DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT DRAFT …dimsur.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/DIPECHOIII_PUBLICATION_TO… · Chapter 1: Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture in Malawi…………………….……52

Housing, Shelter & Basic Infrastructures Resistant to Disasters

in Southern Africa MalawiMozambiqueMadagascar

Prepared under the European CommissionHumanitarian Office (ECHO) through the DisasterPreparedness Programme (DIPECHO)

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IN PROGRESSPag. I, II, III

Aknowledgment

Forward

Acronysms and Abbreviations

DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar /

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Aknowledgements...........................................................................................................................IForward..........................................................................................................................................IIAcronysms and Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………....……IIITable of Contents………………………………………………………………………………….……IV-VIntroduction……………………………………………………………………………………….......……6Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………........…7Definitions………………………………………………………………………………………......……8-9Mapping of Interventions………………………………………………………………………….....10-11 Section 1………………………….……………………………………...................12-511.1 - Disaster Risk Profile of Southern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar)…………….12-191.2 - Architectural Evolution Profile of Southern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar)…20-391.3 - Actual DRR Institutional Framework: Existing Policy and Main Actors (Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar).........................................................................................40-51

Section 2……...………………………………………………………..................52-137Chapter 1: Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture in Malawi…………………….……521_MW_1_ Chikwawa District: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability………………………………………53-541_MW_1.1_Safe Heaven and Flood Resistant Housing………………………………………….…55-561_MW_1.2_Safe Heaven for Community Evacuation…………………………………………….....…571_MW_1.3_Resilient Schools Construction Programme…………………………………………....…58

1_MW_2 _ Karonga District: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile…………………………………59-601_MW_2.1_Low-Cost Housing Reconstruction / Retrofitting…………………………………...…61-621_MW_2.2_Low-Cost Housing Reconstruction & WASH………………………………………......…631_MW_2.3_Education Facilities Reconstruction/Retrofitting………………………………………64-651_MW_2.4_Infrastructures Construction/Retrofitting ....................................................................661_MW_2.5_Karonga Urban Structure Plan 2012...........................................................................67

Chapter 2: Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture in Mozambique……………..........682_MZ_1_ Inhambane Province: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile…………….........................69-702_MZ_1.1_Housing Workshop and Prototype Testing................................................................71-722_MZ_1.2_Cyclone Resistant Kindergarten.....................................................................................732_MZ_1.3_Water Catchment Systems............................................................................................74

2_MZ_2_ Nampula Province: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile………...................................75-762_MZ_2.1_Cyclone Resistant Community Shelters & Housing...................................................77-78

2_MZ_3_ Zambezia Province: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile……………...........................79-802_MZ_3.1_Post-Cyclone Low Cost Housing Reconstruction......................................................81-822_MZ_3.2_Cyclone Resistant Housing Prototypes......................................................................83-84

Table of Contents

/ DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar /IV


2_MZ_4_ Gaza Province: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile…………......................................85-862_MZ_4.1_Elevated School / Safe Heaven.................................................................................87-892_MZ_4.2_Participatory Phisical Planning .....................................................................................902_MZ_4.3_Multi-purpose Community Centre .........................................................................91-92

2_MZ_5_ Tete Province: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile……………....................................93-942_MZ_5.1_Multi-Purpose Elevated Centre.................................................................................95-96

2_MZ_6_ Sofala Province: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile…………..................................97-1002_MZ_6.1_Post-Flood Infrastructures Reconstruction............................................................101-1022_MZ_6.2_Community-Based Schools Construction.............................................................103-104

2_MZ_7_ Manica: Fact Sheet and Vulnerability Profile…………............................................105-1062_MZ_7.1_Trainings on Quake Sound Structures...................................................................107-109

Chapter 3: Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture in Madagascar……......……110-137

Section 3……………………………………………………………...................138-149Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Government Institutions, Donors, Operators in Malawi, Mozambique Madagascar…….............................................................................138-149Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………....…....................150

ANNEXES……………………………………………………………......................................................A_MW_1.1.a/b/c/d/e/f/g_Safe Heaven and Flood Resistant Housing.................................................A_MW_2.1.a/b/c_Low-Cost Housing Reconstruction / Retrofitting...................................................A_MW_2.5.a/b/c_Karonga Urban Structure Plan 2012 ...................................................................

A_MZ_1.1.a/b/c_Housing Workshop and Prototype Testing..............................................................A_MZ_1.2.a_Cyclone Resistant Kindergarten...................................................................................A_MZ_2.1.a/b_Cyclone Resistant Community Shelters & Housing...................................................

A_MZ_3.1.a/b/c_Post-Cyclone Low Cost Housing Reconstruction....................................................A_MZ_4.1.a/b_Elevated School / Safe Heaven..................................................................................A_MZ_4.3.a/b_Multi-purpose Community Centre .........................................................................A_MZ_5.1.a_Multi-Purpose Elevated Centre...................................................................................A_MZ_7.1.a_Trainings on Quake Sound Structures.........................................................................

A_MD_1.1.a/b/c/d/e/f/g………………………………………..

Table of Contents

DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar / V

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IN PROGRESSPag. 6, 7

Methodology

Introduction

/ DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar /

Source: 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction / United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction / Geneva, Switzerland, May 2009Please Note: Vocabulary mentioned above is only an extract of the complete terminology, selected on the basis of the requirements of this documentation work

Adaptation. The adjustment in natural or hu-man systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

Mitigation. The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Capacity Development.The pro-cess by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capacities over time to achieve so-cial and economic goals, including through improvement of knowledge, skills, systems, and institutions.

Disaster risk management. The systematic process of using administrative directives, organiza-tions, and operational skills and capacities to implement strate-gies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.

Early warning system. The set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, commu-nities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibil-ity of harm or loss.

Emergency management. The organization and management of resources and responsibili-ties for addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular pre-paredness, response and initial recovery steps.

Disaster. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, ma-terial, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which ex-ceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

Disaster risk reduction. The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the envi-ronment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.

El Niño-Southern Oscillationphenomenon. A complex interaction of the tropical Pacific Ocean and the global atmosphere that results in irregularly occurring episodes of changed ocean and weather patterns in many parts of the world, often with significant im-pacts over many months, such as altered marine habitats, rain-fall changes, floods, droughts, and changes in storm patterns.

Exposure. People, property, systems, or other ele-ments present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to po-tential losses.

Land-use planning. The process un-dertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and decide on different options for the use of land, including consideration of long term economic, social and environmental objectives and the implications for different communities and interest groups, and the subsequent formulation and promulgation of plans that describe the permitted or acceptable uses.

Building code. A set of ordinances or regu-lations and associated standards intended to control aspects of the design, construction, materials, alteration and occupancy of structures that are necessary to ensure human safety and welfare, including resistance to collapse and damage.

2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction

DefinitionsIII.a

/ DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar 8

Source: 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction / United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction / Geneva, Switzerland, May 2009Please Note: Vocabulary mentioned above is only an extract of the complete terminology, selected on the basis of the requirements of this documentation work

Prevention. The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Recovery. The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.

Response. The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.

Risk. The combination of the probability of anevent and its negative consequences.

Vulnerability. The characteristics and cir-cumstances of a community, system or asset that make it sus-ceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Public awareness. The extent of common knowledge about disaster risks, the factors that lead to disasters and the actions that can be taken individually and collectively to reduce exposure and vulnerability to hazards.

Resilience. The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

Retrofitting. Reinforcement or upgrading of ex-isting structures to become more resistant and resilient to the damaging effects of hazards.

Sustainable development. Development that meets the needs of the present without com-promising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Risk assessment. A methodology to de-termine the nature and extent of risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed people, property, ser-vices, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend.

Natural hazard. Natural process or phe-nomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health im-pacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Preparedness. The knowledge and capaci-ties developed by governments, professional response and re-covery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction

DefinitionsIII.b

DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar / 9

KARONGA / NORTHERN REGIONMW_2.1_Low-Cost Housing Reconstruction / Retrofitting Malawi Red Cross / DFID / 2010 - 2012MW_2.2_Low-Cost Housing Reconstruction & WASH CADECOM; CRS / USAID; OFDA / 2010 - 2011MW_2.3_Education Facilities Reconstruction/Retrofitting World Bank; LDF / 2009 - 2014MW_2.4_Infrastructures Construction/Retrofitting Paladin Energy Limited; LDF / 2010 - 2012MW_2.5_Karonga Urban Structure Plan 2012 UN-Habitat / ECHO / 2012 - 2013

CHIKWAWA / SOUTHERN REGIONMW_1.1_Safe Heaven and Flood Resistant Housing UN-Habitat; Habitat for Humanity / ECHO / 2010 - 2012MW_1.2_Safe Heaven for Community Evacuation Christian Aid; EAM / ECHO / 2010 - 2011 MW_1.3_Resilient Schools Construction Programme DFID / 2003 -2009 / 2008 - 2011

MUTARARA / TETE PROVINCEMZ_5.1_Multi-Purpose Elevated Centre UN-Habitat / ECHO / 2009 - 2013

MANICA / MANICA PROVINCEMZ_7.1_Trainings on Quake Sound Structures UN-Habitat / ECHO / 2010 - 2012

GORONGOSA / CHIBABAVA / MACHANGASOFALA PROVINCE

MZ_6.1_Post-Flood Infrastructures Reconstruction GIZ / BMZ / 2000 - 2002MZ_6.2_Community-Based Schools Construction GIZ / BMZ / 2002 - 2006

CHIBUTO/ CHICUALACUALA /CHOKWEGAZA PROVINCE

MZ_4.1_Elevated School / Safe Heaven UN-Habitat; GoM; MICOA; DINAPOT / GEF; UNEP / 2007 - 2008MZ_4.2_Participatory Phisical Planning UN-Habitat; GoM; MICOA / GEF; UNEP / 2004 - 2007MZ_4.3_Multi-purpose Community Centre and Rainwater Catchment Systems FAO; UNEP; UN-Habitat; UNIDO;UNDP; WFP; INGC; MICOA / Spanish Gov.; UNDP MDG-F / 2008-2013MZ_4.4_Elevated School.........................

MZ_4.5_Elevated Radio..........................

VILANCULOS / FUNHALOURO / HOMOINE / MASSINGA INHAMBANE PROVINCE

MZ_1.1_Housing Workshop and Prototype TestingUN-Habitat / ECHO; UNJPDRR /2008-2010MZ_1.2_Cyclone Resistant Kindergarten UN-Habitat / Associaçao Moçambique Alemanha / 2010-2011MZ_1.3_Water Catchment SystemsInternational Relief and Development / OFDA / 2009-2014

PEBANE / CHINDE ZAMBEZIA PROVINCE

MZ_3.1_Post-Cyclone Low Cost Housing Reconstruction UN-Habitat; CONCERN Worldwide; Samaritan’s Purse International Relief / IOM / 2012MZ_3.2_Cyclone Resistant Housing Prototypes CVM / German Red Cross / 2009 - 2010

ANGOCHE / MOGINCUAL NAMPULA PROVINCE

MZ_2.1_Cyclone Resistant Community Shelters & HousingUN-Habitat - Oikos / ECHO - UNJPDRR / 2010 - 2012

Nampula

Pemba

Lichinga

Blantyre

Tete

Quelimane

Chimoio

Beira

Xai Xai

Maputo

Maxixe

1.11.2

2.12.1

3.13.2

3.1

6.1

7.1

6.1

6.2

5.1

1.1, 1.3

2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5

1.2

1.3

4.3

4.1

4.4

4.5

1.3

1.3

Mzuzu

Lilongwe

CENTRAL REGION

SOUTHERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION

NIASSA

CABO DELGADO

NAMPULA

ZAMBEZIA

TETE

MANICA

SOFALA

INHAMBANE

GAZA

MAPUTO

Please Note: All the interventions documented in Malawi have been coordinated by DoDMA, supported by the responsible national government institution (MLHUD, Ministry of Education) and implemented in close collaboration with the local District Councils, Municipalities and CBO’sPlease Note: All the interventions implemented in Mozambique have been coordinated by INGC, supported by the responsible national government institution (MOPH, MINED, MISAU) and implemented in close collaboration with the local District Councils, Municipalities and CBO’s

Adaptive Architecture Interventions Documented in Malawi and Mozambique

Achievements MapIV.a

/ SECTION 1 - Chapter 1.4: Achievements Map / Adaptive Architecture Interventions Documented in Malawi, Mozambique and Madagascar10

SAMBAVA ANTSIRANANA PROVINCE

MD_6.1_.................................................................. MDM; UN-Habitat / ECHO / ...............................

ANTALA ANTSIRANANA PROVINCE

MD_5.1_.................................................................. CARE; UN-Habitat / ECHO /................................

MAROANTSETRATOAMASINA PROVINCE

MD_4.1_........................................................................ MEDAIR; UN-Habitat / ECHO /.................................

MANANJARY, VOHIPENO, MANAKARA FIANARANTSOA PROVINCE

MD_2.1_Development of construction tools for adaptive architecture solutions resistant to cyclone and flooding UN-Habitat / ECHO / ......................................................MD_2.2_........................................................................UN-Habitat; ICCO/SAF FJKM / ECHO................................

ANTANANARIVOANTANANARIVO PROVINCE

MD_3.1_Development of construction tools for adaptive architecture solutions resistant to cyclone and flooding UN-Habitat / ECHO / ...............................................MD_3.2_Public Infrastructures for Solid Waste Recycling UN-Habitat..............................................................

MORONDAVATOLIARA PROVINCE

MD_1.1_Development of construction tools for adaptive architecture solutions resistant to cyclone and flooding UN-Habitat / ECHO / .....................................................

Antsiranana

Mahajanga

Toamasina

Toliara

Fianarantsoa

Antananarivo

2.1

3.1, 3.2

4.15.1

6.1

2.2

2.1

1.1

2.1

TOLIARA

FIANARANTSOA

ANTANANARIVO

MAHAJANGA

TOAMASINA

ANTSIRANANA

Please Note: All the interventions documented in Madagascar have been coordinated by BNGRC, supported by the responsible national government institution (................) and implemented in close collaboration with the local ...................

ACHIEVEMENTS MAPAdaptive Architecture Interventions Documented in Madagascar

Achievements MapIV.b

DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar /11

SECTION 1Chapter 1

Disaster Risk Profile of Southern Africa

MalawiMozambiqueMadagascar

/ SECTION 1 - Chapter 1.1: Disaster Risk Profile of Southern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar)12DR

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Malawi at a glance 2011

Mozambique at a glance 2011

Madagascar at a glance 2011

Area (in km²) ..................................................................................118,480

Population (millions)............................................................................15.38

Population growth (annual %)................................................................3.2

Urban population (% of total population).................................................16

GDP (current US$ billions) ....................................................................5.62

GDP per capita (current US$)..................................................................365

GDP growth (annual %)..........................................................................4.3

Agriculture (% of GDP)............................................................................30

Area (in km²) ..................................................................................799,380

Population (millions).............................................................................23.93

Population growth (annual %).................................................................2.3

Urban population (% of total population).................................................31

GDP (current US$ billions) ...................................................................12.76

GDP per capita (current US$)..................................................................533

GDP growth (annual %)...........................................................................7.1

Agriculture (% of GDP).............................................................................30

Area (in km²) ...................................................................................587,040

Population (millions).............................................................................21.31

Population growth (annual %).................................................................2.9

Urban population (% of total population)..................................................33

GDP (current US$ billions) .....................................................................9.91

GDP per capita (current US$)...................................................................465

GDP growth (annual %)...........................................................................1.0

Agriculture (% of GDP).............................................................................. -

Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access).........................................................49

Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access).........................................................38

Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)..........................................................21

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) .................................................................10

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) ...............................................................11.3

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) .................................................................0.3

Improved water source, urban (% of urban population with access).........................................................95

Improved water source, urban (% of urban population with access).........................................................77

Improved water source, urban (% of urban population with access)..........................................................74

Maps: GFDRR - Climate Risk and Adaption Country Profiles / 2011Data Sources: The World Bank - 2011

Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar

SUB-REGION: fact sheetR1.1.a

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ExtremeRovuma Basin

Zambezi Basin Shire Basin

Pungoe Basin

Save Basin

LimpopoBasin

IncomatiBasin

Maputo BasinUmbeluzi Basin

BuziBasin

Less than 10

Low

1000 - 21,057,684

Moderate

200 - 1000

Medium

50 - 200

High

10 - 50

MORTALITY RISK INDEXFLOOD RISK (Classes)

DROUGHT Population2010 Exposed (people/year)

FLOODSAbnormally high rainfall (for example, due to tropical cyclones) is the primary cause of flooding, occurring along the ten international river basins (see map) and 7.300 Km of coastlines of the sub-region and af-fecting more than 7.5 million people in the last 20 years1. Many human-induced contributory causes concurr to increase communities’ vulner-ability to floods: land degradation; deforestation of catchment areas; increased population density along riverbanks; poor land use planning, zoning, and control of flood plain development; inadequate drainage, particularly in cities; and inadequate management of discharges from river reservoirs.

DROUGHTDroughts are not sudden events but chronic natural disasters affect-ing the entire sub-region. Linked to climatic phenomena (like El Niño–Southern Oscillation - ENSO)2, these disasters are the end result of long-term degradation of the environment due to deforestation, poor land use and irrational exploitation of natural resources. They occurr every three to four years, increasing dramatically the vulnerability of an already poor population, concerning food security and livelihoods. Droughts affected globally more than 35 millions people in the three countries during 20 years3. Only Mozambique registered 100,000 casu-alties during the 1981 drought3.

Map: Global Risk Data Platform © 2012 UNEP / UNISDR


Photo: 2000 Floods in Chokwe /Centro de Documentação e For-

macão Fotográfica - Mozambique

1EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database / www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium2 ICSU Regional Office for Africa / SCIENCE PLAN / Natural and Human-induced Hazards and Disasters in sub-Saharan Africa - September 20073 PreventionWeb.net / UNISDR

Photo: UN-Habitat -Mozambique

Floods, Drought

SUB-REGION: HazardsR1.1.b


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EARTHQUAKESas detected by ANSS (magnitude)

TROPICAL CYCLONES WIND INTENSITY (SS Cat)

EARTHQUAKESFootprint (MMI Cat)

CYCLONES AND STRONG WINDSTypically, 12 cyclones occur annually in the southwestern Indian Ocean1, generated between latitudes 5° and 20° when sea temperatures are sufficiently warm, and capable of annihilating coastal areas through sustained winds with speeds of 250 km/h or higher, through heavy rainfall and storm surges that cause the ocean level to rise by as much as 10 metres. The coastline of South-East Africa is often affected by these phenomena, being Madagascar the most vulnerable country in the sub-region, followed by Mozambique, with globally more than 1,400 casualties, 7,1 millions people affected and 1,6 billions USD eco-nomic damages during the last 20 years2 in both countries.

EARTHQUAKESMalawi and Mozambique stretch at south of the Eastern African Rift, the boundary between two plates in separation, thus creating an ac-tive fault zone. Devastating earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6 occur almost annually in the East African Rift1. Recent events include the 2006 Mozambican M7.5 earthquake, one of the largest ever re-corded in southern Africa, killing 4 people, injuring 27, and damaging more than160 buildings1. 1989 Malawian M6.1 earthquake in Salima killed 9 people and affected over 50,000, and the four Karonga earth-quakes killed 4 people and affected about 145,4363.



1 ICSU Regional Office for Africa / SCIENCE PLAN / Natural and Human-induced Hazards and Disasters in sub-Saharan Africa - September 20072EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database / www.em-dat.net - Université Catholique de Louvain - Brussels - Belgium2 Report of the USGS/OFDA Earthquake Disaster Assistance Team (EDAT) “Post-Earthquake Site Visit to Karonga, Malawi” - January 2010

Photo: UN-Habitat - Zambezia Province, Mozambique

Photo: UN-Habitat - Manica Province, Mozambique

Cyclones, Earthquakes

SUB-REGION: HazardsR1.1.c


Natural Hazards at a glance

Malawi is particularly prone to adverse climate hazards including dry spells, seasonal droughts, intense rainfall, riverine floods, flash floods and earthquakes.Droughts and dry spells in Malawi cause on average about 1 percent annual GDP loss. The six drought episodes occurring in 29 years (1979-2008) killed about 500 people and affected 19.7 million people1.Floods in Malawi cause on average about 0.7 percent annual GDP loss1.The 23 flooding events occurring in 29 years (1979-2008) killed about 581 people and affected 1.9 million people1.Damage from the two earthquakes that occurred over the last 30 years (1979-2009) cost about USD 28 million in Salima (1989), and about USD 13.6 million in Karonga (2009)2.Climate variability and climate change will increase the incidence of drought and floods, in frequency, intensity and magnitude over the next twenty years.

NATURAL HAZARDS OCCURRENCE REPORTED / 1980-2010

PERCENTAGE OF KILLED PEOPLE BY DISASTER TYPE / 1980 - 2010

PERCENTAGE OF AFFECTED PEOPLE BY DISASTER TYPE / 1980 - 2010

ECONOMICAL LOSSES BY DISASTER TYPE / 1980 - 2010

Extreme

120Km 240Km0

Low

Moderate

Medium

High

MORTALITY RISK INDEXMULTIPLE RISK (Classes)

Natural Disasters from 1980 - 2010

N° of events:....................................................................................47

N° of people killed:......................................................................2,775

Average killed per year:....................................................................90

N° of people affected:........................................................21,731,581

Average affected per year: ......................................................701,019

Economic Damage (US$ X 1,000):.............................................59,789

Economic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):..................................1,929

Map: Global Risk Data Platform © 2012 UNEP / UNISDR Source: PreventionWeb.net / UNISDR

Source: PreventionWeb.net / UNISDR

1 “Malawi : Situation Analysis of Disaster Risk Management Programmes and Practice” - Final report - November 2008 – WB/GFDRR Track II/ E. Rowena Hay and M. Alexander.2 Report of the USGS/OFDA Earthquake Disaster Assistance Team (EDAT) “Post-Earthquake Site Visit to Karonga, Malawi” - January 2010

RISK PROFILE - MalawiR1.1.d

Natural Disasters Occurrence, Human and Economical Exposure


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Mozambique ranks third amongst the African countries most exposed to risks from multiple weather-related hazards, suffering from periodic floods, cyclones droughts and earthquakes. As much as 25 percent of the population is at risk from natural hazards1.Droughts occur primarily in the Southern and Central regions, with a frequency of 7 in 10 and 4 in 10 years, respectively1. Floods occur every 2-3 years along major river basins and low coastal plains: the risk is highest in the central and southern region1.More than 60 percent of Mozambique’s population lives in coastal areas, and is therefore highly vulnerable to cyclones and storms, specially in the central and northern part1.Climate change will increase extreme weather patterns: future models predict a 25% increase in magnitude of large flood peaks in the major river basins1.





Extreme

250Km 500Km0

Low

Moderate

Medium

High



N° of events:.....................................................................................75

N° of people killed:..................................................................104,840

Average killed per year:................................................................3,382

N° of people affected:.........................................................23,317,164


Economic Damage (US$ X 1,000):...........................................802,650

Economic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):................................25,892



1 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery - GFDRR Secretariat - Disaster Risk Management Programs for Priority Countries /Summary 2009

RISK PROFILE - MozambiqueR1.1.e Natural Disasters Occurrence, Human and Economical Exposure



From 1980 to 2010, 53 natural hazards - including, droughts, earthquakes, epidemics, floods, cyclones, and extreme temperatures - affected Madagascar and caused economic damages of over 1 billion USD1.Cyclones: Madagascar has one of the highest cyclone risks among African countries, with an average of 3-4 cyclones affecting the country every year1, specially in the northeastern and southwestern coastlines.Between 1980 and 2009,5 major droughts occurred with large implications on agriculture and food security1. Floods and Storms: Over 30 floods or heavy rainfall events affected Madagascar in the past 30 years1, killing hundreds of people and affecting thousands.Sea level rise: coastal erosion caused by sea level rise was measured in 1997 between 5.71 and 6.54 meters, and is projected to increase exponentially by 21001.





