THE STUDY

ON COMPREHENSIVE FLOOD MITIGATION FOR

CAVITE LOWLAND AREA IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DRAFT SCOPING FOR MASTER PLAN STUDY

July 13, 2007

CTI ENGINEERING CO., LTD. in association with

NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.

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Table of Contents

1. Full Title of the Study and Relevant Report .................................................................................... 1 2. Type of the Study............................................................................................................................. 1 3. Environmental Category and Reason for Categorization ................................................................ 1 4. Agency Responsible for Implementation of the Project .................................................................. 1 5. Outline of the Project Proposed in the Study................................................................................... 1

5.1 Objective of the Project.......................................................................................................... 1 5.2 Location of the Project Area................................................................................................... 1 5.3 Justification of the Project Proposed in the Study.................................................................. 2 5.4 Proposed Activities................................................................................................................. 3 5.5 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................. 4

6. Description of the Project Area........................................................................................................ 5 6.1 Natural Environment .............................................................................................................. 5

6.1.1 Topography ................................................................................................................. 5 6.1.2 Geology and Soils....................................................................................................... 5 6.1.3 Rivers .......................................................................................................................... 6 6.1.4 Climate........................................................................................................................ 7 6.1.5 Ecology ....................................................................................................................... 7

6.2 Socio-economic Condition..................................................................................................... 9 6.2.1 Population ................................................................................................................... 9 6.2.2 Economic Profile ...................................................................................................... 10 6.2.3 Land Use ................................................................................................................... 11 6.2.4 Water Use.................................................................................................................. 12

6.3 Public Hazard ....................................................................................................................... 13 6.3.1 Water Pollution ......................................................................................................... 13 6.3.2 Solid Waste ............................................................................................................... 14

6.4 Flood Problems .................................................................................................................... 16 6.4.1 Flood Conditions....................................................................................................... 16 6.4.2 Flood Damages ......................................................................................................... 17

7. Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations ................................................... 17 7.1 Low and Administration....................................................................................................... 17

7.1.1 Law and Registration for EIS ................................................................................... 17 7.1.2 Competent Agency of EIS ........................................................................................ 18

7.2 Implementation Framework of EIS...................................................................................... 18 7.2.1 Project Proponent...................................................................................................... 18 7.2.2 Framework of Resettlement...................................................................................... 18

7.3 Disclosure and Public Participation ..................................................................................... 18 7.3.1 Information Disclosure ............................................................................................. 18 7.3.2 Public Participation................................................................................................... 18

7.4 Procedures and Documentary Requirements ....................................................................... 19 7.4.1 Procedures of EIS ..................................................................................................... 19 7.4.2 Categorization of Projects in Philippines.................................................................. 19 7.4.3 Requirements for Documents ................................................................................... 19

7.5 Result of the Consultation with Recipient Government....................................................... 20 8. Flood Mitigation Measures............................................................................................................ 21

8.1 Principal Concepts ............................................................................................................... 21 8.2 Structural Flood Mitigation Measures.................................................................................. 21

8.2.1 Potential Measures against Flash Flood.................................................................... 21 8.2.2 Potential Measures for Inland Drainage ................................................................... 24 8.2.3 Alternative Plans of Structural Flood Mitigation Measures ..................................... 26

8.3 Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures .......................................................................... 26 8.3.1 Activities for Removal of Garbage in the Waterways .............................................. 27

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8.3.2 Administration of River Area.................................................................................... 27 8.3.3 Control of Excessive Land Development and Legislation on Constriction of

On-site Flood Detention Facility by Land developer................................................ 27 8.3.4 Diffusion of Flood Hazard Map and Establishment of

Flood Warning/Evacuation System........................................................................... 27 9. Programs for Stakeholder Meetings............................................................................................... 28 10. Scoping of Environmental and Social Impact Study ..................................................................... 28

10.1 Identification of Environmental Elements to be assessed .................................................... 28 10.1.1 Methodology............................................................................................................. 28 10.1.2 Identified Environmental Elements .......................................................................... 29

11. Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan ............................................................................ 29 Appendix Draft of Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan

List of Table

Table 1 City and Municipalities Overlapped with the Study Area .............................................. 2 Table 2 Topographic Divisions in the Project Area ..................................................................... 5 Table 3 Salient Features of Principal Rivers in the Project Area................................................. 6 Table 4 Probable Daily and Hourly Rainfall ............................................................................... 7 Table 5 Mammal in Cavite Province Listed on Red List for Conservation................................. 7 Table 6 Existing Mangrove in the Project Area........................................................................... 8 Table 7 Fish and Selfish Cultivation in the Project Area............................................................. 9 Table 8 Population in the Project Area ........................................................................................ 9 Table 9 Number of Employment in Cavite Province ................................................................ 10 Table 10 Existing Industrial Estates in Project Area ................................................................... 11 Table 11 Distribution of Family Income ..................................................................................... 11 Table 12 Existing and Projected Land Use of City and Municipalities Overlapped with

Project Area .................................................................................................................. 12 Table 13 Classification of River Water Defined by DOE............................................................ 13 Table 14 Water Quality of Rivers in Study Area ......................................................................... 13 Table 15 Cloiform of Imus and San Juan River .......................................................................... 14 Table 16 Detailed Analysis on River Water Quality in the Study Area ....................................... 14 Table 17 Volume of Household Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes .......................... 15 Table 18 Volume of Market Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes ................................ 15 Table 19 Disposal Site of Household Waste in Project Area....................................................... 16 Table 20 Recent Representative Flood Damage in the Project Area ........................................... 17 Table 21 Barangays in Flood Prone Area in the Study Area ....................................................... 17 Table 22 Category and Reason .................................................................................................... 19 Table 23 Preliminary Estimation on Stretch of Necessary River Improvement and

Number of House Relocations...................................................................................... 22 Table 24 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Location and Extent of Flood Retarding Basin .. 23 Table 25 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Root of Flood Diversion Channel for

San Juan River .............................................................................................................. 23 Table 26 Proposed Flap Gate along Estuary Section of River..................................................... 24 Table 27 Proposed Tidal Gate, New Drainage and Interceptor ................................................... 25 Table 28 Alternative Measures against Flash Flood.................................................................... 26 Table 29 Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage ................................................................... 26 Table 30 Eligible Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures..................................................... 26 Table 31 Program for Stakeholder Meeting ................................................................................ 28 Table 32 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures against Flash Flood....................................... 30 Table 33 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage ...................................... 30 Table 34 Score of Environmental Impacts of Alternative Plans for Flood Mitigation ................ 31

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1. Full Title of the Study and Relevant Report

Title of the Study is “The Study on Comprehensive Flood Mitigation for Cavite Lowland Area in the Republic of the Philippines” (hereinafter referred to as the Study). The Study commenced in March 2007 and it is now in the first field survey stage, which continues until middle of June 2007.

During this first field stage, the Inception Report was submitted to the Project Proponent in order to confirm the procedures/schedules of the Study and other necessary items for commencement of the Study. Collection and review of relevant data and information as well as the topographic survey and interview/questionnaire survey was also carried, during this first field survey period, to clarify the present conditions of the Project Area.

The Initial Environmental Evaluation (hereinafter referred to as IEE) is to be undertaken in the next second field survey stage from July to December 2007. In advance to IEE, the draft of Scoping for IEE has been preliminarily prepared as described in this document during this field survey stage.

2. Type of the Study

The Study covers the types of study

(1) Master Plan Study to be carried out in Phase I Study (from March 2007 to March 2008) and

(2) Feasibility Study to be carried out in Phase II Study (from May 2008 to February 2009).

3. Environmental Category and Reason for Categorization

The proposed project in the Study would be classified as the Category A specified in the JICA’s Guideline for Environmental and Social Consideration (hereinafter referred to as JICA’s Guideline), since the project may possibly cause the significant adverse effects of land acquisition and resettlement of residents.

4. Agency Responsible for Implementation of the Project

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and Provincial Government of Cavite would be responsible for implementation of the project proposed in the Study.

5. Outline of the Project Proposed in the Study

5.1 Objective of the Project

The objective of the Project is to mitigate the flood in Cavite Lowland Area through the following measures:

(1) Formulation of flood mitigation master plan for three river basins of San Juan, Imus and Canas.

(2) Feasibility study for the priority components of the Project selected in the above master plan; and

(3) Development of flood management capacity for counterpart organizations.

5.2 Location of the Project Area

The Project Area covers three river basins, namely those of San Juan, Imus and Canas river basins, which extend over an area of about 407.4km2 in total. These three river basins are located eastern part of Cavite Province and close to the border of Metro Manila.

The Project Area is administratively divided into three districts, one city/eleven municipalities and further 513 balangays. The city and municipalities overlapped with the Project Area are as listed below:

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Table 1 City and Municipalities Overlapped with the Study Area District City/Municipality

District I Bacoor Municipality Kawit Municipality Noveleta Municipality Rosario Municipality

District II Trece Martires City Dasmarinas Municipality General Trias Municipality Imus Municipality Tanza Municipality

District III Amadeo Municipality Indang Municipality Silang Municipality

5.3 Justification of the Project Proposed in the Study

The aforesaid Project Area is adjacent to Manila International Port and Airport in Metro Manila. Due to such particular location, the intensive industrialization has been introduced to the Project Area since 1990s. Investors have established their businesses in industrial estates offered by the Cavite Province, which opened the job opportunities and magnetized people to migrate to the Project Area. As the results, the dynamic change in the land use and population are projected in the Project Area as below:

(1) The built-up area (the commercial area, industrial area and residential area) in the Project Area is projected to cover about 65% of the entire area in 2010, which is far lager than the present coverage of about 27% as of 2003.

(2) The annual population growth in the Project Area from 1995 to 2000 was recoded at 5.43%, which is far higher than the national average of 2.32%. The population of the Project Area in 2010 is estimated to increase to about 2.6 million, which is 1.7 times of the population in 2000.

The major river basins of Imus, San Juan and Canas in the Project Area are essentially vulnerable to flood because of the extremely low ground elevation along the coastal area in the lower reaches and insufficient flow capacity of river/drainage channels. In spite of the vulnerability, the intensive industrialization is induced to the river basins without adequate consideration for flood, and the recent flood damages in the river basins deems to exceed the tolerable level due to the flowing backgrounds:

(1) The natural flood retarding basins are being reclaimed, and a considerable part of the ground is being covered with pavement. These decrease flood retention capacity of the river basins and increase the flood peak runoff discharge.

(2) The residential area spills over the habitual flood inundation area due to rapid increment of the population, which leads to significant increment of the flood damage potential.

(3) The areas along the river and drainage channels are being densely packed with the houses. The houses are further constructed overhanging of the drainage channels. These houses in and around the river and drainage channels tend to dump a large volume of solid wastes into the river/drainage channels, which seriously reduce the channel flow capacity and deteriorates the river environment.

The flashflood of Imus, San Juan and Canas has caused death of people and damages of many houses in the recent typhoons 2000, 2002 and 2006. Some hundred thousand residents in the lowland area of the river basins also suffer from the prolonged inundation of storm rainfall and/or high tide every year. Such chronic inundation has not only affected the living conditions of the residents but also hampered economic and social development in the Province.

The project proposed in the Study includes the structural measures for physical increment of flood mitigation capacity and the non-structural measures, which is oriented to control of the excessive land development in the river basin and other necessary approach for sustainable flood management. These comprehensive flood mitigation approaches would be indispensable to cope with the complex factors of flashflood and inland inundation.

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5.4 Proposed Activities

The following items were agreed as the proposed activities for the Study between the JICA Preparatory Study Team and the Counterpart agencies of Government of Philippines.

Phase1: Master Plan Study

(1) Collection, review and analysis of data and information (a) Natural Condition

• Meteorology and Hydrology • Topography and Geology • River Environment

(b) Socio-Economy • Population • Land use • Regional and other relevant development program • Industry • Agriculture and Irrigation • Laws, regulation and policies • Institutional structures for related sector

(c) Historical records on flood inundation and flash flood (d) Existing related studies (e) Existing system and facilities on flood control drainage (f) Water quality and environment (g) Other related information

• Flow measurement of flood and low flow at designated points. • Longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys • Plane survey and Aerial-photo shooting (if necessary)

(2) Examination on the characteristic of vulnerability and hazard (3) Evaluation of current disaster mitigation measures (4) Flood risk assessment (5) Preparation of Master Plan (6) Review and modification of existing land use plans and ensuring of their implementation (7) Initial environmental examination (8) Public consultation meeting with stakeholders

(9) Selection of priority projects (10) Preparation of priority projects (11) Establishment of Flood Mitigation Committee in Cavite Province (12) Promoting community-based flood mitigation activities (13) Pilot project, if necessary (14) Capacity development of counterpart organizations

(a) Needs assessment on capacity building (b) Implementation of capacity building activities including the following items.

