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Prelim~~ary Draft

GEOCHEMICAL BUDGET FOR FILSON CREEK WATERSHED

by

Donald I. Siegel

9-Note: This includes the first t~!~e ~;~:~S of the doctoral

dis s e r tat ion t tt Ge 0 ch em i cal "fass Ba 1anceo f Fi 1son ere e k 1-: a t 'ar she J , .

Northeastern Hinnesota."

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction and Purpose

Location and Physiographic Description of the Watershed

Vegetation

Bedrock Geology

Glacial History

Soils Description

Hydrology

Introduction

Methods

Results

~\Tater Quality

Methods

Results

ChemiGal Budgets

Appendix I - Percentage of Mineral Species in 4 SizeFraction of Till Collected from FilsonCreek Watershed

Appendix 2 - Accumulated,Precipitation at Gages inVicinity of Filson Creek Watershed during~"V'ater Year 1976

Appendix 3 - Daily Mean Discharges at FIX, F3X andOL2 on Filson Creek, 1975 - 1977

Appendix 4 - Stratigraphic Logs of PiezometersInstalled in and around the Filson CreekWatershed

Appendix 5 - Water Quality Data for Filson CreekWatershed Study, 1977 - 1978

Appendix 6 - T - Tests between Water Quality Dataat FIX Samplinq Location and OtherSampling Locations on Filson Creek

LIST OF, FIGURES,

Figure No. Title

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Location of Filson Creek Watershed

Topography of Filson Creek Watershed

Vegetation in Filson Creek Watershed

Bedrock Geology of the Filson Creek Watershed

Soils in the Filson Creek Watershed

Composition of the Greater than Pebble Size~~asts in the Rainy Till Lobe

Till Sample Sites in the Filson Creek Watershed

X-Ray Diffractograms from Clay Sized Fractionof Rainy Lobe Till Collected from theFilson Creek Watershed

Hydrologic Monitoring Network

Correlations between Cumulative Two-WeekPrecipitation at Kawis\'\awiLaboratoryand Upper Filson, Lower Filson andEvaporation Station Non-RecordingRain Gages

Rating Curves for 'SF, F3X, and OL2 StreamGages

Co~relations netween Discharge at Flx andSF, F3X and OL2

Annual Discharge at FIX Gage

Correlation between Omaday Lake Leveland Discharge at FIX Gage

Water Levels at Omaday Lake, 1977

Grain Size Distribution of Till SamplesCollected from Filson Creek '-\Tatershed

Water Level in Wetland Piezometers, 1977

ft. l

'. ,;,... ~

c'~' ~

List of Figures/ cant.

Fiaure No. Title

18 Location of Precipitation and Shallo~

Interflo~ Water Co~lectors

19 Concentrations of Copper and Nickelin Filson Creek

20 Concentration Variations for SelectedConstituents for storm Event on FilsonCreek, June, 1977

21 Variations in Cation Concentrationsat FIX Location

22 Variations in Anion Concentratio~s

at FIX Location

23 Piper Plot of Wetland Water Qualityin Filson Creek Watershed

/)i.Jcr-, j

r, C··~ ) r:',-1(

.' (.-:-" .!C,,':: C'~:_.

\;

~7 I b

Summary Statistics for Water Quality of FilsonCreek, from December 4, 1976 to January 28, 1978

Table No.

1

2

3

4- 6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

--"-- - -_ .. _._ .._.. ---_._--- -

15

16

17

18

19

LIST OF TABLES

Title

Average Hodes in Volume' Percent .of MajorRock Types in the Filson Creek Watershed

Vercentage of Filson Creek WatershedUnderlain by Major Bedrock Type

Comparison between Mean Mineral Compositionof the Rainy Lobe Till and the MeanMineral Modes of the Duluth Complex andGiants Range Granite in the Filson CreekWatershed

Discharge-stage Data for SF Stream Gage

Discharge at Stream Gages, .in Cubic Feetper Second

Soil Moisture at the End of 1976, Calculatedby the Thornthwaite Water Budget Method

Estimated Water Balance for Filson CreekWatershed between May and October, 1977

Summary of Analytical Techniques

Quality Control Program

Sulfate Quality Control Experiment

Correlation Coefficients between Dischargeand Water Chemistry at FIX Location

Comparison between Mean Concentrationsat Filson Creek for Major Constituentsbetween 1976 and 1977

Summary Statistics for Precipitation WaterOuality Collected in and around FilsonCreek Watershed, 1977

Atmospheric Mean Loading Rates Derivedfrom Bulk Precipitation in the FilsonCreek Watershed Area - 1977

Summary Statistics for Shallow Interflow~'Jater Quality

Summary Statistics for Groundwater Qualityin Wetlands in the Filson Creek Watershed

!"

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J

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INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

The behavior of silicate minerals in the weathering

environment and the effects of water-solute reactions on

both the minerals and the resulting solution have been-

recently investigated for ground-water and surface-water~ .

systems. Through use of activity diagrams and an assumed

equilibrium between solid and aqueous phases, Feth (1~64)

related ground-water quality of springs discharging from

the Sierra Nevada batholith to the weathering products of

feldspar. Garrels (1967) compared natural ground-water

chemistry from major igneous rock types to calculated

chemical quality based on theoretical weathering reactions

of silicate minerals to kaolinite. Garrels and MacKenzie

(1967) elaborated on this approach and stoichiometrically

back-reacted the chemical quality of an average spring

water reported by Feth (1964) with kaolinite to reproduce

the original mineralogy of the bedrock.

These ground-water studies together have suggested

that; most dissolved silica in ground water is derived

from the weathering of silicate minerals other than

quartz, reactions are so rapid that waters remain in near-

equilibrium with one or more phases at all times, aluminum

is chemically conserved, and that the chief buffer system

is the CO 2 system (Bricker and Garrels, 1967).

Norton (1974) extended these studies to evaluate the

surface water chemistry of the Rio Tanama system in Puerto

Rico. Changes in river water quality were related to re­

actions between surface-water and rock-forming minerals

in the watershed. Norton also calculated from activity­

concentration plots a solubility product for montmorillonite

which favorably compared with previously published data.

Bricker et, ale (1968) and Cleaves et ale (1970)

utilized a mass balance approach coupled with silicate

weathering models for a small wat~rshed in Maryland. From

their geochemical model they were able to determi~e detailed

input-output budgets for major ions and the relative rates

of chemical and mechanical weathering in the watershed.

Other chemical budget studies of small watershed have

generally used a paired-watershed approach to evaluate disturbances

to ecosystems by various stresses, such as logging or forest fires,

and have not evaluated cation losses from the watersheds with

comparable geochemical detail. For example, the classic studies

by Johnson et al. (1969) and Likens et al. <1967, 1969) qualitatively

evaluated the reactions controlling the release of major cations

from Hubbard Brook watershed by comparing ratios of yearly cation

losses to the chemical composition of the weathered and unweathered

bedrock. Other studies by Johnson and Swank (1973), Fredrickson

(1970, '97~), and Wright (1974) calculated cation budgets for

small watersheds but did not address the mechanisms of mineral

to account for net cation losses.

The cited watershed and ground water have not

had to incorporate the kinetics of silicate weathering

to geochemical models because aquifers or watershed soils

and streambed materials contained silicates with similar

stability, However, the rates of silicate weathering

are different for the major silicate groups. Silicate

susceptibility to weathering decreases in a series from

olivine to quartz Goldich (1938)Janalogous to Bow~n's

Reaction Series and the Stunz (1941) classification of

silicates from the least complicated structures, the

neosilicates (e.g. olivine), to the most complicated

structures, the tectosilicates (e.g. feldspar).

As opposed to earlier investigations, this

dissertation extends geochemical modeling for a watershed

which is underlain by a composite of igneous minerals

including all major silicate groups. The results of

this work will provide:

1). a means to quantitatively assess the relative

rates of chemical weathering between major

silicate groups under the same hydrological

and geochemical conditions in the natural

environment.

2). a means to determine the practical extent to

which chemical mass balances Qr~ geochemical

models can be applied to a natural system

considerably more complicated than those

previously studied.

In addition, because the watershed includes a

mineralized zone containing copper and nickel sulfide

minerals, this study will integrate, if necessary, both

sulfide oxidation as well as hydrolJsis of the silicate

minerals in the geochemical analysis.

LOCATION AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF THE WATERSHEDi

Filson Creek is located on the Superior Upland

Province of Minnesota and is approximately 8 miles southeast

of Ely (fig. 1). It was chosen for study because:

1). Filson Creek is a small stream with a continuous

U.s. Geological Survey ~tream gauge near its

mouth.

2). Previous soils, water chemistry, geological and

vegetational studies are available for the

watershed.

3). All waters draining from the basin originate

as precipitation on the watershed.

4). The watershed is relatively undisturbed by man.

5). The watershed is underlain by glacial till

comp0sed predominently of a mixture of igneous

minerals derived from the underlying mafic

Duluth Complex and nearby acid lithologies of

the Giants Range Granite.

6). The watershed is predominently forested.

Figure 1

o 5) 100 ~'L~SC. , • , , , • J

Loc~tion of Filson Creek W~tershed

....

Filson,Creek drains westward to the Kawishiwi River

and has two tributaries, designated North Fils6n and South

Filson for this study (fig. 2), which join approximately

one-tenth of a mile upstream from the U.S. Geological

Survey stream gauge on Spruce Road.

Total relief in the watershed is 317 ± 10 feet, with

elevations ranging from greater tha~ 1,760 feet east of

Bogberry Lake in the eastern part of the basin to less

than 1,443 feet near the mouth of the stream.

The general topographic grain trends northeast~

southwest and reflects bedrock ridges in the Duluth Complex

as well as the general direction of Wisconsian glaciation.

South and southwest of Bogberry Lake, this general trend

is broken by an east-west bedrock ridge which partly

outlines the southern boundary of the watershed.

Between fiv€ and seven percent of the watershed is

exposed bedrock.

South Filson Tributary

South Filson drains 2.42 square miles of fens and

upland forest bordered on the west and east by bedrock

ridges mantled by a thin veneer of till. The southern

.S

16

RI'uiu'Lake

Ek.:r:EH3::.EH35::Jrl3:::HH:E============3::=:=:=:=:=:E=========3::=:=:=:=:=:E:=========i5 KILOMETERS

CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEETDATUM IS MEAN SEA LEVEL

145.3

Figure 2 Topography of the Filson Creek Watershed

boundary of the watershed is indistinct and estimated

from surface topography in the wetlands. South Filson is

about 3.3 miles long and meanders in a linear fen

which ranges from 500 to 1,250 feet in width.

Small rapids are located directly upstream from

its confluence with North Filson and at other locations

where bedrock ridges increase local gradients in the

channel. The general gradient for South Filson watershed

is 20 feet per mile .

. North Filson Tributary

North Filson drains a 7.34 square mile area including

Bogberry Lake (94 acres) and Omaday Lake (34 acres). The

eastern and southern boundaries are well defined by forested

topographic ridges having relief from 140 to 250 feet.

The western margjn consists of en'echelon bedrock ridges

having- relief from 20- -to 60 feet.

Bogberry and Omaday Lakes range in depth from three

to five feet, depending on the season, and are almost

completely surrounded by wetlands. Bogberry Lake drains

northward to Omaday Lake through a perennial stream.

North Filson has an average gradient of 14 'feet per

mile, one-third less than that of South Filson. As with

South Filson, small riffles and rapids are located at nick

points where the channel crosses bedrock ridges or leaves

beaver dams. One particularly long rapids extends f'or,

about 600 feet upstream from the intersect~on of the

creek with Spruce Road in T.62 N., R.Il W., section 9.

CLIMATE

Fil~on Creek watershed has a mid-continental climate

with long, cold winters and warm, short summers. The mean

annual precipitation is about 27 inches, with monthly

average temperatures ranging from 14°F in January to 62°F

in July (Ahlgren, 1969). Precipitation occurs in the form

of brief storm events of varying intensity which occur

most frequently during the early spring and fall.

VEGETATION

During the past 50 years, much of the watershed has

experienced various degrees of logging. Much of the

original post-glacial climax vegetation of Jack Pine and

Whi te Pine ( Marschner and others,1974 ) has been selectively

cut. With the exception of parts of the high ridges marking.

the eastern boundary of the watershed, large scale clear-

cutting and rock-raking techniques have not taken place.

Those areas which were clear-cut are now generally

covered with a secondary succession of aspen, birch, mixed

coniferous species and various shrubs.

The vegeta~ion in the watershed is composed of

several distinct natural forest types, as well as some

areas covered by planted species (fig. 3). About 75 percent

of the watershed is classified as a mixed upland forest,

15 percent as fens and Black Spruce bogs, a~d the remaining

10 percent as natural or planted stands of Jack, Norway

and Red Pine r fe~a:"~ Q.A~~'; )3rvby '57.14' I \q 1~) .

The mixed upland forest consists of an assemblage of

aspen, birch, fir and other conifers. The dominant species

along the margins of the watershed are aspen and birch,

ranging from 30 to 70 feet in height, while the more mixed

I '.

-~ ,

EXPLANATION

r=JMixed Upland Forest

Fen

~81aok Spru.ce

[jJNatural Pine Stands

~ ~Pine Plantations

\~ . ('f' ,I A • ("..-: ' ~_~

Figure 3 Vegetation in the Filson Creek Watershed

assemblages including conifers are found generally in the

central part of the watershed where there are wetlands

and lakes. Two small stands of Jack Pine occur on the

north side and about one-half mile due south of Omaday

Lake. In the extreme northern part of the watershed'are

tracts of planted Red and Jack Pine. The northern reach

of North Filson meanders in a spruce bog fo~ about one and

one-half miles before it enters a reed-sedge bog near

the mouth of Filson South.

It is assumed from the vegetation that the biomass

in the watershed is near dynamic I equilibrium. This implies

that biomass on the average is being replaced at the same

rate at which it is being dispersed~ Odum (1975).

Evidence that suggests such an equilibrium operating in

Filson Creek Watershed is similar to that described by

Cleaves et ale (197 D ):

_~)~ Trees'of all size classes from saplings to

stands up to 70 feet high occur in the watershed.

2). Deadfalls are present.

3). Major clear-cutting disturbances have not occurred

during the past twenty years.

4). There is a general lack of heavy first order

undergrowth except around wetland areas.

BEDROCK GEOLOGY

The bedrock geology (fig. ~) of the watershed mainly

consists of the mafic lithologies of the middle pre-cambrian

Duluth Complex. The northern part of the watershed is

underlain by the eastern edge of the Giants Range Granite'

as well as!; zenoli ths of hornfels and Biwabik Iron-fo.rma tion

found within the Duluth Complex.

The eastern part of the ~iants Range Granite is com-

posed mainly of medium to coarsely crystalline, porphyritic,

hornblende rich, plutonic rocks that range in composition

from adamellite to diorite, but dominantly are ademellite

and granodiorite. (Sims and Viswanathan, 1972). Green

(1970) divided the eastern part of the Giants Range Granite

into the Farm Lake and Clear Lake facies. Only the Farm

Lake facies is found in the watershed, and consists mainly

of porphyri tic, 'hornblende ademelli te and monzonite. The

rock typically is hypJdiomorphic-granular in texture, hav-

ing microcline phenocrysts ranging up to two centimeters

in cross section. Grading with the porphyritic rocks are

minor amounts of non-porphyritic varieties.

I .

Anorthositic gabbro

Anorthosite

Mineralized contact zone

Troctolite

Hornfels and Biwabik Iron-Formation

La:\<:e

Giants Range Granite

DEXPLANATION

Figure 4 Bedrock Geology of the Filson Creek Watershed

The quartz content ranges from 15 to 25 percent,

while the major mafic mineral, green hornblende, composes

between 6 and 10 percent of the rock. The plagioclase

type is oligoclase which ranges from An16 to An 24' In

the field, oligoclase appears cloudy due to kaolinization

which occurred prior to the intrusion of the Duluth

Complex (Green,. 1970) .

The contact between the Duluth Complex and the

Giants Range Granite along the northern margin of the

watershed consists of a mineralized zone of gossen which

is one quarter to one half mile wide. Mineralogy of

the rock is transitional between the amphibolite, the

hornblende-hornfels and the pyroxene-hornfels metamorphic

facies (Gree~ 1970), and includes copper and nickel

sulfide minerals which have potential economic value.

The Duluth, Complex underlying approximately 90 per-

cent of the watershed was first mapped by Green et ale (1966),!'-)\ ~ (-." -; :', I "

with sUbsequent modifications by.Cooper (1978).

The center and eastern parts of the watershed are

underlain by lithologies ranging from poikilitic augite

troctolite to anorthosite, with plagioclase ( An 60 to An 65 )

content ranging from 65 to 90 percent, olivine (Fa 37- 40 )

content from less than. 10 to 20 percent, and the remaining

percentage composed of interstitial iron oxides and augite.

The eastern margin of the watershed is underlain

by anorthositic gabbro with plagioclase (An 60 _88)

comprising between 75 and 95 percent of the rock. The

remaining percent consists of interstitial augite and

hyper8thene.

Due north of Omaday Lake, the bedrock includes an

elongated xenolith of metamorphosed Biwabik Iron-formation

and hornfels.

Average modes in volume percent of the major rock

types discussed are given in Table~4. Table~ gives

the percentages of the watershed underlain by major rock

types.

}Table 1 Average modes in. volume percent of major rock types in

the Filson Creek Watershed

Troctolitel Anorthositel Anorthositic Gabbrol Giants Range Gl'anite2

I (33) (9) (35) (3)

Plagioclase I 71.2 95.2 78.9 49.3

Augite 4.5 0.9 8.9

Orthopyroxene

Olivine

Opaques

Biotite

Hornblende

Quartz

K-spar

0.6

19.3

2.0

0.6

0.6

1.3

1.3

tr

1.1

3.2

2.9

2.5

0.2

2.0

8.7

11.7

23.7

1from Phinney,1972

2from Sims and Viswanathan,1972

Numbers after each rock type indicate number' of thin sections used to calculate average mode

Table 2 Percentage of Filson Creek WatershedUnderlain by Major Bedrock Type

Bedrock Type

Troctolite

AnorthositicGabbro

Anorthosite

Giants RangeGranite

Contact Zone

Hornfels

Percentage of Watershed

56.7

20.3

12.9

3.5

2.7

1.4

GLACIAL HISTORY

Northeastern Minnesota in the vicinity of Filson

Creek experiences two advances from the north and northeast

by the Rainy Lobe of the Laurential Ice Sheet during .