Extreme

250Km 500Km0

Low

Moderate

Medium

High



N° of events:.....................................................................................53

N° of people killed:......................................................................3,887

Average killed per year:...................................................................125

N° of people affected:...........................................................8,855,003


Economic Damage (US$ X 1,000):.........................................1,702,881

Economic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000):.................................54,932



1 Madagascar: Climate Risk and Adaptation Country Profile - April 2011/ GFDRR

R1.1.f

RISK PROFILE - MadagascarNatural Disasters Occurrence, Human and Economical Exposure


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Photo: 2000 Floods in Chokwe / Centro de Documentação e Formacão Fotográfica - Mozambique


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SECTION 1Chapter 2

Architectural Evolution Profile of Southern Africa


/ SECTION 1 - Chapter 2 : Architectural Evolution Profile of Southern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar)20


PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION AT NATIONAL LEVEL OF DWELLING UNITS

BY TYPE OF ROOFING MATERIALS (2008)


BY TYPE OF WALL MATERIALS (2008)

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER (2008)

HABITAT CONDITIONS AT NATIONAL LEVEL

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF TOILET FACILITY USED (2008)


BY TYPE OF FLOOR MATERIALS (2008)

Grass Thatch: 70%

Fired Bricks: 38 %

Wood/Bricks: 2%

Cob: 20%

Cement: 1%

Rammed Earth: 74%

Piped

Insid

e/Outs

ide DU

System

Absent

Flush

Toile

ts

Pit La

trine

Venti

lated

Impro

ved Pi

t Latr

ine

Commun

al Sta

nd Pi

pe

Boreh

ole Well

Sprin

g

River/

Strea

m/Dam/La

ke

Cement: 20%

Other: 4%

Adobe: 38%

Stems/Canes/Barks: 1%

Wood/Planks: 1%Others: 1%

Iron Sheets: 29%

Tiles: 0,5% Others: 0,5%

NORTHERN REGION

CENTRAL REGION

SOUTHERN REGION

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION SYSTEM (Improved Pit Latrine, Flush Toilets)

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER (Piped, Communal Stand Pipe/Pump, Well, Borehole)

%

%

73%

69%

79%

4%

4%

5%

Data Source: Malawi National Statistical Office - 2008 Population and Housing Census

Habitat - MalawiFACT SHEET: Building Environment / Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

R1.2.a


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THE VILLAGE PATTERNIn rural areas, extended families live together, mai-nyl outdoor, in a compound of several huts, typically thatch-roofed, mud-brick dwellings with one or two rooms. A compound also includes a kitchen hut, a borehole or well, a nkhokwe (a structure for storing grain), and perhaps an enclosure for livestock. The fam-ily’s fields are located nearby. The houses look clustered in a linear way along the main foot or vehicle paths.Housing vernacular round shape with conical roof has been replaced by square/rectangular shapes, result of colonial influence. In most rural areas, round shaped structures are now relegated to kitchens and pit la-trines. The evolution affected house shapes, house us-age - hence design and materials usage.

Average household size in the Northern Region is 5.2, Central Region 4.7 and Southern Region 4.4. Concern-ing housing dwellings size, about four out of five of the dwelling units had only one room used for sleeping, specially in rural areas.The 2008 Popoulation and Housing Census classified a housing unit as traditional if it is built with both thatched roof and mud walls. On the other hand, a house is classified as permanent if the house or block is generally built using modern or durable facilities. A semi-permanent house is the one that has generally been built using modern and partial lasting materials. The percentage distribution of dwelling units by state of permanency has changed considerably since1998 to 2008: traditional houses decreased from 65.8% to 44.4% while permanent ones increasing from 15.8% to 21.4% and semi-permanent from 18.4% to 34.8%. This means that over 20 years 20% of the building en-vironment has substituted mud floor and walls with cement screed and fired bricks masonry, replacing the thatch roof with metal panels coating. Almost half of the households in Malawi (48.3%) used borehole as a main source drinking water in 2008 while only 13.4% used the same source in 1987. Concerning sanitation systems, Traditional pit latrine is still the main toilet facility used in Malawi. The use of the facility has in-creased from 64 percent in 1998 to 81 percent in 2008. Traditional pit latrine is the most common type of toilet facility used by both rural and urban areas1.

Habitat - MalawiTransition In Rural Settlements Planning

R1.2.a


Drawing: Njolomole Village / Mike Polela

1Malawi National Statistical Office - 2008 Population and Housing Census Drawing: Part of Sadzu Village, Salima / Mike Polela Drawing Source: Southern Arica Regional Conference on Construction for Development / The Malawi Board of Architects and Quantity Surveyor

Drawing: Evolution of Housing Models / Mike Polela


...THROUGH COLONIAL INFLUENCES...British colonialism has introduced in Malawi the use offired red bricks, used as main structure for walls ma-sonry. In contemporary urban environment, the 44% of building walls are made in fired bricks, while the 53% use unburnt bricks. Only the 20% of the built asset isstill using mud, and mainly in the rural areas. The co-lonial houses and missionary buildings were character-ized by rectangular or square structures, often double storeys. Regular and paced windows and doors werereinforced by concrete lintels. The high pitch roofs were covered with corrugated iron sheets. On the high pla-teau of Zomba town, in the Southern Region, it is still possible to admire a wide repertoire of original British architecture.

FROM VERNACULAR BUILDINGS....Traditional houses are generally of wattle and dub dwellings, widespread throughout Malawi. The bui-dling materials are: soil, obtained from the building site; wooden poles in different sizes depending in areas of use – for uprights or for bracing; where bamboos are available, they are used for bracing; ropes from spe-cial twigs or from sisal; grass for thatch roof. The main vulnerability resides in the shallow foundation and the roof slope which is not compatible with the grass roof-ing material, allowing rain water to stagnate and pen-etrate in the almost flat thatched roof. While lacking durability, these dwellings, being light and flexible were largely undamaged by 2009 Karonga earthquake.

...TO CONTEMPORARY LOCAL HOUSING MODELSThe introduction of brick-making, tinned roofs and the associated building tools changed the vernacular dwelling construction process to a “modern” building process. The vernacular round shape that was suitable to fight strong winds was given up to the square/rect-angular shapes that required proper orientation to fight the strong winds. At the low-income end of brick con-struction chain, houses are built with un-burnt molded bricks (zidina) and mud mortar. Where there are suf-ficient resources, bricks are burnt using locally sourced firewood: this increases deforestation if construction activities are not accompanied by replanting programs. Houses are generally constructed over a period of time, as families gain the resources to purchase the required materials.Generally, to economise on the use of bricks, single brick thick walls are often built, with weak bonds at corners and no reinforcement of ring beams. The position and size of windows and doors, weak sections of the structure, doesn’t take into account seismic resis-tance or winds performances. The foundations are not enough deeply laid under the ground level, to increasemechanical stability, and not enough elevated above that level, to protect the house from dump rising and water flooding. The roof structure is not reinforced with bracing systems and the two-slopes are not enough in-clined to guarantee rain water outflowing and wind resistance: hence, tarpaulin ‘damp’ proof membranes, instead of being used for foundations, now find their-way in thatched roofs of square or rectangular houses.

Habitat - MalawiHousing - Building Types Evolution

R1.2.c


Photo: UN-Habitat / Vernacular House, Karonga District, Northern Region

Photo: Colonial Building, Livingstonia

Photo: UN/Habitat / Contemporary Urban Housing Models, Karonga District, Northern Region

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EDUCATION INFRASTRUCTURESThe education sector is actually regulated in Malawi by the National Education Sector Plan (2008-2017) and the Education Sector Implementation Plan (2009-2013). School structures welcome an average of 500 pupils, and are composed by a series of 2/3 classrooms blocks with concrete floor, fired bricks, cement blocks or stabilized blocks masonry, wooden roof structure and corrugated metal sheets coating. A common problem is overcrowding.DFID has been supporting the Malawi Ministry of Education since 1995 to transform condi-tions at hundred of schools as part of its support to the education sector (ESSP)1. Construction has been carried out by small and medium sized local contractors, taking into account natural environment risks factors.

HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURES Accessibility and lack of electricity in remote areas are the major problems in terms of health services in Ma-lawi, 60% of which are under the Ministry of Health, 37% under the Christian Health Association in Malawi (CHAM), while the remaining 3% is owned by private institutions. The Health Sector Strategic Plan (2011-2016) 1st objective is to increase coverage of Essential Health Package interventions, by constructing health fa-cilities to allow the majority of Malawians to live within an 8 kilometres radius of a health facility2. One of the implementation strategies mentioned in the plan is to strengthen the response to disasters and emergencies specifically related to water, sanitation and hygiene.

Habitat - MalawiPublic Facilities - Building Types

R1.2.d


Photo: UN-Habitat, Mlodza School, Lilongwe

Photo: UN-Habitat, Mlodza School, Lilongwe

Photo: UN-Habitat, Makhira Health Centre, Chikwawa District / Staff House built with Stabilized Soil Blocks

Photo: UN-Habitat, Makhira Health Centre, Chikwawa District1Ibid: MW 1.3 / Resilient Schools / Education Sector Support Programmme2Malawi Health Sector Strategic Plan 2011- 2016 / Ministry of Health / Malawi Government;


Liko

ma

50

NSANJE DISTRICTmore than 60,000 families displacedmore than 300,000 people affectedmore than 15,000 houses destroyed

since 1970 to today

CHIKWAWA DISTRICTmore than 85,000 families displacedmore than 400,000 people affectedmore than 16,000 houses destroyed

since 1970 to today

ZOMBA DISTRICTmore than 40,000 families displacedmore than 200,000 people affectedmore than 6,000 houses destroyed

since 1970 to today

KARONGA DISTRICTmore than 160,000 families displacedmore than 800,000 people affectedmore than 21,000 houses destroyed

since 1970 to today

4540

FREQUENCY (*= Districts including adaptive architecture interventions documented in this publication)

353025201510050

Kasu

ngu

Chira

dzul

u

Ntc

hisi

Dow

a

Nen

o

Thyo

lo

Chiti

pa

Mch

inji

Dedz

a

Bala

ka

Mw

anza

Mzim

ba

Phal

omba

Khot

a-ko

ta

Rum

phi

Salim

a

Nkh

ata-

bay

Ntc

heu

Mac

hing

a

*Chk

waw

a

Nsa

nje

Zom

ba

*Kar

onga

Lilo

ngw

e

Man

goch

i

Blan

tyre

Mul

anje

NUMBER OF RECORDED DISASTERS SINCE 1946 PER DISTRICT

RELEVANT DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES INCREASING VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL DISASTERS:

Data Source: National Profile of Disasters in Malawi / DoDMA

Data Source: DoDMA

Site selection regardless of environmental risk factors

Building orientation regardless of prevailing winds exposition

Ractangular/squared building shape not aerodynamic

Foundation depth insufficient to reach a firm bearing ground

Absence of proper reinforced foundation system (plynth beam)

Insufficient elevation of foundation system Absence of damp proof solutions for foundation system

Absence of stabilization for unburnt bricks

Absence of retaining systems (bracing) for walls

Absence of reinforcing framework (lintels) for openings

Frail connections between roof structure and walls

Asence of ring beams at wall plate level

Absence of bracing elements for roofReduced wooden element connections for roof structure

Bad quality wood used for primary/ secondary roof structure

Reduced roof covering thickness and bad assembling

Absence of eaves to protect underlying walls

Bad performing roof shape (2 slopes)

Bad performing roof inclination (less than 30°)

Habitat - MalawiBuilt Environment Vulnerability

R1.2.e


Photo: 2009 Karonga Earthquake damaged dyke lets in flood water / DoDMA

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AFT / SECTION 1 - Chapter 2 : Architectural Evolution Profile of Southern Africa (Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar)26

Photo: UN-Habitat, Community constructed drain, Jana Village

Photo: UN-Habitat, Bridge Inundated even in normal times, Chikwawa District


HABITAT CONDITIONS AT NATIONAL LEVEL

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER (Piped, Communal Stand Pipe/Pump, Well, Borehole)

%

%

37%

31%

47%

74%

78%

18%

NORTHERN REGION

CENTRAL REGION

SOUTHERN REGION

Grass Thatch: 74%

Iron Sheets: 24%

Cement: 1,5% Others: 0,5%


BY TYPE OF ROOFING MATERIALS (2008)


BY TYPE OF WALL MATERIALS (2008)


BY TYPE OF FLOOR MATERIALS (2008)

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO MAIN SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER (2008)

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF TOILET FACILITY USED (2008)

Cob: 38 %

Cement: 1%

Adobe: 38%

Stems/Canes/Barks: 1%

Fired Bricks: 1% Wood/Planck: 1%

Wood/Planks: 15%

Rammed Earth: 42%Adobe: 12%

Cement: 12%

Tiles/Bricks 11%

Piped

Insid

e/Outs

ide DU

System

Absent

Flush

Toile

ts

Pit La

trine

VIP La

trine

Commun

al Sta

nd Pi

pe Well

Sprin

g

River/

Strea

m/Dam/La

keOthe

rs

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION SYSTEM (Improved Pit Latrine, Flush Toilets)

Data Source: INE (2007). Resultados definitivos do censo 2007; INE/MISAU - MOÇAMBIQUE: Inquérito Demográfico e de Saúde 2011

Habitat - MozambiqueFACT SHEET: Building Environment / Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

R1.2.f


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...AND SWAHILI TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS...In the northern regions of Mozambique, the cylindrical houses have been replaced, starting from the mid-nine-teenth century, by rectangular houses with hipped roof derived from Swahili traditions, originally confined to few towns along the coast. It’s based on an articulated squared plan, with a sorrounding varanda, bouded by wooden posts, constituting the main support for the roof structure. The palm leaves roof coating is very typi-cal. It is a well-characterized constructive model, which, because of its shape and the placement on the outside of the plot toward the street, it is very well adapted to the urban environment, so that up to now it’s the most diffused housing type in the towns of the north.

FROM “PALHOTAS” TO “CANIÇO HOUSES”...The portugese/mozambican word “palhota”refers to the traditional cylindrical house made with wooden poles structure covered with earth and vegetal conic roof. In the Southern Mozambique, this vernacular model has been substituted, in colonial times, by rect-angular houses, whose walls and roofs were made by bandles of reeds (“caniço” in portoguese). The “caniço house”, easier and even cheaper to realize than the round palhotas, has been, up to recent times, not the only but surely the most diffused housing model in the urban suburbs. Composed by one unique space, with shallow foundations and frail vegetal connectionthis vegetal house is spontaneously implemented by the family itself, with no help by skilled manlabor.

...TO CONTEMPORARY URBAN HOUSINGToday the traditional “caniço” house has been replaced almost everywhere by constructions made ofmasonry walls (fired bricks or concrete blocks), covered with metal sheets, implemented by small and micro informal building companies. In some cases, the masonry infill is supported by a concrete structure made of beams and pillars. The volumetric complexity of the different house spaces, each identified with a distinct roof slope, is the ever-recurring element in these new types and can be justified undoubtedly for reasons of construction easi-ness: anyway it probably also refers to an ancient Af-rican conception to which the wealth and importance of the house owner was identified by the number of building spaces, formerly separated, that composed it.

...THROUGH COLONIAL MODELS...If it is true that in the long run the models and con-struction techniques derived by European architecture influenced the local construction techniques in Mo-zambique, at the beginning of the twentieth century was instead the colonial architecture to be influenced deliberately or unconsciously by the traditional African architecture. Thus, in Mozambican coastal towns like Beira it is possible to find many examples of colonial buildings, which demonstrate the influence of the swa-hili housing models as concerns the planimetric and spatial distribution, but that, at the same time, use materials, technology and decorations clearly deriving from the European heritage.

Habitat - MozambiqueHousing - Building Types

R1.2.g


Photo: UN-Habitat, Vernacular Houses, Manica Province

Photo: UN-Habitat, Swahili House Model, Pebane District, Zambezia Province

Photo: Colonial Building, Beira, Sofala Province

Photo: Urban Model House, Manica Province


CONVENTIONAL, INFORMAL, IMPROVEDIn Mozambique there are three types of education infrastructures: conventional schools, informal spon-taneous schools and the so called “improved con-structions”. The conventional schools are built by the Government, specifically it’s the Directorate of Planning and Cooperation of the Ministry of Education (DIPLAC / MINED) to be responsible for the designing and con-struction supervising of the education infrastructures. Conventional schools are built using mostly reinforced concrete pillar-beam structures, cement blocks for the walls infill, cement screed for the floor and wooden roof structure covered with metal corrugated panels. They generally don’t include any reinforment measures for natural disasters vulnerbility reduction.

Conventional schools are generally composed by one or more two/three classrooms buildings, latrines blocks, administration block, and sometimes by few teacher houses. Given the insufficient number of conventional schools and the overcrowding of the classrooms, the local communities generally join their efforts to collect enough local construction materials to build one or two informal spontaneous classrooms: these structures are made with wattle and dub walls and a wooden roof, covered with thatch. Almost every conventional school is accompanied by an informal block on its side, sharing the same external yard: anyway spontaneous constructions in Mozambique are only dedicated to primary level instruction, while all the secondary level infrastructures are only conventional and heavily insuf-ficient in number.

Habitat - MozambiqueEducation Infrastrctures - Building Types

R1.2.h


Photo: UN/Habitat / Students of primary school, Pebane District, Zambezia Province

Drawing: MINED - Ministry of Education / Conventional School Block: three classrooms and administration block

Photo: UN/Habitat / Conventional School Model, Pebane District, Zambezia Province

Photo: UN-Habitat / Informal school block built by the community with local materials, Pebane District, Zambezia Province

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Niassa

Cabo D

elgad

o

Nampu

la

Zambe

zia Tete

Manica

Sofal

a

Inham

bane

InhaG

aza

Maputo

Prov

ince

Maputo

City

SCHOOL BUILDINGS IMPLEMENTED IN THE PERIOD 2004 - 2012

EDUCATION LEVEL

PRIMARY (age: 6 -10 / 11 - 12) 9806

296

55

17

11470

492

73

-

14644

789

145

38

150%

260%

263%

223%

SECUNDARY (age: 13 - 15/ 16 - 18)

TECHNICAL/PROFESSIONAL (age: 11 - 12 / 13 - 15 / 16 - 18)

SUPERIOR (age: after 18)

2004 2007 2011 2004/2011 NUMBER OF SCHOOLS GROWTH

EVOLUTION OF SCHOLAR INFRASTRUCTURES DISTRIBUTION / EDUCATION LEVEL:

LAST TEN YEARS DEVELOPMENTMozambique greatly expanded its education system since joining EFA FTI in 2003 with primary school en-rolment soaring from 3.3 million to 5.3 million1. The existing regulatory system at that time was the Strate-gical Plan for Culture and Education (PEEC 1999/2005), that, as the following editions 2006/2011 and actual 2012/2016, had the primary objective to increase the access of population to all levels of education: building education infrastructures was one strategy. In 2005 it was launched the fast-track construction programme for low-cost schools built with community participa-tions (Programa de construção acelerada de infra-es-truturas escolares de baixo custo: so called “improved schools”, see previous page).

Since 2005 to 2010, under this programme, 4,601 classrooms have been built, including administrative blocks and 773 teachers houses2. Mozambique quali-fied for a grant of US$ 90 million to build more class-rooms, earmark direct support to schools and provide many more text books. The new FTI financing for Mo-zambique will be pooled among bilateral donors and includes a US$ 41 million credit from the World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA)1. Accord-ing with the National Coordinator of the Fast-Track Construction Programme more 1070 classrooms will be built. UN-Habitat is working with the World Bank and Ministry of Education in a project named Safer Schools: the main goal is to revise the actual building regulation to integrate it by including adaptive architecture mea-sures aimed to reduce school buildings vulnerability to natural disasters.

Habitat - MozambiqueEducation Infrastructures - Coverage and Access

R1.2.i


Source: Directorate of Planning and Cooperation of the Ministry of Education (DIPLAC / MINED)

Source: Plano Estratégico da Educação 2012-2016 / MINED)

1 The Education for All - Fast Track Initiative (EFA FTI);2 UNICEF: Pobreza Infantil e Disparidades, Chapter 4;

Photo: UN-Habitat / School built under the Fast-Track Construction Initiative , Pebane District, Zambezia Province


Niassa

C. Delg

ado

Nampu

la

Zambe

zia

Tete

Manica

Sofal

aInh

amba

ne

InhaG

aza

Maputo

P.

Maputo

C.

TotalHEALTH SERVICE LEVEL

3° - 4° 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 3 8 10 5 5 8

142 107 197 200 97 90 147

0 0 1 0 0 0 0

144 111 207 211 103 96 156

1

8

106

0

115

1

8

118

0

127

0 1 10

6 4 66

78 32 1314

0 1 2

84 38 1,392

2°

1° (Rural)

Other

Total

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH UNITS / HEALTH SERVICE LEVEL PROVINCES

LAST TEN YEARS DEVELOPMENTThe health sector in Mozambique started to be regu-lated in 2000 with the first Strategic Plan for the Health Sector (PESS I / 2000 - 2005): the first, as the second (PESS II / 2006 - 2012) and the actual edition (PESS III / 2013 - 2018) of the plan aim to gradually imrpove the health state of the population, by facilitating, among others, the geographical access of communities to health infrastructures. The national helath system is or-ganized according with 4 different levels. The primary level includes the Health Posts at urban and rural level and provide basic medical assistance: these infrastruc-tures represent the first contact between population and health services provision. The secondary level in represented by the Rural and General District Hospitals, assisting the patients that couldn’t be helped at prima-ry level. The tertiary level is composed by the Province Hospitals, being the reference for the patients not cur-able at secondary level. The Central National Specialized Hospitals constitute the quaternary level, most impor-tant reference for patients in severe conditions. In 2004 the geographic distribution of health infrastructures consisted in 1,210 units. In 2011 the National Health System can count 1,392 public health infrastructures. This data reports just 11% growth in the number of health infrastructures during 6 years, almost all of them beloning to the primary level The Ministry of Health es-timates that in 2010 less than 60% of the population had access to basic health services and lived in a radius of 10km from the nearest health post1.

Up to today the highest number of Health Units per capita is observed in Maputo, and almost all the avail-able bed of the entire health sector are located in the two major hospitals of Maputo and Beira. The most populated Provinces of Nampula and Zambezia have the lowest number of Health Units1. The main barrier for improvement of population health state in Mozam-bique is still the difficult access due to long distances between health services and communities. The respon-sible for health units project designing and construc-tion supervision is the Directorate of Planning and Co-operation of the Ministry of Health: at the moment the only measure adopted to reduce buildings vulnerability to natural disasters is to operate an approapriate site selection for the building location.

Habitat - MozambiqueHealth Infrastructures - Assistance Level and Coverage

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Source: Relatório Da Revisão Do Sector De Saúde / DIPLAC, USAID, Health System 2, Confederazione Svizzera, WHO, World Bank,September 2012

1Relatório Da Revisão Do Sector De Saúde / DIPLAC, USAID, Health System 2, Confederazione Svizzera, WHO, World Bank / September 2012

Photo: GIZ / Health Post in Tronga, Sofala Province

Photo: GIZ / Health Post in Mucheve, Sofala Province

Photo: MISAU / Health Posts Drawing Models

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SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PER DISTRICT OF HOUSES DESTROYED / DAMAGED SINCE 1980 - 2012

RELEVANT DEFECTS IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES INCREASING VULNERABILITY TO: FLOODS CYCLONES EARTHQUAKES

DISTRIBUTION IN TIME (1980 - 2012) OF HOUSES DESTROYED / DAMAGED AT NATIONAL LEVEL

DISTRIBUTION PER DISASTER OF HOUSES DESTROYED / DAMAGED AT NATIONAL LEVEL

> 6492

1498 - 6492

570 - 1498

188 - 570

63 - 1880 - 63

Cyclone 50%

Floods 32%Storms 5%

Flash Flood 5%Rains 1%

Strong Winds1%Tropical Depressions 1%Other 2%

148,966

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

2012

118,966

88,966

58,966

28,966

Data Source: DESINVENTAR - Natural Disasters Database / UNHCR, UNDP, INGC

Absence of proper reinforced foundation system

Absence of stabilization or compaction for wall filling materials

Absence of retaining systems (bracing) for walls

No closing systems or reinforcing framework (lintels) for openings

Bad mixture soil components for adobe blocks/rammed earth walls

Frail connections between roof structure and walls

Reduced wooden element dimensions / connections for roof structure

Bad quality wooden elements used for primary/ secondary roof structure

No drying system for wooden elements

Absence of bracing elements for roof

Reduced roof covering thickness and bad assembling

Absence of eaves to protect underlying walls

Bad performing roof shape (2 slopes)

Building regulations in Mozambique refer only to conventional construction technologies: traditional buildings, made in local vegetal materials, being the vast majority of the human settlements , are not ruled by any building regulation.

Photo: UN-Habitat - Zambezia Province, Mozambique Photo: UN-Habitat - Zambezia Province, Mozambique

Habitat - MozambiqueBuilding Environment Vulnerability

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IN PROGRESSPag. 33-39

Habitat - MadagascarFACT SHEET: Building Environment / Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

R1.2.f


SECTION 1Chapter 3

Actual DRR Institutional Framework: Existing Policy and Main Actors


/ SECTION 1 - Chapter 3 : Actual DRR Institutional Framework: Existing Policy and Main Actors (Malawi, Mozambique, Madagascar)40

GLOBAL FRAMEWORKThe HFA, adopted in 2005 in Japan, provides a global strategic roadmap to disaster risk reduction. The HFA is a global blueprint for disaster risk reduc-tion with the goal to substantially reduce disaster losses in lives, and in the social, economic, and environmental assets of communities and countries by 2015. The framework offers guiding principles, priorities for action, and practical means for achieving disaster resilience for vulnerable communities. It clearly emphasizes that concerted international cooperation is required to provide the knowledge, capacities and incentives for DRR (UNISDR, 2007).The GFDRR is a partnership of the World Bank, United Nations Interna-tional Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), and international donors to support the implementation of the HFA. The World Bank on behalf of the participating donors and other partnering stakeholders manages GFDRR. It provides technical and financial assistance to highrisk, low- and middle-income countries to mainstream disaster reduction in national development strategies. It offers technical assistance in disaster response, recovery, and reconstruction. GFDRR further anchors a broad knowledge source and pro-vides technical expertise and specialists to various topics from risk financ-ing to PDNAs. In Sub-Saharan Africa, GFDRR has funded various initiatives under three financing tracks: i) Track I supports UNISDR regional processes to leverage resources to implement the HFA; ii) Track II supports the main-streaming of disaster risk reduction into national policy and strategy devel-opment, including pilot national and subnational initiatives; Track III sup-ports damage and loss assessment as well as recovery from disasters.UNISDR is the UN agency facilitating the implementation of the HFA and fostering policy dialogues on DRR and recovery. UNISDR aims to build di-saster resilient communities by promoting increased awareness of the im-portance of disaster reduction as an integral component of sustainable development, with the goal of reducing human, social, economic, and en-vironmental losses due to natural hazards and related technological and environmental disasters. It fosters international cooperation and programs DRR and has launched several global campaigns such as the Making Cities Resilient. UNISDR has a regional program for Africa that coordinates disaster risk reduction activities across the continent. It strengthens policy dialogues with national governments, the AU, and other regional institutions1.

