments and cultural

heritage etc.

▪ The socio-economic profile of the area in terms of existing population trends, road and

communication networks, key economic activities, etc.

This data will be generated using the methodology described above and field surveys using

questionnaires. Secondary data sources like government institutions will be a supplement for this

component.

Task 4: Analysis of the Legislative and Regulatory Considerations

Describe the pertinent international, regional and national (NEMA) regulations and standards

governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of

endangered species, sitting, land use control, etc., at international, national, regional and local

levels. This will set the environmental legal and institutional framework for future by the

management of the proposed project. The focus will be on EMCA CAP 387, Water Act 2016, Public

Health Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act 2007, Vision 2030, County laws, and International

Multilateral Environmental Agreements etc.

Task 5: Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

The consultant will analyze and distinguish between significant positive and negative impacts,

direct and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Impacts which are unavoidable

or irreversible will be identified. Wherever possible, description of impacts quantitatively, in terms

of environmental costs and benefits will be undertaken and assign economic values when and

where feasible. The extent and quality of available data will be characterized, explaining significant

information deficiencies and any uncertainties associated with predictions of impact. When

describing the impacts, the consultant will indicate those that are irreversible or unavoidable and

which can be mitigated. The consultant will also identify the types of special studies likely to be

needed for this project in future.

Task 6: Analysis of the Alternatives to the Proposed Project

The consultant will describe alternatives that will be examined during developing the proposed

project and identify other alternatives which would achieve the same objectives. The concept of

alternatives will extend to sitting, design, technology selection, implementation and phasing, and

operating and maintenance procedures. Comparison of alternatives in terms of potential

environmental impacts; capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and

instructional, training, and monitoring requirements will be done. To the extent possible, the costs

and benefits of each alternative will be quantified incorporating the estimated costs of any

associated mitigating measures. The consultant will include the alternative of not implementing the

project, in order to demonstrate the environmental conditions without it.


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Task 7: Development of Environmental and Social Management Plan to Mitigate Negative

Impacts

The consultant will recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce

significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. The impact and costs of those measures and of the

institutional and training requirements to implement them will be estimated using current and

project market prices of materials and services. Compensation to the affected parties (if any) for

impacts which cannot be mitigated will be considered where need arises. A comprehensive

environmental and social management plan including proposed work programs, budget estimates,

schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement

the mitigating measure will be prepared.

Task 8: Development of Environmental Monitoring Plan

The consultant will prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures

and the impacts of the project during the whole cycle. Key parameters to be monitored and

procedures will be identified clearly. An estimate of capital of operating costs and a description of

other inputs (such as training and instructional strengthening) needed to carry out the monitoring

will be included in the plan.

Task 9: Public Consultations and Inter-Agency Coordination

The consultant will assist in coordinating the environmental assessment with other government

agencies, in obtaining the views of local people/ businesses, affected groups, and in keeping records

of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their dispositions. Such

activities will include: focus group meetings, environmental briefings for project staff and

interagency committees, support to environmental advisory panels and public forums as need will

arise.

Task 10: ESIA Project Report Compilation

This will be a continuous exercise throughout the process until final submission. The environmental

assessment Report will be concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text

will focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data

collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. Detailed or un-

interpreted data will not be appropriate in the main text and will be presented in apprentices or a

separate volume. The final Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report will be outlined as

below.

i. Cover Page

ii. Declaration by NEMA ESIA Lead experts and the proponent

iii. Executive Summary

iv. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

v. Description of the Proposed Project

vi. Description of the Environment/ Baseline Survey

vii. Public Consultation and Participation

viii. Significant Environmental Impacts

ix. Analysis of Alternatives

x. Environmental Mitigation Management Plan


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xi. Environmental Monitoring Plan

xii. List of References

xiii. Appendices

Care should be taken to describe the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment process as

clearly as possible. However, should any additional information become available or additional

information be required, the process should be adapted accordingly.


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Nairobi.

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Fashing, P.J. (2004) Mortality Trends in the African Cherry (Prunus Africana) and the Implications

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Patterns of Intergroup Aggression in Eastern Black and White Colobus Monkeys (Colobus

Guereza). Phd Thesis, Columbia University

Government of Kenya (2000): Kenya gazette supplement Acts, Environmental Management and

Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999 and 2015 Amendments (Cap 387). Government printer,

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Government of Kenya (2002): Kenya gazette supplement Acts Water Act, Government Printers,

Nairobi, Kenya.

Government of Kenya (2003): Kenya gazette supplement number 56. Environmental Impact

Assessment and Audit Regulations, Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.

Government of Kenya (2005): Noise Prevention and Control Rules, Legal Notice no. 24, Government

Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.

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and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi


and Coordination (Waste management) Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi, Kenya.


and Coordination (Controlled Substances) Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Nairobi, Kenya.

Government of Kenya (2010): Constitution of Kenya, Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Government of Kenya (2012): The Land Registration Act, Government Printer, Nairobi

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Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi, Kenya.

Government of Kenya (2018) Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022. Nairobi.