Wis consin time (Wright 3 111J-- ).

The first advance 3 termed the St. Croix phase~

deposited the Toimi Drumlin Field and St. Croix Moraine

south of the study area. The second advance~ termed the

Autumba phase~ deposited thin ground moraine and minot

ice contact deposits in the watershed. The ground moraine

consists of bouldery~ sandy till (Stark 3 1978; Winter and

others~ 1973; Olcott and Siege1 3 1978).

Numerous test holes by the author~(Pre0tyman3 11~t

Olcott· and Siegel; 1978; and Stark~ 1977) indicate that

)

the bouldery till is the major drift type in the watershed.

Glaciofluvial sana anQ gravel constitute no. more than

10 percent of the surficial deposits.

o.'vl~ f.~Omaday Lake is underlain by feet of organic

sediment~ which covers sand and gravel of indeterminent

thickness. The sand and gravel form a small beach on the

northern side of the lake and may underlie wetlands near

the mouth. U.S. Geological Survey test holes in and

around Filson Creek (Olcott and Siegel~ 1978) also indicate

that wetland areas can be underlain by sand and gravel.

,The total thickness of surficial materials, including

postgl.acial wetland deposits, ranges from less than one

foot over bedrock ridges to up to fifty feet in wetlands.

The thickness of the bouldery till is generally less

than three feet thick overmuch of the watershed (Prettyman,

J11b ; Stark, 1977; Olcott and Siegel, 1978). 'It ranges,.' ,," r- [' <J~, J ~«'1.- l·· . ~" ... i

however, from only a few inches~to an estimated 15 feet

thick near the contact zone between the Duluth Complex and

the Giants Range Granite. Till on the western flanks

of the bedrock-ridges bordering the eastern side of the

watershed is as much as 5 feet thick.

SOILS DESCRIPTION

Soils in the watershed (fig. 5) are a mixture of

immature, shallow and gravelly loams which occur over and

adjacent to bedrock ridges. Peat and muck occur in the

wetlands (Prettyman, ,Q7b ). Soil development is poor,

with parent till generally less than one foot below the

A-horizon (Grigal, personal communication, 1976).

The A-horizon consists of up to three inches of

fine, organic-rich material containing few rock fragments

and ranging in color from black to dark red. The poorly

developed B-horizon ranges in color from yellow-brown

to dark brown like its parent till and contains coarse

rock fragments and boulders. In work along the western

margin of the area J Alminas () 7/;) reported a clay-rich

layer at the base of the B-horizon where till thickness

exceeded two feet. The discontinuous clay layer, when

fQund~~ ~is ye~low-Qlive to yellow-gray.

Large clasts in the till reflect local source areas.

For example, stone counts of over one hundred clasts of

greater than pebble size indicate that underlying and

nearby bedrock types constitute most of the rock fragments

(fig. 6).

EXPLANATION

~------0 -Bog --

~ Sandy Loam, ~ 40" thick

D Sandy Loam,<:. 40" thick

.~ Lake

After Prettyman(1976)

Figure 5 Soils in the Filson Creek Watershed

',~a ,- I I

r: MA ') I" (29l!:""'" 28' > ..' -,: .! 1 '...: .'.' ': t~':t I ~" I~"'c.

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D

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22

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:(/l'l7 ,/I :

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(7. (1

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HiLI"l'ifJI '"~.,

RANGE GRANITE

COMPLEX

GOSSEN

~ELY 'GREENSTONE

DOTHER

- I

(I :..

"1:

'1~~tr

. ~'ilI ;

I

'~I'g" , ./r'+,,+ DULUTHl~ t" ......

i ': ++•

.,:~~ GIANTS......

~ "

Because the most reactive part of the till is the

finer-grained material having the greatest surface-area-

to-volume ratio, 25 till samples were collected for

complete sedimentological and mineralogical analysis

of the sand and finer-sized fractions.

Methods

(-hc-. 1 )Sedimentological analysis of ' till samplesl\included

particle size analysis, petrographic description and

quantitative analysis of the fine sand---size fraction

(Wentworth, Ji2Z ), and x-ray diffraction for the identifi-\

cation of mineral species in the clay and silt size ranges.

Till samples were collected at least one and one

half feet below the A-horizon to ensure that parent

material was sampled.

Standard methods outlined by Folk (1974) were

fo~lowed -for-the grain size analyses of till sampl~s of

approximately fifty crams each. Dry sieving was done

at half-phi intervals for the fine-sand to granule size

fractions while pipette analyses were performed for the

clay to silt size fractions.

I,' ~

Till ~~le Sites L~ the Filson Creek Watershed

'jj

\

·\:rb~ )iH.:U:·

2'~ I

~~ &, !...,_.;.;...-----+----""'...---.!J

\

J •

\~

7

Fig.Jre 7

Faint counts of at least 400 grains were performed

to determine the mineralogy of the fine sand size fraction

of the till. Petrographic identifications were made

through the use of such references as Krumbein and Pettijohn

(1938) and Milner (1954).

X-ray diffraction for identification of clay mineralogy

followed the procedur~s outlined by Carroll ( 1110 )

and Whittig () q,~ ). .Clays were first treated with

hydrogen peroxide to remove organics and then with

appropriate reagents to remove free iron oxides berore

x-ray diffraction. Patterns were run on a Phillips type

42273 x-ray diffractometer using Cu~radiation and a scan

speed of one degree 2e per minute.

Mineralogical distribution in the

very fine sand size fraction

Minerals found in the very fine sand size fraction

(0.125 to 0.0625 rom) of the till are a composite of the

minerals~-fGund·in~-t-he~ Giants'~Rarige Granite and the Duluth

Complex" (Appendix. 1) .

The major minerals are the plagioclases and biotite,

with lesser amounts of olivine, hypersthene, quartz and

opaques. Sodic plagioclases from the Giants Range Granite

are identified by intensive kaolinization which masks the

polysynthetic twinning. Calcic plagioclases are clear

and generally free of any alterations. Measurements

of extinction angleC}from cleavage fragments place calcic

.'-' :"

plagio~lase composition between An50-AnSO . Hypersthene

shows excellent pleochroism from pink to green. Horn­

blendes are green under plane polarized light and pleochroic

from green to brown. Opaques are usually unidentifiable

except as aggregates of iron oxide. Olivines are clear

to light green and have high relief. Biotite is brown to

green in plane polarized light and occasionally ~tbleached.n

Mean percentages of some minerals found in the very

fine sand size fraction of the till differ from their modal

percentage in source bedrock types (Table 3). Fifteen

times as much biotite is found in the till as in either

the Duluth Complez o~ Giants Tange Granite. Only trace

amounts of microcline are found in the till, compared

to a modal percentage in the Giants Range Granite of

about 25 percent. This is due to the difference in

susceptibility of the minerals to glacial erosion and

transport.

Dreimanas and Vagners (1965, 1971) have determined

that during glacial transport and erosion, rocks

become abraded to two size modes of two groups of modes.

One mode consists of rock fragments and the other consists

of mineral fragments within the till matrix. Each mineral

can be potentially worn down to a "terminal grade size"

dependent upon the original crystal or grain size and

its resistance to abrasion. The data suggest that biotite,

Table 3 Comparison between rrean mineral composition of the Rainy Lobetill and the mean mineral nodes of the Duluth Complex and Giants Rang,-e

Granite in the Filson Creek Watershed

Major minerals in Percentage in very fine sand Normalized Percentags Average lYbdeDuluth Complex size bf till : (77)

(n=U)

P1agioclase 45.9 76.7 89.9Olivine 2.3 3.e 4.1Clinopyroxene 0.6 1.0 0.7Orthopyroxene 5.1 8.5 13.14Jaques 5.9 9.9 , 0.9

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

or minerals inGiw1ts Range Granite

OligoclaseQuartzHornblendeBiotitel\-~~par

19.43.74.2

l2.~

tr

~8.9

9.310.531.2tr

49.311.3e.72.0

23.7

which has B prominent basal cleavage, is less' resistant than

other minerals in the source rocks. The absence of microcline

compares favorable with work by Harrison (1960) who found

the terminal grade size of orthoclase to be greater than

fine sand size.

The larger amount of opaques in the till is because

they occur in the mineralized zone in higher percentages

than in the Duluth Complex in general.

Clay mineralogy

Kaolinite and chlorite were identified from

diffractograms of the finer than +8~ size fraction of

six till samples, and were differentiated by heating

the samples to 6000 c to determine if peaks at 7.l5~

oand 3.75 A persisted (Carroll, 1970 ). At this

temperature, kaolinite becomes disordered and these peaks,

if present, are attributed to chlorite.

Clay-sized quartz was identified by a strong peak

at 3,~2 Gnj~fr~~5 Other minor peaks that occur

at 33 Z jJ,#l~ £A.....~ Lt.")?" angstroms are probably reflections

from small quantities of unidentified silicate minerals.

Figure e shows representative x-ray diffractograms for

typical till-clay size particles.

. '

I'I .

-1 _. ,

........... l .• _

'I I I I 1 . t ', I I I : , 1 Ii ' I I I I:- :-- I . I .. 1 '-, i - . - I : . ,~. - , I .-;-. I i 1-, \ I ', I:; I \ , I I I :: j! ! i t' ~ I • I- 1 1 - -1--_-;..---.--.- , 1-. ...,

---11 , 11---;--, - --~i 'f- , !, Ii: ; I I I I I I I-- '-~. '- '".. ',I.. - I I - -. - .. , -, - i -- ~ - r - - ,,-- '--, 1 .. j' -- " t.'l r ' '_ "

j • I I I i I : ,: I ",-'.. :·:·--~--'·---· ..-~--1 -~-,--- ._ ... --,-. -, '-.' -- --"~I--I -. -';--;-1""--"-•.

, ! Ii' ii""""",,' ". _ " I. .: 'I II' i" -'... . __~~ ... _ \ '--:-.'----C'''1--:--' .. :. :_,_ ! _\

• -. T -- .. • - - -": I ~l ' \ ' I I I 'I I :, "I I I • \ \, 1 - '---l-- i -- j - 1 -. / \-- I - I I I I I I ......y

. J I I -.:.... I ~~-;.-- - ~ :,.,.,':",,,, \. ,....l''''::' • __.1 _._L._ --- I.. ..- - ---~-,'-..~ :~~.:...l__::..:---\..,;-I.'-'V ..... , "~ '~'-:~,I I., I, I .I , '4 -, ( ---1------.,- ..... -.' .',)<~.., '-" ,-.),,~" - -=-:~'-I--;.:T!,-~-:-: ..!..,J

rii, I I I" I '\ I .,

I 1 j _\ ~ t f I _ i

j; . ,I : I ,- \ '. i : :-. :-: I I J J I,!;: I. L I \ I (L J _ .. .L__ .L__.L_l__._ ' .. , J_.l-.L..__ .- -:. -. I I I'

-'-- '-1- ----:-- -- ---"--i-i -,: I i I 1._,' _ . '_ I _:_I_.J __ \ : _L _+-..-: . .... _-_. ,---I -- --l--·I--_· __~-- ------ -, --1--'-- -t I 'I I r I f11 1 I . !

I , " I! j '[ I I ' I , 'I I' ! ,:. -- - •. I I I - I , 'I i i-I '1 I I

.: - 'I - I I: I ' Ii: I I I ' I I ,I I

' I , ", __ .._. ••_1 --'--," I

I ---i-'''-,' . -,- -'-'-11

---I r -1 'I--j----;--\·-j- \ 1 :--I---:-[I-! I I II !' I I '! I . 1- I I '1: I . '' i ': I 1 I _. .. I __ __! __ __.... _. . ., __ t • ,' I I I -- -I· -\... I - ,- . I -' • - r I I ,,, I I

I r: -I !. 'I I:' -~II, I [-1- . 1- -I \ - ~ I -I· r· i-It- [-., - j- I • !~_~_.<l\~__,

\ ' I' I I , 1)\ I I I I !, I ._ .. l _I __!~I_1-'---1---'-.<··-~-:,---.:--,,·..·~~-..,,-L·!·.,----:"'-:~~--r-......,~"-l ..,,~J ....~.J_ ..·'1"\"_.....:...::--:-""......:.vJ..,._::~""~1- '~~......,....-:",~-l-~-! \ I I \

i , - .j __ ;! -1--1_J-\-I-_.:.. -I ..--~-i - L.~' ! ! -f I. ~ !- j --1---1-:- 1- I I" ,---; ., j' 1:5" I I 2u " 1:, 1()

\ 'i

,!

10 24:1

r i !:\1!'(' T'·pi •.-;Il "':-1':'1)' di.rrrnct(\~l'nms fr0m l'l~y !'i~,('d r-;:r.tion of P1Lnv Lnhc till collected fr0m

the rjl~on Crcck Watershed, SaM~le 7-6t ~as ~lycolatcd for 1 h0ur prior to analysis (~), nnJ

tll:'l' 1;c:~~('d to l)i)~1'JC :0 :-;C\'ilratc the h:toljl~ltc pco}:s frr]cl chlorite (b) Diffrtl<.togr:lr.l ~:ho"'crl

:1 (1 pc:\ '., 5 b(; y (' n J %8 ,:') ::: q

HYDROLOGY

Introduction

Measurements of precipitation and stream runoff

coupled with co~centration data for dissolved solids,

provide the means to calculate net loading rates in the

watershed over the period of the study.

Runoff is composed of three parts: surface

runoff, interflow, and ground water runoff. Of these

components, ground water runoff is considered to be

negligable from the thin till cover. The wetlands store

ground water, but because frt~% '-;> . effectively impermeabletJlX' tl.""", .!i..~ h)~k~)Yt:f\

below :0. {€ow., feet (Boelter, 11 11~ f.. ), sustained ground\"later

discharge to the creek is minimal and not enough ,to even

keep the creek open during the winter months.

~nterflow 1hrough the peat and till occurs during

storm events and is incorporated into surface runoff

discharged by the creek.

By measuring l~ke levels, precipitation, lake

evaporatlo~, and surface runoff, monthly, hydrologic budgets

can be estimated from the equation:

P = SRO + EL + C,'l"""' + ET + /\ ST...... ~ L _"-. gw

where: P = monthly total precipitation

SRO = monthly total stream runoff

~El = monthly lake evaporation

~STI = monthly change in lake storage

ET = ,monthly evapotranspiration

~ST = monthly change in groundwater storage. gw

The first or these gauges (OL-l) was near the mouth

of Omaday Lake where North Filson flows out of a small'

wetland. The second locatiou (f3X)was one-tenth of aI

mile upstream from the location where North Filson

initially crosses the mineralized contact zone. The

third location (SF) was at the mouth of South Filson

where it enters a reed-sedge bog.

Discharge was measured near Omaday Lake to

determine the amount of runoff contributed to the North

Filson by the Bogberry-Omaday Lake system. Discharge

data at TX location, when combined with chemical quality

datd, will enable chemical budgets to be calculated for

North Filson before it is influenced by the reactions

at the mineralized zone. Similar calculations with data

from South Filson will give chemical budgets unaffected

by either mineralized zone or lakes.

Stages were measured by a Leupold + Stevens level

recorder at the OL-l gauge and Friez Type FA recorders

at the SF and F3X gauges. The Stevens recorder was

equipped with a four week battery operated clock, and

the Friez recorders were driven by weighted clock cables

mounted high enough on the gauge house to record

14 days of continuous record before needing to be reset.

Stilling wells were constructed of 10 inch diameter stove

pipe attached to a platform mounted in a gauge housing

Methods_ •. # • ....-.-......

Precipitation was measured by a U.S. Forest Service

recording rain gauge located at the North Central

Forest Experimental Station on the South Kawishiwi

River and three U.S. Forest Service non-recording gauges

located west and south of the watershed (fig. ~).

Linear regressionsbetween~theprecipitation gauge

at the KaVJishiwi Laboratory and the non-recording gauges

gave~high enough correlation coefficients to consider

the Kawishiwi Laboratory data as being representative

of the Filson Creek Watershed (fig. )D ) to within

10 to 20 percent accuracy. Because record at the

Kawishiwi Laboratory was terminated at the end of

September, precipitation for October, 1977 was taken as

the average of that measured at Winton and Babbitt

(Climatological Data,' 197~~.

Stream discharge was measured by the U.S. Geological

Survey continuous recording gauge (FIX) near the mouth

of the creek and at three other locations by gauges

installed for this study (fig. q ).

EXPLANATION

Precipitation gage (U.S.Forest Service)7X

Stream gpge (U. S . Geol. Survey)

Stream gage (This study)

• Staf.f gage

gH·rJPiezorreter (U.S.Geol. Survey)

e.s.swS Piezorreter (This study)

, ;..".-_.•

, I ~

,t"

9/~D 28 ~/ .,_' ..

1 I-Itl/::'

."

Figure 9 Hydrologic Monitoring Network

1:, .... "J~I'I'

••.;0

..

j;

'I

, ')'...

.,...J .)"li'1) l ~ [()

.n (;j> IJ

'.:) (":..~ :'1

~~.; .,~~ ~~~ Co 0+J \.\1.'.,';1

.. -~ i-: (')'":J 0 ".':,. U):...J;. r- f

t') .,.-t~

:OJ (LI.J

';"'J -j.,:.!J~-: ~ ~

:'.... f,·';:: r ~

"",r-4:: 0

• ,'J_i~: ,\l';'~ J. )~; c:1

n·J..},11 •

:'1L\ I ,_;~

.,1 ~"1

• f,,:'-j

c.~ r:-.p r::.'...""..,.......l~~ ....J ..~

...... 1 ;l~

U;, L:i:.:,;, ~ ..-tC,·-f

T"l'-':~---: ;. ';';~ ,:.;;...; ~'.,.-":~ 'J t..c1<,

~ ~': t:.' ~dm <tI~-"" C.I'-rl 0,0J..}-rl'd(O.p

rlJl "':.J ~-' ttlf, t,)f~

~~ c: •dCJ

C-riO'1> i"'..,...ftt, "J>

':~ £.-. ,;,

:.)1:2;.';

H

,II :>, 0...I CIII+,II ::>Ie....1":1II,.1, CiI :::. Ll, <: .-1.... t ....I \il"1• I':.. ~t J.. ;...;;

• U• t-'"• :>I

I (.