REGIONAL INITIATIVES AND COOPERATION The AU (African Union) is the intergovernmental organization that represents all African countries, except Morocco. The AU’s New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), an economic development program adopted in 2001, recognizes that natural and hu-man induced disasters put development at large at risk. The AU has recognized that institutional frameworks, risk identification, knowl-edge ma agement, governance, and emergency response are critical to the DRR agenda (African Union, 2004). The AU established an overarching Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction to address these issues. The objectives of the strategy are guided towards facilitating dialogues and fostering political commitment to DRR. The strategy has the following core objectives for DRR: 1.Increase political commitment to DRR/ 2.Improve identification and assessment of disaster risks/ 3.Enhance knowledge management/ 4.Increase public awareness/ 5.Improve governance of DRR institutions/ 6.Integrate DRR into emergency response management.Moving forward with this strategy, a Programme of Action for the Implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for DRR was launched at the first and second regional platform meetings. The AU and UNISDR twice organized these regional platform consulta-tions on DRR in preparation for the Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2007 and 2009. The Programme of Action provides a matrix of action for national governments, RECs, and the AU, as well as specialized agencies and civil society organizations. It was agreed to provide bi-annual reports to measure the progress made with respect to the strategy and HFA (African Union/UNISDR, 2009). Africa’s RECs (Regional Economic Communities) are key partners for the implementation of the strategy1. Among them: the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), including the Union of Comoros, France (Réunion), Madagascar, Maurice, and Seychelles, works toward objectives such as institutional reinforcement, knowledge improvement, capacity building, rebuilding and rehabilitating solutions, in-creasingly taking into account Disaster Preparadness and Disaster Risk Reduction; the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), recognizing the importance of DRR, has taken concrete steps to ensure that it is effectively mainstreamed into national policies by establishing a DRR Unit in July 2008, within the SADC Directorate of the Organ on Politics, Defense and Security Affairs. The deci-sion was endorsed during the SADC Summit Heads of State and Governments in August 2008 and acknowledged for implementation and resource allocation in January 2009. The SADC DRR Unit, supported by SADC DRR Technical Committee, has the responsibility to coordinate and provide regional leadership on disaster risk reduction, mitigation, preparedness and related management activities2.

THE HYOGO FRAME OF ACTION1

Three strategic goals:

1) More effective integration of disaster risk consider-ation into sustainable development policies, planning and programming at all levels, with a special emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction; 2) Development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels, in particularat the community level, to methodically contribute to building resilience to hazards;3) Systematic incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the design and implementation of emergency preparedness, response and recovery programs in the reconstruction of affected communities;

Five priorities for action:

HFA 1: Ensure that DRR is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation

HFA 2: Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning

HFA 3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

HFA 4: Reduce the underlying risk factors

HFA 5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels

DRR Framework - Global / Regional /NationalR1.3.a


1 Report on the status of Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa / November 2010 / World Bank - GFDRR2 ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program / Support the Establishment of a Technical Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa / EU, ACP, GFDRR

OVERVIEW OF GFDRR PROJECTS IN THE SUB-REGION AND THEIR PRIMARY (P) FOCUS AND SECONDARY (S) FOCUS OF ACTIVITY3

Regarding the UN system and the humanitarian partners such as international NGOs, a Regional Inter-Agency Coordination and Sup-port Office (RIACSO) was established in 2002 in Johannesburg covering southern Africa, and is chaired by UNOCHA. The RIACSO provides support to strategic planning, assessment and monitoring of crisis situations and coordination for emergency response. It has a functional partnership with the SADC, in particular by playing an important role in the strengthening of networks such as the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNET) and the Southern Africa Regional Climate Outlook Forum (SARCOF). Hence the standard modus operandi of the RIACSO is mainly on supporting preparedness and early warning across the region through annual plans which match the yearly meteorological cycles1. UN-Habitat is in the process to facilitate the establishment of a Sub-Regional Technical Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa (DIMSUR) with the financial support of the European Commission Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (ECHO) through its disaster preparedness programme. This centre should initially provide support to the countries of the southeastern region of Africa to build the resilience of communities to disasters and to the effects of climate change through a number of activities, maximising the use of existing technical capacities and learning from existing practices and on-going actions in the region2. The World Bank’s activities in DRR in Sub-Saharan Africa focus on the following areas: 1.Facilitate disaster risk and vulnerability assessments across sectors; strengthen early warning and monitoring sys-tems/ 2.Foster awareness, and support policy, and institutional building for DRM/ 3.Invest in risk mitigation and reduction of underlying risk factors/ 4.Support new preparedness, contingency, and catastrophic risk financing instruments/ 5.Improve emergency response and preparedness; assist in post-disaster situations3. The Southern African region is vibrant with initiatives from the Academic sector: among them, the Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Communities and Livelihoods Programme implemented by the University of Cape Town (now transferred to the University of Stellenbosch), South Africa, also acts as a facilitator for the inter-university Peri Peri U project which supports ten universities throughout Africa (two of which are respectively in Mozambique and Madagascar) to promote a DRR agenda. In Madagascar, the disaster management course (supported by UNDP) graduates 40 students a year, including members of the national institutions of disaster prevention and management. The African Centre for Disaster Studies, in the North-West University at Potchefstroom (SA) focuses on the development of knowledge tools and offers postgraduate education courses1.

NATIONAL INITIATIVES AND PLATFORMSNational governments and national disaster risk management authorities are central to implementing DRR in the broader development agenda. In recent years a number of countries have strengthened their national DRM authorities and formulated national policies, strategies and action plans. The institutional arrangements of DRR agencies are very diverse across the Sub-Saharan Africa region. Na-tional authorities are typically established under various ministries, including the ministries of the interior, defense, agriculture, and local government. DRM policies and frameworks are increasingly being revised to shift from an ex-post paradigm to an ex-ante approach to DRR. The institutional framework of the DRM agencies can often determine how strong national authorities are in coordinating between national ministries, UN organizations, international development partners, and NGOs. Multi-stakeholder platforms of several ministries, UN agencies, and NGOs to enhance cooperation in DRR had already been established in several countries before the launch of National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction. Since 2007, several more have been initiated with the support of UNISDR. National platforms are a useful instrument to foster cooperation among ministries, agencies, donors, NGOs, and civil society organizations. A National Platform for DRR should be the coordination mechanism for mainstreaming DRR into development policies, planning and programs in line with the implementation of the HFA. In some countries national platforms have not yet been established due to lack of resources, limited capacities, institutional structures or legal foundation3. While in Malawi a DRM national platform has been just launched this year, in Mozambique civil society organizations, national finance and planning institutions, key economic and development sector organizations are rep-resented in the national platform. In Madagascar the National Platform, composed of 7 commissions (Health, Logistics/Infrastructure, Information, Education, Communication, Agriculture, Science) takes part in the development of all matters concerning DRR

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Mainstreaming CCA and DRM into Economic Development


1 ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program / Support the Establishment of a Technical Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa / EU, ACP, GFDRR2Focus on Mozambique: a decade experimenting disaster and risk reduction strategies in Mozambique / UN-Habitat / 20123 Report on the status of Disaster Risk Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa / November 2010 / World Bank - GFDRR

Photo: UN-Habitat

CABINET

Line Of Communication To All Drm Structures From VillageTo Cabinet Level And The President

National Disaster Preparednessand Relief Committee

National Disaster Preparednessand Relief Technical Committee

Depertment of Disaster Management Affairs

Technical Sub-Committees

District Executive Committees

District Civil Protection Committees

Area Civil Protection Committees

Village Civil Protection Committees

Agriculture and Food Security

Health and Nutrition

Water andSanitation

Assessment

Transport and Logistics Shelter and CampManagement

Early Warning

STRATEGIESThe 2009-2011 HFA progress report for Malawi has noticed an increased knowledge, coordination and communication concerning DRR among government and non-governmental organizations personnel and communities. In fact, the Department of Disaster Man-agement Affairs (DoDMA), established at the level of the Office of the President, has been conducting DRR capacity building-programs for personnel in key line ministries and district assemblies through training ses-sions and workshops1. UNDP-Malawi and the Govern-ment of Malawi have co-signed an action plan known as the 2008-2011 Country Programme Action Plan (CPAP), in which they address the enhancement of di-saster risk reduction programs and emergency manage-ment systems and practices in Malawi. Pending the de-velopment of this DRM Policy, Government of Malawi through DoDMA developed a National Disaster Risk Reduction Framework (DRRF) for 2010-2015 and an Operational Guideline (OG) for DRM were designed in 2009, providing common strategic direction to gov-ernment and non-government stakeholders2. Although disaster risk reduction is a stated priority for Malawi, comprehensive implementation of major initiatives re-mains limited. The main weaknesses are due to the lack of a systematic and comprehensive DRR strategy, the weakness of technical leadership for DRR, and finally the lack of resources to support implementation1.

DRM INTO POLICY PAPERS: NATIONAL LEGISLATION1

Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act / 1991: it was passed in consequence of the Phalombe flash flood and included i) the creation of Office of Commissioner for Disaster Preparedness, Relief and Rehabilitation, ii) the institution of the National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee, iii) the outlining of the process by which the president can declare a state of disaster, iv) the establishment of a fund for disaster preparedness, v) the establishment of a local disaster response mechanism creating a regional and community level disaster response system.

A National Disaster Management Plan exists since 1997 and a National Disaster Management Policy is actually under preparation.

The Malawi Growth and Development Plan / 2006-2011 included disaster risk management and climate change adaptation under Theme 2.

National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) / 2006 : is the main guiding document that Malawi Government has developed on Climate Change, under the leadership of the Ministry of Mines, Natural Resources and Environment, and launched by the State President in 2008. The NAPA identified five priority activities to address Malawi’s urgent adaptation needs to climate change and extreme weather events for vulnerable communities.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL PLATFORMThe National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee (NDPRC), attached to the Office of the President and Cabinet, is the highest-level decision-making body for directing and coordinating DRM in Malawi. It is chaired by the Chief Secretary, comprising Principal Secretaries of line Ministries, and is responsible for: providing recommendations on disaster declarations; formulating and updating the national disaster risk manage-ment policy and mobilizing resources for its implementation; submitting reports to the President on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and post-disaster activities; and managing recovery initiatives.Established through the Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act of 1991, Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA) is the Govern-ment of Malawi’s agency responsible for coordinating and directing the implementation of disaster risk management programmes in the country in order to improve and safeguard the quality of life of vulnerable communities affected by disasters. Although DoDMA was initially formed to focus on disaster response and preparedness, its mandate now covers the entire DRM cycle, including DRR. DoDMA is responsible for ensuring that al stake-holders adhere to DRR principles; coordinating resource mobilization for DRR programmes; overseeing early recovery needs assessment and recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities; and coordinating action at and between national and district Levels3.Technical Committees were established to provide support to DoDMA for the coordination of DRM activities. DRM structures are also decentral-ized and include district, area and village Civil Protection Committees (CPC). A DRM National Platform has been just launched in 2013 and it is actually operational2.

DRR Framework - Malawiinstitutional Framework

MW1.3.b


Source: Phiri et al. 2008 / Malawi DRR Situation Analysis

1 ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program / Support the Establishment of a Technical Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa / EU, ACP, GFDRR2Disaster Risk Management in Malawi - Country Note 2010 / Country Program Update 2013 / GFDRR3Draft Operational Guidelines for Disaster Risk Management” – August 2009 – DoDMA/UNDP

KEY PARTNERS AND COORDINATION

GLOBAL: Global DRR Platform / Global Facility for Di-saster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) / Global Envi-ronment Facility (GEF); REGIONAL: the African Union (AU); African Develop-ment Bank (AfDB); SADC DRR Platform;NATIONAL: DODMA, Ministy of Land, Habitation and Urban Development (MLHUD), Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security; Civil Protection;INTERNATIONAL: UNDP; FAO; WFP; UNICEF; WHO, World Bank, UN-Habitat, IFRC, UNISDR, The United Na-tions Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF);

Local Faith Based Organisations (Fbos):Blantyre Synod Development Commission; Church Ac-tion In Relief And Development; Christian Aid Of Mala-wi; Catholic Relief Services (Crs); Evangelical Association Of Malawi (EAM); CADECOM;

Local Non Governmental Organisation:NASFAM; Malawi Enterprise Zones Association; the As-sociation For Rural Community Development (Arcod);

International Non Governmental Organisations:World Vision, Action Aid, CARE Malawi; CONCERN Uni-versal/Worldwide; COOPI; Oxfam; Malawi Red Cross So-ciety; Action Aid; GOAL Malawi; Plan international; Save the Children; World Vision; Council for Nongovernmen-tal Organizations in Malawi (CONGOMA);

International donor organisations: DFID; Irish Aid; Norwegian Embassy; USAID; DIPECHO; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR); World Bank;

Assists the Government in: developing national DRM policies, mainstreaming disaster risk re-duction planning processes, capacity building for DRM and response, risk assessment and EWS

Through the Enhancing Community Resilience program, the three countries support: (i) small-scale river level monitoring systems; (ii) community-based early warning systems; (iii) small-scale flood mitigation measures; (iv) catchment improvement; and (v) community grain banks.

The following activities are being implemented: (i) community-based EWS; (ii) small-scale flood mitigation measures; (iii) catchment improvement; and (iv) activities focusing on livelihoods.

The AfDB supports the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) in its funding for Climate Adaptation for Rural Livelihoods and Agriculture.

The World Food Programme (WFP) provides assistance to people suffering from the effects of natural disasters, HIV and AIDS.

The Shire River Basin Management Program, the National Water Development Project, Social Action Fund 3 Project, Agricultural Development Project, Malawi Education Infrastructure Proj-ect are just some of the activities the WB is developing to reduce vulnerability in Malawi

SYNERGIES BETWEEN STAKEHOLDERS2

UNDP

Ireland, Norway and UK (DFID)

EU (ECHO)

AfDB

WFP

World Bank

NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FRAMEWORK (DRRF) / 2010-20151:

1) DRR is mainstreamed into policy, strategy, programme and annual planning and their implementation at all levels2) An effective system in place to identify, monitor and assess risk (na-tional and cross-boundary)3) An effective and national early warning system is strengthened.4) Underlying risk factors are systematically identified and addressed5) Disaster preparedness capacity strengthened for effective response6) Knowledge, education and innovation are used to promote cul-ture of safety and exploration of resilient technologies

TOWARDS SAFER HUMAN SETTLEMENTS: UN-Habitat UN-Habitat is supporting the Government of Malawi, local authorities and other partners in working towards safer and resilient human settle-ments. With funding from ECHO and the ONE UN Fund, UN-Habitat is promoting the “living with floods” approach: it consists of reinforcing disaster preparedness capacities of local communities and authorities and implementing small-scale adaptation solutions through the adap-tive architecture and construction of dwelling houses and public build-ings which could serve as a refuge in case of floods and as a social facility in normal times. The approach has been actually endorsed in the Sustainable Shire River Basin Management Programme (funded by WB). UN-Habitat has also supported the Government of Malawi to elaborate and disseminate the “Safe House Construction Guidelines”developed as a key component of of the shelter recovery programme in the af-termath of the Karonga earthquake. This has been done in partner-ship with the Malawi Red Cross Society, TEVETA, Malawi Institution of Engineers, CCOODE, and the World Bank. Also as part of the recov-ery efforts, UN-Habitat has supported the formulation of a new ur-ban structure plan for Karonga that has been developed to guide the development of Karonga town in the next 10 years, cognisant of the disaster risk management challenges the town faces. UN-Habita is also working with urban local authorities and urban planners through the Malawi Institute of Physical Planners (MIPP) in strenghtening capacities for mainstreaming disasters risk management in urban planning.

DRR Framework - MalawiMain Actors and Synergies

MW1.3.c


Photo: UN-Habitat, Vernacular Houses, Manica Province

1MALAWI DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION RESEARCH FOR CORDAID - Final Report / LIlongwe / 20102MALAWI: Country Programme Update 2013 / GFDRR

Project Name Indicative Budget / Time Frame Donors / Partners

COUNTRY PROGRAMMING AND FINANCINGDRR programmes in Malawi have been aligned to the HFA, following six priority areas: 1) Mainstreaming disaster risk management into sustainable development; 2) Establishment of a comprehensive system for disaster risk identification, assessment and monitoring; 3) Development and strengthening of a people-centred early warning system; 4) Promotion of a culture of safety and adoption of resilience-enhancing interventions; 5) Reduction of underlying risks; 6) Strengthening preparedness capacity for effective response and recovery. A number of projects on DRR have been implemented with support from cooperating partners, including: (i) a post-floods early recovery initiative which aimed at building resilience of affected households; (ii) a DRR mainstreaming project which targeted flood mitigation; and (iii) the DRR policy project which aims at strengthening capacity for effective coordination and implementation of DRR. Malawi is being increasingly involved in DRR regional initiatives, as demonstrated with its continued support in establishing a DRR and CCA Technical Centre in Southern Africa, the Shire-Zambezi River Basin Project and the Songwe River Basin Project.

Malawi Third Social Action Fund (MASAF 3) APL II (LDF Mechanism)

II National Water Development Project

The Shire River Basin Management project

Mainstreaming Disaster Reduction for Sustainable Poverty Reduction: Malawi

Disaster Risk Management in the Sub-Saharan Africa Region

Disaster Risk Management in Malawi Country Plan - Phase I

Disaster Risk Management in Malawi Country Plan - Phase II

Phase 1 of an Activity to Support National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

Karonga Earthquake Post-Disaster Support

Disaster risk management in Africa - strategic framework, good practice, communication

Community Resilience to Natural Disasters and Climate Risks

Building Community Resilience to Climate Change

Community based Disaster Risk Reduction Projects

One UN Disaster Risk Reduction Programme

Enhancing National and Local Capacity in Disaster Risk Reduction in Malawi

Community-based disaster Mitigation and Preparedness project

Disaster Risk Management project

DIPECHO’s support to Disaster Risk Reduction (through NGOs) – Phase 1,2,

Disaster Management Programme

Disaster Risk Reduction Project design

Malawi Climate Change Programme

Support for Victims of Storms and Floods

Zambezi River Basin Initiative project / Flood Early Warning and Mitigation project

Drought Mitigation through Irrigation Promotion and Conservation Agriculture Extension Project

914.000 USD2006 / 2010

300.000 USD2007-active

1,027,847 USD2011 - 20121.000.000 USD2012 - 2013

395,000 2008-active

200.000 USD2008-2011

122.901 USD2008-2011

GFDRR (Track II) / Government of Malawi




(GFDRR Track II) / Government of Malawi

GFDRR / Government of Malawi / Malawi Red Cross Society / UN-HABITAT

(GFDRR Track II) / Government of Malawi

DFID-World Bank- Norway Aid-Irish Aid

ECHO / UN-Habitat - COOPI - FAO - Habitat for Humanity - Christian Aid - GOAL

DFID/ Christian Aid - Action Aid - CARE

DFID - CHASe / Christian Aid, Action Aid/Tear fund UN (through mainly UNDP, but also WFP/UNICEF/ UNHabitat/FAO/UNRCO)

UNDP

DfID / River of Life Evangelical Church / Tear Fund UK)

CORDAID/CADECOM

IFRC/ICRC/Finnish Red Cross

DFID / NGOs

DFID / NGOs

DFID / NGOs and emergency aid

USAID-OFDA / IFRC / WMO

USAID-CARE

51 million USD2008 / 2014

198 million USD 2007 / 2012

70 million USD 2011 / 2016

3.4 million USD 2011 / 2016

10 million USD 4 years2,551,260 EU2008-2011

2,551,260 EU2006-201024.7 million USD2009-2011

660,250 USD2008-2011431,580 USD2006-2010

1.5 million USD2008-20101.4 million USD2009-2010

125,000 £ 2009-active300,000 £ 2009-20111.2 million USD2008-active1.5 million USD 2009-active

1.5 million USD 2009-active

World Bank / Government of Malawi / Ministry of Finance / NGO’s / CBO’s

World Bank / Government of Malawi


MAJOR COMPLETED / ONGOING PROJECTS BY MULTILATERAL DONOR ORGANIZATIONS IN MALAWI

DRR Framework - MalawiCompleted / On-going Projects

MW1.3.d


1975

1980War/Drought

1999

2006

MDG

Independence

Reactive (Logistic): Procurement and distribution

of suppliers (food)Coordination/Humanitarian Agencies

Prevention (Short Term Plan): Contingency Plan in State Budget

PARPA II:Poverty

Reduction Action Plan

(2006-2009)

Master Plan for Preven-tion and Mitigation

(2006-2009)Complementary to PARPA II

CCPCCNDPCCNunder

Foreign Affairs Ministry

CCGCINGCstill

Foreign Affairs Ministry

INGCIn the

State Administration Ministry

Historical Summary of DRM development in Mozambique

STRATEGIES1

Master Plan for Disaster Prevention was produced in 1999 and updated in 2006, giving specific responsi-bilities to the different sectors. It focuses on:1) community participation and self-esteem as the cen-tral strategy; 2) the establishment of multi-purpose resource centers (Centros de Recursos de Uso Múltiplo – CERUM) in dif-ferent locations of the country for information man-agement, technological innovation, disaster monitor-ing and exchange of experiences; 3) the integration of disaster management concepts into the formal education system;4) a greater participation of the civil society; 5) a re-defined role of National Disaster Management Institute (Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades – INGC) with increased competencies to carry out its DRR coordination functions; Annual Contingency Plans are prepared before each rainy season in a coordinated group effort including Government, United Nations (UN) Agencies and NGOs, to delineate strategies for coping mainly with floods, droughts and cyclones.They make provisions for early warning systems, evacuation routes and temporary ac-commodation centers, inventory and pre-positioning existing means and additional resources needed for re-sponse and mitigation.

DRM INTO POLICY PAPERS: NATIONAL LEGISLATION1

National Disaster Management Policy/1999: focuses on disaster prevention and preparedness, and seeks for their integration within the overall development framework of the country; includes the institution of 588 local committees called Comités Locais de Gestão de Risco de Calamidades (CLGRC) distributed all over the country. It is currently being reformulated into a Disaster Management Law.5-years Development Plan of the Government (Plano de Acção para a Redução de Pobreza Absoluta- PARPA; I Edition 2001/2005, II Edition 2006/2009 ): Incorporate DRR making links between poverty, disaster and vulnerability.National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA): regarding climate change this plan exists and is regularly updated

“Study on the Impact of Climate Change on Disaster Risk in Mozambique: Synthesis Report”/ INGC / 2009:The National Institute for Natural Disaster Management, funded by Denmark,UNDP and GTZ, produced in 2008 a major report analyzing the poten-tial impact of climate change on Mozambique over the next 50 years.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL PLATFORM2

The National Council for Disaster Management Coordination (Conselho Coordenador de Gestão das Calamidades – CCGC): in-cluding several ministries, is the highest political body dealing with disaster-related issues in Mozambique. Its mandate is: to ensure multi-sectoral coordination for disaster prevention, assistance to the victims and rehabilitation of damaged infrastructures;Technical Council for Disaster Management (Conselho Técnico de Gestão de Calamidades - CTGC): it regroups technical staff from the concerned departments of the different Ministries represented in the CCGC, as well as partners from the UN system. Its mandate is: to assist the CCGC in deciding about strategical measures for prevention, mitigation, response and rehabilitation;The National Disaster Management Institute (Instituto de Gestão de Calamidades – INGC), under the Ministry of State Administration (Minstério da Administração Estatal – MAE), coordinates the CTGC and reports to the CCGC. Its mandate is: i) to coordinate disaster prevention and mitigation activities; ii) to lead the government’s response to emergencies; iii) deal with arid and semi-arid areas, reconstruction and resettlement. It works very much as a knowledge and reference center, providing free access to its products in the web. The structures of INGC go down to the 3 re-gions (Southern, Central and Northern Mozambique) and 11 Provinces both politically and technically: inter-sectoral technical committees for disaster management organized at the provincial level dealing with CLGRC; Ministry for Environmental Affairs (MICOA): it is responsible for coordinating action under climate change adaptation and coordination; it oversees the implementation of the National Adaptation Plan.

