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Report (Second Draft)
ASSESSMENT OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TAXONOMIC STATUS AND GAPS IN PROTECTED AREAS OF PAKISTAN
Dr. Haidar Ali
Abbreviations of names of Protected Areas of Pakistan used in the report:IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature
Abbreviation Name of National Park
AANP Ayub National Park
ANP Ayubia National Park
BVNP Broghil Valley National Park
CGNP Chitral Gol National Park
CKNP Central Karakoram National Park
CNP Chinji National Park
CRWC Chotiari Reservoir Wetland Complex
CSWS Chumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary
CWC Choriari Wetland Complex
CYWC Chhachh Yari Wari Wetland Complex
DAWC Deh Akro Wetland Complex
DGR Duregi Game Reserve
DNP Deosai National Park
DVNP Deva Vatala National Park
GNP Ghamot National Park
HCNP Hazarganji Chiltan National Park
HNP Hingol National Park
HSNP Hunderab Shandoor National Park
KBWC Keti Bunder Wetland Complex
KCNP Kala Chitta National Park
KirtNP Kirthar National Park
KL Kheenjhar Lake
KNP Khunjerab National Park
LBWP Lohi Bher Wildlife Park
LDNP Lulosar Dodipat National Park
2
LSNP Lal Suhanra National Park
MDGNP Musk Deer Gorez National Park
MHNP Margallah Hills National Park
MKSKNP Murree-Kotli Sattian-Kahuta National Park
MNP Machhiara National Park
PGR Pai Game Reserve
PLNP Pir Lasoorha National Park
PRMNP Poonch River Mahaseer National Park
QNP Qurumber National Park
SBNP Sheikh Badin National Park
SMNP Saiful Maluk National Park
SPLWC Shimshal Pamir Lakes Wetlands Complex
SWC Sangar Wetland Complex
TPNP Toli Pir National Park
Contents
Chapter 1. Background and Introduction to the Study 5
3
Floristic Studies 5
Faunistic Studies 5
Objectives 6
Scope 6
Locale 6
Stakeholders 6
Sources of Data 6
Chapter 2. Research Methodology and Tools/Instruments 7
Chapter 3. Findings / Gaps8
Chapter 4. Conclusion 46
Chapter 5. Recommendations 47
Chapter 6. References cited 50
4
Executive Summary
A total of 225 protected areas (PAs) have been reported for the country among which 14 are National Parks, 97 are Game Reserves, 98 are Wildlife Sanctuaries and 16 are among the unclassified; covering a total area of 9,170,121 hectares i.e. 10.4% of total land cover of the country. This information is according to Biodiversity Action Plan, which has been published in 2000 and since then the number of National Parks has raised to 26.
Among these protected areas, 7 are IUCN category IA, 8 are IUCN category IB, 1 is category II, 44 are category III, 51 are category IV, 17 are category V and 97 are in unclassified category. But, we don’t have any category VI Protected Area in the country. According to the comprehensive literature review, not all the protected areas have been taxonomically evaluated rather about 90% of which are yet to be explored for their Floristic and Faunistic potential, which is one of the basic gaps in the knowledge. Kirthar National Park and Margalla Hills National Parks are already been explored for baseline environmental studies; hence comprehensive lists of their Flora and Fauna are available. Beside this, two students have completed their doctoral dissertations one on Bio-ecology of Ayubia National Park and the other on Floristic Studies of Kirthar National Park, which are fairly providing basis for the taxonomic studies. But lower plants and Insects are yet to be studied in these protected areas. Very few protected areas i.e. Khunjerab National Park, Chitral Gol National Park, Hingol National Park have checklists of their flowering plants or large Mammals or Avian or at the most Amphibians only, rather the lower plants and arthropods have never been studies in any protected area. Moreover, in the newly established protected areas like Broghil Valley National Park: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, established August 25, 2010, Area 134,744 ha. Qurumber National Park: Gilgit-Baltistan, established August 2, 2011, area 74,000 ha, and Poonch River Mahaseer National Park: AJ & K, established 2011 not even a single study is available regarding their taxonomic assessment, and even if a study is available, the identification source is not properly given.
A total of 132 research articles were randomly selected and thoroughly studied. Among which about 72 were published in peer reviewed journals, 33 were technical reports, 8 were unpublished theses, 6 were conference proceedings, 5 were maps, 4 were books and 2 were management plans. A total of 29 research articles were regarding the phytoecology, 18 were regarding Bioecology, 10 were regarding the Ethnobotany, 8 were Management plans, 7 were Checklists, 7 were conservation studies, 7 were Flora and Fauna including taxonomic studies, 6 were avian ecology, 5 were management plans and the rest of 34 were spread over a vast variety of subjects (i.e., 20 subjects) including general management or sociological studies etc. It is therefore, recommended that these Protected Areas should be explored for taxonomic studies. Whereas, very few of the total studied research articles included some aspects of taxonomy like inventory only. Now it is quite interesting if we are unable to authentically identify a plant or animal and its associated taxa, how can we produce a management plan for that particular taxon.
Out of total of 132 publications, only 73 research articles were about the higher plants, 35 articles were about mammals, 28 articles were about the study of birds, similarly reptiles were studied in 15 articles, amphibians were reported in 13 articles, fishes were studied in 8 articles, lower plants were studied in 7 articles, whereas, insects were studied in 4 articles only.
5
Chapter 1. Background and Introduction to the Study
Floristic Studies
“Understanding and documenting plant diversity” is the first target among the 16 outcome-oriented targets for 2010 (Callmander, et. al., 2005), adapted by the sixth Conference of the Parties (COP6) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) held in April 2002. So far, the total number of identified vascular plants has ranged from 310,000 (Prance, et. al., 2000) to 420,000 species (Bramwell, et. al., 2002), but still we are far from having any kind of authoritative “World Checklist” (Callmander, et. al., 2005). For Pakistan total of 1572 genera and 5521 species of flowering plants are identified. Among which 1389 genera and 4758 species are published in 215 families in the form of Flora of Pakistan and 5 families with 183 genera and 763 species are yet to be published (Ali, 2008). In Pakistan most of the flowering plant diversity is confined to the mountainous areas (Ali & Qaiser, 1986). Therefore, there is dire need of extensive plant collection in these biodiversity rich mountain areas of Pakistan. Many critical areas, particularly mountain valleys like Deosai Plains, Hunza, Chitral, Dir, Kurram, North and South Waziristan are under collected (Ali, 2008) and require continuous efforts as far as plant exploration is concerned, so that more new taxa could be discovered (Ali, 2008). About 80% of endemic flowering plants are confined to the northern and western mountains of Pakistan and Kashmir (Ali, 2008) and are recognized as the centre of radiation (Ali & Qaiser, 1986).
Faunistic Studies
In Pakistan, Mountfort and Poore started the baseline studies for fauna through WWF expeditions during 1966-1967 and 1967 to 1968 respectively. The studies extended by many zoologists / ecologists (Khan, 1970; Ali, 1974; Mirza, 1975; Mirza and Aleem, 1977; Khan, 1980, 1999; Schaller, 1976; Ahmed, 1986; Mani, 1986; Roberts, 1991, 1992, 1997; Anwar, 1995; Baig, 1992, 1998; Jamali, 1998), who have contributed to knowledge on the Fauna of Pakistan. There are many reports on the studies of mammals in Pakistan, but the most reliable and recent work is that of Roberts (1997). He gave a detailed account of 177 species of mammals, which include 13 insectivore, 49 bats, two primates, one pholidota, 33 carnivore, 1 perissodactyle, 16 artiodactyle, four lagomorphs, 44 rodents and 14 cetaceans. But this study is for whole of the country and not particularly concentrated to any of Protected Area. Therefore, it is not necessary that all these taxa are found in the PAs of the country. Rather, it is very hard to get a list of the taxa found in PAs out of this publication. He also mentioned 11 extra-limiter and three extinct taxa. Our knowledge on the avifauna of Pakistan is again mainly based on the studies of Roberts (1991, 1992). He identified about 660 species known to occur or have occurred in Pakistan. Now this time, main focus was their zoogeographic affinities, and not purely taxonomic in nature. Minton (1966) and Mertens (1969) conducted the first herpetological studies in Pakistan, but their studies were mainly restricted to the southern part of Pakistan only. According to Khan, (1980, 1999) and Baig, (1992), the number of amphibian and reptiles in Pakistan is over 200, of which 10% are amphibians and remaining are reptiles, whereas, Mirza, (1975) reported that fish species diversity is highest in the Indus River plains, and in the Himalayan foothills. Among the marine invertebrates about 788 species have been recorded so far from coastal waters, especially crustaceans and mollusks (BAP, 2000; Ahmad, 1998). There are 11 species of Apollo butterflies of the genus Parnassius; with 17 sub-species endemic to this area (Mani, 1986).