• Recommendation of capacity building • Workshop and Seminars • Provision of technical advise on a day-to-day basis

Phase2: Feasibility Study

(1) Additional data collection and survey (2) Environmental and social considerations (3) Plan of priority projects

(a) Plan and design of systems and facilities (b) Operation and maintenance plan (c) Resettlement plan, if necessary (d) Implementation schedule

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(e) Cost estimation (4) Economic evaluation of the plans

5.5 Scope of the Study

The following items were set up as the Scope of Study:

Phase 1: Mater Plan Study

(1) Preparation of and discussion on Inception Report (2) Collection and analysis of related data and information (3) River channel survey and ground level survey (4) Survey on social environment (5) Hydrological and hydraulic analysis (6) Initial environmental evaluation (IEE) (7) Evaluation on on-going disaster prevention measures (8) Analysis of vulnerability against flooding (9) Formulation of comprehensive flood mitigation strategy

(a) Determination of project design scale and target project completion year (b) Selection and comparison of Alternative Structural Flood Mitigation Measures (c) Selection and Comparison of alternative non-structural flood mitigation measures (d) Selection of the optimum combination of flood mitigation measure

(10) Selection of Priority Project (11) Proposal on regulations for control of land use/development (12) Support for execution of proposed regulations on control of land use/development (13) Support for organization of stakeholder meetings (14) Capacity development of counterparts (15) Holding of first technology transfer seminar (16) Establishment of flood mitigation committee (17) Promotion of community-based flood mitigation activities (18) Execution of pilot project

Phase 2: Feasibility Study

(1) Holding of second technology transfer Seminar (2) Supplementary data collection and field reconnaissance (3) Feasibility study on structural measures

(a) Preliminary design (b) Preparation of construction schedule (c) Preparation of operation & maintenance manual for the proposed structures (d) Environmental and social consideration (EIA) (e) Holding of stakeholder meetings (f) Preparation of appropriate house relocation plan

(4) Feasibility study on promotion of community-based flood mitigation activities (5) Feasibility study on enhancement of land-use regulation (6) Feasibility Study on the overall proposed project

(a) Formulation of project Implementation Plan (b) Estimation of Project Cost (c) Evaluation on economic viability of the proposed project (d) Formulation of improvement plan for relevant organization setup

(7) Continued Activity on Capacity Development

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6. Description of the Project Area

6.1 Natural Environment

6.1.1 Topography

The study area is topographically divided into three divisions, namely: the lowland area, the central undulating area and the upland hilly/mountainous area. The approximate extent of each topographic division is as listed in the following Table and its features are further described in the under-mentioned items (1) to (3):

Table 2 Topographic Divisions in the Project Area Division Extent (km2) Ground Slope

(%) Ground Elevation

(EL. m) City/Municipality Overlapped

Extremely Low Land Area 4.0 Almost Flat EL. 0 to 2 m Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario

Lowland Area 97.5 Less than 0.5% EL. 2 to 30 m Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, General Trias, Imus, Tanza

Central Hilly Area 236.7 0.5% to 2% EL. 30 to 400 m Trece Martires City, Dasmarinas, Indang, Silang

Upland Mountainous Area 69.2 More 2% EL. 400 to 650 m Amadeo, Tagaytay

Total Area 407.4

(1) Lowest Lowland Area

The coastal plain in particular, which lays in Municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario has the extremely low ground level of EL. 0 to 2m, and the tidal food often occurs in its substantial part even without storm rainfall. Such tidal inundation is being aggravated by the progress of land subsidence.

(2) Lowland Area

The lowland area consists of coastal and alluvial plains, which have the flat ground slope of less than 0.5% and low ground elevation of EL. 2 to 30m as listed above. The alluvial plain is developed by lateral erosion or deposition of sediment from rivers and has the flat and/or gently ground slope. The alluvial plain extends over Imus Municipality and Southern part of General Trias forming the transition area between the coastal plain and central hilly area.

(3) Central Hilly Area

The central area is located on the mountain foot slope forming the undulating tuffaceous plateau, which includes steep hills, ridges and elevated inland valley. The plateau is characterized with the ground elevation ranging from 30 m to nearly 400 m, and the ground slope of 0.5 to 2%.

(4) Upland Mountainous Area

The upland area is at very high elevation above EL. 400 m with slopes of more than 2%. This area includes Tagaytay Ridge with the peak elevation of 650 m.

6.1.2 Geology and Soils

The salient features of geology and soils in the Project Area are as described below:

(1) Geology

The study area is underlain by rock of various origins and characteristics consisting of primarily Quaternary Alluvium and Taal Tuff. The Quaternary Alluvium consists of unconsolidated deposits of silt, sand and gravel. It exists along valleys and coastal plains. The Taal Tuff is thin to medium-bedded consisting of fine grained vitric tuffs, welded volcanic breccia with conglomerate, tuffaceous sand stone and shale. Soil erosion in the study area is moderate and no severely eroded area is identified.

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(2) Soils

The soil in Cavite Province is classified into several types according to the results of the survey conducted by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM). The lowland area is primarily composed of Guadalupe clay and clay loam. These are coarse and granular when dry but sticky and plastic when wet. This substratum is solid volcanic tuff. These types of soils are suited to lowland rice and corn while those in the upland are suited for orchard and pasture. Guadalupe clay adobe abounds in the southern part of Bacoor and Imus bordering Dasmariñas. The soil is hard and compact and difficult to cultivate. It is very sticky when wet and granular when dry. Forage grass is advised for this type of soil. Hydrosol and Obando sand are found along Bacoor Bay. The shoreline of Rosario, Tanza, Naic and Ternate are lined with Guadalupe sand.

The central area principally consists of Magallanes loam with streaks of Magallanes clay loam of sandy texture. This is recommended for diversified farming such as the cultivation of upland rice, corn, sugarcane, vegetables, coconut, coffee, mangoes and other fruit trees. The steep phase should be forested or planted to root crops. Fruit trees such as mango, avocado and citrus, which are grown in the soil type of Guingua fine sandy loam, is found along the lower part of Malabon and Ylang Ylang River at Noveleta.

The upland area principally consists of Tagaytay loam and Tagaytay sandy loam with mountain soil undifferentiated found on the southeastern side bordering Laguna province. Also on the southern tip are Magallanes clay and Mountain soil undifferentiated with interlacing of Magallanes clay loam steep phase. The Tagaytay loam contains fine sandy materials, moderately friable, and easy to work on when moist. In an undisturbed condition, it bakes and becomes hard when dry. About one-half of this soil type is devoted to upland rice and upland crops. On the other hand, Tagaytay sandy loam is friable and granular with considerable amount of volcanic sand and underlain by adobe clay. Mountain soil undifferentiated is forested with bamboos found in the seacoast. Patungan sand is characterized by pale gray to almost white sand with substratum of marine conglomerates.

6.1.3 Rivers

As described above, there are three principal rivers, namely Imus, San Juan and Canas, in the Project Area. Of these rivers, San Juan River further has the major tributary, Ylang Ylang River, which meets the mainstream about 4.8 km upstream from the river mouth. Imus River has also the major tributary, Bacoor River, which meets the mainstream about 1.5 km upstream from the river mouse. All of these rivers originate from the aforesaid Tagaytay ridge, run northward in parallel and finally flow into the Manila Bay/Bacoor Bay. The rivers in the aforesaid “Central Hilly Area” and “Upland Mountainous Area” shape the deep gorge with a steep riverbed slope, while those in the “Low Land Area” tend to shape U-shape channel section with rather gentle river slope. The salient features of the rivers are as listed below:

Table 3 Salient Features of Principal Rivers in the Project Area Description Topographic

Division Imus River San Juan River Canas River

Ex. Low Land 1.5 2.0 0.0 Low Land 28.2 47.7 13.8 Central 79.5 103.4 53.8 Upland 6.8 19.5 42.9

Catchment Area (km2)

Whole 116.0 172.6 110.0 Ex. Low Land 1.6 2.0 0.0 Low Land 5.1 11.8 9.7 Central 31.6 18.2 16.8 Upland 6.7 11.4 15.5

River Length (km)

Whole 45.0 43.4 42.0 Ex. Low Land Flat Flat Flat Low Land 1/522 1/474 1/313 Central 1/74 1/79 1/77 Upland 1/39 1/42 1/40

River Slope

Whole (Ave.) 1/80 1/79 1/66

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There exist a rather large number of irrigation dams and head works on the above three rivers, and further the channel revetments along the downstream stretches of the rivers. Some of these river facilities are, however, heavily damaged and a certain extent of rehabilitation works area required.

6.1.4 Climate

The climate of the Project Area is characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry season from November to April and wet season during the rest of the year. The annual mean rainfall of the study area is 1,821 mm at Bacoor rainfall station, and 89 % of it concentrates during the wet season from May to October. The maximum mean monthly rainfall occurs in August, recording 416 mm.

The annual temperatures in the Project Area varies from 27.8℃ recorded at Sangley Point in the coastal area to 24.4℃ at Tagaytay City in the upland. January is normally the coldest month of a year, while May or June is the hottest month. According to the record at Sangley Point, the monthly mean temperatures vary from 22.7℃ in January to 37.7℃ in July.

Tropical storm usually occurs during June to October and about 20 typhoons enter into the territory of the Philippines. Of the typhoons, about sixteen (16) percents pass through the middle part of the Luzon Island where the Project Area is located. These typhoons cause strong wind and storm rainfall, resulting in severe damages on property and life. Both daily and hourly storm rainfall data are available at the aforesaid Sangley Point. The probable daily and hourly rainfalls estimated based the data are as listed below.

Table 4 Probable Daily and Hourly Rainfall Probability Daily Rainfall (mm) Hourly Rainfall (mm)

2-year return period 170 47.9 10 year return period 303 85.6 25 year return period 362 102.1 50 year return period 420 118.5

Source: Master Plan Study on Flood Mitigation and Enhancement of River Environment for Cavite Lowland Area, by Infrastructure Development Institute-Japan

6.1.5 Ecology

(1) Fauna

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) designated 125 species of birds, 27species of mammals and 11 species of reptile as species for conservation in Philippines (refer to the DENR Administrative Order, DAO 48). DENR further prepared a national red list of Philippine wild life for the above species describing name, conservation status, known occurrence/distribution and habitat. According to the red list, only one species of mammal is listed for Cavite Province. The name and habitat are as below.

Table 5 Mammal in Cavite Province Listed on Red List for Conservation Common Name Philippine Nectar Bat/Philippine Dawn Bat Scientific Name Eonycteris robusta Habitat Until the 1960s, it was commonly taken in caves adjacent to forest and commonly netted

in adjacent to primary forest from sea level to 1,100 m, often in areas with mixed forest and clearings but never in primarily agricultural area.

Source: 2002 statistics on Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources, 2002, DENR Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau

There remains only small forestland in the Project Area. Forest for habitat of the above Philippine Nectar Bat/Philippine Dawn Bat could not be identified in the Project Area, and therefore, it is evaluated that there exist no rare species to be conserved in the Project Area. The results of the relevant previous study also concluded that the above species are not identified within the Project Area (refer to EIA on the Feasibility Study and Implementation Support on the CALA East-West National Road by JICA, hereunder referred to as “JICA CALA East-West Road Project”).

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(2) Flora

The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) designated 213 species of flora as endangered species and, 13 species of them are imposed with severe restrictions on trade under the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). According to the results of the previous relevant study and interview survey, however, there is no endangered species within the Project Area (refer to the JICA CALA East-West Road Project).

(3) Protected Area

The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (NIPAS Act) prescribes the following eight categories of protected areas: (i) strict nature reserve, (ii) natural park, (iii) natural monument, (iv) wildlife sanctuary, (v) protected landscapes and sea scapes, (vi) resource reserve, (vii) natural biotic areas; and (viii) other categories established by law, conventions or international agreements which the Philippine Government is a signatory.

According to the results of interview survey with the relevant agencies, there is no protected area in the Project Area. Moreover, the Project Area has no wetland designated under the Ramsar Convention, World Heritage-listed area and Man; and the Biosphere Reserve designated by UNESCO.

(4) River Ecology

The most common vegetation within the rivers in the Project Area is the common kangkong. There is no rare species of fish in the rivers of the Project Area. The common fishes found in the rivers are bia or biya (Glossogobius), tilapia (Tilapia), dalag (Ophicephalus spp.), hito (Clarias) and ell (Anguilla).