DRR Framework - Mozambiqueinstitutional Framework

R1.3.e


Source: www.preventionweb.net

1 ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program / Support the Establishment of a Technical Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa / EU, ACP, GFDRR2Disaster Risk Management Programs For Priority Countries / Africa / Mozambique - World Bank

COUNCIL OF MINISTERIES

MAE

INGC

PROVINCES INAM

WATER

AGRICULTURE

ENVIRONMENT

HEALTH

HABITATION / URBANIZ.

FIRE BRIGATE

DEFENCE

ROAD ADMINISTRATION

MINERAL RESOURCES

INDUSTRY / COMMERCE

DISTRICTS

ADMINISTRATIVE POSTS

UN, NGO’s,Donors and

Others

TECHNICAL COUNCILS

COORDINATOR COUNCILOF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DRM Instituional Framework


GLOBAL: Global DRR Platform / Global Facility for Di-saster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) / Global Envi-ronment Facility (GEF); REGIONAL: the African Union (AU); African Develop-ment Bank (AfDB); SADC DRR Platform;NATIONAL: INGC / MAE (Ministry of Statal Administra-tion); Ministry of Environmental Affairs (MICOA); Min-istry of Habitation and Public Infrastructures (MOPH); Ministry of Education (MINED); Ministry of Health ( MI-SAU); Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG); Civil Protection;INTERNATIONAL: UNDP; FAO; WFP; UNICEF; WHO; World Bank; UN-Habitat; IFRC; UNISDR; World Meteo-rological Organization (WMO); The United Nations De-velopment Assistance Framework (UNDAF 2012/2015 to support the Government’s Five Years Plan 2010/2014); GIZ (German Cooperation);

Local Non Governmental Organisation: Mozambi-can Red Cross (CVM);

International Non Governmental Organisations:Oikos; German Agroaction; Concern; Samaritans Purse; ADRA; Save the Children; Oxfam GB and Oxfam Inter-mon; IFRC;

International donor organisations: DIPECHO; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR - funding 5.05 million USD for DRM Programme 2010/2015); World Bank; USAID; DFID; German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ); International Organization for Migration (IOM); Government of Japan, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, Den-mark, Brazil;

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: UN-Habitat UN-HABITAT in Mozambique has been promoting since 2002 the“living with floods” strategy to reduce the vulnerability of com-munities living in flood prone areas of the country. Different types of didactic and awareness-raising tools were produced, such as the colorful manual associated with a cards game, the “River Game”, as well as several posters and a short cartoon animation. These materials provide basic concepts of community-based disaster response, preparedness, mitigation and adaptation solutions, and have been tested and disseminated at the international level. Other illustrated didactic tools were produced for coping with cyclones, drought and (more recently) earthquakes. In addition, still under its DRR agenda, UN-HABITAT in Mozambique has a recognized field experience in carrying out participatory planning at the local level (for which specific guidelines were developed), municipal capacity development activities, risk mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), shelter cluster coordination for floods and cyclones and land management. Several physical interventions have been also carried out through direct community involvement in both urban and rural settlements, with aim at reducing vulnerability to floods, cyclones and drought. For cyclone-prone areas, UN-HABITAT has identified suitable low-cost housing construction techniques and a number of architectural models were designed, built using ferro-cement roofing. Finally, UN-HABITAT has also support a number of DRR assessments and studies which have led to the formulation of sustainable recovery and reconstruction strategies, currently influencing policy-making.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE: Mozambican Red Cross / CVMCVM was established by law in as an institution of public utility (law 87/99 of 23/11/1999) and therefore has an officially recognized aux-iliary role to aid the Government of the Republic of Mozambique in the humanitarian field and is considered an integral part of the com-bined Disaster Management instruments in Mozambique. Through the responsibilities entrusted to us by the GoM, including its Disaster Management and Civil protection agencies, and the trust placed in us by the UN system as Cluster leader and member, CVM is the primary humanitarian actor in emergency response situation and defines its mandate:to improve the living conditions of the most vulnerable popu-lation groups, through preventing and alleviating human suffering; to execute its auxiliary role to the utmost throughout the territory of Mo-zambique; to consolidate and build on its knowledge and experience2

PREPAREDNESS AND EARLY WARNING: GIZ166 countries adopted the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2005 which highlights early warning as one of the major elements of disaster risk reduction. For 6 years, the GTZ has been a partner of INGC for DRM projects in Mozambique and has supported a South-South cooperation with Latin-America, where the first early-warning system had already been implemented. In cooperation with Munich Re Foundation, IP-Consult and Ambero, the system has been transferred to Mozambique where strategies have been adapted to the corresponding circumstanc-es. Experiences within the best practice model Búzi, called SIDPABB4, have shown that early warning system on the long term becomes part of local society adaptation strategies to the consequences of climate change. The EWS has been integrated in a national structure of emer-gency through COEs5, which are Centres of Emergency Operation1.

DRR Framework - MozambiqueMain Actors and Synergies

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Source: Disaster Risk Management Programs For Priority Countries / Africa / Mozambique - World Bank

1 Mozambique: Disaster Risk Reduction as the Basis for Climate Change Adaptation – A Multi-Level Project of German-Mozambican Development Cooperation / GIZ / 20112Source: CVM

CONTINGENCY PLAN 120 million USD

INVESTMENTS ACTIVITIES60 million USD

RESETTLEMENTS ACTIVITIES 160 million USD

GOODS & SERVICES 20 million USD

OPERATIONAL & MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 20 million USD

Percentage Distribution of Funds dedicated to DRM within the National Budget 2012

MAJOR COMPLETED / ONGOING PROJECTS BY MULTILATERAL DONOR ORGANIZATIONS IN MOZAMBIQUEProject Name Indicative Budget /Time Frame Donors / Partners

COUNTRY PROGRAMMING AND FINANCINGDue to its levels of vulnerability to various natural hazards, disaster risk assessment and profiling is a continuous activity in Mozambique. It is carried out by different actors such as government entities (especially INGC and MICOA), NGOs, UN Agencies and cooperating partners. The current Economic and Social Plan of Mozambique still does not include DRR as a priority activity since it appears as a cross-cutting is-sue. However there is an increased financial effort regarding DRM since the allocation for the Contingency Plan (120 million Meticais; 1 USD corresponds to approximately 28 Meticais) which are readily available in case of need. The national budget for 2012 is 163 billion Meticais, of which 60.5% were generated internally and 39.5% come from direct budget support of cooperating partners. The DRR sector will receive this year 375 million Meticais (corresponding to only 0.23% of the national budget) which are distributed as follows1:

Slum Upgrading and Vulnerability Reduction in Flood Prone Cities in Mozambique

UN Joint Programme for Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction and EmergencyPreparedness

UN Joint Programme on Environment Mainstreaming and Adaptation to ClimateChange

Climate Risk Management Technical Assistance Support Project

Institutionalising Disaster Prevention in Mozambique (PRO-GRC) Institutionalising Disaster Prevention in Mozambique (PRO-GRC II)

DIPECHO Programmes I / II (Disaster Preparedness ECHO)

Mainstreaming Disaster Reduction for Sustainable Poverty Reduction

Safe Schools Project

Cities and Climate Change Project

Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) – Mozambique Case Study

Mozambique Strategic Programme under CIFs’ Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR)

Disaster Risk Management Program - Phase I

Impact of Climate Change on Disaster Risk Study

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Mechanisms in Policy, Developmentand Investment Framework in Mozambique

Coping with Drought and Climate Change

Strengthening national capacities and frameworks for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation

Sustainable Land Use Planning for Integrated Land and Water Management for Disaster Preparedness and Vulnerability Reduction in the Limpopo River Basin (Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe)

615.000 USD2002 / 2004

4,1 million USD2008 / 2011


2.75 million USD2008 / 2009

3.9 million USD2007/2009 - 2010/2012

3.5 million EU2008/2010 - 2010/2011

914.000 USD2006/2011

220.000 USD2010/2015

120 million USD2012/2018

800.000 USD2010

1.5 million USD2009/2011

1.5 million USD2010/2015

0.5 million USD2009

2.98 million USD2009 / 2011

1.89 million USD2008 / 2011


970.000 USD2004 / 2007

Cities Alliance / UNDPUN-Habitat

UNDP/ UNISDR / One-UN Fund / AustralianAidINGC / MAE / UN-Habitat

Spanish Gov. / UNDP MDG-FINGC/MICOA/FAO/UNEP/UN-Habitat/UNIDO/UNDP/WFP

UNDP executed by Asian Disasters Preparedness Center

BMZ / Munich Re FoundationGIZ / INGC / IP-Consult and Ambero

ECHO / UN-Habitat, COOPI, FAO, Oikos,OXFAM, Concern,German Agro Action

GFDRR Track II ( World Bank)Government of Mozambique / INGC

GFDRR ( World Bank)UN-Habitat/MINED

International Development Association (IDA) World Bank / MAE / MOPH / MICOA / ANAMM / 20 Mu-nicipalities / UN-Habitat

DFID / NetherlandsWorld Bank (WB)

World BankWB/African Development Bank/ International Finance Corporation/ MPD / MICOA

GFDRR Track II ( World Bank / UNISDR)INGC / MOPH / MICOA / INAM / UNDP / PPCR /

UNDP, Denmark, GIZINGC

Government of Japan Africa Adaptation ProgrammeUNDP / INGC / MICOA

Special Climate Change FundUNDP / GEF / MICOA

UNDAF 2012-2015 / UNDPGovernment of Mozambique/ UNHCT

UNEP/GEFGovernment of Mozambique, MICOA - DINAPOT, UN-Habitat, CBO’s

DRR Framework - MozambiqueCompleted / On-going Projects

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1 ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program / Support the Establishment of a Technical Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa / EU, ACP, GFDRR

Coordination Structure Applied to Natural Disasters Management

First Minister(CNGRC)

Resident Coordinator Humanitarian Country Team

EARL

Y W

ARN

ING

/ U

ND

PIE

C / B

NG

RC

CPGUBNGRC

Regional Committee for DRMDDR

District Committee for DRMDistrict Leader

Food SecurityMin. of Agriculture / WFP / FAO

Water and SanitationMin. of Water Mangement / UNICEF

EducationMin. of Education / UNICEF

HabitatMin. of Land Management / IFRC / MRC

LogisticsMin. of Tourism/Public Works/ Meteorology / WFP

NutritionNational Office for Nutrition / UNICEF

ProtectionMin. PAS / UNICEF

HealthMin. Public Health / WHO

Hierarchical Relation

Coordination Relation

Support Relation

CRIC

Partn

ers

Supp

ort

UN, N

GO

s, Pr

ivate

Sec

tor

Sect

oria

l Gor

ups,

Dece

ntra

lised

Clu

ster

s

Intercluster

NATIONAL COORDINATION

REGIONAL COORDINATION

DISTRICT OPERATIONAL LEVEL

NATIONAL OPERATIONAL LEVEL

STRATEGIESA National Strategy for Disaster Management ex-ists since 2003, which was prepared by an expert of Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) through the support of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), provides an effective and sustainable institu-tional structure and a strategic plan that will indicate Madagascar’s priorities for disaster risk management for a period of three to seven years. A National Disas-ter Contingency Plan is prepared on a yearly basis in collaboration with UNOCHA. With a GFDRR grant of US$1.2 million the country designed cyclone-resistant codes, which were adopted by a Government Decree signed by all 31 Ministries on April 20, 2010.27 These codes are being applied as climate-proof norms for roads, irrigation systems, schools, public health centers, and agriculture in areas highly vulnerable to cyclones, droughts, and other climatic shocks. Of the 7,000 schools built recently following the newly established codes, less than 2% were damaged during cyclones in the latest years. Meanwhile, in 2011, the Malagasy authorities suggested the following priorities to SADC for the regional DRR strategy: (i) agreed common stan-dards across the region; (ii) strengthening contingency plans; (iii) established operations centers; (iv) reviving local committees; (v) development of an integrated early warning system1.

DRM INTO POLICY PAPERS: NATIONAL LEGISLATIONNational Development Plan approved / 2008: it mentions of disaster risk reduction as priority nr. 8 and witnesses the serious steps the country is taking towards the integration –if not a shift– of prevention of disasters and reduction of risks;The National Action Plan for Adaptation - NAPA / 2006 (written by the Government of Madagascar with technical and financial support by the Global Environment Facility - GEF - at the World Bank): it aims to empower the country to adopt urgent and immediate adaptation measures, addressing the adverse effects of climate change1;The National Environmental Action Plan - NEAP / 1989: this long-term investment program divided in three phases (1991-1997, 1997-2003, 2003-2008) aims to improve human living conditions through protection areas and better management of natural resources, promote environmental education, improve policy and management, and establish mechanisms for monitoring of the environment;The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper / PRSP: describes the country’s macroeconomic, structural, and social policies and programs over a three-year or longer horizon to promote broad-based growth and reduce poverty;The Madagascar Action Plan - MAP / 2006: was produced by the Government of Madagascar and incorporates risk reduction and disaster management (DRR). It is a bold, five-year plan that establishes direction and priorities for the nation from 2007 to 20122;

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL PLATFORMThe Emergency Prevention and Management Unit (Cellule de Prévention et Gestion des Urgences - CPGU): is a technical unit within the Prime Minister’s office managing DRR and prevention projects with the support of UNISDR and the World Bank. Its mandate concerns: (i) to elaborate and update the national strategy for DRR; (ii) to assess and control the implementation of national policy of disaster risk management and reduction; (iii) to support the sector for the implementation of prevention activities; (iv) to assist the Prime Minister in decision making regarding DRR. The flagship intervention of the CPGU is the work developed on building norms and codes in areas prone to cyclones. The National Disaster and Risk Management Office (Bureau National pour la Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes-BNGRC) :was established by the Government of Madagascar in 2006. It supports the Council for National Risk and Disaster Management (CNGRC) under the Ministry of Interior and provides disaster prevention, organization and management in case of emergency. The BNGRC replaces the Council for National Security (CNS), which was created by a first decree in 1972 to ensure the coordination of disaster-related activities across the country. Stakeholders Committee for Reflection on Disaster (Comité de Réflexion des Intervenants en Catastrophes – CRIC): was established by the Government of Madagascar in 1999 initially as a think tank to discuss disaster-related matters and, subsequently, in 2003 as a national plat-form for disaster risk reduction. SNAP: the National Early Warning System reports on all indicators of vulnerability of a population (social, economic, physical, environmental, infrastructure, etc.)2.

DRR Framework - Madagascarinstitutional Framework

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Source: PLAN DE CONTINGENCE NATIONAL / CYCLONES ET INONDATIONS / MINISTERE DE L’INTERIEUR - BUREAU NATIONAL DE GESTION DES RISQUES ET DES CATASTROPHES

1 ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program / Support the Establishment of a Technical Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa / EU, ACP, GFDRR2Madagascar: Climate Risk and Adaptation Country Profile / World Bank

ANTSIRANANA

MAHAJANGA

TOAMASINA

FIANARANTOSA

TOLIARY

ANTANANARIVO

ANTAHALA: CARE North (DIPECHO I - II)

MAROANTSETRA: Medair (DIPECHO I - II)and MDM (DIPECHO I)

MANANARA: Control Zone North

VOHIPENO: Control Zone South

FARAFANGANA: SAF/ICCO (DIPECHO II)

VANGAINDRANO: CARE (DIPECHO I - II )and SAF/ICCO (DIPECHO II)

TECHNICAL EXPERTISE: UN-Habitat UN-Habitat in Madagascar has played a key role in the development of the DIMSUR/DIPECHOII Programme (Strenghtening Local Capacities and Providing Technical Expertise for Durable Reconstruction within the areas Recently or Frequently Affected by Floods and Cyclones in Madagascar) through essentially two kind of activi-ties: i) cevelopment of construction tools (guidelines, architectural blueprint) to implement adaptive architec-ture solutions resistant to cyclone and flooding (Manan-jary, Vohipeno, Manakara, Morondava); ii) provision of technical assistance for construction implementation to DIPECHO Partners (MDM, Médair, ICCO-SaFFjkm, Care) in Antalaha, Sambava , Fenerive-Est, Maroantsetra, et Mananjary. The first component has been developed through: elaboration of one construction guide, car-rying out of assessments in the areas of intervention targeting the applied building codes, design of blue-prints for constructing public shelters, development and delivering of Training modules and elaboration of a manual regarding the vulgarisation of norms and guidelines with specific recommendations for Mada-gascar. UN-Habitat has also contributed to the elabora-tion of small-scale development plans for land manage-ment (PALOS / Plan D’Amenagement Local Simplifié) including measures to strengthen the resilience of the community facing a hazard.

OPERATIONS IN THE FIELD: The Role Of The NgosThe role of the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Madagas-car regarding DRR is extremely important. Some NGOs were in recent years supported by the European Commission’s Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO) through its Disaster Preparedness Program called DIPECHO, and developed a solid body of practices in areas such as community resilience, food security and hazard-resistant buildings. The informal exchanges during DIPECHO 1 (for example, the CARE shel-ter model used by MdM, the construction of a Medair pump in MdM’s shelter in Ambodivoanio and the joint production of film by Medair and ICCO/SAF-FJKM, etc.) were followed in DIPECHO 2 by the creation of a coordination body (ICPM) charged with coordinating the DRR network formed by CARE, Medair, ICCO/SAF-FJKM and Médecins du Monde. This body’s role is to formalise idea-sharing, best practice and lessons learnt and to publish a joint bulletin. The NGOs are helping to promote the transition from a “disaster culture” to a “risk culture”, also contrib-uting, through their programmes to no-regret strategies which ensure benefits for the population even in the absence of a natural disaster ( food security : varieties of short-cycle rice whose productivity is higher than that of the varieties used previously and crop diversification; ac-cess to water and healthcare infrastructures; Dual use of shelters which otherwise serve as schools or village halls; Improvements in epidemio-logical surveillance; Protection of the environment (replanting of trees, protection of the mangrove). The NGO’s programmes have enabled lo-cal risk governance by activating Local and Municipal DRM Committees (CLGRC and CCGRC). As a result, the alert and preparedness phases are now better structured.The alert is now effectively transmitted be-tween the different levels of Committees: the District DRM Commit-tees (CDGRC) have set up a formal relay system in the Communes and Fokontanies (villages). Radio works effectively as an awareness raising tool for emergency preparedeness. The infrastructures implemented by the NGO’s remained virtually undamaged after Bingiza Cyclone: In the majority of cases, the shelters were well used, the conditions were good and families brought in stocks of food. The concrete involvement of the communities in realising multi-purpose infrastructures, preferably that can otherwise be used for commercial purposes as an alternative to of-fering donations, reduces the risk of simply adding to the “archaeologi-cal remains” of past humanitarian projects1.


GLOBAL: Global DRR Platform / Global Facility for Di-saster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) / Global Envi-ronment Facility (GEF); REGIONAL: the African Union (AU); African Develop-ment Bank (AfDB); African Region DRR Platform; SADC DRR Platform; the Indian Ocean Commission;NATIONAL: CPGU, CNGRC, BNGRC, CRIC, Government of Madagascar;

INTERNATIONAL: UNDP; FAO; WFP; UNICEF; WHO, World Bank, UN-Habitat, IFRC, UNISDR, The United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF); United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA);

International Non Governmental Organisations:COOPI; CARE international; MDM; Medair; ICCO/SAF; ICCO

International donor organisations: European Com-mission’s Directorate General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO); Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Re-covery (GFDRR); World Bank; USAID; UNDP; UNOCHA;

DRR Framework - MadagascarMain Actors and Synergies

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Source: CARE Madagascar

1A comparative survey of DIPECHO programmes in the wake of cyclone Bingiza / MDM, EU / 2011

BNGRC (National Disaster Risk Management)

NATION

REGION

DISTRICT

COMMUNE

FOKONTANY

CRGRC (Regional Disaster Risk Management Committee)

CDGRC (District Disaster Risk Management Committee)

CCGRC (Municipal Disaster Risk Management Committee)

CLGRC (Local DRM Committee - Fokontany: “village”)

Institutional DRM Levels In Madagascar

Project Name Indicative Budget /Time Frame Donors / Partners

COUNTRY PROGRAMMING AND FINANCINGA Risk Atlas is currently being prepared by the CPGU with the sup-port of the World Bank which will provide a vulnerability analysis of in 4 regions (Sofia, Sava, Atsimo Andrefana and Atsimo Atsinanana) by focusing on five sectors: agriculture, housing, roads, health/nutrition and education. Meanwhile, UNDP is currently analyzing the DRR insti-tutional capacity and risk profile in collaboration with the Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI) and within the framework of the UNDP Global Risk Identification Program (GRIP) for other 4 regions, namely: Alaotra Mangoro, Atsinanana, Menabe and Analanjirofo. UN-Habitat within the framework of the UN Joint Program funded through the Human Security Trust Fund is advocating and raising awareness of the different stakeholders regarding the importance of elaborating an urban multi-risk contingency plan for Antananarivo, the capital city, in-cluding an assessment of the existing DRR capacities at the municipal level. The national budget merely supports the functioning of the BN-GRC and of the CPGU. For the time being there is still no systematic financing mechanisms for DRR in Madagascar. In addition to a specif-ic budget for emergency response. CPGU affirms that approximately 33% of the Public Investment Program is related to DRR. Within the framework of the elaboration of the UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2014-2018 the different sectors were requested to include DRR and CCA projects and activities. Due to the current po-litical crisis in Madagascar, bilateral donors have not allocated any bud-getary support; hence current activities related to DRR are implemented through unspent financial resources and humanitarian projects1.

MAJOR COMPLETED / ONGOING PROJECTS BY MULTILATERAL DONOR ORGANIZATIONS IN MADAGASCAR

Mainstreaming CCA and DRM into Economic Development

Assessment of Socioeconomic Impact and Recovery and Reconstruction Needs following Cyclone Faine and Ivan

1.2 million USD2008 / 2012

167.614 USD2008 / 2012

6.2 million EU2008 / 2011

102.0 million USD2012 / 2017

40.0 million USD2008 / 2013

670.694 USD2013 / 2014

1.7 million USD2011 / 2012

18.1 million USD2000

20.1 million USD2000

GFDRR / Government of Madagascar / CPGU

GFDRR / Government of Madagascar / CPGU

ECHO / UN-Habitat , COOPI, FAO, CARE Int., ICCO-SAF, MDM, Medair, ICCO

World Bank / Ministry of Finance, CPGU


UNOCHA - Central Emergency Response Fund / UNDP

UNDP / BNGRC, CPGU

World Bank

World Bank

DIPECHO Programmes I / II (Disaster Preparedness ECHO)

Emergency Infrastructure Preservation and Vulnerability Reduction Project

Emergency Food Security and Reconstruction Project

Appuì des Institutions Nationales en Charge de la GRC

Gestion de Risques et Catastrophes

Cyclone Emergency Social Fund III Supplemental

Post-Cyclone Emergency Supplemental to SAC 2

DRR Framework - MadagascarCompleted / On-going Projects

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1 ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Program / Support the Establishment of a Technical Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation for Southern Africa / EU, ACP, GFDRR

52 / SECTION 2 - Chapter 1 : Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture in Malawi

SECTION 2Chapter 1

Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture Malawi

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Situation Overview

Chikwawa District1_MW1

Disaster: Floods

Disaster Date: 2001/2003/2005/2007/2008/2013

Deaths: 15

People Injured: -

People Left Homeless: more than 80,000

Nr of Households Affected: more than 40,000

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: more than 12,000

Documented Disaster Prevention/Mitigation Programmes - Target Population: more than 8,000 beneficiaries

Building Types:New Built Houses - 30-40 m2New Built Safe Heavens/Community Centres-200m2New Built Schools

Material Cost per Building:House Construction (including labour): approx. 3,000 USD / HouseSafe Heaven Construction (including labour): ap-prox. 28,000 USDSchool Construction (including labour): approx. 30,000 USD per block

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:

DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - MALAWI / 53

1.1_Safe Heaven for Community Evacuation at Nankapa Village and Flood Resistant Housing in eight other villages in TA Makhwira UN-Habitat ; Habitat for Humanity / ECHO; One-UN Fund

1.2_Safe Heaven for Community Evacuation at T.A. Ngowe Christian Aid; Evangelical Association of Malawi / ECHO

1.3_Resilient Schools / Education Sector Support Programme Department of International Development - UK Gov.