Objectives
Comprehensive study, in the context of the overall objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoW-Pas): Capacities to promote in-situ and ex-situ conservation.
6
Scope
Scope of this document is to provide a set of taxonomic gaps, identified for the better documentation and sustainable management of the biological resources of protected areas in Pakistan. Besides, supporting the establishment and maintenance of ecologically representative protected areas that collectively contribute to achieve the three objectives of the CBD and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current rate of biodiversity loss and contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of sustainable development, thereby supporting the objectives of the Strategic Plan of the Convention, the World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals. Additionally these are the basic important points which will also be helpful in promoting the conservation of the rich biodiversity in perpetuity for present and future generations.
Locale
Management of biodiversity can not be considered as effective, unless and until it is taxonomically authentically identified. Because, in some cases, the conservation strategies are species specific, whereas, generally they are associated with other allied taxa in the ecosystem, in that case, the authentic identification becomes rather more important.
Stakeholders
Generally it is considered that the wildlife and forest departments are the stakeholders of the protected areas, besides the other research, teaching institutes. On the other hand the local community also shares the resources symbiotically.
Sources of Data
Inadequate taxonomic information combined with sparse, uneven collections creates a gap in the data necessary to design appropriate conservation protocol. If no voucher specimens from any of the localities are cited neither any herbarium specimens are cited nor submitted to any of the herbaria of the country. Therefore, there arises a question on the authenticity of the identification being carried out. Unfortunately there is no comprehensive and consolidated database of the Flora and Fauna of protected areas of the country. Therefore, the historic floristic and faunistic studies are considered for this purpose.
7
Chapter 2. Research Methodology and Tools/Instruments
Since, no consolidated taxonomic database is available regarding the Flora and Fauna of all the protected areas of the country, therefore a comprehensive literature review was conducted in this connection, starting from colonial missions in 1820, travelogues, gazetteers and Flora of British India. Books, peer reviewed research papers, technical reports and unpublished thesis, were also studied.
Similarly meetings, interviews and focused group discussions were conducted with the officials of different government and non-governmental organizations i.e. provincial forest and wildlife departments.
GIS based datasets of WWF, WCMC, NCS, NIO, Botanical Gardens, Library of PSF and IUCN, were also consulted. All these information were thoroughly studied and analyzed for the taxonomic gaps in Protected Areas.
All the documents were searched for the report of Flora and or Fauna, their taxonomic gaps were identified by comparing them with the already published taxonomic literature i.e. Flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1970-1979; Nasir & Ali, 1980-1989; Ali & Nasir, 1989-1992; Ali & Qaiser, 1993-2012) and Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1957-2001). However, recent taxonomic literature was also consulted in this connection.
For the nomenclature of Fauna Roberts (1991); (1992); Ali & Ripley (1983); (1987); Khan, (2006); (1993); Khan and Baig (1988); Howes and Backwell (1989); Hassan and Qureshi (1967); Hassan (2001) and Baig (2001) were used.
For the taxonomic authentication of scientific names, online databases were also used, e.g. International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org), Integrated Taxonomic Information System (www.itis.gov) ITIS and Catalogue of life (www.catalogueoflife.org).
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Chapter 3. Findings / Gaps
Exploration of biodiversity was initiated by Colonial expeditions in 1820 from Ladakh and Kashmir by William Moorcroft, followed by Victor Jacquemont 1828-1832, who collected in Kashmir and Punjab (Stewart, 1972). After that, many European botanists collected from one or two localities of the country. Collections of H. Falconer (1860-1865) were confined to Hazara and Baltistan. Similarly, N. Vicary (1838) collected in Sindh and Salt range of Punjab. Griffith collected from Baluchistan and NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) (Table 1). On the basis of these collections the two great floras of the region, i.e. the Flora Orientalis (Boissier 1867-1888) and the Flora of British India (Hooker, 1872-1897) were written (Table 2). One important aspect about the collections made in Pakistan prior to the country's establishment in 1947 is that virtually all of them were housed either in Europe (mainly BM1, E, and K) or in India, at Calcutta or Dehra Dun, in both cases inaccessible to botanists in Pakistan (Stewart, 1972). The largest plant collection in Pakistan in 1947 was that developed by Ralph Stewart at Gordon College in Rawalpindi (RAW) now shifted to NARC. R.R. Stewart collected plants from almost whole of the country and included his findings in his monumental work “An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir” (Stewart, 1972). However, it is based on collections from one or two localities of a district, likewise, no taxonomic description is given nor any taxonomic key is available, hence do not qualify to be the Flora.
Table 1. The pioneer plant collectors of Pakistan and Kashmir
Name Year Region
William Moorcroft 1820 – 1822 Ladakh & Kashmir
Victor Jacquemont 1828 – 1832 Kashmir & Punjab
H. Falconer 1860 – 1865 Kashmir, Hazara, Baltistan
N. Vicary 1838 Sindh & Salt range Punjab
W. Griffith 1838 – 1840 Balochistan & N.W.F.P.
J.E. Stocks 1848 – 1850 Sindh & Balochistan
R.R. Stewart 1910 – 1960 All over Pakistan
Table 2. Floras available at the time of creation of Pakistan.
Name Year Name of Flora
Hooker, J. D. 1872-1894 Flora of British India
1 BM: The Natural History Museum; K: Royal Botanic Gardens Kew; E: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; RAW: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
9
Boissier E. 1867-1884 Flora Orientalis
Parker, R. N. 1928 Flora of the Punjab and Delhi
Kashyap, S. R. 1936 Lahore District Flora, Punjab.
Blatter, C., E. McCann,
and Sabnis, T.S. 1927-1929 Flora of Indus Delta
These floras are very old and majority of the botanical names have been changed by now, hence cannot be used as a reference of plant identification. On the other hand plant specimens cited in these floras were not extensively collected from all the ecological regions of the country. Similarly a lot of new taxa have been described since then. Hence, none of these Floras fulfilled the requirements of the country.
Herbaria in Pakistan
At the time of creation of Pakistan, 3 or 4 mini Herbaria were present in the country except R.R. Stewart Herbarium at Gordon College Rawalpindi (RAW) which had about 60,000 specimen - who had collected all over Pakistan for 50 years (Ali, 2008).
Stewart collection formed the basis for writing the Flora of Pakistan. Some new herbaria were also established, afterward (Table 3).
Table 3. List of Herbaria in Pakistan.
Name Specimens Founded
National Herbarium, PARC, Islamabad (RAW) Formerly Stewart Herbarium, Gordon College, Rawalpindi.
75,000 1912
Herbarium, University of the Punjab, Lahore (LAH) 50,000 1918
Herbarium, Botany Department, Islamia College, Peshawar (ICP) 12,000 1920
Herbarium, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar (PPFI) 20,000 1947
Herbarium, Botany Department, Peshawar University, Peshawar (PUP) 40,000 1952
Herbarium, Botany Department, Karachi University, Karachi (KUH) 120,000 1953
Herbarium, PCSIR, Peshawar (PES) 13,000 1958
Herbarium, Biological Sciences Department Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, (ISL)
175,000 1974
10
Herbarium, Botanical Sciences Division, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad (PMNH)
60,500 1981
(Source: Ali, 2008)
Similarly the wildlife act of India 1927 was adapted as such and was later renamed as the wildlife act of Pakistan 1927. The Indian forest act of 1927 was also renamed as Pakistan forest act 1927. We have University of the Punjab with Departments of Botany and Zoology in inheritance.
As per analysis of the Stewart Catalogue (Stewart, 1972) and Flora of Pakistan published so far, there are 161 genera and 855, comprising of 6 families that are yet to be published (Table 4). Although it is available online (www.efloras.org) even then there is no system of revising the Flora of Pakistan. On the other hand first fascicle of Flora of Pakistan appeared 34 years ago, it is now expected that during this time a lot of new taxa have been described and ranking of so many taxa would have been changed, besides, a lot of specimens have now been contributed to various Herbaria, therefore, it is recommended that these specimens should be considered for the revision of the Flora of Pakistan.
Table 4. Flora of Pakistan yet to be published
Families Genera Species
Asteraceae 131-51=80 650-194=456
Cactaceae 2 7
Liliaceae 6 34
Myrtaceae 7 13
Rosaceae 29 182
Scrophulariaceae 37 163
Total 161 855
Relatively less explored areas should be botanized such as: North and South Waziristan, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Gilgit & Baltistan), Kurram Agency, Sulaiman range, Khirthar range and Deosai plateau. It is therefore recommended that these areas should be intensively studied for the plant diversity and it is expected that some new taxa (undescribed or new to science) would be found in these under collected areas.