(5) Mangrove Area

The mangrove area of the Cavite Province has been largely converted to fishponds, salt-beds and built-up/settlement areas. The mangrove currently remains area-wise in the coastal area and its quantity in the provincial total is estimated at only 23.9 ha, of which 19.9 ha is located in the Project Area. Aside from the mangrove existing area-wise, there also remain the mangroves strip-wise along the river/canals of 14.3km in total. The quantities of existing mangroves in each of Municipalities in the Project Area are as listed below:

Table 6 Existing Mangrove in the Project Area Municipality Area-wise (ha) Strip-wise along

River/Canal (km) Function/Utilization

Bacoor - 0.6 Kawit 6.6 12.2 Ecological Noveleta 4.1 - Ecological, Charcoal Production Rosario 3.0 - Ecological Tanza 6.2 1.5 Ecological, Charcoal Production Total 19.9 14.3 Source: Ground Truthing Report of the Mangrove and Mudflat Areas in the Province of Cavite, 2005

(6) Fish Cultivation in the Coastal Area

There are many fishponds of blackish water with a total area of 369 ha in the coastal zones (Bacoor, Kawit and Noveleta) of the Project Area. Prawn and milkfish are cultivated from these fishponds. The fishpond area, fish production and number of operator by municipality in 2005 are as listed in the following Table 7. Further, shellfishes of oyster and mussel are cultivated in the Bacoor Bay. The area, production and number of operator for shellfish cultivation by municipality in 2005 are also shown in the Table below.

Table 7 Fish and Selfish Cultivation in the Project Area Fish Cultivation by Fishpond (Blackish Water) Shellfish Cultivation

Municipality Area (ha) Production (ton/year)

Number of Operator Area (ha) Production

(ton/year) Number of Operator

Bacoor 40.0 25.9 28 106.0 3,180.0 106 Kawit 257.0 183.3 107 20.0 720.0 100 Noveleta 71.5 28.9 21 - - - Total 368.5 238.8 156 126.0 3,90.0 206 Source: Agricultural Data CY-2005, Office of Provincial Agriculturalist

6.2 Socio-economic Condition

6.2.1 Population

The population of the Cavite Province has steadily increased, in over nine decades, as shown below. The increment of population was accelerated after 1990s in particular due to introduction of the intensive industrialization to the Province as described in the foregoing Section 5.3. As the results, the population of in 2000 reached 1.8 times of the population in 1990.

378,136520,180

628,321771,320

1,152,534

1,610,324

2,063,161

262,550238,561157,356134,779

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Pupulation

Historical Growth of Population in Cavite Province (Source: 2005 Socio-Economic Profile Provincial Planning and Development Office)

The population in the Project Area is estimated at 786 thousand in 1990 and 1,542 thousand in 2000, which correspond to 68% and 75% of the provincial total, respectively, as listed below. Thus, the Project Area contains a substantial part of the provincial population.

Table 8 Population in the Project Area Population (thousand) Population Density (person/km2) Population

Growth City/Municipality Area (km2) 1995 2000 2010 1995 2000 2010 1996-2000

District I 76.9 389 474 703 5,063 6,166 9,149 4.02% Bacoor 52.4 251 306 454 4,787 5,834 8,666 4.04% Kawit 13.4 57 63 76 4,253 4,683 5,677 1.94% Noveleta 5.4 27 32 44 5,047 5,907 8,092 3.20% Rosario 5.7 54 74 137 9,539 12,992 24,101 6.37% District II 441.2 605 835 1,590 1,371 1,892 3,604 6.65% Trece Martires City 47.9 20 42 173 427 870 3,607 15.29% Dasmarinas 82.3 262 380 794 3,187 4,609 9,642 7.66% General Trias 117.7 67 108 280 568 915 2,376 10.01% Imus 97.0 177 195 237 1,829 2,015 2,447 1.96% Tanza 96.3 78 111 223 808 1,148 2,313 7.26% District III 293.5 190 233 353 646 794 1,202 4.23% Amadeo 47.9 23 26 33 474 537 689 2.52% Indang 89.2 43 51 74 479 575 827 3.70% Silang 156.4 124 156 247 793 998 1,581 4.71% Total in Project Area 811.6 1,184 1,542 2,617 1,458 1,900 3,225 5.43% Cavite Province 1,427.1 1,610 2,063 3,387 1,128 1,446 2,373 5.08% Note: A part of Tagaytay City is overlapped with the Project Area, but its population is likely to be negligible small.

Accordingly, the population of the City is not listed in the above Table.

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The population density of the whole Province was 1,446 person/km2 in 2000. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board classifies the population density of less than 1,500 person/km2 as “low density”. With referring to the classification, the Cavite Province is to be still the area of the low population density as a whole. Nevertheless, the municipality of Dasmarinas in District II (the central area) and the municipalities in the District I (coastal area) such as Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta and Rosario have the far higher population density than 1,500 person/km2.

In contrast of Dasmarinas and the aforesaid four Municipalities in the coastal area, other municipalities have the low population density as of 2000. However, The population growth of all other municipalities, except Indang and Amadeo have recorded the high annual population growth of more than 5%/year in a decade 1990 –2000 as compared with the national average of 2.3%. Dasmarinas Municipality and other two municipalities of Imus and General Trias in particular have recorded remarkably high annual population growth of more than 7%. The Provincial Government of Cavite attributes this intensive population growth to the rapid migration of farmers from other provinces looking for jobs and better lives in the Project Area.

The Provincial Government of Cavite projected a provincial average annual population growth rate of 5.45%, which is set slightly higher than the actual growth rate of 5.08% for the period of 1995-2000. On the premises of the actual population growth of each of municipalities in the Project Area in 1995-2000, the population in the Project Area is estimated to increase to 2,617 thousand by 2010.

6.2.2 Economic Profile

(1) GDP and Industry

Cavite Province rapidly promotes the industries as the core of the CALABARZON Economic Development Zone, which is placed as one of the highest priority of economic development areas in Philippines. Cavite Province recorded the GDP of about 29,160 million pesos in 2000, which corresponds to 3.0% of the National GDP and 20.6% of GDP in CALABARZON.

The total number of employment in Cavite Province has increased from 445,800 in 1995 to 585,136 in 2003. These numbers of employment both in 1995 and 2003 correspond to about 28% of the whole provincial population. Of the sectors, the manufacturing sector takes the highest share of 45.3% of the employments followed by 20.7% for service sector, and 15.1% for construction sector as of 2003 as listed below. The manufacturing sector also shows the second highest growth rate of 172% after 224% in electricity, gas & water sector in terms of growth rate of number of employment from 1995 to 2003. On the other hand, agricultural & forestry sector and mining& quarrying sector tends to dwindle.

Table 9 Number of Employment in Cavite Province Number of Employment

1995 2003 Sector Number Share Number Share

Growth Rate 1995 to 2003

Manufacturing 97,500 21.9% 264,894 45.3% 172% Services 98,750 22.2% 121,197 20.7% 23% Construction 56,500 12.7% 88,108 15.1% 56% Transportation, etc. 54,750 12.3% 82,819 14.2% 51% Trade Real Estate 58,500 13.1% 75,929 13.0% 30% Agriculture & Forestry 59,250 13.3% 46,820 8.0% -21% Finance, Dwelling & Real Estate 15,250 3.4% 15,610 2.7% 2% Electricity, Gas & Water 4,300 1.0% 13,926 2.4% 224% Mining & Quarrying 1,000 0.2% 803 0.1% -20% Provincial Total 445,800 100.0% 585,136 100.0% 31% Source: Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005 – 2010, Cavite Province, by Provincial Planning and

Development Office. Provincial Physical Framework Plan/Comprehensive Provincial Land Use Plan, Province of Cavite, Planning Period 1998 to 2002, by Provincial Planning and Development Office

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There are 31 industrial estates in Cavite Province, of which 16 industrial estates are located covering an area of 1,284ha in total in the Project Area as listed below

Table 10 Existing Industrial Estates in Project Area Name of Industrial Estate/ Land Area

(ha) Number of Companies Location

1. First Cityland Heavy Industrial Center 32.10 1 Langkaan, Dasmariñas 2. First Cavite Industrial Estate (FCIE) 155.00 69 Langkaan, Dasmariñas 3. Dasmariñas TechnoPark 38.00 6 Paliparan. Dasmariñas 4. New Cavite Industrial City 52.00 24 Manggahan, Gen. Trias 5. Gateway Business Park 167.92 20 Javalera, Gen. Trias 6. Manggahan Industrial Estate 10.20 3 Manggahan, Gen. Trias 7. Golden Gate Business Park 65.16 Buenavista II, Gen. Trias 8. Golden Gate II Business Park 16.58 Buenavista II, Gen. Trias 9. Cavite Eco-Industrial Estate 104.95 Pasong Kawayan II, Gen. Trias10. Imus Informal Industrial Estate 200.00 13 Imus 11. Anabu Hills Industrial Estate 10.85 3 Anabu, Imus 12. EMI Special Economic Zone 12.20 1 Anabu II, Imus 13. Cavite Economic Zone 278.50 253 Rosario 14. PNOC Development & Management Corp. 50.32 2 Rosario 15. Cavite Economic Zone (Annexation) 9.88 Bacao, Gen. Trias 16. Fil-Estate Industrial Park, Inc. 80.62 Trece Martires City & Tanza

Total 1,284.28 Source: Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005 – 2010, Cavite Province, by Provincial Planning and

Development Office

(2) Family Income

Cavite Province ranks the second highest average family income among all provinces for the areas outside Metro Manila. The average family income of Cavite Province was 196,401 pesos in 2000 at current price. GINI coefficient is low compared to those of Metro Manila and Philippine.

Table 11 Distribution of Family Income Description Cavite Metro Manila Philippines

< 50,000 pesos 4.49% 1.06% 24.39% 50,000 – 100,000 pesos 21.91% 13.17% 30.62% 100,000 – 250,000 pesos 56.14% 49.80% 31.52% 250,000 – 500,000 pesos 13.63% 24.38% 10.01% > 500,000 pesos 3.73% 11.59% 3.22%

Dis

tribu

tion

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% GINI coefficient* 0.3554 0.4462 0.4814 Source: Philippine Statistical Yearbook Note:*: Index of income distribution with limits 0 for perfect equality and 1 for perfect inequality

6.2.3 Land Use

As early as the late 1800’s the study area was predominantly agricultural land managed by the Spanish friars. From the 1980’s to the present time, the land primarily cultivated for agricultural production has been converted and transformed into agro-industrial, economic and real estate housing development. At present, there is no primary forest in the Project Area.

The existing land use maps were produced based on the satellite image developed by the JICA CALA East-West Road Project, and the future land use plan in 2010 based on the land use plans of cities and municipalities in the province as summarized in the following page.

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Table 12 Existing and Projected Land Use of City and Municipalities Overlapped with Project Area (Unit: ha)

Existing as of 2003 Projected for 2010 Built-up Area Non Built-up Area Built-up Area Non Built-up Area

City/ Municipality Total Area

Area (ha) Share (%) Area (ha) Share (%) Area (ha) Share (%) Area (ha) Share (%)District I 4,619 2,148 46.5% 2,471 53.5% 4,365 94.5% 254 5.5%Bacoor 1,809 1,027 56.7% 782 43.3% 1,809 100.0% - 0.0%Kawit 1,548 375 24.2% 1,173 75.8% 1,436 92.8% 111 7.2%Noveleta 585 247 42.2% 338 57.8% 480 82.1% 105 17.9%Rosario 677 499 73.7% 178 26.3% 640 94.4% 38 5.6%District II 24,496 6,778 27.7% 17,719 72.3% 16,880 68.9% 7,616 31.1%Trece Martires 2,313 412 17.8% 1,901 82.2% 1,978 85.5% 335 14.5%Dasmarinas 7,012 2,595 37.0% 4,417 63.0% 5,736 81.8% 1,276 18.2%Gen. Trias 8,482 1,725 20.3% 6,757 79.7% 4,576 54.0% 3,906 46.0%Imus 5,160 1,710 33.1% 3,450 66.9% 4,126 80.0% 1,034 20.0%Tanza 1,530 337 22.0% 1,193 78.0% 464 30.3% 1,066 69.7%District III 11,628 1,859 16.0% 9,769 84.0% 5,079 43.7% 6,549 56.3%Amadeo 4,287 551 12.9% 3,736 87.1% 1,456 34.0% 2,832 66.0%Indang 1,204 57 4.7% 1,147 95.3% 123 10.2% 1,082 89.8%Silang 5,108 607 11.9% 4,501 88.1% 2,839 55.6% 2,269 44.4%Tagaytay 1,029 644 62.6% 385 37.4% 662 64.3% 367 35.7%Total 40,743 10,784 26.5% 29,959 73.5% 26,324 64.6% 14,419 35.4%Note: Built-up area covers urban centers, industrials areas (including large scale industrial estates), residential area

(including large scale housing estates) and tourism zones. Production area covers the croplands, livestock areas and forest.

Source: JICA CALA East-West Road Project and Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005–2010, Cavite Province, by Provincial Planning and Development Office

As shown in the above Table 12, it is clear that the local government (city and municipality government) project the built-up area in 2010 to be more than two times of the present area as of 2003. The four municipalities in District I (the low land area in coastal zone) currently keep 53% of their land as the non-built up area, most of which is used as the fishpond, while such non built-up area is projected to be almost zero by the year 2010, which would seriously aggravate the inland drainage capacity. Both of the District II (central hilly area) and District III (upland mountainous area) also show the dynamic reduction of the non built-up area, which would read to serious increment of the basin flood peak discharge.