Disasters Data: Global Register of Major Flood Events - Dartmouth Flood Observatory; Disasters - National Profile, DoDMA; IFRC Appeals;

BLATYRE CITY

THYOLO DISTRICT

1.2

1.1

1.3

NSANJE DISTRICT

Mozambique

CHIKWAWA DISTRICT

TA Chapananga

Majete Game ReserveChikwawa

Lengwe National Park

TA Kasisi

TA KatungaTA Maseya

TA Lundu

TA Ngabu TA Makhwira

Shire River

Zambezi River

MWANZA DISTRICT BLATYRE RURAL

CHIKWAWA DISTRICT - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION

MODIS Flood Inundation Limits 1999 - 2007 (DFO - Source: WFP)


LIVING WITH FLOODS

Photo: UN-Habitat - Houses and Community Infrastructures damaged by the floods

Photo: MalawiLive - Chikwawa Floods


VULNERABILITY OF CHIKWAWA DISTRICT

Chikhwawa is one of the 34 District Councils in Malawi, is located in the Southern Region, and lies in the Shire River Basin and in the Great East African Rift Valley. It is vulnerable to earthquakes, storms and floods. The most common disaster in the District is floods. Floods do occur every rain season. Government is often called upon to assist with alleviating the suffering of the affected citizens. The events become more and more predictable year after year: in most cases there is loss of assets including shelter and domestic animals. Farming and other businesses get interrupted; school going pupils get affected by flooded rivers which they cannot cross; their school blocks become rescue centres; social group activities are curtailed or disturbed during the flood period; people hurriedly evacuate from their houses and start temporarily to live in rescue houses, tents, classrooms, with fellow victims of the floods from other villages and usually under com-munity supervision. Such a life under a ‘camping’ atmosphere with mixed sexes, age groups, with mixed behavioural trends does lead subsequently to other social pressures requiring further resources to contain them. Relocating away from endangered location described above and move to a safe residential location doesn’t represent a viable alternative for communities that have rooted their agriculture production in origin area and would imply availability of land in the receiving area. Un-fortunately, land usage is generally competitive. Chikhwawa District with its neighbouring district of Nsanje has an additional competitor in land use in form of Forest Reserves, Wild-life Reserves and Illovo Sugar Plantations1.

The approach of Living with Floods consists of reinforcing disas-ter preparedness capacities of local communities and authorities and implementing small-scale adaptation solutions through the architectural design and construction of housing dwellings and public buildings which could serve as a refuge in case of floods and as a social facility in normal times. Living with floods is a complex issue, related to how the structure is constructed. It is a technical calling on how a building should be constructed to fight rising water, water gushing downhill, hitting the walls and entering the buildings through doors. It is also how to stop roofs leaking and how the roads should be constructed to avoid turn-ing them into water ways. Above all it is about awareness,

knowledge and skills to survive living in flood prone areas. Floods, in most cases, are beyond human control. The worst re-sults affecting human beings occur where settlements and in-frastructure has not been engineered using a multi-disciplinary approach involving technical experts such as Planners, Engineers and Architects as well as natural environmentalists, to give a concerted safe design solution. Scientific solutions may have to be called upon and merged with traditional methods of construc-tion where possible, recognizing at the same time that some ar-eas like river banks, hill tops and slopes whilst habitable would require huge outlay of resources to make them safe for human habitation1.

1Living with Floods Project - Final Report / UN-Habitat, Lilongwe;

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Reducing the vulnerability of communities living in low lands prone to low and moderate level flooding in Makhwira, Chikhwawa

Safe Heaven & Housing1_MW1.1

INTERVENTION DETAILS

Risk Addressed: Floods,Strong Winds, EarthquakesWhere: T.A. Makhwira / Chikwawa DistrictWhen: 2010 -2012 (20 months)Main Goal: To reduce vulnerability to floods of com-munities living in low-lands, prone to low and moder-ate flooding by reinforcing local capacities and apply-ing sustainable coping solutions through innovative small-scale shelter based mitigation interventions Donors: ECHO / ONE-UN FundPartners: UN-Habitat; Habitat for Humanity; Chik-wawa District Council; DODMA; MLHUD; CBO’sBudget of the Project: 100,000 USD (ECHO) + 100,000 USD (UN Expanded Funding Window)Cost of the Built Intervention (including labor): approx. 3,500 USD / Demonstration House; approx. 28,000 USD / Safe Heaven;

ACHIEVED RESULTS

1 Safe Heaven built, including two large rooms for women and men complete with kitchen, female and male toilets and raised walkway8 Houses built for 50 Beneficiaries19 Local Artesans trained On-the-Job12 Community Meeting held 583 Community Members residing in decent shel-ter during floods1 Community Commitee formed to be responsible about Safe Heaven management/maintenance1 Construction Manual elaborated

Photo: UN-Habitat - Safe Heaven in use by displaced people : Nankapa Village / Chikwawa / S 16°17’41.3’’ / E 035°01’54.8’’

Photo: UN-Habitat - Safe Heaven: Nankapa Village / T.A. Makhwira / Chikwawa / S 16°17’41.3’’ / E 035°01’54.8’’


THE PROJECT. UN-Habitat has taken one of the Malawian Districts most vulnerable to floods, Chikwawa District, as field of implementation of the project Living with Floods, including construction of demonstra-tion shelters, shelter related flood mitigation infrastructure, Improved awareness, dissemination and advocacy activities undertaken at local and national levels. Under the coordination and monitoring of DoDMA and MLHUD at national level and the active involvement fo Chikwawa District Council, the project has been implemented in close collabora-tion with the local communities, participating to community awareness meetings, selecting the demonstration sites, and contributing in form of sand, brick and watera to the construction of Safe Heaven for Emer-gency Evacuation and 8 flood resistant houses. The technical designs of the resilient shelters, taking into account costs, available building mate-rials and living local habits, the supervision and training of local artisans have been provided by UN-Habitat, that has hired the NGO Habitat for Humanity to lead the building implementation in the field. The Safe Haven structure provided refuge to hundreds of floods displaced people in 2013. After the floods, it is being used as an early childhood develop-ment centre and other community development activities when flood victims return to their homes after the floods have receded.


Why the Safe Heavenis “adaptive”?

Why the housing dwellings are “adaptive”?

TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONSFOR REPLICATION:

Photo: UN-Habitat - On the Job Training

Photo: UN-Habitat - Flood Resilient House: Nantusi Village / Chikwawa / S 16°15’08.5’’ / E 035°02’53.2’’


General Features: the Safe Heaven design includes 2 big rooms to accomodate respectively 500 men/women, 4 male/female toilets and an external cov-ered space for cooking; it is designed so that it remains useful to the community even during the longer dry season.Site Selection: the Safe Heaven location has been properly selected because of a big tree called Ntondo that has traditionally served as a meeting point for flood victims. The demonstration houses occupy the same place of the damaged ones. Foundation: An elevated plinth raises the building 750mm from the ground and a raised walk-way to the kitchen and toilets enables safe and dry ac-cess to these facilities even in flood conditions.The ramp to the khonde offers convenience to the elderly, people with physical disabilities and the children to access the safe haven;Walls: the walls, made in fired bricks, are reinforced by ring beams, set at lintel and wall plate height. Roof: the heaped roof, with angle increased up to 45° eliminates side gable walls and is better perThe veranda roof is separated from the main roof in order to fight a possible lift-up of the main roof in times of strong wind.

Foundation: the floor is elevated according with established flood levels for the area; The ramp enables access to the house for people with physical disabilities, the elderly and children; Roof: the heaped roof is designed according with sun orientation and to withstand strong winds;Equipments: a khonde area is provided for coking and pit latrine floor level is equally raised above flood level

CHALLENGES.Low technical know-how and poor availability of useful (and environment friendly) building materials can affect the timing of the implementation. Income levels of the people affected offer signifi-cant challenges in determining technical solutions. Community partici-pation can be compromised by cultural factors and lack of awareness.LESSONS LEARNED. Hardware (construction) must go hand in hand with software (awareness, training) activities for maximum and sustain-able effect. Community participation and/or contribution from design stage is very crucial for project success. Existing knowledge/practices should be the basis for any intervention. Partnership with NGO and community are critical success factors.There is a potential for replicating this to other districts experiencing similar conditions in the area. IMPACT. The Sustainable Shire River Basin Management Programme (funded by WB) has in its DRM component adopted the Living with Floods approach and will scale it up in the lower Shire.The MLHUD plans to orient all its district based housing officers with the Living with Floods approach to support the communities in the districts. UN-Habitat has provided technical assistance to Christian Aid to do a similar interven-tion in another part of the Lower Shire. Both the Safe Heaven and the demonstration houses have performed successfully in 2013 floods.

TRAINING & CAPACITYDEVELOPMENT

The project was aimed to engage and train local artisans in the delivery of both the Safe Haven and Demonstration Houses so as to leave be-hind knowledgeable construction artisans who would assist the others in the delivery of houses that would ‘fight’ floods. 19 artisans have been trained on-the-job by 1 architect and 2 field technicians. The builders in-terviewed recognized to have approached construction techniques they didn’t know before: they didn’t find any difficulty in the technical imple-mentation, while the biggest challenge was determined more by the erratic provision of construction materials. Unfortunately the builders admitted not to have had any opportunity to replicate the experience, since it requires more materials than an average family can afford.

According with the beneficiaries interviewed:1) there’s need of replication: in crisis time, more than 2,500 people look for shelter in the building;2) there’s need of a lighting system and a fence to guarantee safety of goods and people at night;3) there’s need of a rainwater catchment system;4) The Safe Heaven is too far from the Health Post5) The Houses dimension is too small;

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Drawing: 3D Model of the Safe Heaven Prototype Design used in Chikwawa and Ngowe - UN-Habitat - Lilongwe / Malawi

Evacuation Centre


Risk Addressed:Floods,Strong Winds, EarthquakesWhere: T.A. Ngowe / Chikwawa DistrictWhen: 2010 - 2011Main Goal: to reduce the vulnerability to natural disasters of communities within Chikhwawa dis-trict through development of small scale commu-nity flood mitigation structures and servicesDonors: ECHOPartners: Christian Aid; Evangelical Association of Malawi (EAM); Chikhwawa District Council; Budget of the Project: 52,000 USD Cost of the Built Intervention: 45,000 USD

TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REPLICATION

Photo: UN-Habitat - Surveyed Evacuation Centre: T.A. Ngowe / Chikwawa / S 16°30’50.2’’ - E 035°00’53.2’’

Reducing the vulnerability of communities living in floods prone areas of Chikwawa District

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1Climate Change: Its Effects On Rural Communities In Chikhwawa District Have Been Reduced - Christian Aid;


The Community has contributed providing: 1) se-curity for the building site; 3) planting of trees as wind-breakers; 4) downloading of materials when arriving on site; 5) identifying of place where to find building materials; 6) clearing of the ground; 7) bringing water for construction.

The same technical design applied to the Chikwawa interven-tion, has been provided by UN-Habitat to the Evangelical As-sociation of Malawi to implement the Evacuation. The problems reported by the Beneficiaries interviewed are similar:- The number of the flood victims that were accommodated in the center was larger than the capacity of the structure: the toilets as the kitchen space become insufficient. The catchment area of the centre is too wide, thus the beneficiaries are too far. The intervention has to be replicated.- There is need of lighting to guarantee security at night;-The water provision is insufficient during overcrowded crisis times: there is need of a rainwater harvesting system;

- There is need to divide the rooms with gable walls: since they’re communicating on the top part, it’s difficult to run two contemporary, activities, due to the noise;

THEPROJECT. During the night of the same day, 23rd January 2012, people from 14 villages namely Juma, Jimu, Kandale, Khula, William, Medison, Yula, Joning’abu, Kanaventi, Dickson, Komba, Kukulidwa, Kakang’ombe and Kahombewere under Traditional Authority Ngowe were caught unaware. “Oh it was terrible, you could not imagine the entire village was in water,” said Chanza Jimu who is a village headman of Jimu Village. All this started with heavy rains which started on 19th January and continued until 24th January. Out of the total 625 victims of floods, 439 households were from the Traditional Authority Ngowe, where Christian Aid and Evangelical Association of Malawi in partner-ship with Chikhwawa district council implemented a 15 month Disaster Risk Reduction project from August 2010 to 31 October 2011 targeting communities in flood prone areas and including the construction of an evacuation center with technical support from UN Habitat. “God should bless people who constructed this structure, I do not know what could have happened without this structure,” concluded Chanza Jimu1. The evacuation centre design and technical features are very similar to the Chikwawa Safe Heaven, reported in the previous page: the implemen-tation strategy is different, because the building construction has been committed to a building contractor, inspite than to local builders.

ACHIEVED RESULTS

1 Safe Heaven built, including two large rooms, female/male toilets and raised walkway200 Community Members accomodated1 Awareness Raising Community Training held15 Community Members Trained1 Community Commitee formed to be responsible for the Safe Heaven management/maintenance


Education Sector Support Programme (ESSP)

Resilient Schools


Risk Addressed: Multi-HazardWhere: the whole countryWhen: 2003 - 2009 / 2008 - 2011Main Goal: secure schooling for children through classrooms building, curriculum reform (and new text books), teacher training, and strengthened ac-countabilityDonors: DFIDPartners: Education Infrastructure Management Unit (Ministry of Education)Budget of the Project: £1,065,000 (2008 - 2012)1

Cost of the Intervention: Photo: UN-Habitat - New Built School / DFID, Lilongwe

THE CASE. Livunzu’s community spontaneously replicate and improve the building design

Photo: UN-Habitat - the school block sponeously built by the community: Livunzu Village / Chikwawa / S 16°11’25.3’ - E 035°00’18.9’

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1http://projects.dfid.gov.uk/ Support to Education Infrastructure Management Unit 2Timely Project delivery: a case study of Malawian educational projects / Chirwa, Samwinga, Shakantu / Education Infrastructure Management Unit (EIMU), Lilongwe, MALAWI; School of the Built and Natural Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK / School of the Built Environment, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa;


Livunzu is a village located in the vulnerable floodplane of Chikwawa District, at T.A. Makwhira. DFID has funded the construction of a flood resilient school, implemented by a building contractor: the school in-cludes 3 classrooms blocks, 1 offices unit, 4 VIP toilet respectively for girls and boys, and 2 teachers houses. The school, built in SSB (Sta-bilized Soil Blocks) is raised 50 cm above the ground, to prevent the flooding water to get into the classrooms. After DFID project comple-tion, the community, needing one more classroom block, has spontane-ously replicated the technical devices applied in the model building, even improving the raise of the platform which is set at 70cm above ground level and adding a covered veranda on the front.

ACHIEVED RESULTS2

2,535 new classrooms used by 300,000 children between (2003 -2009)287 Teacher Houses (2003 - 2009)1,000 new classrooms used by 100,000 childrens (2008 - 2012)

- The platform elevation should be increased;- A veranda and continuous covered and elevated walkway should be included;- The roof coating, where implemented by concrete tiles, has to be replaced by improved metal panels, strongly anchored to the underlying purlins;

THE PROJECT. From 1995, DFID funded the construction of 130 new schools under the Primary Community Schools Project (PCoSP) and completion of 200 classroom blocks under the Primary Education Programme (PEP). Building on the successes of these programmes, DFID initiated the ESSP in 2001. Between 2004 and 2008, DFID funded the construction of nearly 60% of Malawi’s classroom construction2. The Government of Malawi and DFID are jointly committed to key policy reforms and targets specified in the Malawi Education Sector Implementation Plan, including onstruction and rehabilitation of school buildings and inspection of schools to ensure that they meet government requirements and standards. The schools built under DFID Programme follow a common adaptive architectural model, based on Stabilized Soil Blocks Masonry, promoted by DFID in Malawi to sensitize communities in decreasing the use of fired bricks, hence deforestation. The building corners and opening frameworks are reinforced by blocks stabilized with a higher percentage of cement. The school raises on a variable high elevated platform, to avoid flooding, and, for the same reason, the landscaping is modelled with water drainaging channels. The roofing is implemented alternatively by metal panels coating or micro-concrete tiles, which have good climatic performances and are more silent in rainy conditions, but less mechanic resistance to strong winds. A double insulated ceiling can give the same thermal and acoustic insulation to the roof, but keeping the external metal panels coating.


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Situation Overview

Karonga District

Disaster: Earthquake, Floods

Disaster Date: December 6th/20th 2009 - November 2010 (Earthquakes) ; cyclical flooding;

Deaths: 4

People Injured: 186

People Left Homeless: 15,000

Nr of Households Affected: 24,239

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed or withHazardous Cracks: 11,213

Reconstruction/Retrofitting ProgrammesTarget Population: 2,400 (rc) + ............

Building Types:New Built Houses - 45m2Houses Retrofitting - 20m2 to 40m2New Built Schools - 120m2/classroomSchools Retrofitting - 100m2/classroomNew Built Infrastructure Infrastructures Retrofitting

Material Cost per Building:House Construction (including labor): approx 3,000 USD / Repair Grants: 350 USD/HouseholdClassroom Block Construction (including labor): approx 35,000USD/Classroom Repair: 3,000 USD

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES REPORTED:

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Data Sources: DREF operation n° MDRMW005 / GLIDE n° EQ-2009-000257-MWI /14 December 2009; SHELTER PROJECTS 2010 - UN-Habitat / UNHCR / IFRC;


2.1_ Low-Cost Housing Reconstruction / Retrofitting - Malawi Red Cross / DFID2.2_ Low-Cost Housing Reconstruction & WASH Rehabilitation - CADECOM - Catholic Relief Service / USAID -OFDA2.3_Education Facilities Reconstruction/Retrofitting - GoM / World Bank - Local Development Fund (LDF)2.4_Infrastructures Construction/Retrofitting - Local Development Fund (LDF) - Paladin Energy Limited2.5_Karonga Urban Structure Plan 2012 - Department of Physical Planning (MLHUD), Karonga District Council, Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA), UN-Habitat / ECHO

Tanzania

T.A. Mwakaboko

T.A. Kilupula

T.A. Kyungu

T.A. Wasambu

Nyika National Park

S.C. Mwirangombwe

Lake Malawi

KARONGA DISTRICT

RUMPHI DISTRICT

CHIKWAWA DISTRICT - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION

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2.1

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2.1

Earthquake Magnitude in Malawi (Source: IFRC)

4.8

5.1

5.2

5.8

5.8

5

< 5

5 - 5.3

>5.3


Safer House Construction Guidelines

Photo: UN-Habitat

Photo: DanChurchAid

1Business Case for: Karonga Earthquake Integrated Recovery Project / DFID;


VULNERABILITY OF KARONGA DISTRICT

Karonga, located in the Northern Region, is one of the border districts of Malawi, sharing the country’s international boundary with Tanzania. Elongating on the African Rift Valley, the District main topographic fea-tures are the flat lift valley plain along the lakeshore and hilly plateau zone to the west towards Chitipa and Nyika National Park.On the 6 December 2009 an earthquake of magnitude 5.8 hit the district of Karonga, followed two weeks later by an earthquake of magnitude 6.2. These earthquakes caused widespread damage and destruction to houses, public buildings and infrastructures in Karonga.On 21 December 2009, the Government officially declared the Karonga Earthquake a national disaster. Karonga was further hit in November 2010 by an additional 4.6 magnitude earthquake and on the 1 and 2 April 2011 by floods (caused by breaches of a 1985 dyke already weakened by the earthquakes)1.The District is ciclically affected almost every year by devastating floods, caused by the raising level of the North Rukururu River and other smaller local rivers. In the last 20 years, more than 75,000 households have been affected globally, having their houses or cultivations damaged by the raising waters. 90% of the la-bour force in Karonga work in the agriculture sector (compared with 83% nationally), with almost all of these in unpaid work (subsistence farming). Furthermore, rice cultivation is the most practiced, inducing the families to live in wet low lands. As a result the majority of the pop-ulation has been unable to cope with the impacts of multiple floods2. UN-HABITAT is working with the GoM to elaborate an urban plan for the town of Karonga that seeks to use urban planning as a tool for DRR in urban settlements.

79% of the population in Karonga District (compared with 49% nationally) has bricks/blocks houses, with thatched or metal coat-ing roofs. To economise on the use of bricks, walls a single brick thick were often built. These walls are not earthquake resistant. Additionally, the position and size of doors and windows and the type of un-braced roof construction, contributed to the structural failing of the buildings. A small percentage of households have traditional houses from wattle and daub with thatched roofs. While lacking durability, these dwellings made in local materials were largely undamaged by the earthquake. UN-HABITAT has supported the GoM and worked with a number of partners to elaborate and disseminate the ‘The Safer House Construction

Guidelines’ as part of the Karonga earthquake recovery activities. UN-Habitat has assisted during the emergency phase providing an international shelter specialist and has promoted an alliance with government, other agencies and non-government organisa-tions working in housing and shelter to elaborate and dissemi-nate the ‘The Safer House Construction Guidelines’ as part of the Karonga earthquake recovery activities. The guidelines were produced as a manual and as a series of posters. It was recogn-ised by the GoM that information should be made available na-tionally to reduce the risk of all hazards, including earthquakes. The guidelines would be the start of a process to create national guidelines and standards for construction

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Emergency Shelter Relief and Recovery Karonga

Housing Reconstruction & Retrofitting


TO REPAIR YOUR HOUSE, YOU JUST NEED YOUR MOBILE

Risk Addressed: Earthquake Where: Karonga - Northern RegionWhen: 2010 - 2012Main Goal: to assist communities in housing re-construction by providing information and technical direction on earthquake resilient houses in order to reduce communities vulnerability to future disasterDonors: UK Aid (DFID)Partners: Malawi Red Cross Society; Karonga District Council; MLHUD; UN-Habitat; TEVETA (Technical, Entrepreneurial, Vocational, Education and Training Authority); CBO’s Budget of the Project: 1,199,890 USDCost of the Intervention (including labor): approx. 4,000 USD / house reconstructedapprox. 350 USD / house retrofitted

ACHIEVED RESULTS (2010 - 2011)

6,000 Beneficiaries residing in Emergency Shelter2,400 Beneficiaries residing in Permanent Shelter100 Houses Reconstructed450 Houses Repaired through Cash Transfers to the families250 Households VIP latrines and school sanitation facilities constructed40 Artisans trained in seismic resistant building construction/retrofitting techniques60 Red Cross Volunteers Trained in construction monitoring and communication strategiesMore than 120,500 indirect Beneficiaries

Photo: UN-Habitat - Surveyed Reconstructed House: Zindi Village / Karonga / S 09°54’5.00” - E 033°55’10.90”

Photo: UN-Habitat - Surveyed Retrofitted House: Karonga / S 09°56’46.96” - E 033°56’5.68”

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1SHELTER PROJECTS 2010 - UN-Habitat / UNHCR / IFRC;


500 beneficiaries are receiving cash transfers using mobile phones through Zain (a mobile telephone operator in the region) to fund the repair of their homes. MRCS Construction Supervisors, with the householders, surveyed the houses to identify the repairs and produce a prioritised schedule of work and an approximate budget. The transfers are given in two tranches with the second payment triggered once 50% of the work on the house is complete.

THE PROJECT. In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake. The Ma-lawi Red Cross Society provided emergency shelter to 6,000 families that had been forced from their homes In order to reduce the vulner-ability of the affected households for the long term, and with the finan-cial support of DFID, the MRCS implemented a project that provided materials, cash grants and training to build and repair houses, sanitation facilities for households and schools, and disseminated better building practice, through training of hygiene promoters, training of artisans and beneficiary dissemination workshops. One of the guiding principles for the project was that householders, communities, and government were responsible for providing safe and adequate housing. The organisation would provide support were there were gaps in skills, knowledge, and resources. The District Council of Karonga was the responsible for the project management and monitoring. The project adopted rural hous-ing designs already produced by the GoM, based on local materials, but improved their structural performances. Every beneficiary was given a range of designs to choose from and both householders and artisans were provided training to ensure that important construction details and methods were implemented. The organisation provided construc-tion supervisors to monitor and assist the construction process1.


Why this architecture intervention is “adaptive”?

TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REPLICATION:


Vocational Skills Training On Safe Housing Construction

1Business Case for: Karonga Earthquake Integrated Recovery Project / DFID;2Tracer Study For Vocational Skills Training On Safe Housing Construction In Karonga / TEVETA;


Shape: the house shape is squared and compact with a maximum span of unsupported walls infe-rior than 5 m;Foundation: the plinth is raised 40mm from the ground. The foundation beam is made in concrete and the foundations walls are made by fired bricks layed according with English Bond and isolated by a damp proof membrane;Walls: the walls, made in fired bricks, are rein-forced by ring beams, set at lintel and wall plate height, and Brick Force Wire in every 4th course; the area of openings doesn’t exceed 50% of wall area; a minimum distance of respectivley 600mm / 900 mm is kept between window/door openings and the corners of the buildings; Roof: the pitch angle increased up to 45°, thus to reduce the uplift due to strong winds; the roof structure is made in wooden trusses, reinforcing the side masonry gable walls;

TEVETA in collaboration with MRCS and World Bank, trained unskilled and semi skilled workforce in construction industry working in Karonga, encouraging the adherence to the new approved safer construction guide-lines. After community sensitization meetings, leading to the recruitment of artisans and supervisors, a ToT workshop was attended by 16 artesans coming from 5 different Karonga’s areas: each trainee engaged 3 semi- skilled artisans with whom they work with at the site. In total therefore 40 artisans and 60 volunteers benefitted from this training programme, coordinated by 8 field technicians and 2 logistics facilitators2. THE STORY. Obvious Mwalwanda, one of 16 locals artesans trained, says, “The training has opened up the market for me. I can now work in town or the village with the new skills”.