I

II

,,J

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I -' .... - ...... --.....-. -. ,......._..-.-..--c

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'-.:. .:~,-,: '''~.: 4 '~

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• : -.~ t ........ .-1 - - --.. ~ - --f -,. ............ ~ :

.---l----- -'"

: "'-: "-III,IIIIII,,I,,,I,III,•I•I

•

"j' .1

,r 1 \! t ," I

which consisted of either three feet wide culvert sections

or a half inch plywood box. Two inch diameter PVC ~lpe

extended from the base of the stilling wells to the

center of the stream channel to assure record during low

flow conditions.

(To~ts 4-")Discharge was measured~by use'of a pygmy current-

meter and correlated with measurements from staff gauges

installed near the. recording gauges.· Rating curves

(fig. " ) wer-e established in accordance with procedures

of Carter and Davidian (1965). At the SF~ location,

two rating curves were extrapolated from the data to

account for a backwater effect caused by a beaver dam

built during July, 1977. Previous rating curves were

available for the OL-l location from the U.S. Forest

Service.

Ground water levels were measured by four piezometers

installed in .peat for this study and by five U.S. Geological- rfif5 j f'fff1\d;~ q ')

Survey piezometers previously installed in tillA ~The

piezometers in the peat consisted of five to six feet

lengths of one and one-quarter inch PVC pipe. A screen

was made by slotting one foot of the pipe at one end and

wrapping the end with fine nylon mesh to prevent coarse

particles from entering the slots. Two inch diameter

i "

TABLE ~ DISCHARGE-STAGE DATA FOR SF STREAM GtlGE

Date

5-105-276-116-257-029-129-19*

10-15*11-05*

Discharge(cubic feet per

s'econd)

1.23.42.64.42.5

17.4.8

16.1.9

Stage(fpet)

1.001.561.621.901.653.382.703.261.73

TABLE 5 DISCHARGE-STAGE DATA FOR FJX STREAM GAGE

Date

5-105-286-116-25

10-1511-05

Discharge(cubic feet per

second)

0.91 .2.26.37.0

233.0

Stage(feet)

1.101.301.621.702.541.42

TABLE 6 DISCHARGE-STAGE DATA FOR O~STREAM GAGE

Date

8-19-758-19-75

10-07-7510-07-7511-11-7511-19-754-15-764-30-76

Discharge, - (cubic- .feet per

se·c'ond) .

0.0790.083

.281

.3021.029.07

25.84.8

Stage(feet)

3.623.663.913.914.054.545.134.33

* gage ,affected by backwater

\1_," ~ I:,'

______ -0-- -­

I""ti':\---'" c.V

,..... .---0 0,- ~-

10 I ar

1 1 10

Eo-

//

I b

I..IJ

~ ,l:JiJI..IJL.L.

,,/ I

7-~ 90....0 "

.....

Eo-

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lJJ

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lJJ

l..':

~ ,

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v~\·o~ •

;7

u..

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....

t ...

f:.;

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t.:l

(.;:

....

I

lJJ:t:

Il.l(.;:.-::t;

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() \01t6\.OQ'C. "" •

\..09-"" .. Q.'f'2 .. O. 9~

.~

/!J. Po~T bco.ver, U.M

0.11 ~J1 i ol01 SCflI\Rr,r; AT FS ~TREA" r,Ar:P., l~

rUBle FEET PEQ ~rcn~n

O.}I •01 1 1~ idr

DISCHARr:E AT F3X ~TREA~ r:Ar,E, TN CUBIC FEETPER ~rcnNn

1~ ,.. , , - -----1----------...

from U.S.F.S data

~-­_O--_V-Lo~ ~ • 0.19 ,.o~~ .0.°'~h.TC ~ • ~.~c hci. th ~inU' , rc

ct

{I '- t.rt'D

J:l_0 - - _0-c:r-

c

IlJt::<t::

~g

Eo­lJJ

~Z...

01n.OI

1

O. 1 1 10OISCIIAIIr.12 AT rill. C;'lflJ:A'l r.,'l;[:,I~ 1'llflTe III r 1'1 It ~Ir(l~m

1til)

Figure 11 Rating curves for SF (a),F3X(b), and OL-2(c) stream gages

was filled with sediment removed from the hole. This

penetraten are given in the appendix.

the peat.

) between

assured that water samples

the slip-cap at the base of the piezometer. Fi~ally,

Due to vandalism and instrument malfunction, the

The piezometers installed by the U.S. Geological

holes were augered by hand into the peat to a depth of

a slurry of bentonite and water was placed into the

collected from the piezometers were from the base of

casing. The casing was pulled out of the hole, leaving

three feet, and a two inch diameter PVC casing equipped

with a slip cap was placed in the hole. The piezometer

was fitted with a plastic collar 1 7/8 inches in diameter

immediately above the screen, and then placed in the

field record of discharge at OL2, F3X and SF gauges was

arrangement

incomplete. Missing data were ·generated by use of least

hole on top of the collar and the remaining void space

installed with the use of a power auger (Olcott and

squares regression equations (fig.17

Siegel, 1978). Stratigraphic logs of the materials

Survey consisted of two inch PVC pipe and screen

measured discharg~s at these gauges and the U.S. Geo~ogical. i '\Llf',.,;~ =:\- )

Survey gauge at FlXP Correlation coefficients were high

enough to assure accuracy to within an estimated 15 percent

'/...... ./<:::>' " ,.,.....' {)/ :-: ~..:.. 0::) ;;;. /co'+~~ / '- .:..

/ !':v :-z 10 C)c..-J,;..:p 10. 0.'~' / "'c

" O;,'t-- /C;;.-:10' "" .. :......- '-

~~.

<c/ :..;:;.....

00"t.:u

~ f- 'J ..... ".., "..,..

<1-:' v:Fu: / p.: .. ~ /< ,,0% v_

4-s.:.:~ ..... ::..

0/S::IJ.; 0/ c~f-~

1-;... ".v: 7(..~-

~/ .....vp.:;

I-JJ,..U; /0 -..: ':..;

/~

:: -t-/ <&:::cCU

0 1 9/.....

.~ ~:-. I

~c: 1 • /'

Ic;;:;

~ZP'U / c ....0<;::7

/LI .....1.'.

C

100...... + -.

0.1 "---------t-----.----1 1 0

!.J SC1:A~~:!; AT n X c;Tr:rA'~ r.Ar.rr \ 0; t.; <:' :=::17 PT:R S;:C()!\;1

/0./

.//

0""/

9~/

//

//0

100

lOG --------+----------------,

1

DI~CIIARr;[ AT F1 X CTRL\\! r;Af~[,

IN C\JBIC FFLT HR c;ECO:\D

0.11...- :1- _10

100 ......--------1,-------..,

0.10.1 10 li·,1

flIsrHAnr.F. ~T FlX ",T:F-\" r.Ar.F, l~

CURIC F~LT PER ~Ecn~~

Figure 12 Correlations between discharge at FIX and SF{a),F3X (b) and OL-2(c)

(usPs)(do)(dO)(do)(do)

FOL

0.291.029.07

25.810.0

(USFS)(USFS)'

Table 7

0.91

2.26.37.0

233.0

FIX 1

0.783.8

18724.82.88.87.0

12.16.8.5

4614588.2

DISCHARGE AT STREAM GAGES, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

1

2Siegel, except where noted

U.S.Geol. Survey

11-19-754-15-:764-30-765-10-775-27-775-28-776-11-776-25-777-02-779-12-779-19-77

10-15-7711-05-77

of the true discharge. This compares favorably with an

estimated 10 to 20 percent accuracy for the rating

curves proper, given the natural controls of the

gauged reaches.

are

Daily mean discharges at F1X, SE and OL2!F3X gauge.s

give~ in appendix 3 The correlation equations

for OL2 and .F3X gauges with FIX are virtually identical.

Increase in disch~rge between OL2 and F3X is undetectable

because of the limitations of the instrumentation.

RESULTS

During 1977, precipitation occurred as brief and intense

storm events. Filson Creek responded to these events quickly,

once the soil and till was saturated by March and April snowmelt

and rain. Because of the drougth condition in 1976, the soil mois­

ture deficit at the beginning of 1977 was abnormally high and

the rapid response of Filson Creek to spring snowmelt did not

occur as in 1975 and 1976-(£igure 13 ). It is consequently

necessary to determine the amount of recharge that went into

soil moisture and surface depression storage before calculating

the. hyc\.Yo l(y)\C-. budget. -{Dr _ the watershed during 1977.

Total recharge to the watershed during early 1977 can be

calculated as the sum of the water content of the snow cover

at the end of March and the amount of precipitation during

March and April. Bnow course data by the u.s. Forest Service

in the Superior National Forest indicated that the water content of

the snow pack at the end of March was 2.0+ .1 inches (Ramquist,1978,

personal communication). Precipitation in April was 1.1 inches.

The total recharge of 3.1 inches resulted in only 0.2 inches of

runoff at the FIX gage. The difference between the recharge and

discharge gives an estimate of the soil moisture deficit, depression

storage, and groundwater deficit * about 2.9 inches,neglecting

1975

'5Ot----..----'-----------------------""---------------1

1977

Figure 13 Annual discharge at F1X ~age

QZooliJCJ)

~

liJP-!

_t-1

~ So~

oHco.5 ~J 0 t=::=~F-==:::::.-r:::a;::===r:!____._._.:::~-=!.-~=:::::a....-::::-.-.L-_--..II..-.---I"----!.___l

_______ E- 19'1615D,--------.-........------.---------_------"---------..

100

level at ice melt in March was about 0.3 feet, relative to the

be consequently on the small side.

However, correlation between the lake level measurements from May

). A plot of lake level versus time (figure ~ )

evapotranspiration which would be minimal because of the very

dry soil conditions at the beginning of the growing season.r {'",,,-:.-"

The soil moisture deficitAprobably extended through early

May when precipitation events still were not reflected in

lake level measurements are not available prior to May 1977.

discharge hydrographs at Filson Creek. The estimate of 2:9 inches may

Part~of the recharge to Filson Creek watershed went into

surface storage, mainly Ornaday and Bogberry Lakes. Pecise

to June with discharge at FIX gage gives a correlation coefficient

of 0.98 (figure /4-

indicates that the linear rise in stage from spring recharge

between lake level and FIX discharge, it is estimated that the lake

until the heavy precipitation events in the fall. This decline is

attributable to less:_recharge during the summer months and the

increase in evaporation from the lake surface. From the correlation

stopped at the end of June and then declined during the summer months

staff gage installed in May. The rise in lake level of about 0.7

feet from snowmelt and precipitation until the end of April is

. 1 t t t ~ 0 2+ 0 05' h This figure subtractedequlva en _ 0 s ,o,rag~'" _., _ . 1 nc Poe;.

from the combined soil moisture deficit and depression storage of

2,9 inches gives an estimated soil moisture deficit at the beginningc·~,C

of 1977 of from A2.6 to 2.7 inches.

'3

/' A",--

~~A --/'~

/T'

//~

\)"'-0 -..j..) 2 C)' /

./"'-~

(J) -l"- X .-J

(J) ~+\)" /"

G-t ")- ) ~ J'/"

."",,-~-

s:: \)" ~ ,,/'- 4A.-rl '/.~/

/

1/

G-t '"...../

G-t! /'"

/,,,/

ill 1 ,•./·,A~ ",p.T.fl //'

C .-/

0__/A

r-i(J)

~OJ 0 . .

....::l. . ., y

" y y 'y .0 2 4 6 8 10 1 ') 14 16... c...

DISCHARGE AT FIX, IN CFS

Figure lk - Correlation between Omaday Lake level

and Discharge at F1X Gage'

1---.-1

. ------4-- - -~~-- --,

----"7-----.....,........------,.

5 - vJa.ter Levels at Omaday Lake, 1977

'_1 _

rt..

.! t··_-

~ -.- -!_~_r-­

! . ~.--: -

_J; .. Q ~fIj

(~···..:.··:... ··1!

--+'-.-

Soil moisture deficit can also be calculated by using the

Thorthwaith water balance method (Thorthwaith and Mather,1955,1957).

1be Thornthwaith method contains assumptions which .

may not be directly applicable to Filson Creek Watershed. These

assumptions are:

1) that there is :negl·igtt:able su~face·depression storage

2) that the rate of ET is uniformtover the watershed

3} that the effects of humidity and wind velocity are

minimal

'\ Filson Creek watershed conta~ins different types of vegetation and

soils, lake storage, and indeterminate amount of surface depression

storage. Despite these limitations, the method should give an

approximation of the magnitude of the combined soil, lake and surface

depression storage deficit that existed at the end of the 1976

.drougth.

The water balance equation used in the method is:

P = RO + INF + ET + PERC

where: P = monthly precipitation

RO= monthly discharge at FIX

INF= infiltration into the soil and till

ET= evapotranspiration

PERC= recharge to the groundwater system

The method uses mean monU1y temperature to calculate a total

annual heat index, a dimensionless measure of the amount of heat

energy received on the surface of the watershed in one year. The

index is applied in an equation that calculated a monthly potential

evap~transpirationwhich is adjusted for latitude differences in

the amount of sunlight. The actual evapotranspiration is limited

:by the moisture content in the soil. 'In the accounting procedure)

the monthly potential evapotranspiration is subtracted from the monthly

infiltration to determine when infiltration is in excess. When

(INF-PE) is negative, soil mo'isture loss will occur. For use on

a monthly basis, the negative values are summed from month to month.

In order to determine how much evapotranspiration will remain

in the soil after a given amount of ET, the cummulative negative

values are applied to soil moisture retention tables developed

from experimental \'lork ( Thorthwai'th, 1957) . Finally, actual ET is

calculated t~roug~.use of the equation:

AE = PET +((INF-PET)- change in soil moisture storage)

Tabulation begins after the spring snowmelt in 1976 when it

was assumed that the soil and till were fully saturated.

It was assumed that BS% of the FIlson Creek watershed is covered by

an average of 6 inches of till, classified from grain size analyses";j{ t.\,)d~ 'f ':j.l' f'~

as~gravelly,sffildy loam (figure lb). This soil type would have

an available water capacity of about 0.10 inches/inch (Irrigation

GUide for Minnesota,1979). The average thickness cited is an estimate

based on Prettyman (',\7iP) and the author 1 s experience in the field.

~ote: S1~ve a~~l si~

exclJdec : r€~

gra~el por 1~~

of 3a~pl~

• Analysis ty 3tar~ (1~77)

E:r PLA 11 r,'l'l 0:'1

t}.Analysis b~' S10~:':1

CLAY \

\~

h~ND~. At>: \J=-~-~Mj

.4.\.I•

e0 I~:

//1\ LOAM

1/SILTY \\

LOI\M .

/;/'---

SILT CLAY

Figure l' - GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF TILL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROMFItSCH CREEK WATERSHED

The remaining 15 percellt-ofthe watershed was ass'umedto

be covered by woody peat ha~ing a specific yield of 0.25

inch/inch (Boelter,1966). Available moisture content, defined

as the difference between the specif~yield and the wilting

point, is used in the Thorl\thwaith calculations. The concept;

of available moisture content generally applies to soils above

the water table, and not to wetlands having the water table

at or near the land surface. It is asiumed, therefor;,that

~: the storage capacity of the peat aies some\vhere between the

porosity, of about 0.9 inch/inch, and the specific yield.

For the Tho~hwaith calculations, an average value of 0.6

inch/inch is assumed, realizing that the error may be as much

as 30 percent.

Normalizing for the entire watershed gives an average

soil cover having an "available moisture content" of between

three and four inches/inch .

. Table 8 gives the monthly water balance from the end of,

-May to November 19r6. The data indicate that the soi~ moisture

deficit at f~eeze-up in November was between 2,8 and 3.5 inches t

which compares favorably with the estimate obtained from the

difference between precipitation and runoff during March and April

1977.

"~. ." .'''' i'V" '""""-',' "'- j\ .....

TClb~€' 8 Soil t-ioistuTe _ nt ttl,- [:1J u:: i :);(" c:~lc!1L\tt:d

, by th,J Thol\th\\aith h',lter Bpdg('t H(·~hl.)d .

!·;)r~th • Tc;lrr.p. ,in i lJHlidj.PFr PE p RO. [::F (li'JF-I'l:;)~-( I\F-PE)

StC',.;tj·:(-

CO . I (t'-I'G)I

•j~mo ,- ... 3.S[ 5.9 !). 9 5.0 OA --- 4.;}- I • ~ . (

July 1,8.9 3.8 1.9 0.2 1.7 -3. ,~ -5.5 l ••)

\tlg 17.9 3.6 1.7 0.0 .1. 7 -2.7 -6.1 0.0s,'p\: 1;;.$ 2.6 1.7 0.0 1.7 -1. 0 -7.0 0.6C·.;t .1.1 0.2 1.2 0.0 1.2 -l.G -S.O u.s::(\V .6.7 -_ ... . ,..-- 0.0 --;....

g ;'J..n.. l7Iois"turc ~o.pacit>, of .... 0 Ind1i.';;' f

!- '. !

i.. 'r ... ~~? .in i \jr.~;~'j . r' , Fl.;' I' !;~l 1::1' Cl ~r-l'E) ~- U:.. r:-?l:} :;~"):":,"-"lt..:',,0 (1'-h.l,!l.-

I 3.0~'"i ...~; tC 1 ~

i; • t· 1 ,~. S i .l.l't :;.9 0.9 s.n 0,4.-.:.; :" : . ~~ , i ...~ ~ - . " i ., S. J 1.9 0.: 1.7 ·3.4 -3.4

0.9.j. ,;'1\ . o.~'~: ~ :c~ 1 .9 (J. ~';~ ~, .. tl ; .:, ... i,7 I 0.0 1.:7 -2.7 -6.1

St'~"t ... S '+.15 ., ! '1 - 1.7 O. (I 1.7 -1.00.3

... ,; () lj _. I

'J-7.11

~'jt_' : .1 0.::- O~~I 'I 0.2 ' ., 0.0 1.2 -1.0 -8.00.21. _

~:,J '.. - - --- 0.0. , -""I ! -.... ---."

Assuming an available soil moisturel capacity of 3.0~inches

"

A third method of estimnting the storage deficit

is to assume that most of the storage capacity 1s1ocated

in the wetlands.

At the end of October 1976 when the piezomet€rs

were installed for the study, saturation in the wetlands

along Filson Creek and between Omaday and Bogberry Lakes

was from 1 3/4 and 2 feet be-low the land surface. Much

of the peat abo-ave the water table was visually npowder

dry". Assuming a porosity of go percent (Boelter,1964,1969)

for the woody, fibric peat typical of the: fens, a value of

between 2.8 and 3.2 inches of storage capacity is obtained.