A total of 132 research articles were randomly selected and thoroughly studied. Among which about 72 were published in peer reviewed journals, 33 were technical reports, 8 were unpublished theses, 6 were conference proceedings, 5 were maps, 4 were books and 2 were management plans (Table 7). A total of 29 research articles were regarding the phytoecology, 18 were regarding Bioecology, 10 were regarding the Ethnobotany, 8 were Management plans, 7 were Checklists, 7 were conservation studies, 7 were Flora and Fauna including taxonomic
11
studies, 6 were avian ecology, 5 were management plans and the rest of 34 were spread over a vast variety of subjects (i.e., 20 subjects) including general management or sociological studies etc (Table 8). It is therefore, recommended that these Protected Areas should be explored for taxonomic studies. Whereas, very few of the total studied research articles included some aspects of taxonomy like inventory only. Now it is quite interesting if we are unable to authentically identify a plant or animal and its associated taxa, how can we produce a management plan for that particular taxon.
Out of total of 132 publications, only 73 research articles were about the higher plants, 35 articles were about mammals, 28 articles were about the study of birds, similarly reptiles were studied in 15 articles, amphibians were reported in 13 articles, fishes were studied in 8 articles, lower plants were studied in 7 articles, whereas, insects were studied in 4 articles only (Table 6 & 9).
Among the lower plants, there are at least 189 pteridophytes (ferns and their allies), with no specification of collection from any of the protected area. So far, as lower plants (Algae, Liverworts, Mosses and Lichens etc.) are concerned, these are poorly known. Mirza (1978) has reported 847 genera and 3,383 species of fungi from Pakistan. But this figure is for the whole country and not concentrated to any Protected Area of the country. It is therefore recommended that intrinsic taxonomic studies should be conducted in all the PAs of the country at the earliest.
According to the focused group discussions, the wildlife and forestry departments are the basic field workers and custodians of biodiversity but they are not taxonomists in their specialization i.e. they lack even the basic taxonomic knowledge hence their identification cannot be considered as authentic. The foresters and wildlife workers have concern only with timber trees and with the number of targeted species; they have no idea of plant diversity and do not even know scientific names of the common most species. In most cases, data are primarily based upon the observations made by local people who in many cases cannot even read and write. As a result their information is not valid and authentic. Similarly, if changes occur in their nomenclature, they are unable to understand or incorporate.
According to the analysis of all the data accumulated so far, we do not have any consolidated list of all the flora and fauna of the country, which is a huge gap in the taxonomy of all the biodiversity in Pakistan. Flora of Pakistan published so far is purely based on the collections of accessible and remote valleys are seldom approached. Flora of Pakistan has not yet been completed and few major families like Rosaceae, Scrophuariaceaee and Asteraceae are yet to be completed. Beside this, Flora of Pakistan is all about higher plants and lower plants are yet to be published. Similarly, we have sporadic data for Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
Fauna of all the PAs published so far is very sporadic and it is very hard to compile them into a consolidated form. Therefore, a lot of efforts are required for conducting the faunistic studies in all PAs of the country. According to literature review regarding the Protected Areas, we could find only two references regarding the report of insects diversity (pollinators) in Protected Areas (Table 7).
In one of the technical reports of baseline studies in a protected area (e.g. Chitral Gol National Park) (Inam-ur-Rahim, 2003), common names have been given instead of their scientific names, therefore, the identification cannot be considered as authentic, as a result the findings become useless.
A total of 225 protected areas (9,170,121 hectares, 10.4% of the total land area) have been designated for the country, among which 14 are National Parks (1,034,239 ha), 97 are Game Reserves (3,535,284 ha), 98 are Wildlife Sanctuaries (4,359,667 ha) and 16 are among unclassified (private, proposed or recommended; 240931 ha) (Khan, 2012). Whereas, according to UNEP-WCMC, (2001) (Figure 1) some more PAs have been established in recent years (Figure 2). Similarly, Khan, (2003) has reported 14 National Parks, 99 Wildlife Sanctuaries, 96 Game Reserves, 9 Ramsar sites, 16 unclassified and one biosphere reserve.
12
Among these protected areas, 7 are IUCN category IA, 8 are IUCN category IB, 1 is category II, 44 are category III, 51 category IV, 17 category V and 97 are in unclassified category (Appendix 1). Secondly, Pakistan has no IUCN category VI protected site, whereas, it is a signatory of virtually all the important international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar), the World Heritage Convention, and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn). Beside this Pakistan is also a signatory of The World Conservation Union (IUCN), International Waterfowl and International Wetland Research Bureau (IWRB), but still we do not have any authoritative list of plants or animals of all the protected areas.
Figure 1. Distribution of Protected Areas on the national map. (Source: WDPA database website i.e. www.protectedplanet.net).
13
Figure 2. Screen shot of the WDPA website (www.protectedplanet.net), mentioning the total number of protected areas for Pakistan (taken on June 20, 2012).
Hagler Bailly Pakistan has conducted environmental baseline studies in Margalla hills (Hagler-Bailly, 2007) comprising of two national parks (Margala Hills National Park and Ayubia National Park), two wildlife sanctuary (Islamabad and Lohi Bher Forest wildlife sanctuary) and two game reserves (Islamabad and Kathar game reserve). Similarly they have also conducted environmental baseline studies in Kirthar National Park, and on the basis of these findings a plant guide to Kirthar National Park has been published (Akhtar, 2003), which provides basis for the taxonomic contribution. Similarly, desert vegetation was focused by Enright et al., (2005) but it is basically ecological in nature and confined to c. 125 taxa only. These are the only authentic lists which can be considered as basis for further taxonomic studies.
According to the literature some of the taxa have been collected many years ago from only one locality and has never been found again, and on the basis of that single gathering that taxa were described and named as separate species. For example, Wendelboa obtusa Soest once collected from Barum-Gol Chitral some 62 years back and never been collected again (Ali, 2010). Similarly Plantago baltistanica H. Hartmann was described some 50 years back from Baltistan and not yet found again (Alam, 2010). There are equal possibilities of finding these taxa in the nearby protected areas, it is therefore suggested that intensive field studies should be conducted by the taxonomists for finding these rare taxa in the protected areas on urgent basis.
Some floristic and faunistic studies in Keti Bundar – Coastal / Deltaic Ecosystem, Keenjhar Lake and Chotiari Wetland Complex, have also been conducted (Khatoon and Akbar, 2008) which forms the basis of inventorying in these protected areas.
Only in few National Parks i.e. Hingol National Park, Kirthar National Park and Khunjrab National Park, good quality baseline studies have been conducted (Table 6), it is therefore suggested that similar studies should also be conducted in the remaining protected areas as well, especially in the newly established PAs. On the basis of these
14
findings it is estimated that more than 85% of the Protected Areas of the country are considered as taxonomically unexplored (Table 5). Similarly, majority of the studies carried out are mainly with reference to ecology, ethnobotany, distribution or behaviors and with no information regarding their taxonomy, whereas, in some cases their identification is doubtful. Similarly, we don’t have any consolidated inventory of invasive species with the information of geographic distribution and population size for the PAs of the country. Very few invasive species on one hand can be beneficial to community by providing fuel-wood, timber and shelter, while on the other hand they are harmful and disturb the endemic flora of an area, whereas, in some cases they also affect the health of local people.
15
Table 5. List of publications of Protected Areas of Pakistan.