CHALLENGES. Lack of coordination in the field between different on-going programmes after the earthquake made it difficult deploying and sharing of resources in terms of personnel, vehicles, office spaces, and finance and administration systems. The project had to be implemented within a short time to coincide with the dry season, to meet donor re-quirements, and to meet the expectations of the community. The result of the project has to be a prototype that meet average ‘seismic resis-tance or rating’ as well as being affordable by the community.LESSONS LEARNED.Strong links with communities, government, and other organisations enabled access to the affected communities. To en-sure a reduction of the vulnerability in the long term, communities and local government have to be responsible for managing and monitoring the initiative.International links provided access to technical support and specific assistance, especially during the first phase of the emergency.IMPACT. The project was able to engage with other initiatives like ur-ban planning projects, disaster risk reduction planning and prepared-ness. Through the support of UN-Habitat, partnerships were formed with government and other stakeholders to develop a disaster risk re-duction strategy to assist reconstruction, including the elaboration and dissemination Construction Guidelines to be adopted at national level.

EXPECTED RESULTS. The houses already rebuilt or repaired in Karonga with external support (including MRCS) are 961 (8,9% of the affected ones) and 540 houses (5%) have been rehabilitated by households able to recover with their own resources. The households still in need of help are 9,291 (86%). DFID is funding an ongoing project, implement-ed by MRCS, that aims to achieve the following results: rehabilitation of 2,000 damaged houses and reconstruction of 200; constructionn of 16 new boreholes and rehabilitation of 56; construction of 5,000 family new VIP toilet and hand washing facilties1.

According with the beneficiaries interviewed: - The house is too small to satisfy the needs of a growing family; - The covered space under the veranda, when present is too small;- A covered space to be used as a kitchen should be annexed;Furthermore:- the elevated plinth height should be increased, specially in flood prone areas;- a hipped roof should substitute the actual gable roof because more resistant to climatic agents

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- The house is too small- No space for kitchen is planned- No VIP latrine is included- xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx



Post - Earthquake Rehabilitation Project / Community Managed Disaster Risk Reduction in Karonga and Kusungu

Housing Reconstruction


Risk Addressed: Earthquake / FloodsWhere: Traditional Authority Kilupula, Karonga District / Northern RegionWhen: 2010 - 2011Main Goal: building community capacity in man-agement of disasters and creating awareness to empowering disadvantaged people to undertake integral, sustainable, gender and environment sen-sitive developmentDonors: USAID / OFDAPartners: CADECOM (Caritas Commission, Karon-ga Diocese); CRS Malawi (Catholic Relief Service); Karonga District Council; MLHUD; CBO’sBudget of the Project: 248,488 USDCost of the Intervention (including labor): approx. 3,000 USD / house reconstructed (includ-ing Project Personnel, Trainings and Logistics)

ACHIEVED RESULTS

85 Houses Built for Earthquake Victims50 VIP Latrines built (Provision of Construction Ma-terials and Training Artisans on Construction)2 On-the-Job Trainings for 195 Members of Youth Groups on Stabilised Soil Blocks Making and Earth-quake Resistant Techniques30 Workshops Organized including 40 participants12 Awareness Raising Community Trainings for 4000 Community Members (Traditional Leaders and Village Development Committees) trained in con-struction supervision

Photo: UN-Habitat - Surveyed Reconstructed House: Mwenitete Local / Karonga / S 09°48’53.25’’ - E 033°51’55.17’’

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Shape: the house shape is squared and compact ;Foundation: the plinth is raised 30mm from the ground. The foundation beam is made in concrete and the foundations walls are made by fired bricks layed with English Bond and isolated by a damp proof membrane;Walls: the walls, made in SSB, are reinforced by ring beams, set at lintel and wall plate height, and Brick Force Wire in every 4th course; a minimum distance of 600mm is kept between window openings and the corners of the buildings; Roof: the pitch angle is increased up to 45°the roof structure is made in wooden trusses, reinforcing the masonry gable walls;

THEPROJECT. With assistance from USAID through Catholic Relief Ser-vices (CRS Malawi), the Caritas Commission of Karonga Diocese has im-plemented a Post Earthquake Rehabilitation Programme, as long-term evolution of an emergency relief project dedicated to the victims of the 2009 earthquake. In this project, CADECOM oriented the district coun-cil and community based organizations on construction of earthquake resistant houses and built 85 permanent living houses for earthquake victims in Traditional Authority Kilupula, Karonga district. The houses and the on-the-job trainings have been carried out accordingly with the earthquake safe construction guidelines elaborated by the Government of Malawi, with the technical assistance of UN-Habitat. CADECOM is implementing others two community managed Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Programmes, namely Community Managed Flood Risk Reduction (CMFRR) and Community Managed Disaster Risk Reduc-tion (CMDRR) in Karonga district and Kasungu district respectively. As already done for the housing reconstruction programme, the projects aim to build community resilience to disasters, while CADECOM plays a role of facilitation and assistance. The final product is an Action Plan which outlines strategies and activities to address capacity gaps so that communities are able to prevent or mitigate disasters in their localities.

According with the beneficiaries interviewed: - The house is too small to satisfy the needs of a growing family: a way of extension or replication should be provided- A veranda and a covered space to be used as a kitchen should be annexed;Furthermore:- the elevated plinth height should be increased;- a hipped roof should substitute the actual gable roof;


Schools Reconstruction & Rehabilitation


Risk Addressed: EarthquakeWhere: Karonga - Northern RegionWhen: 2009 - 2014Main Goal: to rehabilitate the education system in Karonga and Chitipa Districts to improve the livelihoods of poor and vulnerable households and to strengthen the capacity of local authorities to manage local development.Donors: Local Development Fund (World Bank)Partners: Government of Malawi / Ministry of Finance / MASAF / LDF Technical Support Team/ Malawi Social Action FundBudget of the Project: 5.4 millions USD2

Cost of the Intervention (including labor): 2 Classrooms/Block Construction: approx. 45,000 USD; 4 Classrooms/Block Retrofitting: 5,000USD; 1 Teacher House Construction: 18,000 USD / 1 Teacher House Retrofitting: 2,000 USD

ACHIEVED RESULTS2

13,220 learners in primary schools benefitted from restored educational services; 172 Classrooms Built Rehabilitated;300 Teachers provided with improved housing;1,300 Primary School Staff Houses Constructed27,750 Beneficiaries with access to improved Sanitation;233 VIP Toilets built;150 artisans will benefit from improved and mar-ketable skills in construction;

Photo: UN-Habitat - Surveyed Reconstructed School: Mwenitete Local / Karonga / S 09°48’46.1’ - E 033°52’23.9’


Malawi Additional Financing for Third Social Action Fund APL II / Education Sector

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1Malawi Additional Financing for Third Social Action Fund APL II / PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE / Report No.: AB5669;2 Report No: 54691-MW - World Bank;


THEPROJECT. The school systems in Karonga and Chitipa Districts have been debilitated by two successive earthquakes in December 2009 and January 2010. A preliminary assessment indicates that 106 schools were damaged, comprising 376 classrooms, 268 teachers’ houses, and 233 VIP latrines. About 50,000 students have been directly affected by the damage in terms of disrupted teaching and learning1. The main objetive of this intervention, funded by the World Bank through the Local Devel-opment Fund (LDF), was to support the reconstruction and retrofitting of classrooms, teachers’ houses and sanitation facilities in order to mini-mize disruption to the teaching and learning and improve education outcomes in the district. The Project has been organized in a decentral-ized manner to facilitate greater autonomy and empowerment of local government structures and communities, required to contribute in the form of sand and bricks. However, given the devastating effect of the earthquake on people’s livelihoods, the MASAF/LDF Technical Support Team revisited the requirement under the original Project which calls for a 20% community contribution and reduced it to a minimum of 5% .62 Local contractors have been contracted to facilitate the construc-tion of good quality classroom blocks and staff houses: some of them were belonging to the artesans group trained by TEVETA.

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Training and Capacity Development

1Malawi Additional Financing for Third Social Action Fund APL II / PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE / Report No.: AB5669;2 Report No: 54691-MW - World Bank; 3Business Case for: Karonga Earthquake Integrated Recovery Project / DFID;


The shape: the building shape is rectangular and compact (ratio 1:3) with a maximum span of un-supported walls inferior than 5 m (using of but-tresses / intermediate walls);Foundation: the plinth is raised 40mm from the ground and the foundation is set on a depth of 750mm. The foundation beam is made in concrete and the foundations walls are made by fired bricks layed according with English Bond and isolated by a damp proof membrane;Walls: the walls, made in fired bricks, are rein-forced by ring beams, set at lintel and wall plate height, and Brick Force Wire in every 4th course; the area of openings doesn’t exceed 50% of wall area; a minimum distance of respectivley 600mm / 900 mm is kept between window/door openings and the corners of the buildings; The roof: the roof is hipped thus to eliminate gable masonry walls and the pitch angle is in-creased up to 45°, thus to reduce the uplift due to strong winds;the wall plate is secured with metal wires into the masonry;

The World Bank school construction and rehabilitation activities in earthquake-affected areas of Karonga and Chitipa, have also aligned their “build back better” approach to the earthquakesafe building guidelines prepared by the Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Urban Development, with UN-Habitat technical assistance (see pag 8): any construction and retrofitting activities under MASAF in fault line areas are required to comply with these new guidelines. Community contractors/artisans Training have been trained in the new construction techniques and building codes, which has equipped them with marketable new skills. The arti-sans have been trained by a contracted government institution

with facilitation from the Technical Vocational and Entrepre-neurship Training Authority (TEVETA - see pag.). In addition, a preliminary agreement has been reached between MASAF and the Mzuzu Technical College which has agreed to train com-munity identified artisans on the new construction guidelines. It will also assist with follow-up supervision visits, together with local service providers, to ensure adherence to the new building codes. It was noted that the artisans have acquired marketable skills and their names has been kept in a roster at the District Councils. Lessons learned from this experience will be shared with other Bank-supported operations1.

LESSONS LEARNED. The design of MASAF 3 APL-II benefited from the experience of implementing the three prior phases, and has built on the lessons learned. The project focused more on strengthening the capac-ity of local authorities to manage local development. To ensure techni-cal viability, communities have been advised to undertake sub-projects that are simple, small in size, labor intensive, economically and socially viable, and that can be maintained and operated by communities in a sustainable way. An Impact Evaluation conducted at the end of MASAF 3APL-I in March 2008 concluded that sub-projects implemented by communities were technically sound and were done according to pre-scribed designs. Local councils have demonstrated capacity to facilitate implementation of public works and other sub-projects1. EXPECTED RESULTS. Within 2014 the number of primary school class-rooms built or retrofitted is supposed to increase to 244 and the people with access to improved learning environment should reach 50,0002

pupils. DFID is funding a parallel project, regarding scholl sanitation, in-cluding 25 double VIP school latrines, 10 urinals and 10 hand washing facilities will be constructed in 5 schools, serving a total of 2,200 pupils. The schools that the facilities will be constructed will be those with no current existing sanitation facilities and are not included in the World Bank rehabilitation plans3.

The school surveyed in the Village of Mwenitete-has been designed according with a student/class-room ratio of 60, but at the moment has more than 1000 students with a ratio of more than130/classroom. Some of the student are following the lessons outside, sitting in the yard on bricks aligned to form small chairs. The structure needs to be extended and replicated.


Malawi Additional Financing for Third Social Action Fund APL II / Public Works Sub-Projects Program

Infrastructures



Risk Addressed: FloodsWhere: Karonga - Northern RegionWhen: 2010 - 2012Main Goal: strengthening public infrastructures to improve food security and create community assets.Donors: Local Development FundPartners: Government of Malawi / Ministry of Finance/ MASAF / LDF Technical Support Team Malawi Social Action FundBudget of the Project: 5.1 millions USDCost of the Intervention: 3,900 USD

Risk Addressed: FloodsWhere: Mamatope Village When: 2012Main Goal: to reduce the vulnerability of communi-ties living in low lands of Karonga Donors: LDF / Paladin Energy LimitedPartners: Karonga District CouncilBudget of the Project: 12,000 USDCost of the Intervention: 12,000 USD

Photo: UN-Habitat - Surveyed Bridge: Mwenitete Local / Karonga / S 09°52’28.9’ - E 033°53’46.1’

Photo: UN-Habitat - Rehabilitated Dike / Karonga / S 09°55’46.0’ - E 033°55’15.1’

ACHIEVED RESULTS 2010 -2013Communities and Local Authorities to successfully manage (prepare, implement and evaluate) a tar-geted public work program.

28,000 Km of Rural Road Rehabilitated13,396 Ha of Area provided with new/rehabili-tated irrigation/Drainage Services

ACHIEVED RESULTS

20 m of the dyke rehabiliated

TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REPLICATION:Inspite of the presence of the dyke, some mem-bers of the local community, unaware the risk, are building on the floodable side of the infrastructure: urban and communtiy planning, as a measure of DRR, has to be strenghten.

1_MW2.4


THEPROJECT. Karonga District has experienced recurrent flooding dur-ing the last years. The floods are also intensified as a result of rice grow-ing activities in the surrounding low lands as water is retained in the rice plots and cannot flow downstream to the lake. During April 2011 excessive rainfall led to swelling of Lufilya, Kyungu and North Rukuru Rivers resulting in damage to the dyke along North Rukuru River: the dike, built in 1985 to protect the urban areas from the cyclic floods, was already weakened by overgrazing and the previous earthquake of December 2009. Over 5,599 households had been affected.The 20 m break rehabilitation has been funded by a private investor through the LDF, and implemented by the District Council, through a building contractor. Other small-scale mitigation interventions, in terms of rural infrastructures, like elevated unpaved roads and small bridges allowind the flow of the water to the rice cultivations, have been impelemented under the public work component of the LDF.

Consolidated Town

Flood Plain

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Proposals to build resilience and reduce vulnerability in Karonga Town

Karonga Urban Structure Plan 2012

Urban Planning


Risk Addressed: Earthquake/Floods/Strong WindsWhere: Karonga Municipality / Northern RegionWhen: 2012 - ongoingMain Goal: to formulate a human settlements plan that seeks to enhance protection of exist-ing investments and livelihoods and guide future development that integrate disaster risk manage-ment principles Donors: ECHO, One-UN FundPartners: Department of Physical Planning (ML-HUD), Karonga District Council, Department of Di-saster Management Affairs (DoDMA), UN-HabitatBudget of the Project: 20,000 USD

ACHIEVED RESULTS

1 Urban Structure Plan in elaboration to be ap-proved by Government Institutions and replicated in other districts of the country18 technicians from urban local authorities, univer-sities and relevant government departments in ur-ban risk mapping30 members of the Malawi Institute of Physical Planners in Mainstreaming DRR and CC in Urban Planning

Photo: Karonga Floods April 2011 / DoDMA

1_MW2.5

1Vulnerability Reduction Measures as per Urban Strcuture Plan can be find in Annex: A_MW_2.5.c

Karonga Urban Structure Plan 2012


THEPROJECT. UN-HABITAT is working with the GoM to elaborate a urban plan for Karonga town to create and maintain a urban environ-ment which ensures that high quality physical and social development is coordinated and in which environmental negative effects and develop-ment conflicts are minimized or avoided.The intervention is not an ar-chitectural intervention. It is a human settlement planning intervention. Integrating DRR in human settlements planning is fundamental to adap-tive architecture and is also fundamental to protection and resilence of the built environment.The relevance of this intervention in Southern Africa is given by the fact that up to now human settlements planning in the region has not integrated DRM on a significant scale. IMPACT. This experience has involved and aroused interest both of national and local governments. The Department of Physical Planning now has of-ficers who have practical experience of integrating DRM in urban plan-ning and will be in a position to use this knowledge, experience and skills for other human settlements planning tasks in the country. The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development is now working to ensure that all district development plans should integrate DRM in their pipelines.

In order to promote the efficient use of land within the planning area and to create and maintain a urban environment which en-sures provision of adequate social services and facilities to meet present and future needs of communities, Karonga Urban Struc-ture Plan includes measures to minimize or avoid environmental negative effects due to natural disasters. The measure address1:- Lake level rise leading to flooding- River swelling leading to flooding of the town- Strong Winds- Earthquakes- Drought


68 / SECTION 2 - Chapter 2 : Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture in Mozambique

SECTION 2Chapter 2

Principles and Cases of Adaptive Architecture Mozambique

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DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - MOZAMBIQUE / 69DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - MOZAMBIQUE /69

Situation Overview

Inhambane Province2_MZ1

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:

1.1_Housing Workshop and Prototype TestingUN-Habitat - Municipality of Vilanculos / ECHO - UNJPDRR

1.2_Cyclone Resistant Kindergarten UN-Habitat - Vilanculos Municipality / Associaçao Moçambique Alemanha

1.3_Water Catchment Systems International Relief and Development (IRD) / OFDA

Disasters Data: Mozambique – Floods and Cyclone / Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 / March 22, 2007/ USAID;

Disaster: Cyclone Fàvio

Disaster Date: February 22nd 2007

Deaths: 9

People Injured:

People Left Homeless: 50,000 people

Nr of Households Affected: 160,000 people

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: 6,500

Documented Initiatives Target Population: more than 18,000 people

Building Types: Cyclone Shelters, Housing & Public Infrastructures (Primary School); Rain Water Harvesting Systems;

Material Cost per Building: House Construction (including labour): approx. 6,000 USD / HouseKindergarten/Cyclone Shelter Construction (in-cluding labour): approx. 40,000 USDWater Harvesting Systems (including labour): approx. 40,000 USD per system

INHAMBANE PROVINCE

Govuro

Mabote Inhassoro

Vilanculos

Massinga

Morrumbene

Homoine

Jangamo

Panda

Inharrime

Zavala

Funhalouro

INHAMBANE PROVINCE - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION

Heavily Affected Areas

Affected Areas

Tropical Storm

CYCLONE CLASSIFICATIONSaffir-Simpson Scale

Minimal

Moderate

Extensive

Extreme

Catastrophic

1 Cyclone

2 Moderate Cyclone

3 Strong Cyclone

4 Very Strong Cyclone

5 Devastating Cyclone

Cyclone Favio / 2007Areas of Concern (Source: WFP)

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.21.1



BUILDING WITH WINDS

Photo: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards - Cyclone Favio as per satellite images

Photo: Joshua Sullivan Photo: Mozambique Red Cross

1SHELTER PROJECTS 2010 - UN-Habitat / UNHCR / IFRC;2Floods and Cyclone / Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 / March 22, 2007/ USAID;2www.unhabitat.org / www.preventionweb.net

Drawing: Building with Winds Manual - UN-Habitat - Mozambique

VULNERABILITY OF INHAMBANE PROVINCE

Mozambique has a large coastline exposed to the Indian ocean leading to the threat of cyclones. Additionally the country is prone to floods, droughts and earthquakes. The number of events has dramatically in-creased this century. Coastal areas of Mozambique are very prone to cyclones. Vilankulo municipality is a geographically exposed coastal town, included in the Province of Inhambane, that has been hit several times by cyclones and strong winds. In the urban context of Vilankulo municipality, infrastructure and houses are very vulnerable to strong winds1. On February 22/2007, Tropical Cyclone Favio made landfall in Vilankulo District, Inhambane Province, as the equivalent of a Category 4 storm, and continued through Sofala and Manica provinces. It hit some coastal areas of the central region of Mozambique, generating torrential rains and wind speeded up to 220 Km/hour onto an area that had already been flooded the month before. High wind speeds caused the major-ity of damage. According to the INGC, the cyclone killed 9 people and affected more than 160,000 people, destroying crops and threaten-ing local food security. In the immediate aftermath of the cyclone, the INGC, together with the U.N. World Food Program (WFP), implement-ed a response plan and provided food assistance to cyclone-affected populations2. Damage field assessments conducted one month after in order to determine damage on houses and public facilities, realised that most of the buildings were not resistant to strong winds, due to the construction techniques and quality. It appeared more sustainable to reconstruct in a resistant manner than to spend money every two or three years rebuilding after the cyclone1.

A first manual, targeted at technicians and local communities, with simple recommendations on how to improve local construc-tion techniques, including simple graphic designs and explana-tory texts, had been developed before the cyclone. The technical solutions proposed have been than tested and reviewed in a “living workshop” of prototypes construction implemented in the post-disasters reconstruction. The new online version of the manual is now available and spread worldwide in portuguese and english version3. The purpose of developing technical manu-als and implementing pilot projects is to ultimately influence na-tional and local policies, so that proper building techniques and be integrated in the codes and regulations.

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DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - MOZAMBIQUE / 71

Response to the 2007 Cyclone Favio in Mozambique

Housing Workshop2_MZ1.1


Risk Addressed: Cyclone Where: Vilanculos MunicipalityWhen: 2008/2010Main Goal: Supporting Innovative Local Mitigation Interventions for Reducing Vulnerability to Floods and Cyclones in MozambiqueDonors: ECHO / UN Joint Programme for Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Preparedness in MozambiquePartners: INGC / Vilanculos Municipal Council /UN- HabitatBudget of the Project: -Cost of the Built Intervention: approx. 6,000 USD including labor / Demonstra-tion House;

ACHIEVED RESULTS

11 Houses built, among which:9 ferro-cement channels roofed houses1 Dome House1 vault roofed house50 Beneficiaries Accomodated30 Builders Trained On-the-Job1 Workshop organized and 40 Beneficiaries trained, including University Students and Government Technical Staff1 Technical Manual Developed

Photo: UN-Habitat - Semi-prefabricated vaulted housing model

Photo: UN-Habitat - Houses covered with pre-industrialized ferro-cement vaulted roofing panels1SHELTER PROJECTS 2010 - UN-Habitat / UNHCR / IFRC;2Focus on Mozambique: A dacade experimenting distaster and risk reduction strategies / UN-Habitat / 2011;

THEPROJECT. The project identified and tested innovative small-scale mitigation interventions for cyclones, using participatory approaches and focusing on local capacity building in vulnerable pilot areas. The major goal of the project was to disseminate the initiative and prepare the conditions for future replication1. Following the cyclone, UN-Habitat has created a live workshop of various cyclone shelters, used for different functions such as houses or schools, to represent a catalogue of different techical solutions adapted to urban contexts in Mozambique, including some pre-industrialised techniques and materials. The workshop, aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of the solution included in the Manual “Building with Winds” targeted master builders and technical staff, in order to encourage replication, as craftsmen would “learn by doing”. The applied principle is that a building’s reaction to cyclone winds is related to its shape and its weight or its technological characteristics. In particular, the cyclone resistant houses feature a compact plan and are roofed using prefabricated wire mesh concrete vault whose shape, slope and weight ensure excellent reaction to cyclones. The ferrocement roof channels system was developed by the Auroville Earth Institute and introduced by UN-Habitat in Mozambique2.






Photo: UN-Habitat - Brickwork Dome House

1SHELTER PROJECTS 2010 - UN-Habitat / UNHCR / IFRC;

Site Selection: located in a council owned land in a suburb area, home to some of the most vulner-able people in the city. The original houses that were built on the site with local materials were destroyed by the cyclone1.Walls: Walls were made from concrete blocks (first phase) and compressed earth blocks (second phase).Roof: Different solutions for covering were tried.• 3cm thick ferro-cement vaults (0.70 x 6m) man-ufactured on the ground and then raised.• 8 cm thick concrete vaults (3 x 6m) using a metal formwork on the beams for easy assembly and dis-assembly.• Self-supporting dome made with compressed earth blocks.

CHALLENGES. The construction of the prefabricated vaulted elements was implemented in Mozambique for the first time, representing a challeng for the the Trainer and the Trainees.LESSONS LEARNED. The applied design did not include the possibility for the houses to be modified or extended, like it happens in the major-ity of dwellings.The high cost of ferro-cement, compared with the aver-age possibility of the families, prevents a large scale uptake. Latrines, kitchens and water wells should be included in a future replication.IMPACT. The organisation worked with the municipality at local level, and the National Institute of Disaster Management at country level. This allowed different government institutions to be involved and al-lowed for advocacy at different levels. Construction techniques have been accepted by the local population, local master builders and the municipality, which is now building new facilities according to the building recommendations and new techniques. Some families are also building their new houses replicating the techniques. At national level, the building process was periodically presented to national government institutions and other stakeholders (including humanitarian institutions, universities and private sector), which were also invited to visit the con-struction site.

TRAINING & CAPACITYDEVELOPMENT

In the town, local master builders and municipality technical staff werevery involved in the construction of the shelters. They received special trainings on the new techniques and practiced by building the shel-ters. The steps followed during the prefabricated elements construction training are: design of the shape and laying of a series of bricks are then placed along this perimeter; piling up of stones and earth, creating a mass within the bricks perimeter, forming a semi-cylindrical formwork finished with concrete; mould covering with tarpaulin; chicken wire mesh installmente and covering with concrete layer; laying of three re-inforcing steel bars, two along the edges of the semicylinder, another set at the pinnacle of the vault. Finishing with 2-3 cm concrete layer.

According with the results of the prototype con-struction testing, the ferro-cement prefabricated technique revealed to be very performant but easi-er to be replicated by more industrialized construc-tion companies, than simple builders in the field.The dome model is very effective but the people cultural background obstacles its replication.