Assuming an average value of 0.5 feet of till with an

average porosity of 10 percent over 85% of the watershed, an

additional 0.5 inches of storage is obtained. Summing gives

a range in available storage between 3.3 and 3.7 inches.

This range is undoubably high because upon recharge; all the

-void -space-s in' :the/B~¥t/~tH11d.i~6t be immediately_filled'

immediatelYand because the peat was partly saturated/aoove ~ne water table.

From these varied methods the best estimates of the

storage deficit (lake,surface depression, and soil moisture)

available at snowmelt in 1977 range from 2.8 to 3.5 inches.

By the end of May 1977, wetlands were not only completely

saturated, but contained free standing water. For the remainder

of the year, most of the remaining storage in the watershed

was within the lake basins and periodic saturation of the thin

till overlying the bedrock ridges.

(fig 11 )Groundwater levels/in piezo~eters BSSW and QBW,

located in headwater wetlands, generally fluctuated at

or near the land surface. Water levels fluctuated more

widely in piezometers 2xW and 3XW which were located in

fens immediately adjacent to FIlson Creek. The.$reater

amplitude in water level changes p~obably is a result

of many factors, including bank storage after large

storms, and low hydraulic conductiVity in hor~zons deeper

than three feet. Standing-water up to 0.5 feet deep on

the fens correlated directly with water levels measured in

the piezometers. This standing water remained at 3XW and 2XW

even when Filson Creek, only a few feet away, was over a

foot lower.(tCP(~a.

An anomalous dry periqd~during July for 2XW was caused

by clogging of the well screen. After the screen was

replaced, water, levels returned to- levels above the land surface- - ..._---

comparable.'to the free standing water.

J

111;4".1'1::"'''''';~, ,f.'i'!~

1 • (tmt11fnlilli[, :i;;',;:';~rocttI10152025 5APRIL MAY

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\tFigure 17 Water Level ill Hetland PiezOJTIctcrs

f1977

....

· Table 9 g~ves the estimated monthly water budget

for Filson Creek watershed from May through 'September

1977 above the FIX gage. Changes in lake storage were

estimated from lake level reading at Omaday La.ke.

Evaporatlonfrom the lakes was calculated by taking the

product of 0.7, the lake area, and the evapo~ation measured

by the U.S. Forest Service at an .evaporation pan

located about four miles southwest of FIX gage.

Based on the groundwater hydrographs of the wetland

piezometers located in the headwater areas, it was assumed

that the wetlands were, c~C-{~c.,t\&elr saturated and groundwater

storage remained effectively constant. Evapotranspiration

was calculated as a residual. Due to the very flashy

precipitation events that occured in both spring and fall

of 1977, the Thornthwaith Water Budget method proved to be

non-usable. The method is best used during seasons with

e:. oJnQne_.:w_et__ ang,on.e.. dry period!)P as occured in 1976. When

multiple precipitation events of similar or greater intensity

occur late in the year, the method is very difficult to use

and its reliabiliy falls, especially in watershe~as complicated

as Filson Creek.

Table , Estimated Water Balance for Filson CreekWate~sh~d between May and Oc~ober, 1977

Month1

Precipitation 3 Stream Runoff Lake Evaporationl 2LakeStorage

ET

I3.4aNay 5.1 '. 0.6 0.9 +0.2

June lie 4! 1.9 0.7 +0.2 1.6

July 3.3I

1.0 0.8 -0.1 1.6Aug 5~9 0.7 0·9 0.0 4 • 3

S§lpt 6.2 3.8 0.7 +0.1 1.6

1Evaporation calculated using U.S.F.S. pan data

2 Lake storage calculations assumed steep nearshore gradient at lake edge

3preclPitation data from.South Kawishiwi Laboratory

aET value includes unknown amount of soil moisture deficit at beginning of May

Methods

Sampling for water quality was done approximately

biweekly from March, 1977 to February, 1978 from a total of four

locations on Filson Creek and Omaday Lake, four piezometers.

placed in wetlands in the Filson Creek Water3hed> three

precipitation collectorsi and six in~iltration water

collectors placed at the interface b~tween the A and B-soil

horizons (fig. 1V ) •

Filson Creek water samples were collected at

midstream position near gauging points. Sampling was

done by sUbmerging a high density one liter POlYEthylene

bottle below the water surface at approximately 2/3 of

the total water depth~ and allowing it to completely' fill.

Sample bottles were pre-rinsed~~rth ten percent nitric

acid and three.times each with de-ionized ~ater and

stream water at the time of sampling. Separate samples

were taken for total copper and nickel analyses by

sUbmerging a fifty milliliter teflon bottle which was

pre-rinsed with ultra,pure nitric acid and then washed out

with de-ionized water. Samples collected for trace metal

analyses were· immediately acidified in the field with

one milliliter of ultra-pure nitric acid.

... r'

:/., 'r

t·-

"I"\I

) --

Precip~tation ~ollector

Interflow collector

IIA

EXPLANATION

,.:J ' .r • t

['nlf:h!·r (.,'.I.-..

',l)I f4f./

I.

F'j

{ '2~.J _. ~P\ :

. p.) ~ Nk-alli~ "", .._~,J..__._'Ii. 1~34('0'-'H£.l

;--_._ ... --------

FigureJ8 Location of precipitation and shallow Interflow

water collectors

Omaday Lake ".'las sampled at a- depth of two feet a..T;.

a distance of fifteen feet from the north shore~

Because Omaday Lake is ,less than five feet deep,

it is assumed that it is fairly well mixed during

year and that the water samples were representative.

Water temperature and pH were determined in the filed

for all samples except for surface infiltration and

precipitation water, which were assumed to be in

equilibrium with.ambient temperatures, and neglecting

other acid imputs, atmospheric carbon dioxide partial

pressure.

Alkalinity was_d~termined in the field for all

ground water samples and within six hours of collection

for Filson Creek, Omaday Lake, precipitatio~

and shallow surface~nterflowwater. Titrations and pH

measurements were done with a Radiometer #51 field pH

meter . Alkalinity wa§ dione .by\:·potentiometric:'.tl ttatimn

to the inflection point between 5.2 and 4.8 pH. When

air temperature was below freezing, pH and alkalinity

--------'we-re -aetermrnea-rnl;he-'Taooratory'.

Specific conductance was measured in the laboratory

with a Radiometer Specific Conductance meter. Chloride

was determined by the mercurimetric method (Brown and

others, 1970). Sulfate was determined by the turbidimetric

and silica by the ammonium molybdate methods (Standard

Methods, 1978). Turbidity and color development were

measured by a Beckman Model 24 spectrophotometer.

Color blanks were run for all samples. Total and

dissolvedcalcium, magnesium, sodium. and potassium were

determined by use of a Perkin Elmer Model 303 Atomic

Absorpt~on Spectrophototometer (Brown and others, 1970)~

When analyzing for calcium and ~agnesium, lanthanum

oxide solution was added to the sample to mask'in~erference

from other cations (Perkin. Elmer, ).

Total copper and nickel were analyzed using a

Perkin Elmer Model 360 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

equfpped with a graph!te furnace. Methods used were

from the Pe'rkl·n Elm'er Irnr,~\1' ;')' (-, '''':J." -, ,~ .. ~ .l\... __ ... JIjJ ,,' • J 4 "!'

Filte~:':> blanks were analyzed with each set of

samples both for Nucleopore and Gelman 0.45 micron

filters and for the Whatman #40 filters. Except for

ca'lcium, 'cations contributed ,fin",the ri-itering"'p'rocedure were

non-detectable in all cases.. Anomalolis calcium

concentrations in filterates early in the project were

determined to have come from the liners in the small

polyethylene bottles used to store'the filtered samples.

The replacement of the caps eliminated further contamination.

A summary of the techniques used and the minimum

detection limits are given in Table 10 Concurrent

with the project, split samples were run in cooperationR~(\l~~~l

with the.eopper-Nickel Study Staff and the U.S. Geological

TableloSummary of Analytical Techniques

Constituent

Bicarbonate

Sulfate

MethodI

I

Potentiometrictitration

Turbidimetric

Level of Detection

1 mg/l

1" mg/l

Source

Brown and others (197 11)

Standard Methods(1975)

do.

Chloride

Silica

Calcium

Magnesium

Sodium

Potassium

pH

Specificconductance

Copper

Nickel

rilercuric Nitrate

Ammonium molybdate

Atomic-absorption

Atomic-~bsprotion

. I

do.

Instrument method

Wheat~tone bridgemethod

Atomiq-absorption

Atomic-absorption

0.1 mg/l

l' mg/l

Brown and others (1974)

Standard Methods (1975)

Brown and others (1974)

StandawMethods (1975)

Survey for control assurance. With the exception

of sulfate and bicarbonate results for sample CONF,

quality control results are favorable (Table rJ ).

The sulfate discrepancy for sample CONF probably

reflects problems associated with the analysis for sulfate

'"at low concentrations in organic rich and colored waters.

The U.S. Geological Survey uses the thorin method which,

in part, removes metal cations from the sample by~~orr

exchange prior to a titration procedure (Brown and others,

1970). My work and other laboratories cited in Table if

used the turbidimetric technique~which spectrophotometrically

measures the degree of turbidity caused by the precipitation

of BaS04 in a acid solution.

To assess the reliability of the turbidimetric

technique beyond the replicate samples, Filson Creek

water in which sUf-fate was non deteQ__table was "spiked"

with known amounts of sulfate 'in a blind test. Results

of the test are given, in Table I~ More tests are being

done, but the results suggest ,':-tho.:r 1\'le turbidimetric method

will give accuracy to ~ 40 percent at low concentrations.

Furthermore, the tests suggest that the~results will

tend to be high)and inconclusive below 2 milligrams per

liter.

Table Ii Quality Control Program

Concentration, in milligrams per liter

Lab ,':;o.mplo Ca Mg Na K Cl S0,ij HC03 81

U.S.G.S. CONF 3.0 2.0 0.7 0.1 1.8 9.4.ti. e 125.1,6.3

Siegel CONF 2.9 1.9 1.0 ,0.4 1.~ N.n! 3 12

~.~ Q BBL.~nn. Dept.Health

SiegelOd BEL (H~ I:, ! 3.1 0.0 ,.5 3.5 l' 3.5... ~.

.." lJD· tJot ~tft:'1'eJ

a. TO:,1..i <:.C\~; 0,,\ CbY\C( 11'T,"2l.T,c,!

Cu ta so, Alkl.n\' 5nmrlr I'c.! I "fill "Icfl me/1

l!nvl ronmenta1 D2511771 1.(.2X.01. 1.U±~13RellNI rch l.tlb- ))2511772· 1.72:1::.12 1.oB±.16Duluth

Eric JUninr, n2S117"1 1 <5 33 24COJ1lp.my U2511772 1 <5 33 16

State Health D2511771 1.8 . <1 30 12Departl1l\!nt D2511172 1.7 <1 27 11

S£RCO D2511171 l.~ 1 14 • 10D2511772 l.~ 1 12 6

EJscnrelch D2511771D2511772

Sic",.1 D2511771 '.r 1Jt'12.0-l. 25.6

D2511772 q...:7 -"~ 25.6 12.0

Table 17.- Sulfate quality control experiment

---------------------------

Known concentration

(mg/l)

1

2,·

5

7

analytically determinedconcentration

(mg/l)

No.t det.ect'ed

2 .. 5,2.6

6.8,7 .. 8,7.8

8 .. 8

.Jj

",

Alkalinity of surface water in northeastern Minnesota

will often change itl time probably ,because of the

breakdown of humic and fulv~~ acid~~ypic~l of t~~s~ _.. ~Or' eflJt JI ~1t::.TiDY) l,...litr; u1,...,usfn:"i\(_ cc;.2 l'r trc 1"\ I (.t;I;e,() \ ...

waters (Malcolm, 1978)~ Consequently, alkalinity\l

should b~~~~~sured soon after sample collection in the

field or results may be anomalously high.

Ground water samples were collected by using a

perlstaltic pump connected to a pre-rinsed acid-wash,ed

Millipore filter apparatus equipped with Nucleopore

0.45 micron acid washed filters. Fifty milliliters of

sample were filtered in the field and acidified by~

the addition of one milliliter of ultra pure nitric

acid. In addition, up to one liter of unfiltered

sample was collected for -anion analyses;

Precipitation was collected in acid-washed.one

literthigh density polyethylene bottles equipped with

two plastic -funne'ls separated by \'Jhatman #40 fil·ter

paper previously washed in acid and de-ionized water.

This filter paper was used to prohibit particulate material

and insects from entering the bottle.

Surface infiltration water samples were collected

by inserting a PVC plastic sheet, one quarter inch thick,

30 inches long and six inches wide between the A and B-soil

horizons. Attached to the sheet was a PVC trough which

Results

water samples.

techniques outlined for the collection of the ground

). Tests

filtered and acidified in the laboratory :using the same

stream, precipitation and infiltration sample was

From March, 1971--to February, 1978" concentrations

by nylon mesh to keep out large particulate material.

All water quality samples were chilled at about

400 F during transportation from the field and in subsequent

laboratory storage. Twenty-five milliliters of each

by Wright (1977).

The design of the apparatus was similar to that described

of dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium~

pH, sulfate, bicarbon~te, specific conductance and silica

were remarkable similar at the sampling locations on

of significance between mean concentrations at the FIX

Filson Creek and at Omaday Lake (Table- I~

The results of water quality analyses are given

1n Appendix S

funneled infiltrating water into an acid washed)PolyethYl~ne

. bottle. Both the trough and bottle opening were covered

location and at other locations on the creek and Omaday

Lake generally show no difference at the 95 percentileLArf'(~\'{ b )-

level of significance~ Only the mean chloride and totald: ~<wr\~ '/

potassium concentrations are significantlYh both being

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~U4 11 ! .91 1 •.58 tl.uO 0CL 11 1.19 .'i6 2.40 • ',0teA 10 ,Le? .5& {l.OO c'".b(}

{\(II ~ 2.41 .00 S. 4,. I • 1(\

T~1G 10- Z.c!7 .51 .i.30 I ,of)

()!'lG B 1.61 .3'1 2'."s0 1 • r'tl

1:.A 10 1. JQ .1'; l.bO 1. J l)

O~I~ f\ 1.20 .1;4 1..50 1. 10TK 10 1. (,,) • If: 3.10 .. I"~ (J

[:~, R .C,6 .7° t!.<JO .()O

SILICA 11 b •.H 2.7? 12.10 l .. IJ{J

Sf-CO 9 39.0v 7./6 5'.>. UO 31.1)0eiJ 7 i.n I.~fl 'I. ':10 • ~n1.1 7 .11) .~2 1. 10 n

.. - - - - - - - .. - .. .. - - - - - - .. - - - ~ .. - -

SF "T..OCA'J'IQN

TO rAL ,. 11

V/\PI "t.lt:: vf,L 10 iJ ~u". fl(A'j ST-{)lV t'~A Y. 1'Jut} ..~~ ! ~ : I :: .J''''

~Il 17 t... jFl ,17 :'. 10 (·.10'i([)~ J 7 'i.j') o.c q ?,.'.\I) !' fJ·'; C~lltj I 7 I. ).) l.hh lu.tlO 11

CL 17 1.t!'l ./4 jJ.O • ',0

leA 1 7 Y• ..jq 1. 0(' r•• (;0 r' • 1.';)

tel' 1? ,;. ~/! .1.11; J.'-tO ,! .. U (J

r.lf, If. .L' • t. _~, J.vl.l ~.':'{) 1 • I f\

{. .,(; II I • I.;." • .Fl .:'.10 1. Of;

Ti,A 17 l. jP, • (.. 7 .L/'JJ 1,10ti,A It I. I 7 • Pi J .....}Q t • vO

il'i 11 ,t;") .4~ t!. 10 .JOf..... 11 .'1<' • .J'C/ .6 il • .\0

:iliCA 17 I: • ..J: ~, ':J{J ?"J. ()O II.for.

S~C.() Ji) ill.'ll j L' .. t!. 1.'-1. I) rl ?l .. LI'

CcJ II) { ,,·.n .J

I.i 10 ~ • 1 (/ (I.U

··'1

a little lower at FIX than at other locations.

This difference is apparent rather than real

because additional samples were collected at the FIX

location during storm events in June, 1977 and not at

the other locations.

Negative correlation coeffici~nts between concentra-

tions of major ions and disch~rge at the FIX location show

fair concentration-discharge dependences (Table 11 ).

,When the additional samples at FIX are removed from the

T-Test analysis, the means of chloride and total

potassium concentration no longer are significantly

1-1different at the FIX location. " . T-Tests

of significance indicate that the mean pH at FIX (6.1)

is significantly different than that at OL-2 (S.8),which

is immediately downstream from the wetlands at the mouth,,"'\ cL-l.

o~ Omaday Lake .. The ~ower pH~is typical of perched

wetland streams which do not receive substantial amounts

of their base flow from ground water sources (Verry, 1975).

Total concentrations of copper and nickel in 1977 generally

increase from headwater locations, OL-l and SF, to FIX

near the mouth (fig. ,q ). Total nickel concentrations

measured at QST and Omaday Lake were, except for one sample,

less than one microgram per liter, while mean concentration

at FIX and F3X were about 5 and,3 micrograms per Ii t'er

respectively.

Table IY Correlation coefficients between discharge and waterchemistry at FIX location. Data from this study andWater Resources Data for Minnesota (1976)

I

Parameter r Number of samples Significance

pH -.14 37 .207

HC0 3 -.56 39 .001

8°4 -.27 39 .049Cl -.30 43 .026DCA -.42 30 .001TCA -.49 19 .017DMG -.43 34 .006 'TMG -.46 19 .023DNA -.31 36 .030TNA -.56 21 .005DK -.01 36 .467TK -.29 22 .094SILICA +.22 39 .094SF.COND. -.37 41 .007

Figure 19

COPPEREXf'i-AlJfiTlflN

-<;\- QST '

~OLZ

-..60-- FAX

···G··nx

(\IiII

f

1\ I (\

\.!. I \ II. . \\,~ I I \ I\ I \\ \. ; \

\/ - '-"t,·~ I

Concentrations of Copper and Nickelin Filson Creek

I1

_____ .1

The smaller copper and nickel concentrations in

Filson Creek headwater locations reflect the smaller

percentage of sulfide bearing clases in the till and

the greater distance of these locations from the contact

zone.

Analyses of samples collected at FIX location

during a runoff event in mid-June, 1977, show a slight

decrease in copper and nickel concentrations during

maximum discharge. Similar relationships are not

present for other major cations {fig. 20). The observed

decrease in copper and nickel is small and may in part

reflect analytical limitations.