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
1 Analyzing the herbaceous flora of Lohi Bher Wildlife Park under variable environmental stress
Sheikh Saeed Ahmad and Hum Ehsan
Lohi Bher Wildlife Park
Phytoecology 2012 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Only herbs are focused for ecological factors
2 Checklist of Flora and Fauna of Chotiari Reservoir
M.K. Leghari, Ehsan Feroz, Surraya Khatoon, Rehmatullah, Rafaqat Masroor, Ghalib, Rafeeque, Fakhri Syed Ali Husnain
Chotiari Wildlife Sanctuary
Checklist of Flora and Fauna
2011 Unpublished Technical report
Very good identification and ecological information
3 Ecological Baseline Survey of Chhach and Yari Wari Wetlands
Attaullah Pandrani Wetlands complex (unclassified)
Checklist of Flora and Fauna
2011 Unpublished Technical report by Sangat Development Foundation
Very good identification and ecological information
4 Ecological Baseline Study of Fauna and Flora of Chhachh and Yari Wari Lake) Deh Akro-II Desert wetland Complex Nawabshah
Saadul Islam and Sakina Nazi Memon
Wetlands complex (unclassified)
Ecological studies 2010 Unpublished Technical report by Sangat Development Fiundation
Very good identification and ecological information
5 Preliminary floristic list of Chotiary wetland complex Nawab Shah Sindh Pakistan
Rahmatullah Qureshi
Chotiary wetland complex (Unclassified)
Checklist of Flowering plants
2008 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Very good identification
6 Study of vegetation and smooth Rahmatullah Chotiary wetland Phytoecology 2009 Pakistan Journal of Ecological studies
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
coated otter in Chotiari wetlands complex Sangar Sindh Pakistan
Qureshi, Waseem Ahmad Khan and Babar Khan
complex (Unclassified)
Botany
7 Phytodiversity and endemic richness of Karambar lake vegetation from Chitral Hindukush Himalayas
Hamayun Shaheen and Zabta Khan Shinwari
Hindrup Karamabar National Park
Phytoecology 2012 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Ecological studies
8 Phytosociology and structure of Central Karakorum National Park (CKNP of Northern Areas of Pakistan
Alamdar Hussain, M. Afzal Farooq and Moinuddin Ahmad
Cenral Karakorum National Park
Phytoecology 2010 World Applied Science Journal
Phytoecological studies
9 Status of Blanford’s Urial and Sindh Ibex on the Dureji Game Management area Balochistan Pakistan
Michael R. Frisina, Ghulam ali Awan and Michael H. Woodford
Duregi Game Reserve
Taxonomy of Urial 2003 Unpublished Technical report
Conservation studies
10 A quantitative study on wildlife of Chotiari Reservoir Sangar, Sindh, Pakistan
Muhammad Rasi, M. Zaheer Khan, Darakhshan Abbass, Ghulam Akbar, Rub Nawaz and Saeed-ul-Islam
Chotiary wetland complex (Unclassified)
Wildlife ecology 2011 Pakistan Journal of Zoology
Only species richness is focused
11 Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human-carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan
Naeem Iftikhar Dar, Riaz Aziz Minhas, Qamar Zaman and Matthew Linkie
Machiara National Park
Behavior studies 2009 Biological Conservation
Only Human carnivore conflict is focused
12 Social organization and Riaz Aziz Minhas, Machiara National Social organization 2010 Pakistan Journal Social organization and
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P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
reproductive biology of Himalayan Grey Langur in Machiara National Park Azad Kashmir Pakistan
Khawaja Basharat Ahmad, Muhammad Siddique Awan and Naeem Iftikhar Dar
Park and reproductive biology
Zoology reproductive biology
13 The Flora of the Deosai Plains R.R. Stewart Deosai National Park
Flora of higher plants
1961 Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Published 50 years earlier, needs complete review
14 Bioecology and conservation of the birds of Hingol National Park, Balochistan
M. Zaheer, Syed Ali Ghalib, Afsheen Zehra and Babar Hussain
Hingol National Park
Bioecology of Birds 2010 Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
Ecology of 158 bird species are given with no taxonomy or identification keys
15 Assessment of Natural vegetation of Hingol National Park
Hingol National Park
Phytoecology 2010 Unpublished technical report
16 Wildlife of border belt Game Reserve district Narowal Punjab Pakistan
M. Akbar, R.A.J Khan, S. Mehboob and Z.U. Nisa
Border Belt Game Reserve
Mammals and Birds
2005 Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences
Only mammals and birds are with no Taxonomy
17 Baseline terrestrial vegetation and floristic studies at Shimshal –Pamir lakes Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Sher Wali Khan and Jan Alam
Wetland (Unclassified)
Phytoecology 2010 Unpublished technical report
Only higher plants are listed
18 Environmental Baseline studies of Deosai National Park
Anon. Deosai National Park
Flora, Birds and Mammals
2006 Unpublished technical report
Only higher plants, mammals and birds are listed
18
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
19 Report on Socio-economic Baseline for Sheosar Lake
Anon. Deosai National Park
Socio-economic 2007 Unpublished technical report
Socio-economic Baseline
20 Vegetation types of Sheosar lake and surrounding landscape in Deosai Plains of North Pakistan Western Himalaya
Humayun Shaheen and Rizwana Aleem Qureshi
Deosai National Park
Phytoecology 2011 Journal of Medicinal Plants Research
Ecological studies
21 Altitudinal distribution of Grasses, Sedges and Rushed of Deosai Plateau, Pakistan
K. Sultana, Muqarrab Shah and T.M. Upson
Deosai National Park
Bioecology of Grasses
2007 Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agriculture and Food Chemistry
Taxonomy of grasses and sedges
22 First report on the Biodiversity of Khunjerab National Park
Rahmatullah Qureshi, Waseem Ahmad Khan, G.R. Bhatti, Barab Khan, Shahid Iqbal, Mohammad Shafiq Ahmad, Mohammad Abid and Arif Yaqub
Khunjerab National Park
Checklist of flora and fauna
2011 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Flora and Fauna
23 Plant communities around Chiltan in Quetta District of Baluchistan
R.B.Tareen, M. Ahmad and K.R. Tareen
Hazarganji Chiltan National Park
Phytoecology 1987 Mod. Trends Pl. Sci. Res. Pak.
Floral Ecology
24 Vegetation ordination of Chiltan in Baluchistan
Moinudin Ahmad, R.B.Tareen and K.R. Tareen
Hazarganji Chiltan National Park
Phytoeology 1987 Mod. Trends Pl. Sci. Res. Pak.
Floral Ecology
25 An annotated checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of
Rafaqat Masroor Margalla Hills Checklist of Amphibians and
2011 Pakistan J. Zool. Amphibians and
19
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Margalla Hills National Park Pakistan
National Park Reptiles Reptiles
26 Population and conservation status of Barking Deer in Pri Lasora National Park and other areas of district Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Samina Zulfiqar, Riaz Aziz Minhas, M. Siddique Awan and Usman Ali
Pri Lasora National Park
Bioecology of Barking Deer
2011 Pakistan J. Zool. Population of Barking deer
27 Ecological zonation and identification of core biodiversity zones in Margallah Hills National Park
Saadullah Ayaz Margalla Hills National Park
Phytoecology 2005 Unpublished Thesis Flora and Fauna
28 Prioritization of medicinal plants of Margalla Hills National Park Islamabad on the basis of available information
S.S.Ahmad, F. Mahmood, Z.Dogar, Zafar Iqbal Khan, K. Ahmad, M. Sher, I.Mustafaa dn E.E.Valeem
Margalla Hills National Park
Medicinal plants 2009 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Small list of 40 medicinal plants
29 Folk use of medicinal herbs of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad
M.I. Shinwari and Mir, Ajab Khan
Margalla Hills National Park
Medicinal plants 2000 Journal of Ethno-pharmacology
Very small list of medicinal plants. Only 50 medicinal plants are listed
30 Diversity of plant species in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
M.Hameed, AA. Chaudhry, M. A. Maan and A.H.Gill
Lal Suhanra National Park
Checklist of flowering plants
2002 Online Journal of Biological Sciences
56 plant species
31 Margala and Margala North Blocks Environmental Baseline
Anon. Magallah Hills Flora and Fauna 2007 Unpublished Flora and Fauna
20
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Study (Hagler Bailly) National Park Technical Report
32 Some common species of Fleshy Macromycetes from Margalla Hills National Park and Adjacent areas
Amir Sultan, Kishwar Nazir and Najma Ayub
Magallah Hills National Park
Fungal studies 2001 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Lower Flora
33 Plants in coexistence with man and wildlife at Deosai: Himalayas
A.A. Khan, R.A. Rajput and U. Khalid
Deosai National Park
Sociological study 1996 Proc. First Train Workshop Ethnob. Appl. Conservation
Sociological study
34 Plants used by the loal communities of people in the area of National Park Machiyara
Raja Muhammad Rauf Khan
Machiyara National Park
Ethnobotany 1996 Proc. First Train Workshop Ethnob. Appl. Conservation
Ethnobotanical study
35 Community uses of medicinal plants National Park Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir
Syed Aftab Hussain Bukhari
Machiyara National Park
Ethnobotany 1996 Proc. First Train Workshop Ethnob. Appl. Conservation
Ethnobotanical study
36 Two new records of snakes species from Machiyara National Park Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
Khalid, J. Baig and M. Rafique
Machiyara National Park
Reptiles study 2005 Proc. Pakistan Acad. Sci
Only 2 snake species
37 Vegetation baseline study in Chitral Gol National Park, NWFP, Pakistan
Raja Muhammad Zarif
Chitral Gol National Bark
Phytoecology 2004 Unpublished Technical Report
Only 30 species are listed
38 Range management baseline study in Chitral Gol National Park NWFP, Pakstan
M. Inam-ur-Rahim Chitral Gol National Park
Range management study
2005 Unpublished Technical Report
Only common names of 80 species are given.