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Photos and Drawing: UN-Habitat - Mozambique

Kindergarten


TECHNICAL DETAILS

Photo: Exterior view of the primary school - UN-Habitat

Reducing the vulnerability to cyclone in Mozambique

2_MZ1.2

1 Focus on Mozambique: A dacade experimenting distaster and risk reduction strategies / UN-Habitat / 2011;

Risk Addressed: Cyclone Where: Vilanculos MunicipalityWhen: 2010 - 2011 (6 months)Main Goal: Supporting Innovative Local Mitiga-tion Interventions for Reducing Vulnerability to Floods and Cyclones in MozambiqueDonors: Associaçao Moçambique AlemanhaPartners: Vilanculos Municipal Council / UN-HabitatCost of the Built Intervention (including labor): approx. 40,000 USD / Demonstration House;

Photo: Interior view of the primary school - UN-Habitat

THEPROJECT. The kindergarten is also located in Vilankulo and can be used as shelter in case of a cyclone. The school has 200m2 plan, divided into: a multipurpose room, refectory, office, kitchen and female/male toilets. The project came as a result of the impact of the prototype test-ing workshop that UN-Habitat implemented with the Municipality of Vilankulo: one year later the Municipality decided to spontaneously rep-licate a cyclone resistant intervention, funded by an international orga-nization, and asked to UN-Habitat for technical assistance. While analo-gous to the previously analysed cyclonne performant roof structures, in this case the prefabricated vaults are of much larger dimensions, each covering three bays for a total length of 9 meters. The curve of the arch of each section measures some 80cm from the spring point, with a radius of curvature of 180cm. Thus the section is not a true semicircle, but rather a flattened arch. The dimensions of each single element have been increased by substituting the chicken wire with a prefabricated solid steel formwork, used to support the curved slabs until cure and hardening is complete. The vault formwork technology was developed by the Institute of Cooperation and the United Nation Educational, Sci-entific and Cultural Organisation Chair for Basic Habitability, Technical University of Madrid, and adapted by UN-Habitat in Mozambique1.

ACHIEVED RESULTS

1 Primary School/Cyclone Shelter built50 Children provided with spaces for education200 People provided with cyclone-resistant shelter

R 185

6 cm

120 cm



Reducing Vulnerability to Drought, Cyclones & Climate Change in Mozambique

Water Harvesting Systems


Risk Addressed: Drought/CycloneWhere: Massinga District, Inhambane Province (Mu-ludjane, Nhachengue, Mhabihali, Bambatela, Liond-zuane), Homoine and Funhalouro DistrictsWhen: 2009 - 2011; 2012 - 2014Main Goal: Reducing Vulnerability to Drought, Cy-clones & Climate Change in MozambiqueDonors: OFDAPartners: International Relief & Development (IRD)Budget of the Project: 200,000 USDCost of the Intervention: 40,000 USD / System

Photo: IRD - Water reservoir and concrete made units / Mabihale, Massinga District

Retrofitting Of Existing Rain Water Harvesting Systems of Schools and Health Centers

Photo: IRD - Water tanks / Mabihale, Massinga District

Photo: IRD - Water tanks / Mabihale, Massinga District

2_MZ1.3

1 Reducing Vulnerability to Drought, Cyclones & Climate Change in Mozambique / IRD / May 2012;

IRD is implementing another ongoing WASH project, to be finalised in 2014, and funded by OFDA. The project, focused on retrofitting of existant water harvesting systems by replacing of sealant, high quality gutters and water disposal units, aims to:• provide water, stored duirng the rainy season to 300 students in 40 school, for a total of 12,000 students;• involve the community in the project implementation, organizing 80 com-munity training sessions for a total of 12,000 people involved;The project aims to obtain an awareness raising impact, since through the construction implementation, it supports and widespreads better hygiene practices in the scholar system. To be completed it would require a compo-nent of WASH improving in the families houses.

ACHIEVED RESULTS

5 Water Dam for catchment of surface water 5,000 Community Members involved into the implementation and provided with water 5 Awareness Raising Training organized and 500 Beneficiaries mobilized

THE PROJECT. For over a decade, Inhambane province, Mozambique, has experienced severe cyclones and prolonged droughts, leading to cy-clical food shortages. The impact of these repeated shocks is exacerbat-ed by the high incidence of HIV and poverty. With support from USAID’s Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, the Colheita I and II projects, are reducing vulnerability to natural disasters in five districts of Inhambane province and increasing resiliency to future shocks. In coordination with provincial agriculture authorities, IRD is complementing agricultural activities with initiatives to improve water supply and sanitation. The project is repairing water points using appropriate pump technology, rehabilitating rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) in public buildings, and promoting RWHS at the household level. IRD is reha-bilitating 30 RWHS in public buildings, installing 500 RWHS in homes, and repairing or installing 30 water pumps. To ensure sustainability, the project formed and trained local committees to manage each water point. The project has also improved hygiene practices by constructing 1,000 household latrines and training a network of community activists who will promote basic hygiene and personal health practices, includ-ing construction of hand washing facilities near latrines and use of el-evated dish drying and storage racks1.

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Situation Overview

Nampula Province

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES REPORTED:

2_MZ2

Data Sources: IFRC / DREF operation n° MDRMZ003 GLIDE n° TC-2008-000033-MOZ 28 November 2008;

2.1_ Cyclone Resistant Community Shelters and Housing UN-Habitat - Oikos - District Government / ECHO - UNJPDRR

Disaster: Cyclone Jokwe

Disaster Date: March 9th 2008

Deaths: 13

People Injured: -

People Left Homeless: more than 55,000

Nr of Households Affected: 200,821 people

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: more than 12,000

Documented Initiatives Target Population: 4,000 people

Building Types: Cyclone Resistant Community Shelters - 90m2, Low-cost Housing - 20 m2

Material Cost per Building: Cyclone Shelter Construction (including labour): approx. 6,000 USD/ShelterHouse Construction (including labour): approx. 2,000 USD/House

NAMPULA PROVINCE - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION

Tropical Storm


Minimal

Moderate

Extensive

Extreme

Catastrophic

1 Cyclone

2 Moderate Cyclone

3 Strong Cyclone


5 Devastating CycloneMODIS Flood Inundation Limits 1999 - 2007 (DFO)


Affected Areas

Cyclone Favio / Areas of Concern (Source: WFP)

NAMPULA PROVINCE

Moma

Erati

Nacaroa

Memba

Nacala Velha

Mossuril

Mogincual

Angoche

Monapo

MuecateMecubiri

Lalaua

Malema

Ribaue

Murrupula

Nampula

Mogovolas

Meconta

2.1

2.1



Photo: UN-Habitat

Photo: UN-Habitat

Data Source: INGC Climate Change Report - Mozambique

1 DREF operation n° MDRMZ003 / GLIDE n° TC-2008-000033-MOZ / 28 November 20082 INGC / National Institute for Natural Disaster Management;

Photo: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards - Cyclone Jokwe as per satellite images

VULNERABILITY OF NAMPULA PROVINCE

On 9 March 2008, tropical cyclone `Jokwe` hit the Northern and Cen-tral parts of Mozambique, causing heavy rainfall that caused extensive damage to homes, schools and roads infrastructure. The worst affected areas were Angoche and Moma districts in the Northern Province of Nampula, as well as Nacala Porto, Monapo and Mogovolas districts. It was estimated that 200,000 people were directly and indirectly af-fected by the cyclone, and a total of 13 deaths were recorded. The lo-cal government in Nampula Province estimates that a total of 100,000 hectares of crops were washed way1. Cyclone Jokwe was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in Mo-zambique since Cyclone Favio struck in the previous year. The tenth named storm of the 2007-08 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone sea-son, Jokwe was first classified as a tropical depression on March 2 over the open Southwest Indian Ocean. It tracked west-southwest, crossing northern Madagascar as a tropical storm on March 5 before intensify-ing into a tropical cyclone on March 6. Jokwe rapidly intensified to reach peak winds of 195 km/h (120 mph), before weakening slightly and striking Nampula Province in northeastern Mozambique.Accross Nampula Province the cyclone destroyed the roofs of at least 80 schools, a bridge across the Mogincual River, which left the town of Namige isolated, destroyed 9,316 houses and damaged 3,220 more, most of which in Angoche. In Pebane District in neighboring Zambe-zia Province, the cyclone destroyed 9 houses. Rainfall was reported throughout the province, though damage was not as heavy due to lack of strong winds. Throughout Mozambique, the cyclone affected 200,000 people, with a total of 55,000 people left homeless2.

Principal Highway

TRANSPORT NETWORK AFFECTE BY CT JOKWE

INFRASTRUCTURES AFFECTE BY CT JOKWE

POPULATION AFFECTED BY CT JOKWE (200,821 INHABITANTS)

Secondary Highway

Railway

Health Centre

Mogincual

Angoche

Mosuril

Inslands of Mozambique

Moma

Mogovolas

Port of Nacula

Monapo

Health Post

Rural Hospital

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Response to the 2008 Cyclone Jokwe in Mozambique

Community Shelters


Photo: UN-Habitat - Community Shelter in Quelelene Island - Angoche District, Nampula Province;

Photo: UN-Habitat - On the Job Trainings on Costruction

2_MZ2.1

Risk Addressed: Cyclone Where: Angoche/Mogincual Districts, Nampula ProvinceWhen: 09/2010 - 12/2012Main Goal: Supporting Local Mitigation Interven-tions for Reducing Vulnerability to Cyclones in Nampula Province, MozambiqueDonors: ECHO; UN Joint Programme for DRRPartners: UN-Habitat; Oikos; District Government;Budget of the Project: 497,966 USD (ECHO: 266,195 USD + UNJPDRR: 231,801USD)Cost of the Built Intervention (including labor):House Construction - 20 m2 (including labour): approx. 2,000 USD/HouseCyclone Shelter Construction - 90m2 (including labour): approx. 6,000 USD/Shelter

ACHIEVED RESULTS

12 Community Shelters built3600 Beneficiaries provided with safe heavens20 House Reconstructed or Retrofitted and 100 Beneficiaries accomodated10 Training Sessions organized with average 30 Beneficiaries per session300 Beneficiaries Trained on Evacuation Simula-tion


THE PROJECT. In March 2008 approximately 200,000 people were af-fected by cyclone Jokwe in northern Mozambique, especially Nampula province where public infrastructure such as health centres, schools and more than 40,000 houses were destroyed. UN-Habitat’s idea was to design simple community shelters in isolated and vulnerable loca-tions ensuring maximum use of local knowledge, building techniques and materials to facilitate maintenance and replication at community level. The adopted architectural design is based in one cyclone-resistant prototype developed by Care in Madagascar. The model has been up-graded to allow its use for multipurpose activities. For this purpose, shelters of 120-150 m2 were designed to accommodate a maximum of 250-300 persons with a reinforced wooden structure using “A” shape with 40-450 pitch slope. The construction has been implemented using local master builders who were trained to improve their knowledge. The structure includes reinforced bracing and connections between parts, local ballast foundations to resist the wind uplift forces. The roofing is-made with reinforced traditional woven palm leaves (makuti): rainwater harvesting system, sanitation facilities and suspended shelves to stor-age families assets in emergency times were included1.





Vocational Skills Training On Improved Construction

Photo: UN-Habitat - Reinforced Houses made in wooden sticks framework with improved anchorages

Photo: UN-Habitat - .................

Shape: the “A” shaped building section and com-pact plan, composed by a unique space 100 m2, contribute to wind resistance;Site Selection: the implementation site has been chosen to be far from trees falling caused by strong winds; it has been oriented, according with the wind direction, to protect the entrances;Foundation: the main structure wooden post are strongly anchored to the ground by cross brac-ing them with horizontal wooden elements; fur-thermore the foundation elements have been protected from the damp raising and insects by a tarpaulin layer and engine oil painting;Walls/Roof: a series of 4,5m high “A” shaped wooden trusses set on span of 2 m, coated with palm leaves represents the walls and roof at the same time. Bracing wooden beams reinforce the longitudinal central axis. The leaves coverage is properly dried and treated, before being interlaced with vegetal rope, starting from the eaves to the ridge. The coverage layers must be doubled as way to ensure the impermeability of rainwater.

UN-Habitat has accompanied the whole construction process with a continuous activity of capacity building among the local communities: 10 Training have been organized on contruction techniques, water and sanitation, hygiene, with an average of 30 participants per training. A team of 3 trained master builders and UN-Habitat Staff was moving from island to island to select and trained local groups of builders, com-posed of 5/6 people per session. Furthermore an early warning, evacu-ation and emergency response simulation has been organized with the participation of the whole community, and thanks to the coordination of local INGC representatives and government institutions.

CHALLENGES. The hardest challenge for the community mobiliza-tion and the project implementation was the remoteness of the islands where the shelters have been constructed. The construction materials transport carried out by boat between Angoche land and the islands was made even more difficult by the tide oscillation. Another signifi-cant challenge was represented by the reluctance of the community to participate and even to accept the presence of the project. Only once built, the community perceived the good impact and utility of the shelters and spontaneously asked for replication in other island.LES-SONS LEARNED. The shelter project has been implemented for the first time in Madagascar, in smaller scale and use confined to the ex-clusive moment of emergency: in Mozambique the “double purpose” building concept has been applied by UN-Habitat also to this building, providing the characteristics of a space that can be used as a school or a community multi-purpose centre during normal times, even though these uses should be more stimulated among the community members. IMPACT. The project represented and interesting construction experi-ences exchange between the two countries. Furthermore it represent a built example of local techniques improving, visited and documented by government institutions and NGO’s.

The bamboo framing treatment by diving into salt water should be increased by engine oil painting, as per the woden elements, to increase its durability. The windows have to be correspondent on both sides of the build-ing and the door has to open to the outside: the mas-sive doors and windows used are very performant for wind strenght, but difficult to be handled by children and elderly. A latrine should be placed inside in future replication.

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Situation Overview

Zambezia Province2_MZ3

Disaster: Cyclone Funso

Disaster Date: January 20 -23 / 2012

Deaths: 47

People Injured: -

People Left Homeless:

Nr of Households Affected: 66,946 (Zambezia)2,835 in southern Nampula)

Nr of Buildings Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: 9,167 Houses Partially Destroyed4104 Houses Completely Destroyed4455 Houses Flooded850 Classrooms Damaged

Documented Reconstruction ProgrammesTarget Population: more than 700 people

Building Types: Housing Reconstruction (20/28/35 m2) and Retrofitting

Material Cost per Building:House Reconstruction (including labour): approx. 400 USD/House in Pebane (area: 35 m2)House Reconstruction (including labour): approx. 150 USD/House in Chinde (area: 21 - 28 m2)

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:

3.1_Post- Cyclone Low -Cost Housing ReconstructionUN-Habitat / CONCERN Worldwide / Samaritan’s Purse International Relief / District Goverment / IOM

3.2_Cyclone Resistant Housing PrototypesCVM (Mozambican Red Cross), Province Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DPOPH) / German Red Cross

Disasters Data: CTGC Table – 10 February 2012; 2nd Edition of the Clusters funding request for flooding and cyclone season 2012 of the UN Humanitarian Country Team; INGC

ZAMBEZIA PROVINCE - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION

ZAMBEZIA PROVINCE

Gurue

Milange

Morrumbala

Mopeia

Namaroi

Lugela

Mocuba

NicoadalaNamacurra

Maganjada Costa

Ile

Chinde

Alto Molocue

Gile

Pebane

Tropical Storm


Minimal

Moderate

Extensive

Extreme

Catastrophic

1 Cyclone

2 Moderate Cyclone

3 Strong Cyclone



MODIS Flood Inundation Limits 1999 - 2007 (DFO)


Affected Areas

Cyclone Favio / Areas of Concern (Source: WFP)

3.1

3.13.2



MAIN DEFECTS AND TECHNICAL FAILURES OF LOCAL BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Photo: UN-Habitat

Photo: Cyclone damages in education structures - Quelimane / UN-Habitat

Photo: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards - Cyclone Funso as per satellite images

VULNERABILITY OF ZAMBEZIA PROVINCE

On 18 January 2012, moderate tropical storm Dando hit southern Mo-zambique affecting approximately 51,670 people in Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces. Days later the central and northern regions of the country were affected by Tropical Cyclone Funso, category 3 and 4 with winds ranging from 166 to 212km/h and heavy rainfall, between 20 and 23 January 2012, affecting approximately 66,946 and 2,835 people in Zambézia and southern Nampula provinces respectively. A considerable number of houses, schools and health centres were dam-aged in six districts of Zambézia province, the worst affected. The death toll reported is 47 deads, mostly caused by falling roofs1. During January 2012, the long lasting vulnerability of Mozambique to natural disasters has been strongly reconfirmed by these new disatrous events. Damage and need assessments conducted by UN-Habitat in the immediate af-termath of the emergency showed extremely high vulnerability of com-munities as concerns housing, low capacities and urgent need for sup-port, particularly in women and/or children lead households surveyed2. From the findings it appeared essential thet resources should have been channeled for sustainable reconstruction as soon as possible, and that immediate emergency assistance would be used to ensure sustainable recovery, trusting on the coping strategies of the communities. Two activities have been promoted as a example of the possible shift from emergency to future development approach: low-cost solutions for im-proved reconstruction; low-cost solutions for retro-fitting and reinforce-ment of non-affected houses, to prevent future damages.

• Absence of proper reinforced foundation system;• Absence of stabilization or compaction for wall filling materials;• Absence of bracing systems for walls and roof;• Frail connections between walls primary and secondary structure;• No closing systems or reinforcing framework (lintels) for openings;• Bad mixture for adobe blocks/rammed earth walls implementing;• Frail connections between roof structure and walls;• Reduced wooden element dimensions for roof structure;• Bad quality and no drying system for wooden elements;• Reduced roof covering thickness and bad assembling;• Absence of eaves to protect underlying walls;• Bad performing roof shape (2 slopes);

12nd Edition of the Clusters funding request for flooding and cyclone season 2012 of the UN Humanitarian Country Team; INGC2 Post-Disaster Housing Damage Assessment / March 2012 / Zambezia, Mozambique/ UN-Habitat

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HOUSING MODELS

Photo: Reconstructed House - Chinde District / UN-Habitat

Drawings: UN-Habitat

Housing Early Recovery and Reconstruction in post-cyclone Funso affected Districts of Zambezia

Housing Reconstruction


2_MZ3.1

Risk Addressed: Cyclone Where: Chinde / Pebane Districts, Zambezia ProvinceWhen: 03/2012 - 08/2012Main Goal: Deliver rapid housing reconstruction capacity building at District level using building back better and safer practices and increase com-munity preparedness / response capacity to cy-clone emergencies Donors: IOM (OFDA Funds); Partners: UN-Habitat (Technical Assistance); CONCERN Worldwide / Samaritan’s Purse Interna-tional Relief (Logistics)Budget of the Project: 220,000 USDCost of the Built Intervention (including labor):House Reconstruction (including labour): approx. 400 USD/House in Pebane (area: 35 m2)House Reconstruction (including labour): approx. 150 USD/House in Chinde (area: 21 - 28 m2)

ACHIEVED RESULTS

211 Houses Reconstructed or Repaired650 Beneficiaries Accomodated4 On-the-Job Training Sessions organized80 Beneficiaries trained, including Builders and Government Technicians

UN-Habitat Technicians, jointly with the community, have elaborated dif-ferent housing models to respond effectively to the community needs.

THE PROJECT. The project, coordinated at Province and District level with INGC and Ministry of Public Works and shelter clusters members, has been the result of a joint action by different organization, each pro-viding its specific contribution and expertise: IOM provided the imple-mentation funds and the general coordination; two NGO’s, CONCERN Worldwide and Samaritans Purse were responsible to provide logistic support through selection of reconstruction beneficiaries among the most affected vulnerable categories, training site selection and prepara-tion, building material and tools purchasing, transport facilitating.UN-Habitat was responsible to providing technical assistance through : provision of didactic Tools and Technical Materials Elaboration to sup-port Training Sessions in the field (Banners, Manuals, Models); two On-the-JobTraining Sessions during 2 days per District for theory/practical lessons about building back better practices fitted to local construction technics; technical lead and Day-by-day Monitoring through 2 local con-struction technicians based in the field during 45 days, following up the reconstruction activities on 150 houses per District; while UN-Habitat Architects were supervising both district weekly. The whole project has been carried out in a participatory way focusing on local technicians and master builders involvement and community mobilization.






Photo: Reconstruction Details - UN-Habitat

General Features: the housing shape has been designed compact and squared to resist better to strong winds;Foundation: the foundation has been set at in-creased depth (0,7 - 0,9 m) respect of the local tradition, and the main structure wooden post are strongly anchored to the ground by cross bracing them with horizontal wooden elements;Walls: diagonal bracing posts have been strongly anchored to the vertical structure, through in-creased connections, made with nails, vegetal rope and iron wire; openings frameworks and lintels have been reinforced;Roof: a heaped roof has been implemented in Pebane, while the two slopes roofs in Chinde have been improved by adding side enclosures; the roof structure has been reinforced with di-agonal bracing connecting horizontally the walls plates corners and along the roof pitchs.

CHALLENGES. One of the major challenges of the project was the remoteness of the areas, particularly in the case of Chinde, a district extending along the Zambezi River delta, made of islands often isolated by the ocean tides. The isolation of the areas created problems affecting the materials transport and logistics aspects, like the cash flow to be available for the materials purchasing, since there are no banks in the field. The local technical capacities of the builders were not including any knowledge about reinforced construction, but just basic notions about traditional techniques. LESSONS LEARNED. The strenght of the project founded on the complementarity and coordination between different organizations, each providing a specific competence. Further-more the immediate results obtained with the construction process represented a strong factor of community involvement, moving the willing of people to further replicate the intervention, while still ongo-ing: the constructive solutions have been perceived as local, psichologi-cally confortable and durable. IMPACT. The housing building activities contributed to create a spontaneous demand among the population. The builders participating to the Trainings and the whole reconstruc-tion process tied a bond with the local institutions and NGO’s to be employed for future construction activities in the field.

TRAINING & CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

The Training Planning in Chinde and Pebane Districts has been orga-nized as follows:• 2 Training Sessions (Training of Trainers - 2 days /session) per District on theory of construction techniques and WASH;• 5 Core Team formed by a Trainee (Master Builder) and 3 assistants per each house to be recontructed;• 2 Field Technicians mobilized (1 per each District) to supervise the action;• INGC, District Technicians from Planning and Infrastructure Section and Local Committees for Disasters Management Representatives par-ticipating to the trainings and the reconstruction process.

For time reasons the reconstruction process fo-cused on strenghtening and improving only some of the local construction techniques, like the cob wall, with wooden structure and earth plastering.The adobe blocks masonry is as much widespread among the local communities as the cob wall, par-ticularly in Pebane District, and represents a much more eco-friendly solution, since it doesn’t contrib-ute to any deforestation. It would be advisable to focus further adaptative architeture interventions in the area on the afoermentioned construction technique.

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HOUSING MODEL

Photo:

Drawings: CVM

Capacity building on construction of cyclone resistant housing prototypes made in local materials

Housing Prototypes


2_MZ3.2

Risk Addressed: Cyclone Where: Pebane District, Zambezia ProvinceWhen: 2009 -2010Main Goal: Reducing vulnerability to cyclones in rural coastal areas of mozambique prone to cyclones and tsunamisDonors: German Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) Partners: Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DPOPH) / Mozambique Red Cross (CVM) / German Red Cross (GRC)Budget of the Project: -Cost of the Built Intervention: 1,000 USD/House (including just construction materials)

ACHIEVED RESULTS

5 prototype houses built with improved local techniques and materials 5 local committees of risk management with expertise on how to build resistant to cyclones (through seminars and practical work) 60 direct beneficiaries, of which 45 members of local committees and 15 Red Cross volunteers10,000 Indirect Beneficiaries, belonging to five rural communities

THE PROJECT. The aim of the project was to disseminate simple im-provements in traditional houses’ building systems so that they become strong enough to withstand strong winds and even cyclones. This was a replication of an earlier experience carried out in another province of the country. Technical improvements were developed by a local gov-ernment architect, based on existing manuals adapted to the country. House’s design and materials were discussed with each of the commu-nities, in order to obtain their feedback and approval of adapted model. The construction was entirely made with low-cost, eco-friendly local materials were used for the construction.The target group was the population living in rural areas with very low incomes. Local committees for risk management and local professionals were involved, so that they could disseminate the techniques learned: capacity building activities were carried out with 60 voluntaries on strong winds resistant housing construction techniques. The community participation to the project was gender balanced, including women to carry out different tasks in the construction process (e.g. bringing water, plastering the houses).




Photo: CVM - On the Job Training

Photo: CVM - On the Job Training

Drawings: CVM

Roof: is heaped and reinforced with diagonal brac-ing connecting horizontally the walls plates cor-ners and along the roof pitchs.