A comparison of mean concentrations of major cations

Cl, HC03

, pH, silica, and specific conductance for the

calendar years 1916 and 1977 shows the difference

between Filson Creek~ater quality during respectivel To b,!e 15 ').

dry and wet years~ Concentrations of major cations and

silica are higher in base flow conditions than in runoff

events.

Comparison of dissolved cation concentratioffiover time

,for samples collected at FIX during 1976 and 1977 show similarity II) ~~nffe:\ i(('(lQ~ •

(figure ~l). Duing precipitation events, concentrations decrease.

Base flow in 1977 occurred only during early August, when concentrationS

of dissolved cations were very similar to concentrations in base flow

during 1976. Cation concentrations measured in baseflow during

January and February 1978 were also similar to that in 1976.

I,

,. ~ • IC,

:- ....£~i I

!h-: f

c'E ,[-UJ 1

Ip~ ,G~--­

ro, It":: t.­F if::L.~:; L[:': -HE~Vi ...ou

E-!u

~ i~-..... I(.) i'

I"r~~ I.:.lJ ICr,I-

:;j Ln : .__ .. t •

.J

r.-. ~-:-J_i'-.-·-) l~ .:.t-,_~'. -r

· ~

":-1) (

1'0b) e.,. /5 COMPARr'SON BETWEEN MEAN CONCENTRATIONS AT FILSON CREEEK FORMAJOR CONSTITUENTS BETWEEN 1976 and 1977 (March to December)

pH. Ca . Hg Na K- Heo 804 Cl Silica Cu Ni [N]

197 6"T~36TwT-;:-;-r-i:"3I-:;ri~--~-_:'-~--r"1.7l-7;71--;.-7·T~.·;113-'

1977~ l6.~:j 2.611.6ll.~ 8 I 21 0.9 J 8.6 I 6 14 L.Q2]0- u.s. G-.:J. (1177)

b SI C2'<Je.\ J ihis r~r6rr

~

-_\ ~

i~ ,2

I

rS" --------------:~-...----.....---------- '977

_ '[' , iii. i'i' ,"'.~ 'I If f'~'~l;-rrrrr-rr.-r-I • I ) \ .-.~_-!.f . •

• <.. ...- 0 ---------------.-----------------------

J;,', I: :r!, ',)

__ . ..--0- . -_. -0--. '-, --0 -Jr- ~1"c.\.ll~ ,-}')...:

-(ro. <'hL(".'V.

....- ~"l'i"Ji

-0- t07;"S~'VI'\

\C(7C

f,

Figure 21 Variations in Cation Concentrations at FIXl.Dcation

Comparison between dissolved silica, sulfate 'and bicarbonate

concentrations over \showed differences between 1976 and 1977ffig.2l).

Silica concentrations are depressed during

probably due to diatom activity in the headwater

smnme:r months

bogs.

During base flow winter conditk:>ns, silica concentrations rose in

1976 to about 10 mg/l, and in 1977 to a little over IS mg/l.

Sulfate concentrations in 1976 flq.ctuated only slightly, while

during 1977, a marked increase in sulfate occurred during snowmelt

at all ~octations on Filson Creek as well as Omaday La~e. This increase

is attributable to the sulfate load accumulated in the snowpack during

the winter. Concurrent with the sulfate increase, pH dropped to its

minimum value for the-year (fig. 2,2a), reflecting the pH of the snowpack

measured in March 1976 as 4.7. Similar increase in sulfate was not

observed in 1976. The lack of sulfate fluctuation in 1976 contrasts

with the rapid drop in sulfate concentration to nearly non-detectable

limits after the snowmelt in 1976,and conceivably could be related to

analytical difficulties mentioned earlier in the report.

Bicarbonate concentrations in in 1977 clearly reflect dilution

of baseflow by precipitation having little or no alkalinity. Similar

dilution by. spring,~ snowmelt also occurred-inl976,butJlot~~the-same

magnitude.

The major dIssolved cations in precipitatroh are calcium

and potassiuJTl.. The ma,j or anion is ·sulfate. Summary

statistics of the concentrations of major cations and anions,

silica and specific-conduct3.nce from 16 samples of bulk

precipitation (wet and dry) collected from snow and three

locations in or near Filson Creek Watershed are given

in Table l~

,.

IIi1~

[iECNUV

1IIII

_'.__. L ~!

01.:1srrT

'--1 l' ---~I

'j

._H_"ITT_r_'_""-_1'_11_1_'__'1 _' 'l_-_r_'._'_'_'_' 1

i-._ .._.-;...__....

f'

If

/',Ii'J' •

'-r r r----r-•.qll"-r· i fr ;' ,r"1

~. L-----.. --- --.. --.-.-.-----.-------- ----._-151 ------10 f LA.ltilt<illlC'''' • '\ I '"" . ,'\ /.,-Co~.

5' t~ :::= ;,':~:~~"k ~\(., ~:'~,('~" ',,: ._ . .0-- 50'''" /p\~;/ \ .,~ /-"~

o L-- ----A..-...-.-...a,/ ....._.-_._-..::~ \_"'''''''''•..:.:....._._..4...;;..- .-"'- ....-.-. #- _.",:-:~:::".- - ... - - - -

\CO'

- r;o

Figure 22 Variations in Anion Concentrations at FIX IDeation

Tabfel~ Summary statistics for precipitation water quality collectedin and around Filson Creek Watershed, 1977

1 Tn I AL I~ to

~AR1AdLE VALID N SUM ~lEAN ST-D£V MAXIMUM MINIMU1

Pli III S.06 .48 b.30 Lt. 51HCOJ 16 .vb .25 1.00 (.

SOil 15 1 .8" 1.i+5 ~.eo nCL 14 • s1t .~6 1.20 .30TCA 16 .42 .37 1.50 .30DCA 15 .68 .t!.7 1.30 .30TMG 16 .uq .09 .40 0DMG Ib • () t .03 • 10 0TNA 1b .~A .29 1.00 ()

DNA 16 .15 • 1R .bO 0TK 16 .so .37 1 .40 nOK 16 .:56 ' , .211 .90 0SILICA 16 • 14 .26 .90 I 0SpeD 12' 19.00 I 6. 70 3 £•• 00 '7.uoCU 16 0 0 -0 -0NI 16 0 0 -0 -0

• - - .. .. - - - - - - - - - - - - tilt _ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ '. _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ..

Because of vandalism, the collector at HLP location

was discontinued in late July, 1971. Specific

conductance was used as a measure of particulate

contamination not by the filter paper in

the collectors. Samples were deleted from statistical

analysis if the specific conductance exceeded 3~

micromhos. Analyses of those sampl~s with greater

than 35 umhos conductanc~ showed anomalously high

sodium or potassium concentrations. The source of

the contamination probably was related to insects

which were caught in the filter paper.

Atmospheric mean loading rates derived from

bulk precipitationCTable 17 ) in the Filson Creek

Watershed compare favorably with similar data

collected by ~<Z·1i;,:rd·G.i-!J~\ C1978) .V'S1~ lrlf;lVf'

Surface interflow water was collected at two

locations at the base ~ ~~Q stands of aspen and

birch within the mixed upland forest community, three

locations at the base of an assemblage of mixed

conifers, aspen and birch, and one location at the

base of a stand of Jack Pine. Although most large

particulate material was removed by the nylon mesh

covering the apparatus, silt and clay size particles

Table 11 Atmospheric mean loading rates derived from

bulk precipitation in the Filson Creek Watershed Area-1977

(all parameters in kg/hect/yr )

Siegel, this study

Ca 4.9

~1g 1.7

Na 1.9

K 2.4

5°4 16

C1 4.4

rr Eisenreich (1978) .l-tr ,( 1 ! I I ,)

4.1

1.7

1.9

1.6

14

7.4

,I

detritus found~in the bottles.

Mean concentra-

90lloidal material were f~und inand

quality are given in'Table 19

found 'in precipitatio~ as are concentrations of

tions of potassium are up to seven times greater in

interflow water than in Filson Creek or Omaday Lake

approximately 90 percent of the sample bottles at

the time of collection. The measur~water quality

consequently is a composite of interflow water

quality and additional leaching from this detritus.

water. Dissolved sodium is comparable to that

chloride and_sulfate. Dissolved calcium and magnesium

Summary statistics of the interflow water

are greater 1-~t:~"3 than in precipitation, but less

from small mineral or vegetation particles in

than in Filson Creek. The occurrence of bicarbonate.

of organic detritus. Dissolved silica found in the,

interflow water is probably the 'result of leaching

not found in precipitation reflects decomposition

collected from 2XW, immediately over the contact zone,

to proximity to the mineralized zone. Ground water

Ground water,~uality in the wetlands within

Filson Creek Watershed appears to vary according

is classified as a Ca-Mg-S04 water compared to

the Ca-Mg-Hc03

classification of ground water

I',

TOTAL -'/ Q

VAP.l MILt'" V:.LlD t4 ~1:\1 IfAtJ ST-IJE\' 1':,>'% ""JM "'l~lM.JM

PH t- 5.ilH .5" 6.51 ~.)(,

HC03 0 • f 8 .~3 ?oo 0

SO.. 9 • A4 l.l~ 3,30 0

tL q .~f) .":< 1,60 .30

Tel. f.. 2.40 1.4 R 4.8i) .UO

oct. 9 1.76 1.'32 4,00 .7c

p·Ie· 6 .C" .6~ 2.00 .CtO

O~\r, 9'")p .<;2 1.bO 0

t ..' '

li-.!/, C).?t:j .SC) l.bO 0

DNA 9I) iJ 0 0

"1'; f16,f-\CJ s.C;? 2C.OO 1.31'

Dr. 9 tt.2n 7.4'1 2\'.00 103a

~lLJCt '7 ." ~l.;7 2.10 0

5P([l 9(. 0 ()

ell 90 0 (I

IH 9C 0 0

DIFF 8oll; .2. .74 .03

TOT ;,L ;.J 12

Vf.p]t.f)'-.r V.,L!:') N 51"- f'f LI-l ;,T-l)Ev IIflXH1Url f-'tlNlt-UM

p,..: fS. ~':.

.1,., 6,:;7 4, !I

tlCO:~ Aj. 'IS. 2,9) 7.(1') \.;

';'J., q , 1 } .:3 ~1 1 9 (C V

(LA

• ~'. r.3':) 1 D It [I " )'J

l CI, 113.4«4 1 • ,-,'~ ".?o 1 • £. I.

oCt I?., . L.('" b. L ': 1.20-. ,

li4r, 11.J;-. • 4;"~ 1 • t~ J (j

~I'~G 12,7 1'. 1 .CJ9 3,41) ()

1 f t!'. 1 {'.'7} I, ~~, 3.7'.1 ()

fl'it. Ii:'I) iJ

T~ It' '"1"1:'; 3.?'f} 1 r: , :18 1 .7(1

iH( Ie:. :); ,j..t!J Lc .:lv {)

c:;!11 ,=. fJ• 71 ttl}f) C• 1J 0

~t.:Jr:L 17'} C

L" 12r, (I t) ')

, 1 17~ 0 0

r:ln II."~ .Ll 14

COLLtCTE'D Ai ];,\SE Of' 1ST EN- In nCR STAXI'S (SWl.X, S'IJ..JX)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - -

COI.!..ECTFD AT r.AS::: OF NIXf.D UPLA'\D FOT;Esr STAND (Sl;'~iL·l :,,;.iL-2 5\,'1 n

rnn~ f,rA';~

TuT .'.l."

7

Vfdl1·~"U :"':'Ll" t~ !,,," t· t ;.. ~~ Sl-l'l " ~. .' ,\, I f~U~ HI'Ut'h... ""

p'-l ~ ~ " f~ ( .,~ !),Q3

~CC'~ f> t:d~ C'.2.,!-,) .. w.:

"',20 (I

n..' r'

... ..., 1.i'Cl (l

~ • f:',; .J .. 1.20 .30

TeA 7 S.C .... t.,,"?- }'1.60 1.10

DC .. 1lnr. ., 3.?_ 3,3(' 11.7;) l.~u

£,vG

.f\} .s., 2.{'i)

7 .4~ .11\ .1'1f r., .\ 7I)~ I r,

,44 I, .1 .. 2."0 0

7H,

• (I~ .C5 .10 I)

7 4.?1 1. "'::l 6.3tl 2.30

OK 7 4.H 1,42 b.3o 2.30

SILlCt 4 1.45 101':- 2. ~·o·srcp _:I

0

(l'

(l (I 0 0

7N]

", 0 0.,("IFF

C I) (I (.

5 .]4 .05 .1 B .06

- - - - - - - ~-- - - - - - - - - - -

( rrJcollected from the other piezometer~

2,3 -' .This difference

is more apparent, considering ground water

from piezometer 3~~, located only about 30 feet

north of the contact, is classified as identical to

that from QBW, which is farthest removed from the

contact zone~ Similar sulfate predominance is

reported by Siegel and others (1978) for ground.~ater

collected from Rainy Lobe till along the contact zone.

Summary statistics fD~1ground water chemistry are

given in Table ,q.

Copper and nickel concentrations vary

considerably in wetland ground water over,time and

between four piezometers .sampled (Appendix 5 ) .

Not enough analyses are available to statistically

correlate these variations 'with other chemical

parameters. Arithmetic means, however, suggest that

total nickel concentrations decrease with distance

from the contact zone -.-, ~-. No similar trend

is apparent in the mean copper concentrations.

\" , \';'jJ v ~

EXPLANATION

\'

2xw

BSSW

.3xw

•

o Qaw

FiFUre Z3Piper plot of wetland w.oter QU~)ity in Fi.lson CreekWatershed vat ues plotted .,are mf'!'n ""I ues .for 1977 soDlmpl es:

G· ',:- \/ .. ,' HII AL h III

VAfd Alll VAt ) P IJ Sl'" Nt "'~, 5T-f'U ""fiX l"v'" ••~ 1': )"1 1"

Pli'.>.16 • I .. '.).1.11' ~.t>(J

III OJ(. :Sl./I(] 7.).1.11 11. \lO , 1 .U (l

SU(I C;. t,.31:> 1£'. I ~ flU .ll 0 ('

lL 10 <'.1<) 1 • L'~ ~.l)O .c'1I

DO It) 111. J 1 S.l.lt> 20. (10 .LYI

Of.\[,. 10 ... b'" 2.1 ' • tl.?O l.vf'

ONA 1°... tlC) 1.,>3 I. Ll 0 1. IC

n~, 10 ~.~Q ~. (\() J I. t' (l 1.10

Slut A <, <,b.l1 b.1S 14.1' (1 1 Q ••';U

el: 31(,. b"1, 7. '::> 7 2J.30 7.9P

t. I :!> 1;;.27 ~.r:'O 20.1(1 10. I fl

- ------'-,-"-,.--

~'-~. - j 1 r. II, '-- t. (I

V,,"PIAtJI[ VAlli- I, SU'~ t1f 1,,",1 Sl-VLV ''''AX j""UM IoIll:IP'U'"

PH (, Q.7f'. 2.~e, b.lif\ .. (\

11l,f1) " i"J. t>0 I rI. v) 4';>.0<: -n

Su" 3 t>.u') ':>. II fl J 1. UQ 1.·J ()

(L II • <; e, .b 7 C. 10 -0

()L/' .) It.l.'>O (>;} .21, 5,'1 ... 0 / • \:) n

p"r: 3.20 i.';o t..30 - C

(Iltt, L , .:>. 32 " .",' n. '10 -f

I;r, L) 3. 7 r. 4.U"1, 'v.l,n -0

SllJU 11 1.'.<'1i t.b~ 2lJ.r'O -0

(u ') c.9? I. Il.: ~ ..,() -i':

III. (:t,. I": ro.t>fl bb.~(l .<J.cn

- - - - - - - - - . -

-----------_ ... - .... ----

12

~l ., Ml A'/ SI·rtll ""II x l'lli'" /.lILI"'U"

('. J Cl• L

l"

I,. '.:>3 .J, r",

t .1 .. L4 r, ;>-'4. I I, 9 ~-=- un t l \;f\

1 l.e'r; 1 t, , J IJ 4 .l' [) f'

I .li~ • L.. :~ C. If! • r,r;

J 1•.1. t. q;" 1 .... t;(, t', • ,I,

t. • .-l I .~" I. 7ft 'l.U';

t'. I:, j)OC.>L, I 11.{JI\ 4,. £:_1(.1

" ;. \7 1 In • L~ ,

J I. '. " ~, 11'4 (Ill. Hr) I l'.OI'

f,l .1.7 ., > IP~ ••}fl "M. t r,.. ".f'.!'l. 'Jf, '> 1. '"II llj Ii. q t; 4.i t IJ· "

II I '

1?I .)11

t.I

1111II1 \

1\,I,

II

~ } t ~ t

(0

(,j

\'AP I Ill', \ l

~'l ~

h:.rJ.',~lj"J

\I I fl",I II I' ',,"

"" 1 ~ (l*f11 ,

~ i. i, il

'.

11. 7 L • L"

i , 1 J ...1,',"

".1I '

,/ I . I" ., -",

1 i r.~" ..

}-t I"

al Budgets

The difference between the total chemical mass

entering the watershed from precipitation and the

amount leaving the watershed through discharge over

a unit period of time comprises a chemical budget.

The yearly chemical budget for specific

constituents can be expressed as:

where::: Q = amount of monthly precipitationp

CPi = concentration of constituent "i" :~n precipitation

Qd = amount of monthly discharge

Cd. = concentration of constituent "i" in dischargel

~Mi = net gain or loss of the constituent from'

the '''1atershed

Assuming dynamic equilibrium of the biomass with

reBpect to dissolved calcium, magnesium and sodium,

the budgets provide a qualitative index on the

relative rates of weathering of the major silicate

minerals in the watershed. Because chloride is

chemically conservative, a net balance for the year

will verify the previously calculated hydrologic budget.

at the Kawishiwi Laboratory and the monthly mean

from the product of monthly precipitation measured

e

the major anions and

k Watershed are given in

Monthly net loading on the watershed was obtained

concentration data (if more than one sample were

cations for

available) of the precipitation sampled around the

watershed. It was assumed that snowmelt and precipitation

during March and April, 1977 went into storage. During

August, the major precipitation events occurred

toward the end of the month and extended into

September. Because of this, the chemical quality

data collected at mid-September were considered

representative of :precipitation recorded between

August 20 anQ 31. 0imilarly, quality data from

October 1st precipitation were considered representative

of precipitation that fell at the end of September.