As explained above, the land-use plans have been delineated by each city/municipality based on their regulations. These land use plans are, however, likely to follow the natural transition of land-use associated with the urban development and not positively control the excessive urban development in the province. Moreover, a certain extent of the previous non-built up area has been converted to residential area without revision of plans as well as approval by the government agencies concerned. The effective land-use controls and guides by LGU would be required to minimize loss of properties by flood in the province and lead to proper land development.

6.2.4 Water Use

Use of the surface water and ground water resources are as described below:

(1) Surface Freshwater Resources

The river water of the study area is used only for irrigation. It is not used for any other purposes such as drinking/industrial water, hydropower, fishery and recreation except local uses in the upstream reaches. Local people use the river water for washing, bathing and sometimes cooking in the upstream reaches but water use is limited due to the difficulty in access to the rivers. There are approximately 70 intake dams in the Imus, San Juan and Canas rivers including tributaries. Among them, about 10 dams are located in the lowland area

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(downstream river reaches), while the rest of them are all in the central area (middle river reaches).

(2) Ground Water Resources

In the lowland and central hilly areas covering the towns of Bacoor, Imus, General Trias, Dasmariñas, Tanza, hundreds of artesian wells and deep wells provide the water supply for both domestic and irrigation purposes. Due to the presence of numerous wells in the said municipalities, over extraction takes place resulting to salt intrusion in the aquifers. Most of the ground water is stored in the pyroclastic rock reservoir and little in the volcano and clastic rock. Potable water is not reported in the near shore due to the presence of alluvium deposits, which may be brackish and saline.

Free-flowing wells occur in the 30 meter elevation of Southern Tanza. In Imus, free-flowing well yields were 120 ft. deep wells drilled at elevation of about 15 meters.

A source of groundwater is infiltrated rainfall, which serves as the direct source of most near surface aquifers. Inflow from surface water reservoir and irrigation water contributes to the ground water.

6.3 Public Hazard

6.3.1 Water Pollution

DENR define the classes of river water according to the following applicable usages, based on a concept such that the quality of waters in Philippines shall be maintained in a safe and satisfactory condition according to their best uses (refer to DAO 90-34).

Table 13 Classification of River Water Defined by DOE River Water Class Applicable Water Use

AA Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds, which are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfections in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.

A Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.

B Recreational Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purpose)

C (1) Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources (2) Recreational Water Class II (Boating, etc.) (3) Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after treatment)

Source: DENR Administrative Order No. 34, Series of 1990

DENR categorizes the water use of Imus River and Canas River as the aforesaid Class C for the whole reaches. On the other hand, the San Juan River is categorized as Class C water for the lower and middle reaches and Class B water for the upper reaches.

DENR has also analyzed the water quality of the Imus, San Juan and Canas rivers since 2004. The average water quality during dry season at the key stations is summarized below.

Table 14 Water Quality of Rivers in Study Area (Unit: mg/l)

River Reaches Station pH DO BOD TSS

Imus Lower Reaches Aguinaldo Highway Br. 7.9 4.1 10.2 21

San Juan Lower Reaches (After Confluence of Ylang Ylang R.) Noveleta Bridge/1

8.1 4.7 2.5 16

San Juan Lower Reaches (Before Confluence. of Ylang Ylang R.) San Francisco 8.0 3.5 4.5 13

Canas Lower Reaches Tejero Bridge 8.5 7.5 1.5 13

DENR Criteria for Class C Water 6.5-8.5 >5.0 <7 (10)/2 See /3

Note /1: Tidal area, /2: Figures out parenthesis are for rainy season and those in parenthesis for dry season. /3: Not more than 30mg/l increase

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The JICA study team for the Feasibility Study and Implementation Support on the CALA East-West National Road (JICA study team for CALA East-West Road Project) analyzed the total coliform of the Imus and San Juan rivers in March 2005. The results are shown below.

Table 15 Cloiform of Imus and San Juan River Analyzed Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) River Lower Reaches Middle Reaches Upper Reaches Criteria

Imus 20,000 500,000 30,000 San Juan 100,000 700,000 100,000 < 5,000

As shown in the above two Tables 14 and 15, the Imus River and San Juan River is much polluted due to the domestic wastewater. However, the water of the Canas River is kept still rather clean. For details of the DENR Analysis, see the following Table 16.

Table 16 Detailed Analysis on River Water Quality in the Study Area (Unit: mg/l)

River Sampling Location Sampling Date pH DO BOD TSS 3 rd Quarter 2004 - 4.1 5.0 13 4 th Quarter 2004 7.8 7.3 5.0 23 Feb. 2005 7.9 0.0 32.0 17 Jun. 2005 8.1 3.2 21.0 99 Sep. 2005 7.8 5.8 3.0 122 Nov. 2005 7.9 4.2 6.0 28 1 st Quarter 2006 8.0 3.7 8.0 10 2 nd Quarter 2006 8.0 2.1 5.0 25 3 rd Quarter 2006 8.4 3.6 4.0 6 4 th Quarter 2006 7.8 7.3 5.0 23

Imus Aguinaldo Highway Bridge (in lower reaches)

Average 8.0 (7.9) 4.1 (4.1) 9.4 (10.2) 37 (21) 4 th Quarter 2004 8.4 5.2 3.0 21 1 st Quarter 2005 7.7 4.1 2.0 11 Noveleta Bridge (in tidal

area) Average 8.1 (8.1)

4.7 (4.7)

2.5 (2.5)

16 (16)

1 st Quarter 2006 8.2 3.0 5.0 16 2 nd Quarter 2006 7.7 3.9 4.0 9 4 th Quarter 2006 7.4 5.9 3.0 500

San Francisco (downstream of General Trias)

Average 7.8 (8.0) 4.3 (3.5) 4.0 (4.5) 175 (13) 1 st Quarter 2006 8.4 7.4 1.0 24 2 nd Quarter 2006 8.1 7.3 1.0 22 4 th Quarter 2006 7.6 7.6 1.0 236

San Juan

Pasong Kawayan (in middle reaches)

Average 8.0 (8.3) 7.4 (7.4) 1.0 (1.0) 94 (23) 2 nd Quarter 2004 8.6 7.3 1.0 8 4 th Quarter 2004 8.4 7.6 2.0 18 Canas Tejero Bridge (in lower ) Average 8.5 (8.5) 7.5 (7.5) 1.5 (1.5) 13 (13)

Note: Figures in the parentheses are average water quality during dry season. Source: DENR

6.3.2 Solid Waste

Disposal of the household wastes, the industrial wastes and health care wastes in the Project Area are as described herein after:

(1) Household Waste and Market Waste

According to information from the Provincial Government of Cavite, the total volumes of household and market wastes as of 2002 generated in the city/municipalities overlapped with the Project Area are estimated at about 1,540 m3/day and 225 m3/day, respectively (refer to Table 17 and 18 in the following page).

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Table 17 Volume of Household Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes Collection System Municipality Total

Population Volume (m3/day) Dump Truck (no.) Frequency of Collection District I

Bacoor 305,699 260 6 mini. Daily Kawit 62,751 40 3 Daily Noveleta 31,939 120 1 and 2 mini. Daily Rosario 66,721 15 3 Daily

District II

Trece Martires 41,653 240 2 and 2 mini. 2 Dump: 5 days a week 2 Mini.: 7 days a week

Dasmarinas 379,512 295 15 Once a week Gen. Trias 109,845 166 9 Twice a week Imus 195,482 226 14 Once a week Tanza 127,147 120 15 mini. Every other day

District III Amadeo 27,737 10 ton 1 3 times a week Indang - - - - Silang 156,628 50 2 3 times a week

Total 1,505,114 1,542 Source: Provincial Government of Cavite

Table 18 Volume of Market Wastes and Collection System for the Wastes Size of Market Collection System

Municipality Total Area (ha)

Number of Stalls

Frequency of Market Opening Volume (m3/day) Number of

Dump Trucks Frequency of

Collection District I

Bacoor Unknown 612 Everyday 72 2 Daily Kawit 0.7 582 Everyday 12 1 Daily Noveleta 0.1 177 Everyday 4 1 Daily Rosario 0.3 468 Everyday 6 3 Daily

District II Trece Martires 0.9 202 Everyday 12 1 mini. Twice a day Dasmarinas 1 819 Everyday 36 2 Daily Gen. Trias 1.5 293 Everyday 8 1 Twice a day Imus 2.5 860 Everyday 61 2 Daily Tanza 4.0 504 Everyday Unknown 1 mini. 3-4 times a day

District III Amadeo 1.1 191 Twice a week 4 1 Twice a weekIndang - - - - - - Silang 0.8 820 4 times a week 10 Unknown Daily

Total 225 Source: Provincial Government of Cavite

The measure for disposal of the above household and market wastes in the Province could be classified, in general, into open dumping, composting and burning. The local government units (city/municipalities) in the Project Area operate their own designated open dumping site (refer to Table 18 in the next page). In spite of the designated dumping site, a considerable volume of the solid wastes is being dumped into open spaces, bridges, canals and rivers, which cause water pollution.

Of the local government units in Project Area, Imus Municipality has established an eco-center. The eco-center produces and provides the compost free to farmers and to other residents who are interested to use compost as organic fertilizer to their garden plants.

Majority of cities/municipal governments in Cavite Province currently use collection open dump trucks and/or compactors trucks for collection of solid wastes. Such vehicles for collection of solid wastes are, however, likely to be in adequate and hardly achieve the appropriate level of collection.

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Table 19 Disposal Site of Household Waste in Project Area

Municipality Type of Disposal Location (Barangay) Area (ha) Lifespan

District I Bacoor Open dumping Molino IV 5.0 Unknown Kawit Open dumping, Burning Batong Dalig 0.01 5 years Noveleta Open dumping Salcedo II 0.5 None Rosario Open dumping, Burning, Composting Kanluran 3.0 5 years

District II Trece Martires Semi-land fill De Ocampo 1.9 10 years Dasmarinas Open dumping Lankaan II 1.0 1 year Gen. Trias Open dumping Tapia 1.5 1 year 3 months Imus Open dumping Pasong Buaya 1.0 2 years Tanza Open dumping Sahod Uldan 5.0 Temporary

District III Amadeo Open dumping, Burning V Poblacion 1.0 5 years Indang - - - - Silang Open dumping, Burning Lalaan I 0.5 Temporary

Source: Provincial Government of Cavite

(2) Industrial Waste

According to “2005 Socio-Economic Profile, Cavite Province”, the present total industrial wastes generated daily in Cavite Province is estimated at about 1,000 metric tons and its fifty percent is considered hazardous. Toxic and hazardous wastes generated by industries within the Province are currently collected and transported to Manila and Laguna by the particular firms accredited for treatment of toxic and hazardous wastes.

(3) Health Care Waste

The Cavite Province has procured an autoclave system through Pan Asia Environment (PAE) Phil., Inc., for the sake of treatment of the health care waste. The autoclave system currently serves all the government hospitals in the province and six private hospitals.

6.4 Flood Problems

6.4.1 Flood Conditions

The causes of the floods in the Project Area are broadly classified into the two types, namely:

(1) The flash flood caused by the flood overflow of the river channels; and

(2) The inland flood, which is caused by stagnant of storm rainfall and high tide.

The Imus/Bacoor River, San Juan/Ylang Ylang River and Canas River have inadequate flow capacity, which lead to the flash floods. Flash floods tend to occur at the narrow/bottleneck sections, low dike section and debris clogging section. Moreover, the flood peak discharge tends to increase in the recent years due to the intensive land development for industrial and housing uses in the middle and upper reaches of the river basins.

The coastal areas are prone to inland flood due to their low-elevated and flat topography. Further, the areas are affected by tide of the sea. Hence, the areas are habitually flooded by inland water during rainy season and severely flooded, when it rained at the time of high tide. The flood condition has become more serious in the recent years due to the clogging of drainage channels by dumped garbage, and illegal reclamation of drainage channels. The land development will decrease the basin retarding capacity of inland floodwater, resulting increase of the flood damage.

It is also reported that a developer narrowed the cross-section of a waterway that caused the water to overflow during heavy rains. Another developer also filled up a waterway because his land development area has to cross the waterway. As the results, the water in the waterway flows to adjacent low-lying areas and causing flood during heavy rains.

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6.4.2 Flood Damages

The interview survey on flood damage is currently in progress. According to the preliminary results of the interview survey, the following four major flash floods have occurred during a period from 1995 to 2006 affecting some thousand hundreds people with casualties.

Table 20 Recent Representative Flood Damage in the Project Area Date Name of

Typhoon Affected Area Remarks

Oct. ‘00 Reming Lowland Area (Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus, Kawit etc.)