39 Status of Himalayan Lynx in District Chitral, NWFP, Pakistan
J.U. Din and M. A. Nawaz
Chitral Gol National Park
Conservation Himalayan Linx
2010 The Journal of Animal and Plant
Himalayan Linx
21
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
status Sciences
40 A note on some grasses relished by Markhor in Chital Gol
Mirza Hakim Khan Chiral Gol National Park
Bioecology of Grasses
1979 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Grasses
41 Markhor population dynamics and food availability in Chitral Gol Game Sanctuary
Abdul Aleem Chitral Gol National Park
Bioecology of Markhor
1978 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Ecology and population dynamics
42 Markhor population dynamics and food availability in Chitral Wildlife Sanctuary
Abdul Aleem Chitral Gol National Park
Bioecology of Markhor
1979 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Ecology of Markhor
43 Chitral Gol Sanctuary for Markhor Ali Akbar Chitral Gol National Park
Bioecology of Markhor
1974 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Ecology of Markhor
44 Population dynamics of Markhor in Chitral Gol
Abdul Aleem Chitral Gol National Park
Bioecology of Markhor
1977 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Ecology of Markhor
45 Vegetation of Scree slopes in Chitral Gol
A.R. Beg and Ilahi Bakhsh
Chitral Gol National Park
Phytoecology 1974 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Ecology
46 Phytosociological studies in Chitral Gol
Mirza Hakim Khan Chitral Gol National Park
Phytoecology 1978 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Ecology
47 Forestry and Range Management in Chitral District
M. I. Sheikh and Sultan Maqsood Khan
Chitral Gol National Park
Forestry and Range management
1983 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Range management studies
48 Markhor in Chitral Gol Abdul Aleem Chitral Gol National Park
Bioecology 1976 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Ecology
49 Phyto-sociological studies in A.Aleem Chaudhry, Chhambi Surla Phytoecology 2001 International Journal Phytoecology
22
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Chhumbi Surla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chakwal Pakistan II. Phyoecology
M. Hameed, R.Ahmad and A. Hussain
Wildlife Sanctuary of Agriculture & Biology
50 Preliminary studies on plants for Ayubia National Park Management Plan
Muqarrab Shah Ayubia National Park
Management plan -- Unpublished Management plan
51 Transferring theory and practice of environmental governance: a case study of Ayubia National Park, Pakistan
Mohsin Farooque Ayubia National Park
Environmental governance
2011 Unpublished thesis Environmental governance
52 Management plan of Ayubia National Park 2002-07
Mohsin Farooque Ayubia National Park
Management plan 2002 Unpublished management plan
Management plan
53 A study of genus Ramaria from Ayubia National Park Pakistan
G. Nasim, M. Ali and Asad Shabbir
Ayubia National Park
Fungal studies 2008 Mycopath Fungal Taxonomy
54 Indigenous rights and Biodiversity Conservation: A case study of Ayubia National Park
Shaheen Rafi Khan and Asad Naqvi
Ayubia National Park
Indigenous rights 2000 Unpublished report Management study
55 Floristic composition along an 18-km long transect in Ayubia National Park, District Abbottabad, Pakistan
Shehzadi Saima, A.A. Dasti, F. Hussain, S.M. Wazir and S.A. Malik
Ayubia National Park
Phytoecology 2009 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Phytoecology
56 Exploring the vegetation dynamics and community assemblage in Ayubia National Park, Rawalpindi, Pakistan using
S.S.Ahmad and Q.U.Ann
Ayubia National Park
Phytoecology 2011 Biodiversity Journal Phytoecology
23
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
CCA
57 Exploring the economic value of underutilized plant species in Ayubia National Park
S.S.Ahmad A. Ahmad
Ayubia National Park
Ethnobotanical
Studies
2007 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Ethnobotany
58 Indigenous uses of some important Ethnomedicinal Herbs of Ayubia National Park, Abbottabad, Pakistan
S.A.Gilani, R.A.Qureshi and S.J. Gilani
Ayubia National Park
Ethnobotany 2006 Ethnobotanical Leaflet
Ethnobotany
59 Ethnobotanical Studuies of Ayubia National Park, District Abbottabad, Pakistan
S.A. Gilani, R.A. Qureshi and Umer Farooq
Ayubia National Park
Ethnobotany 2001 Online Journal of Biological Science
Ethnobotany
60 Conservational Status of plant seedlings in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan
R. Khanum and S.A. Gilani
Ayubia National Park
Phytoecology 2005 Lyonia a journal of ecology and application
Phytoecoloyg
61 Interplay of local communities and Biodiversity in Ayubia National Park
Safdar Ali Shah Ayubia National Park
Management studies
2001 Proc. Ethnobotany Applied Participatory Forest Management in Pakistan
Sociological study
62 Multivariate analysis of Environmental and vegetation data of Ayub National Park Rawalpindi
T.Jabeen and S.S. Ahmad
Ayub National Park Phytoecology 2009 Soil and Environment Phytoecology
63 Vegetation survey of Ayub S.S.Hussain Ayub National Park Phytoecology 1969 The Pakistan Journal Phytoecology
24
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
National Park, Rawalpindi of Forestry
64 Phytosociological studies of Ayub National Park Rawalpindi
Anjum Amin and Raja Muhammad Ashfaque
Ayub National Park Phytoecology 1982 The Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Phytoecology
65 Preliminary study to know Leopard population in and around Ayubia National Park
Anon. Ayubia National Park
Management studies
2007 Unpublished WWF-Scientific Committee Technical Report
Sociology
67 Conservation of Leopards in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan
Asad Lodhi Ayubia National Park
conservation MS thesis
2007 Unpublished Thesis Conservation
68 Some aspects of Bio-ecology of Ayubia National Park, NWFP-Pakistan.
Chaudhry M. Shafique
Ayubia National Park
Bioecology PhD. Thesis,
2003 Department of Zoology, University of Karachi.
Biology
69 Vegetation classification in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan using ordination methods
Saeed, S.A and Quratulann,
Ayubia National Park
Phytoecology 2011 Pak. J. Bot Phytoecology
70 Ayubia National Park survey and staff training.
Whale, R., Zaman, W., Zeb, U., Alam, M., & Rehman, S.
Ayubia National Park
Survey and staff Training
1996 Unpublished training report
Training
71 Pheasant survey in Ayubia National Park.
Whale, R. Ayubia National Park
Bioecology 1996 Wildlife Department, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
Pheasant survey only
72 Fodder and fuelwood: Ethnobotany and management at Ayubia National Park, Pakistan.
Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y., Shinwari, Z. K.,
Ayubia National Park
Ethnobotany 2004 Working Paper 14. Ethnobotany
25
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Ayaz, A. & Khan, A.A.