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Howard Humphreys (East Africa) Limited. (2015). Strategic Environmental Assessment of the

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(EHS) Guidelines.99

Kiambu County Government. (2018). County Integrated Development Pan 2018-2022

Langer, W.H. 2003. “A general overview of the technology of In-stream mining of sand and gravel

resources, potential environmental impacts, and methods to control potential impacts,” USGS

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Mackey, R. and D. Currie, 2001. The diversity disturbance relationship: Is it generally strong and

peaked? Ecol., 82(12): 3479-3492.

Mackey, R., Currie, D. 2001. The Diversity-Disturbance Relationship: Is it Generally Strong and

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Mutiso, F., Tarus, G., Chemitei, G., Simiyu, B., Sang, F (2008) Prevalence and Causes of Monkey

Debarking Across Age Cohorts of Cuppressus Lusitanica in the Mt Kenya Ecosystem. In: Imo,

M., Ipara, H., Etiegni, L., Mulewa, C., Muisu, F., Njiru., J and Balozi, B (Eds): Resource Utilization

for Sustainable Growth and Development in the 21st Century: Proceedings of Moi University

4th Annual International Conference, 29th July – 1st August 2008, Eldoret, Kenya.

NEMA, 2012, National Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment, NEMA, Nairobi.

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Roda, J.A (2008). Damage In Biodiversity And Human Accountability.

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SfA. (2018, September 26). MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE. Retrieved from

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Sapkota, I., Tigabu, M., Oden, P., 2010, Changes in tree species diversity and dominance across

disturbance gradient in Napelese Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forests, Journal of Forestry

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Svensson, R., M. Lindergarth and H. Pavia, 2009. Equal rates of disturbance cause different patterns

of diversity. Ecol., 90(2): 496-505.

Tatu City. (2019, June 26). Tatu City Extension (Mchana). Mchana. Nairobi, Kenya: Tatu City.

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https://urban-regeneration.worldbank.org/node/51

https://urban-regeneration.worldbank.org/node/51


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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 - LIST OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS INVITED FOR STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

MEETING FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) AND

PHYSICAL PLANNING FOR PROPOSED TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA

ESTATE) MASTER PLAN IN KIAMBU COUNTY

APPENDIX 2 (A) - SAMPLE INVITATION LETTER SENT TO KEY STAKEHOLDERS

APPENDIX 2 (B) - PROGRAMME OF THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION MEETING

APPENDIX 3 (A) - ATTENDANTS LIST KEY STAKEHOLDERS MEETING

APPENDIX 3 (B) - MINUTES OF THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATIVE MEETING

APPENDIX 4 - TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE) MASTER PLAN

APPENDIX 5 - TATU CITY LOCAL PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

APPENDIX 6 - APPROVED MASTER PLAN BY COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF KIAMBU

APPENDIX 7 - COPY OF LAND OWNERSHIP DOCUMENTS/TITLE DEEDS/LEASE DOCUMENTS

APPENDIX 8 - TATU CITY LIMITED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

APPENDIX 9 - TATU CITY LIMITED KRA PIN CERTIFICATE

APPENDIX 10 (A) - TATU CITY TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT

APPENDIX 10 (B) - TRAFFIC DESIGN MODELS

APPENDIX 11(A) - NEMA SCOPING REPORT APPROVAL LETTER

APPENDIX 11(B) - SCOPING REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA

ESTATE) MASTER PLAN

APPENDIX 12 (A) - AWEMAC PRACTICING LICENSE - 2019

APPENDIX 12 (B) - LEAD SEA EXPERT PRACTICING LICENSE - 2019


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APPENDIX 1

LIST OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS INVITED FOR STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

MEETING FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) AND PHYSICAL

PLANNING FOR PROPOSED TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE) MASTER PLAN

IN KIAMBU COUNTY


219 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 2 (A)

SAMPLE INVITATION LETTER SENT TO KEY STAKEHOLDERS


220 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 2 (B)

PROGRAMME OF THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION MEETING


221 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 3 (A)

ATTENDANTS LIST KEY STAKEHOLDERS MEETING


222 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 3 (B)

MINUTES OF THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATIVE MEETING


223 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 4

TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE) MASTER PLAN


224 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 5

TATU CITY LOCAL PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN


225 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 6

APPROVED MASTER PLAN BY COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF KIAMBU


226 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 7

COPY OF LAND OWNERSHIP DOCUMENTS/TITLE DEEDS/LEASE DOCUMENTS


227 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 8

TATU CITY LIMITED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION


228 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 9

TATU CITY LIMITED KRA PIN CERTIFICATE


229 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 10 (A)

TATU CITY TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT


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APPENDIX 10 (B)

TRAFFIC DESIGN MODELS


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APPENDIX 11(A)

NEMA SCOPING REPORT APPROVAL LETTER


232 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 11(B)

SCOPING REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE)

MASTER PLAN


233 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 12 (A)

AWEMAC PRACTICING LICENSE - 2019


234 | P a g e © AWEMAC 2019

APPENDIX 12 (B)

LEAD SEA EXPERT PRACTICING LICENSE - 2019

Documents

DRAFT STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) … Reports/Tatu City... · tatu city extension (mchana estate) master plan on plot l.r. no. 31327 on 885.22 hectares of land adjacent