Death: 10 Affected population: 380,616

Jul. ‘02 Gloria Lowland Area (Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus, Kawit etc.) Affected population: 173,075

Jul. ‘02 Inday Lowland Area (Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus, Kawit etc.)

Death: 1 Affected population: 168,025

Sep. ‘06 Milenyo Lowland Area (Bacoor, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus, Kawit etc.) and General Trias Death: 30 by flood

Of the above flash floods, the flood caused by Typhoon Milenyo in September 2006 could be preliminarily assumed as the recoded maximum flood. The Typhoon Milenyo caused overflow along a substantial length of Imus, San Juan as well as Canas River and, the overflow discharge extended over an extensive area of middle and lower reaches including Municipalities, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Imus and General Trias.

The Typhoon Milenyo also caused an overflow above the crest of Butas Dam on Canas River in Barangay Buena Vista General Trias, which is managed by NIA. During the overflow, the upstream river water level of the dam reached the critical level, and the riprap along the riverbanks on both sides of the dam cracked and the dam body was finally collapsed, widening the river channel to double. As the results, 30 onlookers on the clapped riverbank were drawn into the river and died.

In addition to the above flash flood, the lowland area in the Project Area suffers the habitual flood inundation by the stagnant of storm rainfall and the high tide. The prone areas of inland flood are tabulated below.

Table 21 Barangays in Flood Prone Area in the Study Area Municipality Barangays Bacoor Talaba 2, 3, 5, 6, Maliksi 3, Digman, Alima, Sineguelasan, Banalo, Mabolo 1 Imus Calsadag Bago 1, 2, Poblacion 4, Alapan 1, Pag-asa 1, 2, Medicion 1, 2 Kawit Gahak, Binakayan, Panamitan, Sta. Isabel, Tabon, Poblacion, Magdiwang, San Juan, Kaingen, Wakas Noveleta San Antonio 1, 2, Sta. Rosa 1, 2, San Juan 1, 2, San Jose 1, 2 Rosario Ligtong, Silangan, Muzon, Wawa, Kanluran, Bagbag, Sapa, Tejero, Poblacion Tanza Julugan, Daang Amaya, Poblacion

7. Legal Framework of Environmental and Social Considerations

7.1 Low and Administration

7.1.1 Law and Registration for EIS

Presidentia1 Decree (PD) No.1151 promulgated in 1977, known as the Philippine Environment Policy first set the tone for the requirement of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) for projects, which might have an impact on the environment. The requirement for EISs was formalized by the promulgation of PD 1586 in 1978. Under the promulgation, environmental considerations must be incorporated at earliest stage of project development and disclosure of projects information and public participation in the EIS process are required.

Presidentia1 Proclamation 2146 provided for environmentally critical Projects (ECPs) and environmentally critical areas (ECAs) as the classification of projects in 1981. DENR Administrative Order No.12 prescribed Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) for the condition of the construction of projects in 1992. Procedural Manual for DENR Administrative Order No.30 Series 2003 can be referred to as guidelines in the Philippine EIS system. EIS related law could be seen in the WEB page of EMB.（www.emb.gov.ph/eia.htm）

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7.1.2 Competent Agency of EIS

The Environmenta1 Management Bureau (EMB) in the Department of Environment and Natura1 Resource (DENR) is responsible for policies and programs for environmental management such as environmental conservation, condition of air, water and chemicals, pollution control, capability building and environmental education programs, EMB also administers EIS system, which requires all government agencies and private sectors to come up with EIS for ECPs, as well as projects that are located in an ECA. EMB examines EIS submitted by the proponent and ECCs is issued after the project is identified not to have a serious impact on the environment.

7.2 Implementation Framework of EIS

7.2.1 Project Proponent

Proponent agency of this Project is Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The DPWH has the responsibility for preparation and submission of the EIS. DPWH usually establishes a Project Management Office–F/S (PMO-F/S) prior to feasibility studies and the PMO-F/S prepares the EIS. Once the execution of projects starts, PMO, which is converted from PMO-F/S, has responsibilities for implementation of environmental and social considerations such as land acquisition and resettlement in cooperation with local government unites. Environmental Social Services Office (ESSO) in the Development Planning Division of DPWH has the functions to support and supervise preparation of EIS.

7.2.2 Framework of Resettlement

Implementation of resettlement is carried out by the related local government units (LGUs). The related cities/municipalities carry out investigation of residents’ consciousness, new resettlement sites, compensation for land and property loss, means for an alternative sustainable livelihood, monitoring of resettled residents, and so forth for DPWH projects. The Cavite Province has been supporting cities/municipalities in this regard, and it established the Urban Development and Housing Board in 2005 to cover difficult issues beyond cities/municipalities’ capacity, such as the provision of housing to the poverty and informal settlers.

7.3 Disclosure and Public Participation

7.3.1 Information Disclosure

Article IV Section 2 of DAO 96-37 details the following requirements of public information to be complied by the project proponent. Evidence demonstrating compliance with these requirements will form part of the supporting documents to be submitted with the IEE/EIS.

(1) The proponent will disclose all information about the proposed project to the public in the language and manner that are easily understood (i.e., evaluation of public health, environment, population, gender, socio-economic and cultural impacts, as well as the appropriate mitigation and enhancement measures).

(2) The proponent will post a notice of the submission of an IEE/EIS, in coordination with the DENR Regiona1 Office or EMB, together with a summery of the proposed project.

7.3.2 Public Participation

The Philippine EIS System states that the acceptability of the environmental impact of a project can only be fully determined through meaningful public participation and a transparent EIS process. In conformity with the requirements delineated in Article IV Section 3 of DAO No 96-37，proponents of projects that are required to undergo an EIA will initiate the conduct of public consultations as provided in the EMB Guidelines to ensure that the public concerns are fully incorporated in the EIA process.

To secure Environmenta1 Compliance Certificate (ECC) and Certificate of Non-Coverage(CNC)，following procedures are required, as mentioned in Article 5.3，DAO 30-2003.

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“For projects under Category A, the conduct of public consultation as part of the EIS reviews is mandatory unless otherwise determined by EMB. For all other undertakings，a public consultation is not mandatory unless specifically required by EMB.

Proponents should initiate pubic consultation early in order to ensure that environmentally relevant concerns of stakeholders are taken into consideration in the EIA study and the formulation of the management plan.”

7.4 Procedures and Documentary Requirements

7.4.1 Procedures of EIS

The first activity in the procedures of EIS is the submission of a project belief by a project proponent to EMB of DENR. EMB judge the project to correspond to the Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) and Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs). If a project doesn’t fall under ECP or ECA, the Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) is issued.

If a project is categorized as ECP, the proponent submits Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) after the preparation of scoping, baseline study, identification, prediction, evaluation and mitigation of impact and environmental management plan to EMB. The EIS review is generally a two-stage process.

The first stage is a procedural review by the receiving staff of EMB. The second stage is substantive review by the Environmental Impact Assessment Review Committee (EIARC). DENR issues Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECCs) if DENR judges that the project doesn’t have a serious impact on the environment, after EIARC’s investigation of ESC and holding of public consultation.

If the project is not ECP but falls under ECA, the proponent must submit Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report and the project goes through investigation of DENR.

7.4.2 Categorization of Projects in Philippines

Projects are categorized into A, B, C and D based on the significance of adverse impacts on environment and they have deferent procedure depending on its category.

Table 22 Category and Reason Category Reason

Category A ECPs with significant potential to cause negative environmental impacts

Category B Projects that are not categorized as ECPs, but which may cause negative environmental impacts because they are located in ECAs

Category C Projects intended to directly enhance environmental quality or address existing environmental problems not falling under Category A or B

Category D Projects unlikely to cause adverse environmental impacts

Projects under Category A and B must obtain Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), which is the permission of the project in terms of environment.

For projects under Category A, the proponent must submit EIS report and hold public consultation, and EMB will review the document. For projects under Category B, the proponent must submit EIS report or IEE report, depending on the size of the projects, and EMB regional office will review the document. EMB can request the proponent to hold public consultation, if the project under Category B is required to submit EIS report.

7.4.3 Requirements for Documents

The EIS should be submitted to the EMB Central Office, and will be reviewed by an EIA Review Committee (EIARC), and endorsed by the EMB Director to the approving authority (DENR Secretary). The maximum time necessary for the approval of ECC is 120 working days after the EIS had been received by EMB. Requirement for the minimum contents of EIS is as follows:

Contents of EIS

• EIS Executive Summary; • Scoping report identifying critical issues and concerns, as validated by the EMB;

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• Project Description; • Baseline environmental conditions focusing on the sectors (and resources) most significantly

affected by the proposed action; • Impact assessment focused on significant environmental impacts (in relation to project

construction/commissioning, operation and decommissioning), taking into account cumulative impacts;

• Environmental Risk Assessment (if EMB decides it to be mandatory during scoping); • Environmental Management Program/Plan; • Supporting documents, including technical/socio-economic data used/generated; certificate of

zoning viability and municipal land use plan; and proof of consultation with stakeholders; • Proposals for Environmental Monitoring and Guarantee Funds including justification of amount,

when required; • Accountability statement of EIA consultants/preparators and the project proponent; and • Other clearances and documents, which may be determined and agreed upon during scoping.

The IEE Report should be submitted to the EMB regional office of the project area. EIA Division will examine the document and the EIA Division Chief will endorse it. The EMB Regional Director will give the final approval. The maximum time necessary for the approval of IEE report is 60 working days after the IEE Report is received by EMB. Requirement for the minimum contents of IEE report is as follows:

Contents of IEE Report

• Project description; • A brief of the environmental setting and receiving environment, including the primary and

secondary impact areas; • A brief description of the project or undertaking and its process of operation; • A brief description of the environmental impact of the project or undertaking, including its

socio-economic impact; • A matrix of mitigation and enhancement measures; • A documentation of the consultative process undertaken, when appropriate; • Other clearances and documents that may be determined and agreed upon during scoping. • Accountability Statements of the preparator and the proponent.

7.5 Result of the Consultation with Recipient Government

Results of the consultation with the DPWH and Province of Cavite on environmental and social consideration are as follows.

• The DPWH and Province of Cavite will be responsible for conducting necessary procedures for Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in accordance with both Philippines and JICA guidelines, in collaboration with the Japanese study team.

• The DPWH and Province of Cavite will have public consultation with stakeholders at its expense in principle and confirm favorable perception among the communities and the stakeholders before proceeding to the next step of the Study at each stage

• The disclosure of information by both sides will be ensured. • Participation and dialogues with various stakeholders will be ensured in order to achieve

appropriate environmental and social considerations. • The DPWH and Province of Cavite will dispose counterpart personnel for environmental and

social consideration in the Study.

Results of the consultation with the EMB on environmental and social consideration are as follows.

• EIS is not necessary for master plan study. • If the construction of reservoir is chosen as a priority project of F/S, the project will fall under

Category B. In this case, submission of EIS report (in case the area of the reservoir is over 25ha) or IEE report (under 25ha) is necessary.

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• EIS or IEE report should be submitted to the EMB regional office.

8. Flood Mitigation Measures

8.1 Principal Concepts

As described above, the Project Area currently has the intensive industrialization because of easy accessibility between the Project Area and Metro Manila, which leads to the rapid increment of population and the intensive land development. On the other hand, the Project Area suffers from the habitual inundation by storm rainfall/high tidal and the occasional flash flood by overflow of the river, which deteriorates the regional economy and results in the great hindrance of the daily life of the residents. Under these circumstances, the Project aims at minimizing the damage caused by the said habitual inundation and/or flash flood through formulation of the comprehensive flood mitigation plan.

The comprehensive flood mitigation plan consists of the structural and non-structural measures. Of them, the optimum combination of structural measures would be contemplated through comparative study of alternatives taking the topographies, land uses and other geophysical/social conditions of the Project Area into consideration. Difficulties are, however, foreseeable in setting the adequate design flood scale for the structural measures in due consideration of the following constrains.

(1) The existing river flow capacity is evaluated extremely small.

(2) A large-scale river/drainage channel improvement is hardly executed due to the existing densely packed houses along the river/drainage channel.

(3) The affordable budget for cost of the structural measure would be rather limited.

The structural measures would need to allow a certain extent of flood inundation due to the above physical, social and financial constrains. Hence, the non-structural flood mitigation measures, which would include the following varieties, would play an important and effective role for flood mitigation as good as the structural measures.

(1) Community-based flood mitigation works such as restraint of garbage dumping into and/or removal of garbage accumulated in the river/drainage channels, which could keep the channel flow capacity,

(2) Revision and/or control of the excessive land use/development plan, which would function to refrain increment of basin peak runoff discharge;

(3) Flood hazard map, which enables the residents to know the flood hazardous area and the eligible flood evacuation routes and centers, and

(4) Flood warning and evacuation system, which enable the residents to know the actual flood information and evacuate in the event of the flood, which exceeds the flood control capacity of the structural measures.