SU)"'l'"'~ ~t ...."t fi'

J-The re~ults'of the yearly budget (minus winter

1978 for which discharge data at FIX are not yet

available) indicate that

1). Chloride input balances output by about 10%.

2). There is a net loss from the watershed

of calcium, magnesium, sodium, silica

and bicarbonate.

3 r. There is a net gain in the watershed of

potassium and sulfate.

When the additional discharge data for winter 1978 are

tabulated, the chlo~ide balance will be a little below !O% and net

losses will be a li:~le laSfer.

2. ~;)'

ITt.\

e,r5'

o

CPc

I.

C. L

1

I1

.

Ii

",-

~C-,

'"~::

E­~:

~

G

, ...I-'--

;-.~

E­Uh

C-.E-

E-

...........c:

FiglJre 24 Bar graph showing net gains and losses of major cations

and anions for Filson Creek watershed, Harch-Octobe~,l977

)

TABLE .20 Netl

chemical budgets for Filson Creek Watershed through -~Iarch to

Octobe~ 1977. Snowpack and precipitation in March and April

assumed:to effectively have gone into storage

)'1ass, in Kg/Hectare

HC0 3 804 C1 Cat Cad ~fgf Mg d Nat Nad Kt Kd 5i

I:'JPUT 0.0 15.0 3.7 4.9 4.9 2.7 1.6 2.4 1.7 3.8 2.4 2.1

OUT 17.2 -6.3 3.3 9.8 7.1 6.6 4.4 3. 5 3.3 1.5 1.5 25.0

NET LOS SCfR GAIN· - :1. 7 . 2 +a.7 +0 . 4 - 5. 1 - 2. 2 - 3 . 9 - 2 . 7 -1 . 1 - 1 . 6 2 . 3 o:-g-~-:-ZT:1)---'---

APPENDICES

A??3;;DIX 1

;"'3::' ..:::n t '- ():' ;.; 1::10. '-'~4.J Sr("~:1 P:~ "\ n0:.;'1 .• ~

""i-

:1.5 ~

: c. • j:

t:j r, .. '- • I

5.5 4

1406

5.2 - . ,

t; !""-,' J

4. (' i.., -

~.O !.. '--

I; • 0 -::5

11.5~n

.-; ! (;

4.4

1.0

2 0. -'

1.82.8

5·21 0. -'

3.1~ h1 • .)

12.2

4.1

1.9

0.5

Hi.;r:tblende I':icrocline ~u.[lr~z

Size Fr~ction of Till Collected from Filson Creek ~ater~~cd

0.1 0.5 3Q·2 2.1.l

1.2 1.6 16.2 3.61i • (3

11 r-.... J

4.3 1.6 19·5 2.1

1 11.8 ~.5 0.9 9·9

7.0 --- U .4 1.7

1.;.1 --- 10.8 ? hJ' ->

6.0 --- ')'1 n 0.7'-( ....

5.0 --- 5 0 7.5.., 0 --- 10.8 6.1j. '.I

4.0 --- l.J.q 4.4

c.8

0.6

,.G.o

0.7

0.2

1.5

c.~

0.7

1 ',,>. ,)

Clinopyroxene Q,thCPY:"OH,-:~~ o1c~ite:-:j-perst;lc;;;,C E:1 :tC:.tite

,.: .,).. (:.1'.:: t .;: r·,"~.·.:':J~'·i '::e C)l.~ "/~.r~{:

1 L•• !I

.'..,

, .J

-: ) 1.8

l~.O ~.1

-, i 0.4""i •

, . ~~.3

1] . 2.C

r' .:..1.1 1.0

h ~r c::'

_ ',0 • "",'I.-. • \_J

:..! 1 ~ :. ::;1, J. "') ;;::..}. ".-

_,4. :: ~l.O 1.5

,~ 4

2

P.;:':'I..i-r:lula ted precipitation at g(\ges in -vicinity cf Filson Creek Waters:·edduring water year 1976. (All values in inches of water). .

Recording Non-Recording Gages on Av~rage

Gage at Filson Creek Watershed for FilsonTime So. Kawishiwi Lower Upper Evaporation Creek

__·P_e_I'__ioo ....:;;F..;...i..;...e_._ld_..;...La_b ..=F-=i;,=.l.::;.so;:;..:n=--...;:F..;;i;.;;.l..:;;..so.;..;n~...;;.S...;;.t~a..;.;ti;:;;.;o;...:n:..._ ___:.:\o.~::tersh ed

9/30/75 to i0/14/75 0.4 0.47 0.65 ~ 0.56

10/14 to 1... 13 1.7 1.25 . 1.12 1_.' ~

11/3 to 12/2 2.6 3.00 3.25 3.13

1.82 1.60

2.13 2.48

1.51 1.47

.73

0.69

1.49

1.71

2.31

1.04

1.25

2.77

-

3.48

2.45

3.52

1.04

1.47

1.00 ;"

3.14

1.13

3.67

1.08

3.24

0.73 C.72

2.72

1.15

0.73 0.65

1.6

G.7

3.4

2.1

2.5

1.2

0.9

2.0

0.7

12/31/75, to 1 130/76

1/30 to 2/26

12/2 to 12/3i

2/26 to 3/24

3/24 to 4/30'-

4/30 to 5/17

5/17 to 6/16

6/16 to 7/1

7/1 to 7/14

-7/14- to 8/16

8/16 to 9/23

9/23 to 10/1/76

2.4

1.4

0.3

2.'37

1.34

0.21

1.97

1.25

0.28

2.22

1.35

0.30

2.19

1.31

0.26

Total precipitation­RecordOdfor Water

.-:rear 1976 (in inchesof .",at-e%') -

, 23.9 24.11

~,"~,::-'il1at('d tation at gages in vicin:lty ofFl1s~o>Ct',.f''' ","8 .... '~~ t

~~!"J::-'; 10.:.1£('1'" year - 77 (All values 1n inches of water).

Ncn-Reccr~f~f ra~FS r-rilE.(~. :7,[,f~~~ ~_~L- "

---~--

Lo~er r;~er L~2;:rar2

Iils0n i~~~~~ ~~~t~c~

1.1

8.9 3.9

2.7 2.1

fE'::C'rcir.g~'/~Fr 2~

::i=e t:" -, ra;,.'.fshh:i-..' ..

le'[] 0G ?':tld L.:_~ ..- . ~

. -"-4 1,. ~---'l ........ - - ..l 'L-/ --.. '- ,~

L .-, - - /: ...., n ;1__ J . ,./ -..-..J__ I ~J

...... "'1

:::. ':",,'':-J t- .... :~/30 0.6v 'oJ

, - - +-- 2./31 C.6~ f? .., +-,.., :~ ,11 .!.: , r:- - _J _' ..1-. -- , 1 +--, 1;/15 1.1- \..v

- ~o 5/5 ., ~

-..- .L.u

5/5 to 5/16 0.8

5/16 to ~/l 3.8

6/1 to 6/30 2.4

6/20 to 6/30 1.6

6/30 to 7/6 2.6

1/6 to 8/1

8/1 to 8/:1.5 0.-2- -~~

e/15 to 9/1 5.7

9/1 to 9/15

9/15 to 9/aO 6.2

iotal precipitation - .29. 8Re~orded for WaterYear 1977 (in inches·""f vate:..

l.O

o.~

0.7~. ryv. j

1.1

0.2

'"j ~

.J. I

3.6

1.3

2.1

1.-6

\1.4

"4.5

30.9

0.7

0.7

1.1

.,-.:,;

0.5"

~.6

2.6

1.4

2.5

1.3

0.2

5.4

31.5

APPENDIX 3 DAILY MEAN DISCHARGES AT F1X~F3X~

AND OL-2 ON FILSON CREEK, 1975-1977

!J r:"->:"1 """,,',

..-..l 'u .:, ,r:-J.. .: J ,J

(

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r.... J r-1J ") ~.J ',J

C --t"t7 --..,...

'C ~'L " ",,' ~r

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......"1 ,\!-

oj;

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(l. •• (1,

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.:; t- -:J ""--'1

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c a. f· lJ ::.' f'--

C J If ;,., N. t-.',j .-

if rl~'

"':,C

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..£ ..{:<....) .......

n c\..

.... ..

r\.]t.,r, ~ r\J ~ _

{J I- • '\" - Ct.• lilt ,~,r'"

a c C' =., ('.J t:::­c.e-ecce ::::y­-0 • -0' ........ Q;J

nj - ..c -:. -- .... ...., .u~ ...... l"\..c C C ;;'::i.

"-""'= ,[' ~ i\.t\.'.f) - '\J C_:- CJ <;,..}

....... -.., . ..... .Lr.

cc<<.ccC.;:';"~DG0.. ."......... ~ ...

o 1"-";: CO!>-· r c c _-:;."""r.:uJ' au .~.:. --#

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on.

iI~ U" -;, per, iI

•••• fit"-::::! ":"""" ,1 J;J'.,...,.."

"_- 0 ''''':';' ,C C. C. ,

•• •00-;)-::;'::;C.C'':'CC

J'o .c. 71 .::t - 0'::> '..:; .::> J .::>-l:':'__ CL c-C<.,.,.-'<""C:....

ccccc. ccccccC· 0 (J ~.::." :::; 0 <..;. C· <.:,; G...... ~ ~,._" .

>..L, :r\- (:7':Jt-O

~ u ~ ,.. ..:;,f'", n. I" f'~ f\.

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t..: t:' C C C .:._. C '=~~ ~7~~~ ~~~n_

• ,t • iI.. • _, • • ~ 0. t.. • _,a

f\j _'"Y rr f'\. - - -

r-_ :- .~ _-• ..-::, ~ c ::-- -::.. c-

C"LCc..C. crcccc ~ t..: r::::.... :.J:= t:.. ':;:. ~

... ..... ' ...... , __ • ~ 'a.. ...........

'1..1 :\o.i -r- "

n. n. fE' ~

c:c.c.cc. " . . .

c<:<:c.cCO.::;, c::::

--.1'\---

.. 'e. .... '.......

........., .~ _10 ..... CII'tr /"T ,..""' r... . .. '" ...

co 0 C' 0 c:'t:. C.' c: <; c.. . . .

~n~~u V~uu~ ~nn~n qun~~ nnnnn n~~~a

-::..~"' --. -.. ..-. ~ __ _. _ ~ ..-u '"\.. n... '\J nJ - - f\.J rOy ~ r\} !\J ...tJ '\.t nJ ("\ I - ..... C'

':(j t- ...c. -() -:,CCc:c.,~

ccccr: 'C _

'::=0 ":J -=::-l :;':.:J ..:.J::=,::::,:-:,,,:>• e. _. 8 .... " "e. _.. ....•

r.cc:cc..:; L. 0 C. c.­

......, ... «- ~ •

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.c .S) JJ -- r...tf: C. 'Ie t'" :c

• • • • a

n: l\l rv rv r,'C'\.• - L C "C

• • • • ,11

"\; "J .;;) ..J ~

c<. "

'(.£=-If'\J~

-c. <.. ..: '- c_ (. ....................lito • • • ..

C' ..c.. "? 0" t.~ ::3«_~_c<.<. . . . .. ~

-.e -£ '\.J r*\J _1_..c n ":' C. « C• f=

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,- I-~ .-;

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n. r .. ,'- C\_ t\.

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....._ n' !\) r".J ,..... , "'.

o OC> >-

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t-' i \ 1 t;,. II ., J , lJ.i I:' r (,. ~ ~ I i, ,. Y:.~" ,'\ ,", \. t. \,1", '. , ;. { ,!

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t, . 1( , \ t,

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( ; : ~. )

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t lJ'.' 1.'r· ..'

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c'" t

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( I ~ P I i

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S" r'. >l

_~.' .:. ! L) j

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1:'>.£'5( (10 1 ~l )

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f,

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l'I:_,~,J-- l;:,,~;·~:"j'::'~~c '.!. ·l,i,·:-;·.;"~~:l. ,I"~C'~.~!. ~I:~~'? {:cJttntY,or: e22 4: b2.~.>: 0.1 ~lle t;p;:::'rc:.2.:-r. f:--c::: tl·::~·:~·~:

'JF ~;::I~,;;'~'~:{: i;~::~\~ ~~~i t(;~ ::~~J~'~,~~" l;;;e~: , c,?sir-,3.~e:1 73Z

c:, .-- ·1."Jtl::.-- .... t,]·0r.:~·r(;r.C1rde!:" ..~ltit'~de of ti'.() ga,::.~ is 1500 ft.., from tOj?og:::aphic map

!.'~:'I_.../.~;-_ h .. '.·:~ ~....J g\j()~.~ 't,:J f3j r'

1.:->.::':5 t·,;:.. i'f:,:!():,) ('or r..:.::co;"r.t-- I·:[,xir:1U(;1 di3charge,33 cfs. ,sept.9

DIS'..... J\?GE, 1~ CUBIC fE;:T PCR SEccm, APRIL 1977 to ~~o'n:~~mER 1977H£AN Vl,LUES

t~,·/ 'u'"'P, I·LC.Y JU1:E JULY AUG SEPT OCT ~:':;'J

•<1 1.4 . l~ 3.6 .91 14 12 4.2

2 • 33 1.4 12 3.6 r 91 12 11 3.8

3 ~ , 1 . II 9.9 6.0 .57 9.8 9.0 3.6... •. l.

~ 1.4 8.G 6.7 .54 15 7.8 3.Gt· · ..:.. ) 1.4 7.4 7.5 .54 15 7.4 3.5J

.. 1.7 9.8 11 .72 13 7.0 3.4,:.7 8.2 9.0 .72 12 G.2 3.3

:1 1.'7 8.2 6.7 .72 11 6.2 3.2

• ~.- - t 1.(, 7.4 5.3 .78 33 6.2 3.6

• ()""! ' ... . 5_8 4.4 .78 32 6.2 4.64_ .)

~ !. • b 3 1.2 5.0 4.0 .7F'- 25 6.2

1.2 .5/1 1.2 .4.2 3.7 .78 19 12•••• J 1.2 3.4 3.7 .78 15 19

1.2 3.0 3.4 -'" 12 ~o- 'J . , ....'

1.:;: 2.3 2.0 .'78 9.8 23

1.4 3.04 2.4 .71 6.0 28

•.1,.1 1.3 .1.0 ~.o .7':' 5.3 19. ,; 7 1.2 O. (J 2.0 .78 5.3 15

l'l • Jt;, 1.3 11 1.7 .78 5.1 13

.(,3 J • <] 11 1.4 .7": 4.7 9.9

1.:: "' ri 9 1.4 .75 4.3 11~ .. '..'

1.7 4 • ~ 7.4 1.3 .53 4.3 9.8

, 0 C.2 8.6 1.2 .50 13 8.2J" ••, 7.4,2.3 (..2 8.2 1.2 .45 17

2.e 5.0 E..6 1.1 .50 19 7.0

.:' ~:- 1.8 4.2 5.0 1.0 18 6.61.0;'. ~ 3.7 4.2 1.1 6.2 17 5.8l.P ?oJ) 3. S 1.1 19 17 5.01.';' 2. tJ 2.(i l.0 13 16 4.(.

1. ~, :' • i)., .

1.1 1~ 4.6..J • • ~ 11 .'_'1 .~. 2 ---.- 1.0 J5 4.212

. ,1~---,~~:T--- i~ -~-'i-----:TC7 J.C'3-:-rr- r/ ;: • ~~ l13J. b 3.~ 8. )

L'~.:·\TH'; ;;--. ,"s:. .... ,~":'J'~ ,W ....:,:.::;~>. CCU;i':.~:, abcu"':: f'

t~ ~';'~ ri.l('r" R i, 'j.r:'s: ;~,~1!1:.cd S?~il~ ~pJtrea~ frcn J.3.G:.

Eli; l\J.J O? R.l':.o::, ...s>-.. 1977 to I:,'");';('rn~·.:'r 1977

r.· s-- ~·::..tE.:l-E';.",qC~ r':..'cordc:.':'. ;\lti::Ut:~,~ or (ja~n is :4L;5 ft, fro:l1, t0PO'~::,:lF:Jic l':'.J,?

t'::. '_:,:<:3-- ;:,., :"C'1(,::'; fu~.r to ':;")O(~, E'~,':"er~t aft,~!" }IUS'.L3t 197i "";l(?n b02l.':C::::- LJ::1 crcJ.tcd a btlc).:·.... .:1tcr eff0c':.at g~qO loc~tion.

[:-::::.\·':::;:S !-:-1,. peFIO:) i;F Rr:c..:C"n.J-- ;'~a:d~IU:-:: disch'3.rs-= 2~ cfs en Sept.9

DISCiL"RCE', l;J CU:,IC FEf.T PER SfC.J~m ,APRIL 1977 to NO'iE:·l.E.E:R 1977:·:.r:rtt; 'l;"WES

r: ','

... _J

~ (-I

1'"

-'-

.,." .... l

i,r l~ !·~~.Y JC:-JE

.22 1.1 2.2I] 1.1 G.3

13 1.1 7.8

1 3 1.1 f,. t~l

1 ~ 1.1 5.f.j

1 1 • .3 5,')

::J 1 . ".~ 5. 1

13 1.1 5.4

~5 1.1 4.6

3 1.0 4.4

il loC 3.5

3~ .l.0 2.0

::'8 1.0 ' C>J..',J

1~ 1. 10 1.B• I

,>_.1 1.3 2.2

.. ) 1.6 2.9\ , .,]) 1.1

.21 1.1 1.7

:. 7 1.5 8.1

'f LSi 2.3..) - 2. ~, 1).9

J ..; 3.J 5.7

loS 3.') G.6

1.8 ,~, 1 6.3

1. (. ~.2 4.9

1. ::' ~.O4.6,

, " 2.0 3.9" ',J

3.2 3.7

1.: 7..'1 3.7

1.2 :: . 1 3.52. j

----"' ,- oS 13 7 .(")-"

.. ,.1

JULY

3,63.5-1.85.48.39.26.96.05~1

;.22.92.11.31.31.1,

1.5I t:'. ..)

1..:11.41.6~78

.71

.5:)JG• ,~G

.~6

.~o

8lJ.S

Act;

. ''is\ .3P

.37

.34

.34

.28

.2S

.. 22

.22

.22

.22

.20

.20

.2D

.15

.21

.28

.28

.28'l~.... .)