73 Livestock Grazing Impacts on Desert Vegetation, Khirthar National Park, Pakistan
Neal J. Enright and Ben P. Miller
Khirthar National Park
Range management
2007 Rangeland Ecology & Management
Livestock grazing
74 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Draft Management Plan
M.A. Nawaz, P.Shadie and V. Zakaria
Central Karakorum National Park
Management Plan 2009 Unpublished Technical Report
Management plan
75 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Management planning Framework
M.A. Nawaz, P.Shadie and V. Zakaria
Central Karakorum National Park
Management Plan 2009 Unpublished Technical Report
Management plan
76 Conservation and Controversy in the Karakorum: Khunjerab National Park, Pakistan
Are Knudsen Khunjerab National Park
Management
Plan
1999 Journal of Political Ecology
Ecological Politics
77 Ensuring sustainable management of Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Building upon the experiences of HKKH Partnership Project
Sheraz Ullah Baig Central Karakorum National Park
Management studies
--- Unpublished Management
78 Karakorum Himalaya Source book for a Protected Area
Nigel J.R. Allan Central Karakorum National Park
Source Book 1995 Unpublished Book
79 Land Cover Mapping of the Central Karakorum National Park
Anon. Central Karakorum National Park
Map 2009 Unpublished Map
80 Preservation in Pakistan: Candidate Number Central Karakorum Conservation 2008 Oxford University Conservation and
26
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Exclusionist or Holisyic? The case study of Central Karakorum National Park
387939 National Park management Thesis
Centre for the Environment
Management
81 Phytosociology and Sturucture of Central Karakorum National Park (CKNP) of Northern Areas of Pakistan
Alamdar Hussain, M. Sfzal Farooq and Moinuddin Amad
Central Karakorum National Park
Phytoecology 2010 World Applied Sciences Journal
Phytoecology
82 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Draft Management Plan (species management)
Anon. Central Karakorum National Park
Species Management Plan
2009 Unpublished technical Report
Management Plan
83 Central Karakorum Conservation Complex: Draft Management Plan (Tourism Development Plan)
Anon. Central Karakorum National Park
Tourism Management Plan
2009 Unpublished technical Report
Tourism Plan
84 Traditional drug therapies from various medicinal plants of Central Karakorum National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Ishtiaq Hussain, Asghari Bano and Faizan Ullah
Central Karakorum National Park
Ethnobotany 2011 Pakistan Journal of Botany
Ethnobotany
85 Status of Flora in Chingi Forest Preserves
M. Naeem, S. Babar, A. Rao and M. Y. Ashraf
Chinji National Park Phytoecology 2000 Pak. J. Biological Sciences
Phytoecology
86 Status of Himalayan Lynx in District Chitral, NWFP, Pakistan
J.U. Din and M. A. Nawaz
Chitral Gol National Park
Conservation studies
2010 The Journal of Animal and Plant Sceinces
Conservation studies
87 Changes in the Avifauna of the wetlands of District Sangar, Sindh, Pakistan
M. Rais, D.Abbas, M.Z. Khan, I.S. Khan, S. A. Ghalib,
Unspecified Wetlands
Avian ecology 2008 Фауна і населення Avian ecology
27
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
F. Tabassum, G.Akbar and R.Nawaz
88 Detailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna including Limnological Studies at Chotiari Reservoir
Anon. Chotiari Reservoir Wetlands Complex
Bioecological assessment of Fauna and Limnology
2008 Unpublished Fauna and Limnology
89 Study on some median-sized and larg mammals of Chotiari Wetlands Complex, Sangar, Sindh, Pakistan
M. Rais, M. Z.Khan, D.Abbass, G, Akbar
Chotiari Reservoir Wetlands Complex
Checklist of Mammals
2010 J. Basic and Applied Sci.
Mammals
90 Diversity and Ecology of spiders of the Deosai Plateau, Northern Areas, Pakistan
O.B. Kok, L.N. Lotz and C.R. Haddad
Deosai National Park
Bioecology of Arthropods (Spiders) Taxonomy
2004 Pak. J. Bio. Sci Arthropods (Spiders)
91 Floristic studies of Chitral: Threatened Plants and Conservation Strategies
Haidar Ali Chitral Gol National Park
Floristic studies Ph.D. Thesis
2010 Department of Botany, University of Karachi
Taxonomic studies but not confined to CGNP, rather the whole of Chitral
92 Study the core, feeding and breeding areas of the key birdlife species in Utter and Handrap-Shandoor lakes
Anon. Handrap-Shandoor National Park
Avian ecology 2010 WWF-Pakistan Avi-Fauna
93 Diet of Chiltan wild goat Capra aegagrus chiltanensis in Hazargangi Chiltan National Park
S.B. Lathiya, G.D.Achkzai, A. Pervez
Hazargangi Chiltan National Park
Bioecology 2007 Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Phytosociology
28
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
94 Medicinal Flora of Hingol National Park Baluchistan, Pakistan
Rahmatullah Qureshi
Hingol National Park
Medicinal plants 2012 Pak. J. Bot. Medicinal Flora
95 Avifauna of Hingol National Park, Bakluchistan, Pakistan
S.A. Ghalib, A.Jabbar, J.Wind, A.Zehra and D.Abbas
Hingol National Park
Avian ecology 2008 Pak. J. Zoology Avifauna
96 Bioecology and conservation of birds of Avifauna if Hingol National Park, Baluchistan, Pakistan
M. Z. Khan, S.A. Ghalib, a. Zehra and B. Hussain
Hingol National Park
Avian Ecology 2010 J. Basic and Appl. Sci.
Ecology of Birds
97 Boundary delineation of Hingol National Park
Anon. Hingol National Park
Map 2009 Unpublished map Map
98 Vertebrate biodiversity and key mammalian species status of Hingol National Park
M. Z. Khan, A.Zehra, S.A Ghalib, S. Siddiqui nad N.Hussain
Hingol National Park
Conservation studies
2010 SENRA Academy Publishers, Burnaby, British Columbia
Conservation Studies
99 Karambar Lake Wetland Anon. Hindrup Karambar National Park
Conservation studies
2005 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Conservation Studies
100 Report on Socio-economic baseline studies for Sheosar Lake Deosai National Park
Anon. Deosai National Park
Socio-economic 2010 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Socio-economic
101 Detailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna, including Limnology Studies at Kheenjhar Lake
Anon. Kheenjhar Lake Bioecological assessment of Fauna
2008 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Ecological
29
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
102 Eco Tourism Promotion Strategy Khunjerab National Park
M. Ali Imam Khunjerab National Park
Eco-Tourism 2007 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Eco-Tourism
103 Guide Book to Flora of Khunjerab National Park
Zafeer Saqib Khunjerab National Park
Floral guide 2010 Book Flora
104 Boundary Delineation of Khunjerab National Park
Anon. Khunjerab National Park
Map 2009 Unpublished Map Map
105 A survey of large mammals at Shimshal-Pamir lakes Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Waseem Ahmad Khan
Khunjerab National Park
Mammalian Fauna 2009 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Mammalian Fauna
106 A survey of Reptiles at Shimshal-Pamir lakes Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Waseem Ahmad Khan and S.M.S. Fakhri
Khunjerab National Park
Reptiles study 2009 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Avian study
107 A survey of Birds at Shimshal-Pamir lakes Khunjerab National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Waseem Ahmad Khan and S.M.S. Fakhri
Khunjerab National Park
Reptiles study 2009 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Reptiles study
108 Ethnobotanical Study of Khunjerab National Park
Sajjad Haider and Ghulam Mustufa
Khunjerab National Park
Ethnobotanical Study
2009 Unpublished Technical Report WWF-Pakistan
Ethnobotanical studies
109 Desert vegetation and vegetation –environment relationship in Kirthar National Park, Sindh, Pakistan
N. J. Enright, B.P. Miller and R. Akhter
Kirthar National Park
Phytoecology 2005 J. Arid Envir. Phytoecology
110 Ethnobotanical studies of Mahal A.Q. Panhwar and Kirthar National Ethnobotanical 2007 Pak. J. Bot Ethnobotanical Studies
30
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Kohistan (Kirthar National Park) H.Abro Park Studies
111 Plant Biodiversity and Phytosocioloycal Attributes of Gorak Hill Kirthar National Park
A.Perveen and M.I.Hussain
Kirthar National Park
Phytoecology 2007 Pak. J. Bot Phytoecology
112 Plant Biodiversity and Phytosociological Attributes of Dureji (Kirthar National Park)
A.Perveen, G.R. Sarwar and M.I.Hussain
Kirthar National Park
Phytoecology 2008 Pak. J. Bot Phytoecology
113 Plant Biodiversity and Phytosociological Attributes of Tiko Baran (Kirthar National Park)
A.Perveen and M.I.Hussain
Kirthar National Park
Phytoecology 2009 Pak. J. Bot Phytoecology
114 Kirthar National Park Baseline Environmental Study: Flora Survey
Enright, N.J. and Miller, B.P.
Kirthar National Park
Floral Survey 2000 Unpublished Technical Report. The University of Melbourne
Flora Survey
115 Kirthar National Park Baseline Environmental Study: Fauna Survey
Morgan, D.G. and Harrington, R.
Kirthar National Park
Floral and Fauna Survey
2000 Unpublished Technical Report. The University of Melbourne
Flora and Fauna Survey
116 Food of Black Francolin in Lal Suhanra National Park, Pakistan
W.A.Khan and A. Mian
Lal Suhanra National Park
Avian ecology 2011 Pak. J. Zoo. Ecology
117 Diversity of Plant Species in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
M.Hameed, A.A. Chaudhry, M. A. Maan and A.H.Gill
Lal Suhanra National Park
Phytoecology 2002 Online J. Bio. Sci. Phytoecology
118 Studies on the comparative ecology of the South Persian
Waseem Ahmad Lal Suhanra Phytoecology 2010 PhD. Thesis, Department of
Ecological
31
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Black Partridge and the Northern Grey Partridge in Lal Suhanra National Park, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Khan National Park Zoology, PMAS AA University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
119 Boundary Delineation of Machiara National Park
Anon. Machiara National Park
Map 2008 Map Map
120 Habitat utilization and feeding biology of Himalayan Grey Langur (Semnopithecus entellus ajex) in Machiara National Park, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
R.A. Minhas, M.B. Ahmed, M. S. Awan and Naeem Iftikhar Dar
Machiara National Park
Feeding Biology 2010 Zoological Research Feeding Biology
121 Application of GIS/RS for Management Zoning of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad
S.M. Zafar, M.A. Baig and M. Irfan
Margallah Hills National Park
Geography 2011 2nd International Conference on Environmental Sci. and Tech.