Details of the above non-structural measures would be clarified through the further study on the hydrological/hydraulic and land use conditions of the Project Area and the discussions with the stakeholder. Regardless to the results of the detailed study, however, the non-structural measures are essential to ensure and sustain the function for all of the proposed structural flood mitigation measures. Accordingly, the non-structural plans are assumed to be the common preconditions for all of the alternative structural measures.

8.2 Structural Flood Mitigation Measures

8.2.1 Potential Measures against Flash Flood

The flash flood is herein defined as the flood discharge, which runoff from a large catchment area and spills over the inland due to the overflow of riverbank. In accordance with the definition, the objective rivers for proposal of measures against flash flood could be addressed to Imus, San Juan and Canas River, all of which has a catchment area of more than 100 km2. According to the field

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reconnaissance and interview survey to the residents, the flash flood of the above three rivers is likely to have the following particular characters:

(1) The flood overflow has occurred four times in the recent seven years from 2000 to 2007 (refer to subsection 6.4.2).

(2) The flood overflow has occurred along rather extensive river stretch not only in the lower reaches but also in the middle reaches.

(3) The areas along the river channels in the lower reaches in particular are densely packed with the houses. In spite of such dense houses along the river and the extensive area of flood overflow, the number of causalities was rather small. This could be attributed to the condition such that most of the existing river bank elevation is almost same as the hinterland ground level and therefore, a large volume of the overflow discharge due to breach of river dike hardly occur within a short duration.

(1) Full-scale River Channel Improvement

All of the objective rivers, Imus, San Juan and Canas River deem to possess rather small channel flow capacity judging from the aforesaid frequent occurrence of the flood over flow. Accordingly, the river channel improvement is firstly conceived as the eligible measure to increase the channel flow capacity.

The method of increment of channel overflow is oriented to widening of the river channel instead of elevating of the river dike in order to minimize the flood damage potential in case of the flood overflow. The major work for widening of the river channel would be excavation and dredging of the river channel.

The widening of the river channel would be required in the downstream stretches, which would require an extremely large number of house relocations. The necessary stretch of the river channel improvement and number of house relocations are very preliminarily estimated based on the results of field reconnaissance, interview survey and interpretation of the existing topographic maps/aerial photo as listed below.

Table 23 Preliminary Estimation on Stretch of Necessary River Improvement and Number of House Relocations

Objective River Stretch of River Improvement Approx. Number

of House Evacuations

No. River Structures Crossing

Imus River The mainstream of about 6.4km in length starting from the river mouth 800 Bridge: 4

San Juan River The mainstream of about 4.8km in length starting from the river mouth to confluence with Ylang Ylang 500 Bridge: 6

Canas River The mainstream of about 5.4km in length starting from the river mouth 800 Bridge: 2

Note: (1) * : A shortcut channel of about 1.0 km in length in right bank around town proper of Gen. Trias (2) : All estimated figures are subject to change based on the results of the on-going river

channel/ground level survey and hydrological analysis.

(2) Construction of Flood Retarding Basin

There still remains a rather extensive non-built up area (i.e., the agricultural land and/or the grass land) in the lower and middle reaches of all of the objective river basins. Taking such land use conditions into consideration, the off-site flood-retarding basin in the present non-built up area is conceived as one of the potential flood mitigation measures to temporarily store the basin runoff discharge and reduce the flood flow discharge of the downstream river channel. It is, however, noted that a partial river channel improvement for the downstream bottleneck sections would be unavoidable even on the premises of flood retarding basin.

The measure would have an advantage to minimize the house relocations but may require a large extent and cost for land acquisition. The possible side and required extent of the flood retarding basins for each of the objective river is very preliminarily assumed as listed below

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based on the results of field reconnaissance, interpretation of the existing topographic maps/aerial photos and hydrological assumptions:

Table 24 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Location and Extent of Flood Retarding Basin Objective River Location Extent

Imus River Along left bank in the lower reaches from the proposed alignment of CALA Road.

About 20 to 30 ha in total

San Juan River Along left or right bank between the confluence with Ylang Ylang River and the proposed alignment of CALA Road

About 40 to 50ha in total

Canas River Along left or right bank in the lower reaches from the proposed alignment of CALA Road

About 50 to 60ha in total

Note: The above estimated figures are subject to change based on the results of the on-going river channel/ground level survey and hydrological analysis.

(3) Construction of Flood Diversion Channel

The flood diversion channel aims at diverting a part of river flood discharge into the sea or a new waterway so as to reduce the necessary scale of the aforesaid river improvement work and the off-site flood-retarding basin. The prominent advantage of the flood diversion channel contains the following prominent advantages:

• The food diversion channel would require the less number of house relocations as compared with the aforesaid full-scale river channel improvement, when its alignment could be placed along less populated area.

• The flood diversion channel would require less land acquisition as compared with the off-site flood-retarding basin, when the objective diversion point could be placed relatively near to the sea and/or another river channel, which are proposed as the outlet of the diversion channel.

Taking the above advantages into account, the following two potential routes for flood diversion channels for San Juan River are preliminarily conceived:

Table 25 Preliminary Estimation on Probable Root of Flood Diversion Channel for San Juan River

Route Location Extent Approx. No. of

House Evacuations

No. River Structures Crossing

Route A From the point around Noveleta Bridge to the river mouth at the left bank side

About 2.3 km 90 Bridge: 3 Canal: 3

Route B From the point upstream from Bayan Dam to Canas River About 0.8 km 30 Bridge: 1

Canal: 1 Note: The above estimated figures are subject to change based on the results of the on-going river channel/ground

level survey and hydrological analysis.

(4) Systematization of On-site Flood Retention Pond

The study would be made on a regulatory approach to oblige the land developer to install a certain scale of on-site flood retention facility for their new industrial and housing estate. The on-site flood retention facility would function to offset the increment of the peak flood runoff discharge caused by pavement in the new industrial/housing estate.

There are various types of the on-site flood detention facility as listed below. Nevertheless, the types other than the flood detention pond have never been induced to Philippines, and difficulties are foreseeable in establishing them due to the regulatory constraint and the high cost required. From this point of view, the objective of IEE Study is addressed to the flood retention pond as the most eligible off-site flood retention facility.

• Flood retention pond, which is installed at the downstream end of the compound of the new industrial and/or housing estate,

• Rainfall tank to be installed at each of the houses/buildings in the new industrial/

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housing estate, • Temporary flood retention by using the space of the public open places such park and

sport ground, and • Permeable pavement for the new road and a large scale of parking space.

8.2.2 Potential Measures for Inland Drainage

The inland drainage aims at reducing the duration, extent and depth of inundation caused by stagnant of the storm rainfall and/or the high tide. The objective areas of such inland drainage are preliminarily placed in the low land area in the Project Area including municipalities of Rosario, Noveleta, Kawit, and General Trias.

The potential measures for inland drainage for the above objective areas are preliminarily conceived based on the results of the field reconnaissance, the interview survey to the residents/relevant government agencies and interpretation of the existing topographic maps/aerial photos as described hereinafter:

(1) Coastal Dike

A certain part of the coastal area has the ground level below the tidal level during high tide. Due to such low ground level, the tidal flood occurs even during the time of no rainfall. The tidal flood is further aggravated, when the intensive rainfall occurs during the high tide. In order to mitigate such tidal flood, the costal dike is proposed to shut out the high tide for the area where the ground level is lower than the high tide level. The coastal dike is provisionally proposed as Alternative 1 along the eastern part of Municipality of Kawit:

(2) Tidal Gate with Options of New Drainage Main and Interceptor

A certain part of the coastal area hardly drains the storm rainfall during the time of high tide due to the backwater effect of the tidal level. In order to retrieve such hindrance, the tidal gate is proposed at the outlet of the representative drainage main. The tidal gate is closed during the high tide, and it is opened when the tidal level is lowered.

Construction of the new drainage main may be also required, when the objective drainage area does not possess the representative drainage channel to collect the storm rainfall and drain to the sea through the tidal gate. At the same time, when the storm rainfall is hardly collected to the drainage main, an interceptor would be proposed along the costal line in order to collect the storm rainfall to the drainage main. The tidal gate and the interceptor is provisionally proposed at the following locations:

Table 26 Proposed Flap Gate along Estuary Section of River Objective

Drainage Area Tidal Gate New Drainage Main and Interceptor

Rosario • Outlet of a newly proposed drainage main traversing in the eastern part of the area

• Outlet of the existing drainage main, which runs through the industrial area of Cavite Economic Zone, and then passes through western part of the area finally glowing into the sea.

• A new drainage main may be required to traverse in the eastern part of the area

• An interceptor along the coastal line would be required to collect the discharge of the existing laterals, which run in parallel toward the sea, into the drainage main.

Noveleta • Outlet of the existing waterway in the eastern area

• Not required

Kawit • Outlet of Triona River • Not required Bacoor • Outlet of C. Gawarang St. • Not required

(3) Flap Gate along River

Some of the existing drainage channels are connected to the estuary section of Imus, San Juan and Canas River. These drainage channels hardly fulfill the function to drain the storm rainfall due to the backwater effect of the rivers during the high tide. In order to retrieve such backwater effect, the following flap gates are proposed.

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Table 27 Proposed Tidal Gate, New Drainage and Interceptor Objective

Drainage Area Number and Location

Rosario • One flap gate at right bank of Canas River Noveleta • One flap gate at each of left and right banks of San Juan River Kawit (Alt.1) • One flap gate along a tributary of San Juan River Kawit (Alt. 2) • Five flap gates along tributaries of San Juan River Bacoor • Three flap gates along Imus River

(4) Ring Dike

The ring dike has been proposed by DPWH and supported by the community to wall in the low land area in the eastern part of Municipality of Kawit (including barangays of Kaingen, Ponblacion, Wakas 1& 2, Gahak- Maruas), where the ground level is extremely low of EL. 0 to 1m, and the intrusion of sea water as well as overflow from Triona River often occurs. A certain flood regulation pond would be also required to temporally store the storm rainfall with the ring dike. This scheme could be regarded as the possible alternative of the scheme (Alternative 2), which consists of combination of the aforesaid costal dike and tidal gate.

(5) Off-site Flood Retention Pond

The following two-types of off-site flood retention pond are provisionally proposed:

(a) Off-site Flood Retention Pond along Southern Side of Rosario-Noveleta-Kawit Diversion Road

There is a national road called “Rosario-Noveleta-Kawit Diversion Road” (referred to as the “Diversion Road”), which runs the east to the west in the low land area of the Project Area. The Diversion Road deems to currently work as a buffer to check the storm rainfall in the northern part of the Road to flow into the southern coastal lowland area. Thus, the Diversion Road functions to mitigate the inland inundation in the coastal low land area. At the same time, however, the inundation occurs along the southern side of the Diversion Channel. In order to retrieve such inundation, two off-site flood retention ponds are provisionally proposed along the southern side of the Diversion Channel in Municipality of Kawit and General Trias.

(b) Off-site Flood Retention Pond in Municipality of Bacoor

The existing fishponds currently function well as the outlet for inland drainage in the coastal area of Bacoor Municipality. The fishponds are, however, currently being reclaimed and shifting to the residential area. According to the land use plan, Bacoor Municipality projects to reclaim the whole extent of the fishponds by the year 2010, which would lead to difficulties in inland drainage. In order to cope with the said issue, it is provisionally proposed to construct two off-site flood retention ponds with using the space of existing fishponds.

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8.2.3 Alternative Plans of Structural Flood Mitigation Measures

The alternative flood mitigation measures against flashflood and for inland drainage are proposed through combinations of the aforesaid potential flood mitigation measures. The alternative measures thus proposed are as listed below:

Table 28 Alternative Measures against Flash Flood Component of Flood Mitigation Measures

Alt. No. Objective River Full Scale of

River Improvement

Partial River Improvement

Off-site Flood Retarding Basin

Flood Diversion Channel

On-site Flood Retention Facility

F_I.1 ● F_I.2 ● ● F_I.3

Imus River ● ● ●

F_S.1 ●* F_S.2 ● ● F_S.3 ● ● ● F_S.4

San Juan River

● ● ● ● F_C.1 ● F_C.2 ● ● F_C.3

Canas River ● ● ●

*: The alternative F_S.1 may include construction of short cut channel at right bank around town proper of Gen. Trias.

Table 29 Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage Component of Measures

Alt. No.

Objective Drainage Area (Municipality)

Coastal Dike Tidal Gate Interceptor

New Drainage

Main

Flap Gate along River

Ring Dike

Off-site Flood

Retention Pond

Rosario ● ● ● ● Noveleta ● ● ● Kawit ● ● ● ● General Trias ●

D-1

Bacoor ● ● ● Rosario ● ● ● ● Noveleta ● ● ● Kawit ● ● ● General Trias ●

D-2

Bacoor ● ● ● Note: The difference of Alternative D-1 and D-2 is only in the measures applied to Kawit Municipality.