.53• :3 3

.31

.:2G

. :: 1

.7::1

4.81'~

108.18.9

53.S

SEPT

119.27.5

111l­10

8.98.3

2423181111

8.97.56.05.14.54.5t;.23.G3.33.06.9

1314.

13121211

299.4

OCT :::',

9.2 3.3

8.1 .3. a6.9 2. '.'

6.0 2.9

5.7 2 • ~

5.4 2. 7

4.8 2.G4.8 2.64.8 2 .. 3

4.8 3.6S.914151717151311

9.58.37.56.35.75.45.15.1

4.53.93.G3.63.3

--29.2

~

I

APprDrx Lj Stratigraphic Logs of Piezometers Installed.in and around the Filson Creek Watershed

Casing (2 inch plastic)--_.._-----------_._- -_._---------_. H;) t' l' r i :11 s pen (' t r ;1 t C'd

1.,1(',ltil)l1 •

(1)

\·hdlnumber

( 2)

Totall(~ngth,

.in feet(3)

Screenlength,

. in feet(4)

Total depthbelow landsurface,in feet

(5)

Heightabove landsurface,in fet!t

(6)

Altitudeat landsurface,in feet

(7)Lithology

(8)

Depth b('l,)wlanJ sllr[dcP,

in fl!ct(9)

62-11-25bb HI 17 None 13.5' 3.5 1487.~· Silty clay, sandy tostoney, grey-green

, Silty clay, sandy tostoney, greyBedrock

0-6

6-49.549.5

- --- .. _- - ~--- _.-...._..... - .. _..-----..Q).C)

62-11-25bb H2 9 3 6.5 2.5 1489.19 Fill, sandyPeatSilty clay, sandy tostoney, organicmaterialBedrocK

0-33-4.5

4.5-6. 56.5

(,.'- I 1- ..~5hh II] 15 None 12 4 1487.CJ7 FillSilty clny, sandy tostoney, grey-greenBedrock

0-5

5-1212

62-10-~~9cd 1129 16 1 13 3 1537~ Silty clay, sandywith some pBbbles andorganic materialBedrock

0-1414

Casing (1~ inch PVC plastic) . Materials penetrated

Total depthTotal Screen below land Depth below

Well length, length, surface, land surface,Location number in feet in feet in feet Lithology in feet

1':VJ\ NE\ SE\, BSSW 6 1 3 Fibrous brown 0-3sec 25, to black peat,T62N, RIIW silty

NE\ SE\, 2XW 7.3 1 3 Fibrous brown o - 3.2sec 24, to black peat,T62N, sandyRI1W Till, sandy 3.2 -

SE\ NW \, 3XW 6.1 1 3 Fibrous brown o - 2.8sec 19, to black peat,rr62N, sandy. 'R11l;1 Sand, med. fine, 2.8 - 3.1

brown

,~E\~ N\Al\ oS E\, QBW 3.7 1 3 Fibrous brown o - 3.2sec 31, to black peatrr62r-J ,R11H

APPENDIX WATER QUALITY DATA FOR

FILSON CREEK WATERSHED STUDY,1977-1978

I

WATER QUALITY DATA FOR OL~2 LOCATION

OAT!,OF

!A~PlE.TCA DCA :." TMG ~MG T~A Or-. A . TK 'OK 51 5C lCU 1 '.J I

TEMP PH HC03 504 ~, CL -

124 0 6.5 5b.O 5.7 2.7 6.0 -0 6.2 4.2 ~O.:-L·:-

-0 -0 .. 5 -0 5.4 82.0 -0~Oq 1 .0 6.1 9.0 0 1.0 3.0 -0 2.7 -0 1.6 -0 .7 -0 1.8 23.0 .9 0423 5.5 5.4 6.0 4.0 1. 7 . 3.8 -0 3.1 -0 ' 2.1 -0 1.9 -0 7.1 38.0 2 .. 8 0sue 11.0 5.4 4.0 10.8 .9 4.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.7 1.7 .9 .9 3.6 -0 2.3 0527 17.5 6.1 5.0 9.0 .9 4.3 2.1 2.2 2.1 1. 7 1.6 .7 .7 3.~ -0 2.b 0b 11 11.5 5.8 3.0 5.0 .'::> 2.9 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 7.8 45.0 -0 -0625 Ib.O 5.8 4.0 -0 .4 4.0 2.6 2.0 1.3 1 • 1 1 • 1 .3 .3 8.1 1I0.0 1 .6 2.4702 1 7 • 0 6.0 b.O 0 1.6 ' 4.0 1.8 3.0 1 • 1 1.2 1.0 .7 .6 5.3 39.0 .8 0723 20.5 5.9 10.0 1.0 1.4 I 4.8 3.b 3.5 1. b 1.2 1.0 .7 .0 6.b 60.0 2.1 4.580b 17.0 6.0 8.0 2.0 1.2 4.4 2.0 3.5 1.~ 1.2 1 • 1 .6 .6 5.1 37.0 S.7 3.b820 15.3 6.1 '::l.O 1.0 1. \) 3.5 2.9 2.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 .6 .6 4.Ll 32.u -0 -0917 15.0 5.8 3.0 1.0 1.2 3.5 3.4 2.1 I.ts 1 • 1 1 • 1 .6 .0 7.3 39.0 -0 -0

1 (101 9.d 5.7 .3.0 2.0 I.e 3.1 2.7 1.8 1 • 1 1 • 1 1.0 .7 .6 9.1 36.0 -0 -01015 4.5 5.8 3.0 2.0 1.3 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.8 1.2 1. 1 .6 .6 9.b 34.0 .. 0 -01105 £I.U 5.8 4.0 2.1) 1.4 2.3 2.3 1.8 1 • 7 1.2 1.2 .6 .6 12.3 37.CJ -0· -0

1211 0 5.5 .3. 0 0 1 .. 0 3.2 2 .. 8 1.9 1 .9 1.2 1.2 .3 .3 10.8 41.0 -0 -0128 -I) 5.9 9.0 -0 1.9 3.6 3.4 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.8 .4 .4 14.1 55.0 -0 -0

WATER QUALITY DATA FOR QST LOCATION,

~\ :;1-423 .5 6.0 5.0 1.0 1.1 .3.2 -0 2.3 -0 1.b -0 1.5 -0 4.3 32.0 1.0 0508 12.0 6.0 9.0 4.0 .9 2.8 -0 1.6 -0 1.4 .. 0 .7 -0 3.4 -0 1.4 0527 1l::l.O 6.2 6.0 2.0 .9 3.2 -0 2.0 -0 1.4 -0 .b -0 2.9 -0 .t\ 0611 18.0 6.1 5.0 2.0 .5 ' -0 1.7 -0 1.1 -0 1.2 -0 .7 3.0 34.0 4.~ 0

625 18.0 b.3 12.0 0 .5 3.5 2.4 2.0 1.5 1.3 1. 1 .0 .& 6.0 46.0 .3 0

722 21.0 b.O 9.0 0 2.4 4.0 i.o 3.3 1.5 1 • 1 1.1 3.1 2.9 7.0 5~.0 .3 0'3 \1 b 19.0 5.9 5.0 2.0 1.2 3.2 1.~ 3.0 1.2 1.1 1. 1 .7 .7 7.3 42.0 .6 1 • 1820 16.0 5~b 7.0 .3.0 1 .0 3.2 2.9 2.1 2.U 1.2 1.2 .7 .7 7.1 37.0 -0 -0917 15.5 b.1 4.0 1.0 1 .2 3.£1 3.4 2.2 2 • .3 1.3 1.3 .b .6 7.2 3LJ.O -0 -0

1001 8.0 6.U 3.0 q.O 1.5 ~.9 2.9 2.0 2.2 1.3 1.3 .1 .7 8.8 QU.O -0 -0

110~ Lf.O 5.6 .3.0 2.0 1.6 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.3 1.3 .• 8 .8 12. 1 31.0 -0 -0

/

r,'I.f\.1'EH QUALITY DATA FOR O~1ADAY LAKEI

~_~1

DA.T!':.nr:

!AOlPlE:.TK DI< 51 5C lCU llH

TEMP PH HC03 504 ' CL TeA DCA TMG [lMG TNA DNA

i 13.0/"1

I 120 (j 0 b.6 19.0 5.0 1.0 -0 2.8 -0 2.2 -0 .4 -0 1 • 1 35.0 -u -0

127 0 6.3 t q. 0 .5 1.6 "7.8 -0 5.8 -0 .3.4 -0 .5 -0 1.8 LJ 1 .0 -u -0

2 1J5 0 b.3 1/).0 .s I • b 7.8 -0 !:>.B -0 3.2 -0 .b -0 1.6 QLl.O -0 -03 I) 5 0 b.3 17.0 2.0 1 .0 . 1.8 -0 ~418 -0 3.1 -0 .5 -0 2.2 42.0 9.0 -0{j (I q 2.0 b.9 b.O II 1.0 q.8 -0 2.7 -0 1.6 -0 .4 -0 1.0 21.0 C?iJ 0

'4r'3 1.3.2 b.7 /:l.O 2.0 1 • 1 !.I.o -0 S.l -0 2.5 -0 .7 -0 1.2 34.0 2.3 .21:):)'1 1q. 0 b.3 1.0 15.0 .9 ~418 . -0 2.7 -0 1• 7 -0 .9 -0 1.7 -0 2 • .3 .3527 2l.v b.7 7.0 <,'.0 .9 ~412 -0 2."1 -0 1 • 1 -0 .9 -0 2.4 -0 1 .11 .2(:) 11 t 7 • 5 5.8 5.0 6.0 .5 2.b 2.0 2.0 l.q 1.4 1.4 .9 .9 5.5 3!:>.O .L~ 0

625 23.0 6.2 6.0 3.0 .5 2.6 2.0 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 .b .0 8.0 35.0 3 • .3 0

7 IJ 2 lb.O 6.5 6.0 1 • a 1.2 ;;.2 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 1 • 1 .7 .7 4.2 50.0 ';.0 .9725 24.0 6.Ll 7.0 0 1.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 1..3 1.2 1 • 1 • 7 • 7 5.4 50.0 3.0 0

HiiA 1<.J. 0 6.4 12.0 0 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.5 1 .2 1.2 .6 .7 5.2 41.0 -0 .3.1S20 -0 6.1 7.0 1.0 1 • U 3.9 3.9 2.4 2.2 1.2 1 .2 .7 • 7 4.6 36.0 -u -0

917 14.0 0.1 4.0 1 • U 1.2 .3. 1 3.1 2.4 1.7 1 • 1 1• 1 .7 .7 7.Ll 3.3.0 '-I.u -0

10 vI 12.0 6.1 3.0 6.0 2.2 2.6 2.6 1.8 ~.b 1 • 1 1.0 .8 .. 7 8.7 38.0 9.u -0

1 (; 15 5.5 0.0 3.0 2.0 1 .0 2.9 2.7 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.2 .6 .6 8.9 40.0 -0 -0

1 105 ~.o 6.3 3.4 2.0 1 • b 2.6 2.b 2.0 1 • 7 1.2 1.2 .6 .6 12.2 29.0 -I) -0

12 1 1 0 5.6 3.0 0 1 .0 3.1 3.0 2.1 2.1 J • q 1.q .3 ~ 3 16.8 ~1.0 -ll .. 0

128 -0 6.• 2 d.O "0 2.2 3.Q 3.9 1.6 1.5 l.tj loB .4 • i~ li.l.7 £1b.O -u -0

21 1 -0 5 .. 9 10 .. 0 -0 1 .. 9 3.6 3.3 lob 1. b 1 • 7 lob .4 :0 4 IU.6 49.0 -0 -0

l,JATEH QUf\Lrry DNJlA POR' F3X LOCATIOni I

D.i~

r'FSf. ~Pl'·!:.

TEMP PH HC03 SO~ . CL TCA DCA TMG ()MG TNA DNA TK OK 51 5C TCU TIJI .,'f,-·- "

120Ll 0 b.3 32.0 0 1.0 4.0 -0 -0 -0 2.1 -0 1 .1 -0 3.0 U1.0 -0 -0W '':j .5 e.3 ~.o 2.0 1.0 3.8 -0 3.0 -0 2.5 -0 .9 -0 1.8 21.0 3.b .8

'" 2 ; 6. '4 6.3 1 U. 0 3.0 1.6 . 4.2 -0 5.4 -0 I.e -0 .q -0 10.2 40.0 8.8 3.5'1', ') 9.0 6.2 8.\l d.O .9 3.2 -0 2.2 -0 1.5 -0 1.1 -0 .8 -0 3.8 0

L,27 20.0 6.0 7.0 7.0 .9 2.t{ -0 2.6 -0 1.b -0 1. 1 -0 LJ.2 -0 S.3 2.4

b 1 1 20.5 5.6 4~O LI.O .<;, 2.9 2.1 2.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 .8 .8 b.8 40.0 4.8 3.5h(.5 22.0 6. 1 ?o 0 .5 2.8 2.0 2.0 1 • 3 1.2 1.1 .& .6 7.5 1.17.0 '-+.0 -0

702 20.3 0.2 ':l.o 0 1 • b 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.2 1. 1 .7 .7 5.7 ~6.0 Ll.3 0

723 2CJ.U 0.2 9.0 2.0 1 • fj 2.3 2.3 1., 1.2 1.2 1.3 • 7 .7 5.4 46.0 ~.8 8.2f"; b 1b. 5 b.3 1 t+ • 0 2.0 1.2 ~.o 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2 .8 .7 5.2 39.0 1 • q 3.21:'; t) I'=' • 0 b.3 /.0 1.0 1. v 3.1 3.1 2.3 2.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 3.5 33.0 -0 -0

917 15. 1 5.9 3.0 1.0 1.2 LI.O 3.6 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.1 .6 .6 6.1'3 33.0 -0 -0

1 0 ~ 1 1:1.0 6.1 3.0 2.0 1.9 3.6 2.9 1.9 1.6 1.0 1• 1 .e .6 8. f.1 3~.O -0 -0

1 ~\ 15 5.8 5.9 '2.0 2.0 1..5 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.0 1. 1 1 .0 .6 .6 q.o 32.0 -0 -011 05 5.3 5.5 4.0 2.0 1.0 () • 0 ' 2.0 2.0 1. 7 1.2 1. 1 .b .6 10.4 2~.O -0 -01211 o . -0 -0 () 1 • U ".0 2.8 2.0 2.0 ' 1.0 1.0 .3 .3 10.1 32.0 -0 -012P. ... 0 0,,2 12.9 -0 1.4 3.0 3.LI 1.6 1.5 1.0 1 .6 .LI .4 15.0 ~5.0 -0 -0

211 -0 6" 1 1 1 • 0 -0 2.2 4.0 1.4.0 1" 7 ' 1 • I 1.7 1 • 7 .~ .5 1~.2 51 .0 -0 -0

HATER QUALITY DATA POR .~F LOCArrIOIJ

,---- / ..f2v4 0 b.7 28.0 ':>.7 3.tl 6.0 -0 5.5 -0 3.8 -0 2.1 -0 25.0 64.0 -0 -0

40Q .5 6.4 12.0 0 1.0 ~.7 -0 4.1 -0 1.2 -0 1• 1 -0 7.8 27.0 3.3 0

423 3.8 6.4 16.0 0 1.0 3.3 -0 3.1 -0 2.5 -0 1.2 -0 6.~ 3b.O ~.o 0

so~ 9.5 6.3 6.0 10.0 .9 3.6 -0 3.0 -0 1,,8 -0 ,,9 -0 4.6 .. 0 3.0 0

'527 18.5 6.2 1).0 1.8 .9 3.2 -0 :3.1 -ll 1.7 -0 .£1 -0 7.0 -0 3.8 0

612 1:;.0 6.4 7.0 0, .LI 4.2 2.0 2.1 -0 1.6 . -0 .£1 -0 9.4 -u 4.0 1.1)

013 13.0 0.6 e.o 0 .4 4.1 2.0 -0 1.2 1.6 1• 1 .4 .4 8.b 55.0 4.0 0

625 19.0 6,,3 6.0 1 .0 .,~ 4. 1 2.1 2.4 1. U 1. b 1.0 .3 .3 12.3 5S.0 4.0 1" 1702 21.0 0.4 '1.0 0 1 .2 2.0 2'.0 1.8 1.4 1.2 1..1 .5 .5 7.5 LlS.O £1.1 1.5

725 23.7 b.LI 1:'.0 0 1 .2 2,,0 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.3 .6 .6 12.1 £14.0 's.3 1.1.1

806 16'.0 6.7 12.0 2.0 1.2 ~.iJ 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.3 . .0 .6 11.4 £12.0 7.8 3.1

820 14.0 0.5 9.1,) 1.0 1.0 3.1 3.1 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.2 .4 .4 10.9 33.0 .. \,) -u(117 13.3 b.-' 5.0 1.0 1.2 4.0 3.6 2.0 2. 1 1.1 1.1 .4 .Ll 11 • Ll 3b.O -0 -0

1001 9.0 6.3 .3.0 u 1 • ~ 3.6 2.'1 1.9 1.0 1 • 1 1.0 .L1 .4 12.0 37;.0 -u -0

1015 'j.o 0.2 '3.0 0 1 • U 2.4 2.£1 1. 7 1 • 7 1 • 1 1 • 1 .5 .5 ld.l 27.0 -0 -0

1105 4.9 0.2 3.0 3.0 1.6 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.b 1,.2 1.2 .lJ .5 12. t 2 t\ .0 -0 -0

128 -0 6. 1 12.0 -0 1. y 3.~ 3.9 1 • 7 1.7 1.5 1.5 .4 .LI· 16.0 4~. 1 "0 -0

WATER QUALITY DATA FOR SHALLOW INTERFLOW COLLECTORS

D"f.OF

S'''PL~ PH tiC03 ~OQ ,,~, CL. __ 'TEMP TCA DCA TMG OMG TI'olA Dr~A ~ TK' OK Sl

~WIX 123 -0 6.3 J.O 0 1.4 l.I.6 2.3 1.4 .£1 0 0 3.5 1.13 1.8

S~lX 917 -0 6.0 ·7 .. 0 0 .7 2.6 ~.6 .6 .5 0 0 £1.3 0 0

SrilX 1001 -0 -0 -0 0 1.6 5.4 5.4 1.6 1.8 0 0 6,7 0 0

5\~~L 1 61 t -0 5.6 4.0 0 .3 2.0 1.6 .6 .4 0 0 4.2 4.2 0

5nf'4Ll 722 , -0 5.ij 3.6 0 1.0 2.~ 2.0 .7 .2 2.3 0 2.2 2.2 c? • 1

S.-.NL 1 911 -0 5.2 0 1.0 .8 2.9 2.9 .9 .6 0 0 6.5 2.4 1.4

SMJLIUI05 -0 -0 ' .. 0 -0 -0 -0 8.£1 -0 3.9 0 U q.~ '1.2 -uSI'ftJL2 625 -0 5.9 J.O 0 .3 I.e:? 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 • 1 1 .7 -0