GIS and RS, Management
122 Evaluating deforestation using Landsat TM and Spot XS data in dry sub-tropical forest of Margalla Hills National Park
R.N. Milk and S.Z. Husain
Margallah Hills National Park
Geography 2003 Geoinformation for European-wide Integration
GIS and RS, Forest Management
123 Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah Hills National Park, Islamabad, Pakistan
A.Jabeen, M.A. Khan, M.Ahmad, M. Zafar and Farooq Ahmad
Margallah Hills National Park
Ethnobotany 2009 African Journal of Biotechnology
Ethnobotany
124 Boundary Delineation of Margallah National Park
Anon. Margallah Hills National Park
Map 2009 WWF-Pakistan Map
125 Snakes of Margallah Hills Z.B. Mirza Margallah Hills Identification 2008 Himalayan Wildlife Identification guide
32
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
National Park National Park guide, Taxonomic Foundation
126 Conservation of Pheasants in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan
Iftikhar uz Zamana NWFP M.Sc. Forestry thesis
2008 The University of Mantana Missoula, MT
Pheasant diversity research
127 Detailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna, Including Limonological Studies at Keti Bunder
Anon. Keti Bunder Wetland Complex
Bioecology 2008 Unpublished Report WWF-Pakistan
Ecology
128 Ecology, Genetics and Conservation of Himalayan Brown Bears
Muhammad Ali Nawaz
Deosai National Park
Conservation studies
2008 Unpublished Thesis, Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
Conservation studies
129 Floristic inventory of Pai Forest Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan
Rahmatullah Qureshi and G.R. Bhatti
Pai Game Reserve Floristic Inventory 2010 Pak. J. Bot Floristic Invemtory
130 Datailed Ecological Assessment of Fauna, Including Limnology Studies at Pai Forest
Anon. Pai Game Reserve Bioecological Studies
2008 Unpublished Technical Report
Ecological Report
131 A plant guide to National Khirthar Park and adjoining areas.
Akhtar, R. Kirthar National Park
Identification guide, Taxonomic
2003. Premier–Kufpec, Pakistan B.v. pp. 263.
Identification guide book
132 Comparative avian faunal diversity of Jiwani coastal wetlands and Taunsa Barrage
Z. Ali, F. Bibi, S. Y. Shelly, A. Qazi and
Jiwani coastal wetlands and Taunsa Barrage
Avian ecology 2011 The Journal of Animal and Plant
Avian diversity
33
P.No. Title of paper Author(s) Name of PA Type of study Year of publication
Publisher Comments
Wildlife Sanctuary, Pakistan A. M. Khan. Wildlife Sanctuary Sciences
34
Table 6. Categorization of research articles.
Total number of publications Higher Plants Lower plants Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
132 73 4 35 28 13 15 8 4
Table 7. Categorization of research articles regarding type of publication.
Total number of publications Peer reviewed journal articles
Unpublished technical reports
Unpublished thesis Conference proceedings
Maps Books Management studies
132 72 33 8 6 5 4 2
Table 8. Categorization of research articles regarding the field of study.
Plantecology Ecology Ethnobotany Management plans
Checklists Conservation studies
Flora / Fauna (taxonomy)
Avian Ecology
Sociological studies
Misc.
29 18 10 8 7 7 7 6 5 34
35
Table 9. List of Protected Areas mentioning report of number of taxa in various classes.
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
ANP (50) - - - - - - - -
ANP (51) - - - - - - - -
ANP (54) - - - - - - - -
ANP (61) - - - - - - - -
ANP (65) - - - - - - - -
ANP (70) - - - - - - - -
CGNP (47) - - - - - - - -
CKNP (77) - - - - - - - -
CKNP (78) - - - - - - - -
CKNP (78) - - - - - - - -
CKNP (79) - - - - - - - -
CKNP (80) - - - - - - - -
CKNP (83) - - - - - - - -
DNP (100) - - - - - - - -
DNP (19) - - - - - - - -
DNP (32) - - - - - - - -
36
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
DNP (90) - - - - - - - 23
HNP (97) - - - - - - - -
KNP (102) - - - - - - - -
KNP (104) - - - -- - - - -
KNP (106) - - - - - 9 - -
KNP (76) - - - - - - - -
MHNP (121) - - - - - - - -
MHNP (122) - - - - - - - -
MHNP (124) - - - - - - - -
MHNP (125) - - - - - - - -
MNP (119) - - - - - - - -
MNP (33) - - - - - - - -
ANP (60) 6 - - - - - - -
ANP (57) 9 - - - - - - -
CGNP (40) 18 - - - - - - -
ANP (58) 21 - - - - - - -
KNP (109) 23 - - - - - - -
37
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
CKNP (8) 25 - - - - - - -
ANP (59) 26 - - - - - - -
CGNP (37) 30 - - - - - - -
CGNP (86) 31 - - - - - - -
LSNP (116) 33 - - - - - - 11
CKNP (81) 34 - - - - - - -
AANP (62) 35 - - - - - - -
LBWP (1) 35 - - - - - - -
DA (36) 36 - - - - - - -
CNP (85) 38 - - - - - - -
HNP (94) 39 - - - - - - -
MHNP (28) 40 - - - - - - -
ANP (56) 43 - - - - - - -
Kirt NP (73) 45 - - - - - - -
HCNP (23) 46 - - - - - - -
HCNP (24) 46 - - - - - - -
KNP (108) 46 - - - - - - -
38
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
CKNP (84) 47 - - - - - -
CGNP (48) 48 - - - - - - -
MNP (120) 49 - - - - - - -
CGNP (45) 50 - - - - - - -
Kirt NP (110) 50 - - - - - - -
MHNP (29) 50 - - - - - - -
ANP (72) 51 - - - - - - -
LSNP (30) 56 - - - - - - -
SPLWC (17) 58 - - - - - - -
ANP (69) 59 - - - - - - -
CRWC (6) 66 - - - - - - -
MNP (35) 69 - - - - - - -
CGNP (46) 70 - - - - - - -
Kirt NP (113) 70 - - - - - - -
Kirt NP (111) 72 - - - - - - -
AANP (63) 75 - - - - - - -
AANP (64) 75 - - - - - - -
39
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
DNP (21) 77 - - - - - - -
LSNP (117) 78 - - - - - - -
Kirt NP (112) 79 - - - - - - -
CGNP (38) 80 - - - - - - -
PGR (129) 93 - - - - - - -
KNP (103) 105 - - - - - -- -
QNP (7) 108 - - - - - - -
DNP (20) 114 - - - - - - -
CSWS (49) 116 - - - - - - -
CRWC (5) 120 - - - - - - -
CYWC (3) 120 - - - - - - -
ANP (55) 132 - - - - - - -
MNP (34) 202 - - - - - - -
HNP (13) 230 - - - - - - -
MHNP (123) 245 - - - - - - -
CGNP (91) 450 - - - - - - -
Kirt NP (109) 466 - - - - - - -
40
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
Kirt NP (114) 475 - - - - - - -
DNP (13) 584 - - - - - - -
Kirt NP (131) 466 3 - - - - - -
ANP (53) - 8 - - - - - -
MHNP (32) - 17 - - - - - -
ANP (66) - - 1 - - - - -
ANP (67) - - 1 - - - - -
CGNP (39) - - 1 - - - - -
CGNP (41) - - 1 - - - - -
CGNP (42) - - 1 - - - - -
CGNP (43) - - 1 - - - - -
CGNP (44) - - 1 - - - - -
CGNP (87) - - 1 - - - - -
MNP (11) - - 1 - - - - -
MNP(12) - - 1 - - - - -
PLNP (26) - - 1 - - - - -
HCNP (93) 16 - 1 - - - - -
41
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
DNP (128) 112 - 1 - - - - -
DGR (9) - - 2 - - - - -
CKNP (82) - - 9 - - - - -
CRWC (89) - - 33 - - - - -
KNP (105) - - 35 - - - - -
LSNP (118) 102 - - 2 - - - -
ANP (126) - - - 5 - - - -
ANP (71) - - - 8 - - - -
HSNP (99) 35 - 10 35 - - - -
KNP (22) 62 - 25 46 - 2 - -
KLWC (101) - 155 26 51 - - 55 -
KNP (107) - - - 56 - - - -
CYWC (4) 37 - 17 58 - 17 - -
BBGR (16) - - 15 86 - - - -
JWCTBWS (132) - - - 109 - - - -
DNP (18) 460 - 28 109 - - - -
SWC (87) - - - 136 - - - -
42
S.No PAs Higher Plants
Lower plants
Mammals Birds Amphibians Reptiles Fishes Insects
HNP (14) - - - 158 - - - -
HNP (96) - - - 158 - - - -
HNP (95) - - - 205 - -- - -
HSNP (92) - - - 230 - - - -
HNP (98) - - 16 165 2 - 14 -
CRWC (10) - - 32 136 3 32 - -
ANP (52) 757 - 31 203 3 16 - 650
Kirt NP (115) - - 36 203 3 34 - -
MHNP (27) 116 - 15 65 4 16 6 -
ANP (68) 406 14 22 154 4 4 - -
MHNP (25) - - - - 9 32 - -
MHNP (31) 336 - 25 296 9 9 37 -
KBWC (127) - - 47 22 23 22 - -
CRWC (88) - 85 33 109 28 58 47 -
CRWC (2) 213 359 35 80 58 8 47 4
CKNP (74) 45 - 33 90 90 80 17 -
CKNP (75) 45 - 33 90 90 80 17 -
43
Chapter 4. Conclusion
There is a deficiency of taxonomists not only in the country but at the global level as well, and there is also a shortage of trained curators, this has direct impact on the accurate identification and documentation of our biodiversity and thereafter, their sustainable utilization.