8.3 Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures

The non-structural measures are broadly classified into three categories of the following items (I) to (III) according to the functions required to them.

Table 30 Eligible Non-structural Flood Mitigation Measures Classification Measures

(I) Measures for Flow of Waterways (To maintain flow capacity of the

river/drainage channel and safely convey the flood discharge to the sea)

(1) Restraint of garbage dumping into in the river/drainage channels and/or removal of garbage accumulated in the river/drainage channels.

(2) Restraint of illegal land occupation in the river area.

(II) Measures for Basin Runoff (To maintain the retention capacity

of the river basin and refrain the increment of basin peak flood runoff discharge)

(3) Revision of land use/zoning plan for control of excessive land development, and/or legislation on obligation for constriction of on-site flood detention facility by the land developer.

(III) Measures for Flood Evacuation (To mitigate the flood damage

through capacity building for dealing with the flood)

(4) Diffusion of flood hazard map and establishment of eligible flood warning and evacuation system.

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The above non-structural measures are closely related to the local communities as well as other stakeholders and could be attained only when they could acknowledge the necessity of the measures and participate themselves to plan formulation, implementation and monitoring/evaluation for the measures. From these viewpoints, a variety of approaches to the local communities would be taken during the Study such as opening of public consultation meetings/workshops, questionnaire surveys to the communities, and implementation of the pilot project for the non-structural measures, which would be carried out in collaboration with the local communities. In order to facilitate these approaches, the Flood Mitigation Committee would be established during the study period The Committee is assumed to be the executing body for promoting the non-structural measures. The details of the approaches for each of the non-structural measures are further elaborated as below:

8.3.1 Activities for Removal of Garbage in the Waterways

A large volume of garbage is now illegally damped into the river and/or the drainage channels, which hampers the flood flow. Some of local communities have attempted to enlighten for refraining the garbage dumping and/or make river patrol. Such community-based activities are, however, still within the rather limited area, and hardly diffused over the whole river basin.

The JICA Study Team would support the above community-based activities through execution of pilot project and at the same time, make the necessary transfer of knowledge to the counterpart personnel of the Provincial Government of Cavite so as to expand the activities for removal garbage in the waterway.

8.3.2 Administration of River Area

The water surface of the river together with the land within the distance of 3m from the edge of the water surface is prescribed, in the law of Philippines, as the river area, where any occupation of the water surface and the land is subject to approval of the river administrator. In spite of such prescription, a large number of informal settlers illegally occupy the river area, which hamper the river channel flow of the flood, in the Study Area. In order to retrieve such unfavorable conditions, studied are the eligible measures for prevention of the further illegal occupations of the river area and evacuation of the present illegal occupation, which would be required in the proposed river channel improvement works. The good practices on administration of river area in the Philippines would be also introduced to the stakeholders in order to give a boost to the necessary activities for administration of the river area.

8.3.3 Control of Excessive Land Development and Legislation on Constriction of On-site Flood Detention Facility by Land developer

The local governments (city and municipality) have prepared the land use plan for the Study Area based on the applications from the land developers in principal. The applications are, however, likely to be permitted with less reorganization on aggravation of flood damage caused by the excessive land development. In this connection, the hydrological/hydraulic study as well as analysis on progress of land development in the Study Area would be made to verify the increment of the basin peak runoff discharge inflicted by the land development and preach the necessity of control of excessive land development to the local governments. The works required to control of the excessive land development would be further clarified and proposed with introducing the measures adopted in Japan and other countries. The works would include (1) revision of the present land use plan, (2) delineation of the necessary controlled urbanization area and (2) legislation on construction of on-site flood detention facility obliged to the land developer. The JICA Study would be further extended to prepare the draft of ordinance for execution of the works and support enforcement of the ordinance.

8.3.4 Diffusion of Flood Hazard Map and Establishment of Flood Warning/Evacuation System

There is no consistent flood warning and evacuation system in the Study Area, and there was an accident in the Typhoon Milenyo, 2006 such that dozen of residents, who looked on the overflow on the dam crest at the riverbank during the Typhoon, died due to collapse of their footing riverbank. Such tragic accidents would be avoided, if the residents could be well guided through the flood warning/evacuation system. From this point of view, the flood warning/evacuation system together

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with the flood hazard map would be developed and diffused among the residents through the following work program:

(1) The flood hazard map, which shows the extent of flood hazardous area, the flood evacuation routes and centers, would be developed in collaboration with the local communities based on the results of flood damage surveys (interview survey) and the hydrological simulation.

(2) The guideline for flood warning and evacuation would be developed and training for it would be made in the pilot area.

9. Programs for Stakeholder Meetings

The stakeholder meeting will be held three times for preparation of the master plan according to the JICA guidelines as shown below.

Table 31 Program for Stakeholder Meeting Description First Meeting Second Meeting Third Meeting

Time At early time of the Second Field Survey (August, 2007)

At mid time of Second Field Survey (October, 2007)

At late time of Second Field Survey (November, 2007)

Agenda

(1) Study Scope (objective, background, content, schedule), and

(2) Scoping of Master Plan Study

(1)) Alternative Structural Plans,

(2) Non-structural Measures, and

(3) Preliminary Results of IEE

(1) Proposed Master Plan (structural and non-structural measures), and

(2) Cost and Benefit, 3) Results of IEE

Responsible Agency Provincial Government of Cavite

Participants

(1) Concerned Dwellers, (2) Representative of

Barangay & Municipality, (3) Cavite Province, (4) Central G’vt (DPWH,

DENR, OCD, Other Agencies) and

(5) Others (NGO, Acting Community for River Environment)

(1) Provincial Gov. of Cavite(2) Central G’vt (DPWH,

DENR, OCD, Other Agencies)

(Knowledgeable persons, who are mainly composed of the members of the Steering Committee for the Study)

(1) Concerned Dwellers, (2) Representative of

Barangay & Municipality, (3) Cavite Province, (4) Central G’vt (DPWH,

DENR, OCD, Other Agencies) and

(5) Others (NGO, Acting Community for River Environment)

Place pf Meeting A place, which would be the facility of the Provincial Government or Hotel. Method to inform the

Meeting The Provincial Government of Cavite would distribute its official letter among the stakeholders more than 2 weeks before opening of the meeting.

Number of Attendance 100 persons 50 persons 100 persons

10. Scoping of Environmental and Social Impact Study

10.1 Identification of Environmental Elements to be assessed

10.1.1 Methodology

The environmental elements to be assessed are identified by two-dimensional matrix method. Those environmental elements cover three categorized elements of social environment; natural environment and public hazard with further subdivided several elements, respectively as listed below.

(1) Social Environmental Element includes (i) involuntary resettlement and land acquisition, (ii) impact on livelihood and local economy, (iii) change in land use, (iv) social institution, (v) social service and infrastructure, (vi) poverty, indigenous people and ethnic minority, (vii) uneven distributed losses and benefits, (viii) historical and archaeological site, (ix) regional conflicts of interests, (x) water use and (xi) invasion of squatter.

(2) Natural Environmental Element includes (i) topography and geology, (ii) groundwater, (iii) soil erosion, (iv) river flow regime, (v) seashore, (vi) fauna, flora and ecological diversity, (vii) landscape, and (viii) global warming.

(3) Public Hazardous Element includes (i) air pollution, (ii) water pollution, (iii) soil pollution, (iv) solid waste, (v) noise and vibration, (vi) ground subsidence and (vii) odor.

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The matrix is prepared for both construction and operation phases. The adverse impacts are evaluated in terms of (a) magnitude/extent, (b) occurrence probability, (c) duration. These are then scored from A to C as to (A) for large impact, (B) for medium impact, (C) for uncertain, and No Score for no or negligible impact.

10.1.2 Identified Environmental Elements

As discussed in Section 8, the JICA study team proposes ten alternatives for the flashflood prevention project and two alternatives for the inland drainage project. Anticipated adverse impacts by the proposed projects are summarized as follows (refer to Tables 32 and 33).

(1) The full-scale river improvement will cause a large number of house relocation. (2) The off-site flood-retarding basin is proposed to minimize the house relocation, by which the

full-scale river improvement is scaled down to partial improvement. A combination of partial river improvement and off-site flood retarding basin will decrease the number of house relocation to a large extent. On the other hand, it will require a considerable land acquisition of farmland/grassland for off-site retarding basin.

(3) The diversion channel proposed for the San Juan River will reduce the scale of the off-site retarding basin. However, an additional land acquisition will become necessary for the diversion channel. The diversion channel will transfer a part of flood risk of the San Juan River to the Canas River or the other area. This will cause a regional conflict between the benefited and affected people/communities.

(4) The proposed structures for the inland drainage will also require a certain extent of house relocation and land acquisition of farmland/grassland/fish pond.

(5) Some of the tenant farmers and fish farmers will lose their jobs due to relocation and land acquisition of farmlands/fishponds.

(6) The improvement of the Imus River, San Juan diversion channel and coastal dikes for the inland drainage may need to clear some existing mangrove in the river mouth and coastal areas.

(7) The proposed deep retarding basin and diversion channel may lower the groundwater table in the surrounding area, causing some adverse impacts on the existing well water uses.

(8) The proposed off-site retarding basin and diversion channel may intersect the existing roads and irrigation canals.

(9) The river improvement works will cause air pollution, water pollution and noise/vibration during construction period. However, the off-site retarding and diversion channel cause only air pollution and noise/vibration during the construction stage.

(10) The proposed on-site flood retention pond for large industrial and housing development projects will require no land acquisition by public sector. However, some governmental regulations become necessary to enforce the private sector to install such flood regulation ponds in their development projects.

(11) In the operation phase; (a) The banks of the improved river, off-site flood retarding basin, diversion channel,

interceptor and off-site retention pond might be occupied by squatters and further, these banks might induce people’s garbage dumping.

(b) Wastewater might be discharged into the proposed off-site retarding basins, off-site retention pond and on-site retention pond from the surrounding areas, resulting in emission of odor.

Taking into account the above-mentioned possible adverse impacts, the matrixes are prepared for the 12 alternatives as shown in Table 34 together with score of impact.

11. Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan

The “Draft of Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan” is as described in Appendix.

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Table 32 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures against Flash Flood Alternatives Environmental

Factor Expected Adverse Impact Score Occurrence of Impact

Involuntary Resettlement and Land Acquisition

Resettlement of about 2,100 houses in the coastal lowland area is requires

A Construction Phase

Decrease of employments due to control of land development for industrial estate

B Operational Phase Livelihood and

Local Economy Deterioration in industrial development due to control of land development

B Operational Phase

Regional Conflicts of Interests

Conflicts between the lower reaches as the beneficial area for flood mitigation and the upper reaches as the objective area for control of land development

B Operational Phase

The Alternative, which requires the maximum number of house relocations Full-scale River Improvement (Alt. Nos. FI-1、FS-1、FC-1)

Ecological Diversity

Deforestation of a part of the existing Mangrove area around river mouth

B Operational Phase

Involuntary Resettlement and Land Acquisition

Land acquisition of about 140ha (farmland/grass land) in the middle reaches

B Construction Phase

Decrease of employment due to control of land development for industrial estate

B Operational Phase Livelihood and

Local Economy Deterioration in industrial development due to control of land development

B Operational Phase

Partial transfer of flood risk of San Juan River to Canas River by diversion channel

A Construction Phase

Regional Conflicts of Interests

Conflicts between the lower reaches as the beneficial area for flood mitigation and the upper reaches as the objective area for control of land development

B Operational Phase

Water Pollution Pollution of on-site retention pond caused by inflow of the home wastewater.