S..HK2 806 -0 6.4 i7.0 0 1.2 .s.£1 2.0 .7 .2 2.6 0 3.1 3.1 .4

5/'1NL2 820 -0 -0 "'0 -0 -0 5.2 5.2 .9 .9 0 0 12.3 12.J -0

S"t;L2 123 -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 6.2 3.7 • 7 .2 3.7 0 1.11 1. ~ -0

S,.,NL2 911 -0 4.0 0 0 .7 1.9 1.9 .3 • .3 0 0 4.L1 4.4 0

5";'2X 625 -0 5.4 1• 0 0 .3 .8 .8 -0 0 0 0 .s.u 3.0 -0

Si',2x 723 -0 6.5 2.0 0 1.0 2.2 1• 1 .4 0 0 0 2.~ 2.':> .q

S~12X 820 -0 -0 -0 3.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 .4 .£1 0 0 20.0 20.0 0

S'12X 1001 -0 5.8 1..0 1.3 3.0 4.8 4.0 2.0 1. (:) 0 0 19.b 10.b 0

SIIi3X 625 -0 5.LI litO 1.0 .3 -0 .7 -0 .~ (I 0 ~O 1 • 7 -0

S~'l3X 723 -0 -0 0 0 1.2 2.0 .1. .0 0 1.0 0 1• .3 1 .5 .9

Sr.3X B06 -0 b.LI 2.0 2.0 . 1.b 3.4 1.5 1 .1 .2 1.b 0 2.b 2.0 .'\

S,.,3X ~2l ~O -0 0 0 1.2 -u l.ij -0 .13 0 0 11.4 4 • I~ 2. 1

S"i3X 917 -0 5.8 0 0 .7 -0 4.0 .5 .j 0 0 1. 7 1 • 7 tI

SrlOL 611 -0 5.8 6.2 0 .6 2.5 2.2 • 7 .~ .2 0 LI.! t.l. ! -0

5t\OL 625 -0 4.5 .6 1.0 .3 2.0 2.0 .5 .4 0 0 2.4 i:.'1 -05,10L 722 -0 ~.9 3.0 1.0 1.2 3.2 1.1 .q .2 • 1 .1 2.oS 2.5 2.b

Sl'IOL 8Ub -0 -0 -0 -0 -0 19.b 10.7 2.0 .b 2.8 • 1 LJ.7 4.7 1 • 1

S,."CL 820 -0 5. I 2".0 0 1.2 1. 7 1• 7 .3 .3 0 0 ~.t' 5.4 2. 1

SflJOL q17 -0 5.7 1.0 0 .1 2.0 1.5 .£1 .3 0 0 3.ij .$.ij 0

S ,'j OL 1001 -0 -0 0 -0 -0 4.3 2.B .~ • 7 0 0 b.3 b.5 -u

w , \"'; r!,t 0l4,""( t, D~ ,- i. '\ /

OiT!... ,nF·$A~PlE:.

TEMP PH HC03 S~q " CL TCA DCA TMG DMG TNA DNA TK DK Sl SC

..RSSP 8i:6 -0 6.30 1.00 1:;.80 1.20 1 .. 150 1.20 .40 0 .20 .20 1.40 .60 o 34.00essp 7?3 -0 4.?O 0 ~.no 2,40 1.90 .9/) .20 0 .30 .30 6.80 1.10 .90 52.008SSP S20 -0 ... 0 ~ 0 ~.60 • E:L, .~o .80 -10 .10 10.70 10,70 1.10 1.00 .~o 77.008SSP SnP -0 4.~r; 0 -0 ... /'l .50 .50 dO 0 .20 .20 ~.30 ,90 0 -0

8SSP 5::'7 -0 5.dO 0 ~.20 .10 1.00 -0 .10 0 .20 .20 .30 .30 .30 -0

'SSS!? 6?C:; -0 5.20 0 1 .41) .30 1.30 .70 • 11) 0 0 0 .30 .30 020.00O:;SFI 9j7 -0 4.30 0 ?5o .70 .70 .70 010 0 0 0 .30 0 .90 IId.OO~SS!? 1"1~ -0 5.10 0 ?oo .60 .611 .60 .10 .10 .20 .20 .20 ,20 0 14.00

Q~ 101C:; -0 4.:;2 0 2.00 .30 .31) .30 0 0 .20 .20 ,20 .20 o 49.00Q;: ~ll -0 4.78 0 . ~ .30 1.30 -0 dO 0 1.00 0 .60 .50 0 18.00C? 625 -0 4. Q Cl 0 t.on .30 .80 • -r 0 .10 0 0 0 .50 .40 o ~o.oo

GP 712 "0 -, 0 1 • 0 0 -0 1.00 .80 ·10 0 0 0 .50 .40 0 18.00QP 723 -0 5.00 0 0 .11 1.00 .70 0 0 .10 a .50 '.40 .40 -0GP Br,6 -0 5.'30 0 ~.on 1 .. 20 1.50 1.30 ·.10 0 .60 .50 2.00 2.00 .20 :2.00OP 1001 -0 5.20 0 i?no .30 .40 .40 0 0 .60 ~60 .30 0 o 20.00

- -

HLP 611 -0 5.?O 0 ·Qo .30 1.00 .60 0 0 .20 .10 .::'0 .40 o 18.00HLP 723 -0 -n 0 1 .00 .60 1.10 .60 .~o 0 .70 0 .50 .50 .50 13.00

'.

Sr-.,77 3r,9 -0 4.7~ I) 1. AO -.70 .70 .60 1' 10 0 .20 .20 0 0 0 7.00

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APPENDIX b T-TESTS BETWEEN WATER QUALITY

DATA AT FIX SAMPLING LOCATION AND OTHER SAMPLING LOCATIONS

ON FILSON CREEK

. -'"' I 0- t I r- t (7

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REFERNCES CITED

r, -,:,

;eo.''',1.. '

,:: c..~' ~[,=:thcY" i.r, th'~ l - ,

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l

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,II

,~'.'';. ,J ~;h~, ;'::~teT storage charact,eristics of severa] pC(1tsln sitl,1) "; ..:::i. SDC:. :\~;. ?roc. 28,pp. 433-435.

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... ~., e-::)~ ::rc'y, Andre.... E., and Cleaves, Err.cry T., ] 9G8, ~·:i nc!: ..11-. ~:-': =-:.~:.~ ~ 2ctio:1 During the G~emical \·;eat-hcl~ing of Si licate3 in:. 'l'race

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~ \ .• 1.... ')'1 ..;: -:0, 3 n d I J. ). Jr' A. (' •, - 1'1-'i ' r ~ , .. ~ ,.' . , . 11 ' ,. . rIll :' \' r: 00 2> . I.,

-;- y.; n .:- D [1 t:; :i n [, ::l ~ a 1 TIS, 1'" J • r(~ ~".. ... ' I • \...- -'

:l .- " -..' ......

(~, f{'6r'lS,

~t~

fi, ~ ~::':,.-~::-!:, _,. t:p; B;)f: '~~, L t:-~d.;:f:r, 19G4, Source,,; c,r ~<ir .. r·r;lJ Co~~-

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:2~ :,i-;_\~'~::.::"tl ~:it-,t.C:'·~;i ;-'0": l;:'5-1Tl ,r" Jilt 1'0 Kry;~icr Cilld t,l", D~~; ~~ ~_' [\"':1~:' 1" FoX' ~'-st )~~;p",\J "IJses ?<.n,j-;'t.!"C.,1.fH enviro:nJr.ent... (d c ..~'::':':'~,::;,.,-: l.hj,V~, ~}cho?l 01' ForestrY'i Corvalis, OreGon",

, : ,,:;-,.', ~'::-'~>~'\t H~ L. 1972- lhrL'f'ie:nt budget ora Douglas-Tir fo:re~t.~_.;; :-.ll CX'ir.:-'j,::,-::.n:::.. l ~>.':-).;'.f:r-shed in west(~.:.-n Oregon, p. 115-I.:31 ~

'i': r~'·.:J('p~:cLi.nrs, E~~~.e&7"ch on Coniferous Forest ECo5:fs~emSt t.~~··'·',..'-':"l"" ~~1j :""t>f>'~n Wa'~hington•.... 't (_ ........" A. '-'\.,..1. .. " a .,),,_~.L {(#,,_4\' -

}-' i' : ~" ~ )~, Gbe r t L. I 1 97 4. P t~ t ,~ 0 logy 0 f Sed i ment a r:"r Rock s ; I,lemhi11 'Pub 1 is h in g CO,~~stin} lexas t lB2p4,

(,.-. ~''''

,.", .,. :" ,: i ::::) F.:..:-be.:r:t, .H., 1967, Gene.si'~· of .SQme.Ground' W~ters from IgneoUs Hocks in::::i.';,5-~:arch in. Gt'oGheinistry",,~ohnvliley·,& .Sons, Inc,.. :, New -York, pp. 405-420 ..

Cr' :"":.·,c:'~ I ~~C>b2rt ,H., and Fred T. ~acKenzie3 1567, Origin of the Chernical'Com­~.-;-:;itic;)s of Some Springs and Lakes, in: Eqmlibriu.rn Concepts in Natural: .. ~t.<;;:r S}'st£:!':'..S, Advances in Cheroistl."y S~rj~s 67, Am.. Chc."U. Soc .. I Wash.,

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;'i' ~':!c~!'!l.E".) and' R~H. Hofstetter~1971t Penetration of bog peats and lake -_.'seJiments~by tritium from ~tmosphe~ic fallout.Ecology,vol.52,pp.898-90

, ,

G!:r::J~7'i~-J .. Ca, w~·c. Phinney and P .. W. Weiblen, 1966, Gabbro Lake Quadrangle,L-a,.'t(e Cou..'"lty I l·lll\.nesota." in: l-1innesota Geol .. Survey l-lisc. Map, .!-1-2 ..

;,.I

...

.Green$J.C.,1970, Lower 'Precambrian Tocks of the Gabbro LakeQuadrangle, northeastern Minnesota f Minn •. Geol. Surve¥s.pe c.. -Pub.. SF -13 .-9Bp::.T.' _...

H~~:r:.-tsonJr.\\r. ,1960, Original bedrock composition of Wisconsin till in Cent!.' Indiana: Jour. Sed. Fetrolo~y,vol.30,1).432-446.

D., ·1970" StUdy and interpretation of-the chemical

~~a~act~ristics of natural water:

'W~tcr-SupplY Paper 1~73, 363 p.

u.s. Geological Survey

Iyri~~~~o~ Guide for Minnesota. St. Paul:" ,",", i; Corose rvat i on Se rv i c..e. 1976"

U.s. Department of Agriculture,

£' I," f' F'" r" ':1 a -1 t:J C-',,, '.,. 111"',";1 \._',:/',' "-' j~'c.)r.~,.. '1"1J' u~, , .lsner,Jo .,... If n,~ .,. ~'.

1 ~\: ' < ~';':'19, 1\ \'."):rkir,':j t~~xJ';~l fr:)':.' tr.•::- Variation in Stream l,-latcr Chc:::L-, ;"y':~", ~,\", ;:,l~_''::'3.rd lu:,ook E;;..?-crif:""')n~,al PClr.:..st, New Hat'.pshirc, Water RCSOUl.C6D

r",~::!,<=':" Vol. 5, No.6, fT. lJ6'3~

J.:>,: •.,:;. ;' .. r~':;~,,:;;' ~':. /1 Li k£'ns, G'.:'ne E~, Bormann, F .. H., and Robert S. Pierce, 1962.,r:,:~; (,< :~~n('~'..ical I.\eathcrinq of, Silicate ttincraln in Ne'll Ha.":':pshire, Geoch~

~:4~ <>";r,,,_):..:'::r. l'.::.:ta, Vol. 32.:-. FP·' 531-545 .. ".

,';!!l~Cr~t i~hi I,ip Lv JI 3nd h'8yne T ... S".'ank'.1973,Studles of cation badgersi:-, ttH" southern Appal:-ichi,ans on four experimental watershed ~l thc (. :"t .I' ~: ::; t .i n g ve get a t ion l' !~,-c010 RY , yo 1. 54 .. p p. 70 - 8Q..

L1 k ;.: ~ ~:.• ~c .-] e: ,.E .. , F. H" Bormann. N.. ~ f. J a h I!i son'- 'and R" S.. Pie r eel 96 7_ _ • • ' " • , It

{>L~J.:l;.:,mtf;1agncSlUr.1,patassium, and .sodium-budgets for a small\:': _ .. 1 ":', Ys t em, Ecolo gy , v.a 1.. 4 8, ,pp .. 7 7 2 - 7 85.. '

a

Th~

f(l!'csteJ

~;~Z'::():1~ ~>:.!:iis.,~'1974, Chemical 1-1ass Transfer in'the Rio Tanar:-13. System, ~]cstCf.::~t-,(~l Puerto Rico, Geochimica et Cosraochimica Acta, VoL. 38, PP. 207-/7"1.

c '-~ ~l!7: ) :t .. P.. ~1 9 71, Fun d a!1\e n tal 5 0 f Fe 0 logy, ..3 r d.. e d.. . Phi 1 3 ...1e 1phi a : 11: .. B;,

5 it t,rri:.3e' r s' ·Co,

bort.h?a3~e.rn Hinnesota: 'U.,S. Geological

Re:;~{rr~'Ce$ Investigations 78- S'l • '1.1: p.

R n~1 <Hi r ficial

and, Si~g.e1;~ona l.d._I .• '~,_ ,~191Ji, ,~~p. }).J~$ ~ogra~~ y .-\

geology of the Copper-Nickel study, region

SUl'vel 'V: a ter-

Ma T$c.h;1E'.r~'.,-a·p.d otheTs 51974 , Original Veget at ion 0 f Minne seta, U.. S. Fores tS~.= ry~ce, St. P au1, Minne sot a .

~,H In ~ 1-~ .·H~,nry ;'R J 1962, Sed ~mentary Pet rOf!rai!l'.:.LJ ~'h~v; Yo rk, "1acrrJ \1] en

jH~nnesoi~ ~vdTol0GV Guide (draft). St. Paul: u.s. Departnent of Agriculture.S~n,Co;15e~'~ation Service. December' I, 1976.

MoreY,G.D.) and R.W. Cooper,1976, Hoyt Lakes-Kawishiwi Area, St.Louis~-rni, Lake Counties, Northeastern Hinnesota, Bedrock Geology; ~1inn.,"'Ie'o 1,' Survey, St. Paul.

Pn ,I', ,·'.IIl, n~)L.l1d 1-1., Snli .::;}jr\.cy oJ nrc Kawishiwi area, 1Hnnesota;U .S.D . .:\... , United Sta.tcs Forest. Service, pp .. 8-9..

:-;:, .~' '.\ : t D. I, ;:j nd n .. E. F ". ~ c k s () n , 1 978, IiYd r 0 logy an J g round - ''Ii ate T

'.1 ~ U1 1 i t Y 0 f the. C(,) r' ,'" er - ~! i eke 1 StudY Reg ion, nor t h ~.est e rn i\1inne sot a Ii

:; , :; • Gc ~1. S U TV e y ., WR I 78 - 5.-, in -p-r e S'S"' .pi E r,.1 :J~' , :'::,'1

,0" ,

\ .. ~

:~L~r'k,. .J .. R... 197'7, Surficial geology and ground-'t\Bter geology of the

L~.~jLtitt-Kawishiwi al'ea, northeastern Minnesota: M.§". Thesis, Univ.

i,,j ;:;.consin, 101 p.

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Tr,Oii)th'Ha;te and J. R. Mather. "Instructions and Tables fer ComputingPoter:tinl Evapotranspiration and the 'water 8alance." P:...!bl ications illC1 ir;,c.;tolcov. 10, No.3 (1957).--~.------.....-

Verry, -Efon -So ,19-75, -Streamflo\v c]l(~mJs-tTr C1nc1 nutrient yields fromLtpland-peatland watersheds in Minnesota,Ecology,vol. 56

tpp. 149-15 7 •

wJntworih)C.K.,1922, A scale of grade and class teims for clasticsc:::LtJ~ents,Journal of Geology,vo,l .. 30,pp .. 377-392 ...

Wh itt 1 f~' 1 L.. 1). ,1 96 5, I ~~ : ~\1e 1: hod S 0 f So i 1 l\ n a 1 y sis. : ed .. C.A. Blacl~.

\\"JJI~'l'l' >"1'. c:.~ H. n. C,.)lU'Y, :~nd H .. L .. Young. 1973 .. PCtrogr:qihyand!:LT\,(j~:;·:jfl(]".' of :-..:hdal dl'Ht, I\.1esobi-VerlniHon Iron R3n·.T~~ arC:3.

" '. • C> ..

r/lY:rthco~.;;tcrn ~.1in;rcs::Jw: U .. S .. G .. S. BulL 133]-C, Pp. CI-C4"l.

':'J'S;"l;~; H. .L':"~ Jr .. ~ .lS'·}2b. ()u:ltt;rnary history of l\1,irmesota in Geology' ofr.Tin;lc"~.ot~ (P~ K. Sbll::~ and G.. fl .. I\-lorey, c-ds.): Iv1inn -Grot.. Su.r.:?'pp ~ S1 ::. - 547$

~;~'.':,.::ht.. Ric~-,2ird F~ I 19-;,1 .. Forest r.:irc: Irr.pact on the Hydrolcqy, Chemtstry, an,].' . 1 t. q: r f.- a Inter im Rf'Port J:: )1 T." .

"""..:1 C~r':""""'''''I.'= C,F ;:'''''''l,-.11 Lakes in Nortleas ern l'L..LEne .... -· .... ,~ ..u, .. t-l ....Jt.'\.. ...L H .. j ~ ~~.. ... ~- \0 ....~

t,,~~ GC010rical Survey, Water resou~ces data for Minnesota,

h'- ,:d: e !~ yea r 197 6 : U.. S .. Geological Survey Water-Data

Report MN-76-1, 896 p.

U.S~·Geological Survey, Water resources data for Minnesota,

water year 1977: u.s. Geological Survey Water-Data

Report MN-77-1, in press.

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