According to our findings there are only four studies mentioning the insect diversity (Table 5). This has concluded that the insect taxonomy is still to be documented in all the PAs of the country.
It is widely accepted that Protected Areas are comparatively less affected by Anthropogenic activities therefore, the biodiversity is considered to be much higher than the surrounding areas. On the other hand biodiversity of most of PAs (especially the newly designated PAs) are yet to be explored and documented, hence there is possibility of finding new taxa.
A crash program is required to have sufficient trained manpower involved (taxonomists and ecologists) to obtain a scientifically accurate data regarding all the biodiversity of PAs.
All conservation strategies should be species specific and based on authentically identification and scientifically correct ecological information.
Fauna of the country should be accumulated in a consolidated form, (online searchable database is a better option) the unpublished parts should be focused first. Followed by intrinsic studies in all the PAs of the country by specialized taxonomists, because we have very little information regarding the Fauna of all the Protected Areas of the country.
We do have Zoological Survey Department, similarly Pakistan Journal of Zoology is published by Zoological Society of Pakistan but the information regarding Fauna of PAs is sporadic and there is still a lot of specialized taxonomist work which is yet to be published.
Chapter 5. Recommendations
We do have very good Herbariums and Museums in the country but none of these are specialized for PAs and it is very hard to compile a list of taxa of all the PAs of the country. It is therefore, recommended that IUCN based Protected Areas Herbarium and Museum should be developed, based on collections from all the protected areas of the country and it should be used for future taxonomic studies. Photographs of all the specimens kept in Herbarium and Museum should be made online for free access to all the taxonomists in the country.
A consolidated, centralized national database system of all the living Flora and Fauna of all the PAs should be developed. This online centralized database system should accumulate data regarding the population size and geographic distribution, for the centralized inventorying and monitoring of all the taxa living in all the Protected Areas of the country. Data should be entered into this online centralized database system from multiple authorized points i.e. protected areas (Figure 3). Images of all the taxa living in PAs should also be made available in this online taxanomic database. Geographic distribution of all these taxa should also be given in the database.
Similarly, extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and interpretation of fluctuation should also be focused in the database.
For Identification not only morphological data but DNA barcodes should also be developed, similarly DNA Barcode library should also be developed in this connection.
Similarly, we do have seed bank at the country level, but again it is very hard to compile a list of the seeds of PAs out of all the seeds available in the seed bank. It is therefore, recommended that a separate seed bank should be developed at a higher altitude and colder protected area of the country, where less energy will be required for keeping the seeds viable. This should be based on the collections particularly from the protected areas of the country.
Figure 3. Flow chart of the data manipulation of the Protected Areas Centralized Database.
Developing Institutional Mechanisms
A Network of Databases and Institutions throughout the country
Collection Compilation
Publishing
Dissemination Updating
45
Taxonomy should be started as a subject in institutions, based on the job market already enhanced in the academic institutions, research institutions and management of PAs.
Significant species focused awareness drives should be organized in various focused areas (particularly PAs) throughout the country.
Workshops regarding the “Modern Trends in Taxonomy” should be organized by major academic institutions in the country for uplifting the taxonomic capacities of the university and colleges teachers. Similarly teacher’s taxonomy training courses should be organized in this connection.
The taxonomists should be attracted to the assessment of Biodiversity in Protected Areas by offering them with handsome packages otherwise they would be attracted by industrialized countries. As a result good taxonomists would be drained out of the country and a gap would be created in the authentic identification and sustainable utilization of our biodiversity.
Some selected universities/ institutions may be identified and given the task to organize and promote ‘Wildlife Education’ through workshops or special courses.
It has never been mentioned in any of the published or unpublished literature, studied so far for finalizing this report, that the voucher specimens are collected and cited in the publication, and they are submitted to any Herbaria or Museum as a proof / reference of their study and for future taxonomic studies. It is therefore, recommended that citation of specimens should be considered as mandatory for the publication of any biodiversity based publication.
There is dire need of conducting detailed taxonomic studies of Flora and Fauna in all the Protected Areas of the country. The specimens should be properly collected, brought to the Herbarium or Museum for detailed taxonomic studies, authentically identified, preserved and deposited for future taxonomic studies in future.
46
Chapter 7. Draft plan of action
For building the capacities for assessment of plant biological diversity at different levels it is necessary to uplift the taxonomic capabilities of the students and teachers of biology at schools, colleges and universities level. For this purpose special courses will be arranged containing the various species concepts, identification keys and botanical latin etc.
Similarly, plant collection, mounting, preservation and identification techniques will also be taught at various levels. For this purpose biology teachers will be trained first, because according to our observations during the study period, the taxonomic capabilities of the teachers even at the universities level were embarrassing.
Highly specialized and basic taxonomic courses will also be included in the syllabi of wildlife and forest students, because they are the future managers of the biodiversity especially in PAs.
In the third step, these trained teachers and students will be facilitated to organize seminars, debates and workshops for raising awareness regarding the importance of biodiversity, its correct identification, and sustainable utilization, among the local community which are directly and or indirectly depending on the biological resources of the PAs in Pakistan.
In next step, the highly specialized taxonomists will be given the assignment of authentically identifying the biodiversity of PAs. As a result all the biodiversity of PAs will be authentically identified and documented.
Next step comprises of the centralized database designing, implementation and incorporation of the already accumulated taxonomic data. The centralized database will be disseminated and made freely available online especially to all the stakeholders. This database will be updated regularly as soon as the new data are made available.
47
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Appendix 1. IUCN Protected Area Management Categories.
I. Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: Areas of land and/or sea possessing outstanding or representative ecosystems, geological physiological features and/or species, available primarily for scientific research and/or environmental monitoring; or large areas of unmodified or slightly modified land, and/or sea, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition.
II. National Park: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Ecosystem Conservation and Recreation. Natural areas of land and/or sea, designated to (a) protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for this and future generations, (b) exclude exploitation or occupation inimical to the purposes of designation of the area and (c) provide a foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible.
III. Natural Monument: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Conservation of Special Features. Areas containing one or more specific natural or natural/ cultural features which is of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative or aesthetic qualities or cultural significance.
IV. Habitat/Species Management Area: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Conservation through Management Intervention. Areas of land and/ or sea subject to active intervention for management purposes to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/ or to meet the requirements of specific species.
V. Protected Landscape / Seascape: Protected Areas Managed Mainly for Landscape/ Seascape conservation and recreation. Areas of land, with coast and sea as appropriate, where the impaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant aesthetic, cultural and/ or ecological value, and often with high biological diversity. Safeguarding the integrity of this traditional interaction is vital to the protection, maintenance and evolution of such an area.
VI. Managed Resource Protected Area Protected Areas Managed Mainly for the Sustainable Use of Natural Ecosystems. Areas containing predominantly unmodified natural systems managed to ensure long-term protection and maintenance of biological diversity, while providing at the same time a sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet community needs.
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