C Operational Phase

The Alternative which requires the minimum number of house relocations Combination of Partial river Improvement, Flood retarding basin, Flood diversion channel and On-site flood Retention Facility (Alt. Nos.: FI-3、FS-4、FC-3)

Odor Odor from the polluted water in the on-site retention pond C Operational

Phase

Table 33 Major Impacts by Alternative Measures for Inland Drainage Environmental Factor Expected Adverse Impact Measures as the Cause of the

Impact Score Occurrence of Impact

Resettlement of dozens of houses

Drainage main, interceptor, ring dike B Construction

Phase Involuntary Resettlement and Land Acquisition Land acquisition of fishpond Coastal dike, retention pond, ring

dike B Construction Phase

Livelihood and Local Economy

Unemployment caused by acquisition of fishpond

Coastal dike, retention pond, ring dike B Construction

Phase

Ecological Diversity Deforestation of a part of the existing Mangrove area around river mouth

Coastal dike, retention pond, ring dike B Construction

Phase

Solid Waste Disposal Damping of garbage into drainage channel and flood retention pond

Drainage main, interceptor, retention pond C Operational

Phase

Water Pollution Pollution by inflow of the home wastewater

Drainage main, interceptor, retention pond C Operational

Phase

Odor Odor from the polluted water Drainage main, interceptor, retention pond C Operational

Phase

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Table 34 Score of Environmental Impacts of Alternative Plans for Flood Mitigation Imus River Flood

Prevention San Juan River Flood Prevention Canas River Flood Prevention Inland DrainageEnvironmental Element/Alternative

Project FI-1 FI-2 FI-3 FS-1 FS-2 FS-3 FS-4 FC-1 FC-2 FC-3 D-1 D-2

Without Project

1. Construction Phase 1.1 Social Environment

(1) Involuntary Resettlement and Land Acquisition A B B A B B B A B B B B

(2) Impact on Livelihood and Local Economy A B B A B B B A B B B B A

(3) Infrastructure B* B B B* B B B B* B B B* A (4) Poverty A B B A B B B A B B B B (5) Regional Conflicts of

Interests A A

(6) Water Use B* B B B* B B B B* B B 1.2 Natural Environm ent

(1) Groundwater B B B B B B B (2) Flora B B B B B

1.3 Public Hazard (1) Air Pollution B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* (2) Water Pollution B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* (3) Noise/Vibration B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B* B*

2. Operation Phase 2.1 Social Environment

(1) Impact on Livelihood and Local Economy B B B B B B B B B B

(2) Regional Conflicts of Interests B B B B B B B B B B

2.2 Natural Environm ent (1) No notable element

2.3 Public Hazard (1) Solid Waste C C C C C C C C C C C C (2) Water Pollution C C C C C C C C C (3) Odor C C C C C C C C C

Note: (1) A: significant impact, B: moderate impact, C: uncertain, Blank: no impact, (2) * During construction period

Appendix Draft of Terms of Reference for IEE on the Master Plan

Appendix

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1. Necessity of Comprehensive Flood Mitigation Measures

The Project Area is adjacent to Manila International Port and Airport in Metro Manila. Due to such particular location, the intensive industrialization has been introduced to the Project Area since 1990s. Investors have established their businesses in industrial estates offered by the Cavite Province, which opened the job opportunities and magnetized people to migrate to the Project Area. As the results, the dynamic change in the land use and population are projected in the Project Area as below:

(12) The built-up area (the commercial area, industrial area and residential area) in the Project Area is projected to cover about 65% of the entire area in 2010, which is far lager than the present coverage of about 27% as of 2003.

(13) The annual population growth in the Project Area from 1995 to 2000 was recoded at 5.43%, which is far higher than the national average of 2.32%. The population of the Project Area in 2010 is estimated to increase to about 2.6 million, which is 1.7 times of the population in 2000.

The major river basins of Imus, San Juan and Canas in the Project Area are essentially vulnerable to flood because of the extremely low ground elevation along the coastal area in the lower reaches and insufficient flow capacity of river/drainage channels. In spite of the vulnerability, the intensive industrialization is induced to the river basins without adequate consideration for flood, and the recent flood damages in the river basins deems to exceed the tolerable level due to the flowing backgrounds:

(14) The natural flood retarding basins are being reclaimed, and a considerable part of the ground is being covered with pavement. These decrease flood retention capacity of the river basins and increase the flood peak runoff discharge.

(15) The residential area spills over the habitual flood inundation area due to rapid increment of the population, which leads to significant increment of the flood damage potential.

(16) The areas along the river and drainage channels are being densely packed with the houses. The houses are further constructed overhanging of the drainage channels. These houses in and around the river and drainage channels tend to dump a large volume of solid wastes into the river/drainage channels, which seriously reduce the channel flow capacity and deteriorates the river environment.

The flashflood of Imus, San Juan and Canas has caused death of people and damages of many houses in the recent typhoons 2000, 2002 and 2006. Some hundred thousand residents in the lowland area of the river basins also suffer from the prolonged inundation of storm rainfall and/or high tide every year. Such chronic inundation has not only affected the living conditions of the residents but also hampered economic and social development in the Province.

The project proposed in the Study includes the structural measures for physical increment of flood mitigation capacity and the non-structural measures, which is oriented to control of the excessive land development in the river basin and other necessary approach for sustainable flood management. These comprehensive flood mitigation approaches would be indispensable to cope with the complex factors of flashflood and inland inundation.

2. Necessity and Objective of IEE

2.1 Necessity of IEE

The studies on environmental and social considerations of this project will be conducted to meet both guidelines of the GOP and JICA according to the Implementation Arrangement agreed upon between DPWH/Provincial Government of Cavite and JICA.

According to the guidelines of the GOP, any EIS is not necessary for the master plan study. However, this project is classified as Category A by the guidelines of JICA. Hence, an IEE will be conducted for preparation of the master plan as a strategic environmental assessment.

Appendix

A - 2

2.2 Objectives of IEE

The objective of the IEE study is to assist the Project Proponent in preparation of the optimum master plan by conducting a strategic environmental assessment on the proposed master plan. For this purpose, the IEE study will

(17) Identify the environmental factors, which would receive the significant adverse impacts by implementation of the proposed measures through Scoping,

(18) Assess the impacts on the environmental items identified by the Scoping as those that might be subject to significant or moderate impacts by the proposed projects,

(19) Identify possible mitigation measures of the impacts where they exceed allowable limit.

Then, the optimum master plan will be prepared, taking into account the possibility of the mitigation measures.

3. Study Area

The study area covers the three river basins of Imus, San Juan and Canas with a total area of 407.4 km2.

4. Study Schedule

The Study Schedule is as listed below:

(1) The first stakeholder meeting will be held in August 2007 to explain to and discuss with stakeholders about the contents of Scoping.

(2) The IEE study will start in early September 2007 after finalization of the Scoping through the discussion with the GOP and be completed in the end of November 2007.

(3) In the course of the study, the preliminary results of the study will be discussed in the meeting to be held in October 2007.

(4) The study will be finalized after discussion in the third stakeholder meeting to be held in November 2007.

The meetings relevant to the Study are to be held in the following manners:

Table35 Program for Meetings relevant to the Study Description First Meeting Second Meeting Third Meeting

Time At early time of the Second Field Survey (August, 2007)

At mid time of Second Field Survey (October, 2007)

At late time of Second Field Survey (November, 2007)

Agenda

(1) Study Scope (objective, background, content, schedule), and

(2) Scoping of Master Plan Study

(1)) Alternative Structural Plans,

(2) Non-structural Measures, and

(3) Preliminary Results of IEE

(1) Proposed Master Plan (structural and non-structural measures), and

(2) Cost and Benefit, 3) Results of IEE

Responsible Agency Provincial Government of Cavite

Participants

(1) Concerned Dwellers, (2) Representative of

Barangay & Municipality, (3) Cavite Province, (4) Central G’vt (DPWH,

DENR, OCD, Other Agencies) and

(5) Others (NGO, Acting Community for River Environment)

(1) Provincial Gov. of Cavite(2) Central G’vt (DPWH,

DENR, OCD, Other Agencies)

(Knowledgeable persons, who are mainly composed of the members of the Steering Committee for the Study)

(1) Concerned Dwellers, (2) Representative of

Barangay & Municipality, (3) Cavite Province, (4) Central G’vt (DPWH,

DENR, OCD, Other Agencies) and

(5) Others (NGO, Acting Community for River Environment)

Place pf Meeting A place, which would be the facility of the Provincial Government or Hotel. Method to inform the

Meeting The Provincial Government of Cavite would distribute its official letter among the stakeholders more than 2 weeks before opening of the meeting.

Number of Attendance 100 persons 50 persons 100 persons

Appendix

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5. Scope of Work

5.1 Environmental Survey

(1) Establishment of Existing Environmental Conditions of the Study Area

The existing environmental conditions described in the Scoping Report will be finalized by reviewing the Scoping Report and other previous reports, collecting additional data, and interviewing with the concerned people/organizations.

(2) Major Environmental Elements to be Confirmed through Field Survey

(a) House Relocation

• Number of houses to be relocated will be estimated by interpreting the aero photos with field check.

• Average household conditions of the anticipated PAPs will be established by conducting a sampling interview survey. The survey items will include family composition, income level, income sources of family, house ownership, difficult reasons of resettlement, etc.

• Number of informal dwellers among the PAPs will be estimated by interview survey with the concerned Barangay and other offices.

• Number of poor people among the PAPs will be estimated based on the results of the above sampling interview survey.

(b) Land Acquisition

• The existing land use (farmland, grassland and fishpond) of the land acquisition area will be estimated by interpreting the aero photos, from the data of agricultural and other concerned offices, and by field inspection.

• Crop and fish productions of the land acquisition area will be estimated from the data of agricultural and other concerned office.

• Number of land owner and tenant farmer/fish cultivator in the land acquisition area will be estimated based on the data of the concerned offices.

• Average household conditions of the affected tenant farmer/fish cultivator by land acquisition will be established by conducting a sampling interview survey. The survey items will include family composition, income level, income sources of family, difficulty in change of job, etc.

(c) Disruption of Infrastructures

• Intersection sites of the existing roads and irrigation canals by off-site retarding basin and diversion channels will be identified by field inspection. The affected irrigation areas will be estimated based on the data of the concerned office as well.

(d) Affected Groundwater Use

• The construction of deep off-site retarding basin and diversion channel might lower the groundwater table in the surrounding area. The groundwater level and uses in the surrounding area will be surveyed on the field.

(e) Affected Mangrove

• Construction of dike/revetment/channel excavation in the estuary and coastal areas might affect the existing mangrove. The affected mangrove area will be estimated by interpreting the aero photos with field check.

Appendix

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5.2 Alternative Plans for IEE

The flood mitigation master plan consists of the flash flood prevention of the three rivers: Imus, San Juan and Canas, and inland drainage of the low-lying area in the six municipalities: Rosario, Noveleta, Kawit, Imus, Gen. Trias and Bacoor The study team proposes three or four alternatives for the flash flood prevention of the three rivers, respectively. On the other hand, the team proposes two alternatives for the inland drainage. The proposed alternatives are shown below. IEE will be conducted for the following 12 alternatives along with “without project”.

(1) Flash Flood Prevention

River Alt. No. Component Measures

FI-1 Full-scale River Improvement

FI-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin Imus

FI-3 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + On-site Retention Pond

FS-1 Full-scale River Improvement

FS-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin

FS-3 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + Flood Diversion Channel

San Juan

FS-4 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + Flood Diversion Channel + On-site Retention Pond

FC-1 Full-scale River Improvement

FC-2 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin Imus

FC-3 Partial River Improvement + Off-site Retarding Basin + On-site Retention Pond

In the above table, both full-scale river improvement and partial river improvement include rehabilitation of the existing dams.

(2) Inland Drainage

Alt. No. Municipality Component Measures

Rosario Drainage Main, Interceptor, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Noveleta Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Kawit Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate, Off-site Retention Pond, Interceptor

General Trias Flood Retention Pond, Interceptor

D-1

Bacoor Flood Retention Pond, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Rosario Drainage Main, Interceptor, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Noveleta Coastal Dike with Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

Kawit Polder Dike, Drainage Pump, Off-site Retention Pond, Interceptor

General Trias Flood Retention Pond, Interceptor

D-2

Bacoor Flood Retention Pond, Tidal Gate, Flap Gate

(3) Evaluation on “Without-Project

The evaluation would be made on the future flood damages assuming that the Project is not implemented.

Appendix

A - 5

5.3 Assessment of Environmental Impacts

(1) Assessment for Twelve Alternatives

Environmental impacts will be assessed on preliminary basis for the environmental elements identified by the Scoping as those, which may be affected by implementation of the project. The objective environmental elements and bases of the assessment are shown below.

Environmental Elements Bases of Assessment 1. Social Environment

(1) House Relocation • Number of PAPs • Number of informal dweller among PAPs • Number of poor people among PAPs

(2) Land Acquisition • Land acquisition area and its existing land use • Number of land owner and tenant farmer/fish cultivator

(3) Livelihood/Local Economy (loss of employment due to

resettlement and land acquisition)

• Number of affected poor people • Number of affected tenant farmers/fish cultivator • Sampling survey data on household conditions of affected people

(4) Disruption of Infrastructures and Water Use

• Intersection of roads • Intersection of irrigation canals • Disruption of irrigation intake during construction period

(5) Regional Conflicts caused by Diversion Channel

• Number of benefited people/communities and affected people/communities by flood diversion

2. Natural Environment (1) Groundwater • Extent of groundwater lowering and affected well water use (2) Fauna/Flora and Ecological

Diversity • Affected mangrove area

3. Public Hazard (1) Water Pollution • Specification of construction works which might cause water

pollution during construction period (2) Noise/Vibration • Specification of construction works which might cause

noise/vibration during construction period

(2) Assessment for Without Project

Future flood and flood damage conditions without project in the lowland area will be anticipated.

5.4 Identification of Possible Mitigation Measures

The possible mitigation measures will be identified for the impacts that exceed allowable limits. The study will be done on conceptual basis, referring to the experiences in the past. The study will also include the preliminarily proposal on the concrete procedures and the particular items to be paid attention for the resettlement of residents.