Walls: made with a double frame of vertical wood-en posts, connected and anchored to each other by a thick frame of horizontal bamboo canes; the doors and windows are reinforced by wooden bars anchored to the side walls;

General Features: the housing shape has been designed compact and squared to resist better to strong winds. The prototype design is based on tra-ditional houses in the area.Foundation: the foundation has been set at in-creased depth (1m) respect of the local tradition, reinforced with a concrete plynth and anchored by nails clinging to the ground along the wooden posts;

TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REPLICATION

CHALLENGES. In some districts thre are not available technicians with enough skills as to design resistant houses and to explain the improve-ments to trainees. Latrines and kitchens were not included in the de-sign. LESSONS LEARNED. Local government’s architects and engi-neers can play a crucial role in shelter programs. The dissemination of localized technical manuals and succesful experiences have a multiplier effect. Built prototypes can be used as premises for local committees, becoming a community asset and also increasing their visibility and availability to be shown to the families interested in building/reinforcing their house. IMPACT. Local authorities recognized that it is possible to build resistant with local materials and asked CVM for replicating the experience among other communities in the area. Two years after the closure of this project, cyclone Funso impacted the district. Prototypes served for replication during the Early Recovery phase. CVM learnt from its own experience how to succesfully include the shelter component in DRR programs.

• While it is strongly recommended to count on local technicians for the design and construction of improved houses, it should be convinient that an experienced advIser reviews the whole process;• The final design of the models should be discussed with the commu-nities, not only for getting them involved in the project but for improv-ing the model by adding their own experience on local techniques and materials. The approval of the model by the community will facilitate its replication among the local population;• Monitoring of the houses should be done during some years after its completion, especially in case of a weather event occurrence, in order to confirm their suitability to local hazards.

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Situation Overview

Gaza Province2_MZ4

Disaster: Floods

Disaster Date: February 20 - 22 / 2000; January 12 - 20 / 2013

Deaths: 640 (2000); 97 (2013)

People Injured: -

People Left Homeless: 250,000(2000);140,000 (2013)

Nr of Households Affected: 490,000(2000); 213,000 (2013)

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: 680 houses inundated (2013)

Documented Reconstruction ProgrammesTarget Population: more than 2500 people

Building Types:Elevated School / Safe Heaven (200 m2)Multi-purpose Community Center (570 m2)Rainwater Harvesting Systems

Material Cost per Building:School Construction (including labour): approx. 30,000 USDMulti-purpose Community Center: approx.200,000 USDBig Water Tank / approx. 4,000 USD;Small Water Tank / approx. 700 USD;

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:

4.1_Elevated SchoolUN-Habitat / Government of Mozambique / MICOA / DINAPOT /CBOs

4.2_Participatory Physical Planning in the Limpopo River BasinUN-Habitat / Government of Mozambique / MICOA / DINAPOT / CBOs

4.3_CERUM - Multi-purpose Community CentreUN-Habitat / FAO / UNEP / UNIDO / UNDP / WFP / INGC / MICOA

Disasters Data: Global Register of Major Flood Events - Dartmouth Flood Observatory; MOZAMBIQUE FLOODS 2013: RESPONSE AND RECOVERY PROPOSAL / Maputo, 31 January 2013 / Humanitarian Country Team; Southern Africa: Floods / Situation Report No. 5 (as of 08 February 2013) / OCHA; World Bank - A Preliminary Assessment of Damage from the Flood and Cyclone Emergency of February-March 2000 / March 27 - 2000

GAZA PROVINCE - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION


Affected Areas

2013 Floods / Areas of Concern (Source: WFP)

GAZA PROVINCE

Massangena

Chigubo

Chicualacuala

Mabalane

Massingir

Chokwe

BileneXai Xai

Manjacaze

Chibuto

Guija4.1

4.3



Photo: Centro de Documentação e Formacão Fotográfica de Moçambique


Photo: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards - 2013 Limpopo Floods (before&after) as per satellite images

VULNERABILITY OF GAZA PROVINCE

The Limpopo overflowing that hit Mozambique in January 2013 set the mind back to the disastrous occurrence of 2000 devas-tating floods striking the same area of Gaza Province.In that year, the flooding took place during February and March, and resulted in the forced evacuation of hundreds of thousands of people. Villages and farmland were flooded for days, with crops and livestock destroyed. Over 100,000 families lost their livelihoods. The 2000 floods left 1,500 square km devastated.Aid and assistance from government and the international community of Mozambique was slow to get through.Fast forward to 2012 and 2013 and we have a very similar pic-ture. Heavy rains have hit the region and again, horrific floods have been the result. This year the flooding has been longer and even more damaging. In 2013 the floods first began in October 2012, and have continued until April (at least). On 12 January 2013, the Mozambique authorities declared an orange alert due to heavy rains that lasted for more than a week. Until 20 January 2013, moderate to intense rains had already

affected 150,000 persons throughout the country and total of 55 people lost their lives. According to the UN Resident Coor-dinator’s Office in Mozambique, since October 2012, floods in Mozambique have killed a total of 97 people, of which 69 peo-ple have been killed since the major flooding began in January 2013. In total, an estimated 213,000 people have been affected by floods across Mozambique since October 2012, the majority having been affected since January 2013. The total number of displaced people in the most affected province, Gaza, is around 140,000; as some isolated areas becomes accessible this num-ber could increase1.Many have lost everything in the floods and will thus require continued humanitarian assistance. Public infrastructures have not received a lesser strike than private housing (29.1 million USD damage): 1,300 classrooms have been destroyed or par-tially damaged, for a total of 18.7 million USD damage in the education sector; 53 health facilities have been affected, for 15.7 million USD damage to the health sector2.

1Southern Africa: Floods / Situation Report No. 5 (as of 08 February 2013) / OCHA; 2World Bank - A Preliminary Assessment of Damage from the Flood and Cyclone Emergency of February-March 2000 / March 27 - 2000

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Pilot Demonstrative Interventions to provide and test sustainable solutions to reduce vulnerability to floods in the Limpopo River Basin

Elevated School


LIVING WITH FLOODS

Photo: UN-Habitat -

Drawing: UN-Habitat - the Sahe Heaven in use during the emergency period

2_MZ4.1

Risk Addressed: FloodsWhere: Maniquenique Village, Chibuto District, Gaza ProvinceWhen: 2007 - 2008Main Goal: provide and test sustainable solutions to reduce vulnerability to floods in the Limpopo River BasinDonors: Global Environment Facility (GEF)/ UNEPPartners: Government of Mozambique, MICOA - DINAPOT, UN-Habitat, CBO’sBudget of the Project: 970,000 USDCost of the Built Intervention (including labor): 200 m2 - approx. 30,000 USD

ACHIEVED RESULTS

1 Primary School / Safe Heaven built300 Children provided with education spaces150 Community Members provided with flood emergency shelterAwareness raising activities organized and 120 Beneficiaries trained20 Builders trained on-the-job1 Workshop organized on site with CVM1 Workshop organized on site with the Faculty of Architecture of Maputo

Concerning floods, the main challenge has been was to identify sustainable alternatives to mas-sive resettlement operations of the population in areas at risk. This approach has been called Living with Floods and consisted of reinforcing disaster preparedness capacities of local communities and authorities and implementing small-scale adapta-tion/mitigation solutions through the architectural design and construction of public buildings which could serve as a refuge in case of floods and as a social facility in normal times.

THE PROJECT. Maniquenique is located 6 km from Chibuto, where the district administration is located, in a quite vulnerable position to floods. The village was totally inundated in 2000 at an average height of approximately 1 m above ground level. The participatory planning sessions were held in the existing primary school: the construction of a new school was selected as the priority intervention by the community to be carried out with the available project funds, especially consider-ing that another important social service, i.e. a health centre, is avail-able in Chibuto which is close by. Of course, this was found to be a per-fect occasion to, once again, introduce an innovative architecture but adapted to the local reality. The Elevated Primary School to be built in Maniquenique has also a double-function, i.e. to function as a school in normal times, and as safe-haven in case of floods. For this purpose, the floor of the school was built higher than the level reached by the flood waters in 2000. In addition the roof structure was reinforced, so that it can ultimately be used as higher refuge-platform in case of a dramatic event. Again, the school includes rainwater harvesting system and improved & elevated sanitation facilities, which can be used both during a flood and in normal times. The architectural design of the school took maximum advantage of local knowledge, building materi-als, and local man-power.





Photo: UN-Habitat - Traditional material elevated classroom.

Drawing: UN-Habitat


General Features: The building is oriented East-West to obtain a good natural illumination as well as proper ventilation. Importantly, the design of the building allows to further developing it later-ally and at the back in order to increase the size of the school in the future.Site Selection: the site selection is the result of the participatory planning held with the community.Foundation: The elevated platform is raised by 1.5m above the ground. The structure of the deck is based on a grid of pine wood beams, with a primary system of 228 x 50 x 5cm beams, set at 150cm axis, crossed with a secondary grid of beams measuring 152 x 50 x 5cm, set at 60cm axis, and reinforced by off-set bracing (152 x 50 x 5cm) at 70cm axis. The primary beams are sup-ported by onsite-cast reinforced concrete pilotis.Walls: the walls are in cement blocks plastered.Roof: The roof structure, made with triangular semi-trusses in pine wood crossed with 7.5 x 3.8 cm section beams set at 60cm axis, is reinforced to be capable of supporting the weight of at least 50 people in case of major flood. The roof, which is ventilated, also allows rainwater harvesting into gutters and down pipes, which converge in a cis-tern located behind the building with a capacity of 50,000 litres.

Second classroom as an extension of the Maniquenique project.

Following the completion of the school, and given that a considerable quantity of materials was left over, the decision was made to build a sec-ond, simpler and smaller elevated structure alongside it. It was designed to host a 9.5x5m classroom which would be elevated through the con-struction of a compacted landfill, approximately 120cm in height, en-tirely built using local materials and techniques by the community itself with the technical assistance of UN-Habitat. The vertical supports are in pine wood, like the roof structure; a primary order of beams rests on the columns below and a secondary order of beams is covered with corrugated steel decking, fixed with nails. The traditionally built walls are made of reeds and leave a horizontal opening below the roof for ventilation1.

The elevated platform could be realised by a con-crete slab instead of wood deck, which more re-sistant and durable in time and more familiar to builders experience. The wooden roof structure could also be substituted with metal trusses.

CHALLENGES. One of the hardest challenges for the intervention im-plementation has been represented by the aim to keep a constant high level of community involvement during the whole project development. A school awareness method has been applied, to let the students, the final beneficiaries of the intervention, being the reminders within their own families of the community’s responsibility in carrying out the dif-ferent tasks, like unloading the trucks transporting building materials or bringing water for construction. LESSONS LEARNED. The community participation has not been gender balanced: because of cultural reasons the women have contributed almost entirely to hard construction tasks.An improved model of community participation should be developed for future replications, including and distinguishing the tasks according with age and gender, and involving university students and other pro-fessional volunteers to develop awareness raising activties. Additional work should be carried out for deeply analysing the community dy-namics but also to implant a greater understanding of the fundamental concepts of community participation, to support the project. IMPACT. The experience was one of the first UN-Habitat implemented in Mo-zambique, contributing to advocacy making and attention focusing on disaster risk reduction possible strategies.

Reiforced Roof

Rainwater Harvesting System

Elevated Platform

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Photo: UN-Habitat - Construction Process



Physical Planning


THE RIVER GAME

Risk Addressed: Floods Where: Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South AfricaWhen: 2004 - 2007Main Goal: to develop and implement participa-tory land use tools and plans for sustainable land management in the Limpopo River Basin in order to reduce the impact of floods on land, ecosystems and human settlements.Donors: Global Environment Facility (GEF) /UNEPPartners: Government of Mozambique, MICOA - DI-NAPOT, UN-Habitat, CBO’sBudget of the Project: 970,000 USD

ACHIEVED RESULTS

“Limpopo Basin Strategic Plan for Reducing Vulnerability to Floods and Droughts” elaborated and approved

2_MZ4.2

1-3 Focus on Mozambique: A dacade experimenting distaster and risk reduction strategies / UN-Habitat / 2011;2 Limpopo Basin Strategic Plan for Reducing Vulnerability to Floods and Droughts / UN-Habitat, UNEP, GEF / July 2007;

Sustainable Land Use Planning for Integrated Land And Water Management for Disaster Preparedness and Vulnerability Reduction in the Limpopo River Basin

UN-Habitat: Limpopo Basin Strategic Plan for Reducing Vulnerability to Floods and Droughts

Photo: UN-Habitat - Community Participatory Meeting

Since 2003, UN-Habitat has developed several tools for increasing awareness on preparation and adaptation to natural hazards, as well as giv-ing recommendations and technical innovation regarding the way of thinking about architecture and infrastructure solutions in vulnerable settle-ments. One of the most striking products is the River Game with which, through playing commu-nity members can learn how to face the flooding phenomenon.

THE PROJECT. Maniquenique elevated school (see previous datasheet) is included in UN-Habitat implemented a sub-regional project in the Limpopo River basin from 2004 to 2007 with the overall objective to develop and implement participatory land use tools and plans to re-duce the impact of floods. The project allowed UN-Habitat to express its mapping capabilities for territorial planning and flood risk mapping using several techniques such as satellite image processing, aerial photo interpretation and land cover classification within a Geographic Infor-mation System environment1. Two main outcomes resulted from the challenging tasks: • A regional integrated land use management plan to lessen land deg-radation and minimise the risk of losing life and damage to ecosystems in future floods;• Enhanced capacity and effective tools in participatory land use plan-ning and disaster preparedness techniques for sustainable land man-agement to reduce the vulnerability of communities living in flood prone areas2. Furthermore, as a result of several experiences in working in different areas with communities, local authorities and government technicians from centra to local levels, a methodological tool for partici-patory planning was developed based on six sequenced phases3.

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Environmental Mainstreaming and Adaptation to Climate Change in Mozambique

CERUM / Multi-purpose Community Center


KEEPING THE WATER

Risk Addressed: Drought Where: Chicualacuala District, Mapae Administra-tive Post / Vila Eduardo MondlaneWhen: 2008 - 2013Main Goal: Streamline climate change adaptation within local, provincial and national decision mak-ing processes; Strengthen the coping mechanisms of local populations to extreme climatic and envi-ronmental eventsDonors: Spanish Gov. / UNDP MDG-FPartners: FAO; UNEP; UNHABITAT; UNIDO; UNDP; WFP; INGC; MICOABudget of the Project: 7,060,000 USDCost of the Intervention (including labor): approx.200,000USD / Community Centre(570 m2)approx. 4,000 USD/ Big Water Tank;approx. 700 USD/ Small Water Tank;

ACHIEVED RESULTS

1 Multi-purpose Community Centre built3 Community Tanks built30 Family Tanks built60 Family Metal Tanks provided4 Boreholes opened1600 Students provided with water90 Householed provided with rain water harvest-ing systems

Photo: UN-Habitat - Development Plan of CERUM area in Vila Eduardo Mondlane

CERUMBUILDING

Photo: UN-Habitat - Guardar a Agua Manual

2_MZ4.3

As a result of the experience in Chicualacuala andto promote adaptation to climate change awareness activities, UN-Habitat has elaborated a manual on rain water harvesting solutions and construction techniques explained with simple and visual language (Guardar a Agua - Keeping the water) and a educational game (O Jogo da Seca - The Drought Game) that hep community members to learn through playing how to face the progres-sive desertification phenomena.

THE PROJECT. Chicualacuala district, Gaza province, is affected by chronic droughts, and rainfall rarely exceeds a few hundred millimeters per year. The project is meant to raise awareness amongst local com-munities for reducing their vulnerability, by introducing innovative rain-water harvesting techniques and through the testing of drought-resis-tant crops. The main building area includes housing, offices, meeting rooms, kitchens, toilets, porches, Recreational and playground spaces and public parks. The rectangular main building is made of concrete columns and beams and stabilized interlocking blocks masonry. The single-pitched roof slope has been specially designed for the collection of rainwater with the use of gutters and down pipes connected to a water-harvesting system that ends in three underground tanks with a total capacity of 40,000 litres. The most interesting feature of the project is the complex rainwater harvesting system, using roofs that are similar to canopies, situated above the cultivated fields. The geometri-cal form allows the roof harvesting system to interact with renewable energies, such as sunlight, creating a new type of sustainable agri-culture. The roof slopes converge in collection holes used to channel water into large tanks. Collected rainwater can then be used to irrigate crops in the fields1.



Every house can collect its own water...

Photo: UN-Habitat - Community Tank / On the Job Training

Ferro-Cement Tanks / Model 1: half-cylindrical shape made in iron mesh, iron chicken wire and double concrete layer, founded on concrete slab.

Ferro-Cement Tanks / Model 2: same structure as above. The tank is moulded on a tarpaulin designed for the purpose, than filled with straw to keep the shape, why the builders work on the outside.

UN-Habitat - Main Building, construction process UN-Habitat - Ferro-Cement Tank Model 1, construction process

UN-Habitat - Ferro-Cement Tank Model 2, construction process


COMMUNITY WATER TANKS

CHALLENGES. The remoteness of the area has represented a big chal-lenge for the project logistics. Due to logistics and operational diffi-culties for the materials to arrive, phase shifts between the training sessions on costruction and the real starting of the building works were frequent. Chicualacuala is a border post featured by a consis-tent railway path, that represent the major demand of manlabor n the area. The Trainees, waiting for the building works on the project to be started or continued, were often employed by the railway company, obliging the project to recruit other builders to be trained again.LESSONS LEARNED. The building units have been characterized by the peculiarity to use interlocking SSB (Stabilized Soil Blocks), thanks the District Government making available one block machine of his own. These kind of blocks are not commonly used in Mozambique and UN-Habitat took the opportunity to test one more construction tech-nology in the field: the solution proved to be really advantageous, spe-cially because it allows to save a big quantity of mortar, where it’s dif-ficult and expensive to find cement. IMPACT. The project has aroused the interest of INGC (National Institute for Natural Calamities Manage-ment) which would like to replicate the experience, on the base of the drawings and technical expertise of the first intervention.

An interesting solution is underground community rainwater tanks. Their circular plan makes them resemble unidentified flying objects which have just landed. All that appears above ground is a 60cm high concrete brick wall, surrounded by a flat dome with a hole that lets rainwater in, and another hole used for inspection and drawing wa-ter. The 25cm-thick wall sits on a small concrete foundation plinth, set 45cm below the surface. The 6cm thick dome is made of steel mesh reinforced concrete. The underground tank is a huge semi-spherical vol-ume made of reinforced concrete, with a central concrete pillar. Thesemi-spherical structure is 6cm thick and descends 2.5m below the surface, with a diameter of 6m. The concrete pillar drops 3m below the surface and sits on a 70cm square foundation pad1.

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Situation Overview

Tete Province2_MZ5

Disaster: Floods

Disaster Date: February 9 - 12 / 2007

Deaths: 46

People Injured:


Nr of Households Affected: 285,000

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: 5,000 houses, 111 Schools, 4 Health Centres

Documented Reconstruction ProgrammesTarget Population: more than 1,000

Building Types: Elevated Multipurpose Community Centre (240 m2)Housing (20 - 30 mq)

Material Cost per Building:Multipurpose Community Centre Construction (in-cluding labor) approx. 120,000 USD; House Construction (including labor) / approx. 7,000 USD

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:

5.1_Elevated Safe HeavenINGC / UN-Habitat / District Government

Disasters Data: Appeal no. MDRMZ002 / GLIDE no. FL-2006-000198-MOZ / 16 February 2007 / IFRC

TETE PROVINCE - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION


Affected Areas

Zambeze 2007 Floods / Areas of Concern (Source: MDRMZ002 / 15 February 2007 / FL-2006-000198-MOZ)

TETE PROVINCE

Tsangano

Angonia

Macanga

Chifunde

MoraviaZumbo

MagoeCahora Bassa Shangara

Mutarara

MoatizeTete City

Chiuta

5.1




Photo: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards - 2007 Tete Floods as per satellite imagesSource: WFP Map

VULNERABILITY OF TETE PROVINCE

Torrential rains throughout the southern Africa region (from Angola in the west to Mozambique in the east with Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe in between) led to overflowing of rivers and pressure on dams, resulting in wide spread flooding in cen-tral and southern parts of Mozambique. The Zambezi, a flood plain river that crosses the continent - with three major dams, burst its banks; its tributaries flow into Cahora Bassa hydroelec-tric dam in northwestern Mozambique. Mozambique’s National Water Directorate began discharging water from the overflow-ing dam, which covers more than 1,000 square miles at a rate of up to 353,000 cubic feet a minute on 9 February 2007. The discharge rate of the Cahora Bassa dam was reduced from 8,400 to 6,600m3/s on Monday 12 February but the influx of water into the reservoir does however remained high (around 10,000m3/s). These heavy rains closely followed earlier flood-ing from October to December 2006, which affected 46,500 people1.

On February 4 The National Institute for Disaster Management activated its national disaster response plan and began evacu-ating populations from low-lying communities in the Zambezi River basin2. In Mozambique and neighbouring countries the rain continued and combined with the dam discharge caused, according to the government, the displacement of approxi-mately 74,000 people and the temporary relocation of 29,000 people in accommodation centres and in resettlement centres that were established after the 2001 floods. The most affected provinces are Zambezia, Sofala, Manica and Tete where flooding caused destruction of houses, 111 schools, four health centres, several roads, bridges and 45,000 hectares of crops. INGC estimated that 285,000 people have been affected by the emergency.Throughout the affected areas, the incidence of diarrhoea, malaria and cholera has increased dramatically3.

1Appeal no. MDRMZ002 / GLIDE no. FL-2006-000198-MOZ / 16 February 2007 / IFRC;2Floods and Cyclone / Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 / March 22, 2007/ USAID;

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Reducing vulnerability and promoting sustainable development of communities living in flood prone areas of Zambezi River

Elevated Primary School


Risk Addressed: FloodsWhere: Inhangoma Administrative Post, Mutarara District, Tete ProvinceWhen: 2009 - 2013Main Goal: reducing vulnerability and promoting susteinable development of communities living in flood prone areas of MozambiqueDonors: ECHO / UN Joint Programme for Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Preparedness in Mo-zambiquePartners: INGC; UN-Habitat; District GovernmentBudget of the Project: Cost of the Intervention (including labor): approx. 120,000 USD/Multipurpose Community Centre Construction; approx. 7,000 USD/House Construction;

ACHIEVED RESULTS

1 Multi-purpose Community Centre built, being at the same time: a) Primary School available for 400 students; b) Elevated Platform / Safe Heaven avail-able for 350 People7 Elevated Houses built40 Beneficiaries accomodated40 Builders trained on-the-job1 Awareness Raising Training organized with the participation of 100 beneficiaries1 Risk Mapping elaborated

Drawing: UN-Habitat - Safe Heaven 3D Model

Photo: UN-Habitat - Construction Process

2_MZ5.1


THE PROJECT. Inhangoma is located in Mutarara district, Tete province, in the midst of the Zambezi River floodplain. The architectural solution hereby presented follows the double-purpose building concept: public structures required by communities vulnerable to natural disasters that can serve as shelters in the event of flooding disasters. The concept has here further evolved since the elevated school built in Inhangoma is capable of sheltering more people while simultaneously housing other functions to maximise its use.Added to those elements that provide security in the case of floods, some traditional elements widely used in the area were reinterpreted and integrated as fundamental design elements of the architectural project. The aim is that local people can feel at home in these new buildings. The principal element is the corridor, the space between the walls and the roof, which surrounds a traditional house in Mozam-bique. It is a flexible space that is closed or open depending on the weather conditions and the required use. The corridor and the vegetable mats that enclose it protect the build-ing from wind, rain and sun. The leaning roof is a rainwater-harvesting system to provide safe drinking water, especially in times of disaster1.




Map: Radius of influence of resettlement center to ensure its self-sustainability / CTGC Map: Interconnection between support platforms and resettlement centers / CTGC

Photo: UN-Habitat - Construction process


General Features: the building is composed of• Closed Space: conceived to keep people’s be-longings during disaster. It will be used for differ-ent types of activities in normal times, such as a classroom or community centre (100 m2);• Semi-Opened Space: meeting and multi-activities area. During a flood, this will be the space used for most of the emergency activities (75 m2);• Open Space: it contains the distribution system like corredor, access stairs and slopes (25 m2);8 Elevated VIP Latrines (33 m2) and a 40.000 Lt Water Tank are annexedFoundation: is elevated above the floods level;Walls: are made in Stabilized Soil Blocks;Roof: is studied to work as a Rain water catchment system connected to the 40.000 Lt Water Tank;

CHALLENGES. One of the major challenges of the project was the remoteness of the areas that affected the materials transport and logis-tics aspects. Furthermore, the community mobilization has been made even more difficult by the extreme widespreading of the village in an extensive rural area. Thus, the adaptive intervention has been imple-mented by a contractor, superivsed by UN-Habitat technicians in the field.LESSONS LEARNED. The size of the intervention could compro-mise its replicability as it is, specially if located in remote areas.IMPACT. The experience has represented a referenced examples for local and national authorities, being included into a Strategy of Vulner-ability Reduction and Promotion of Sustainable Development, elaborat-ed by the Technical Council for Calamities Management (CTGC, body of INGC), with the technical support of UN-Habitat. The implementa-tion of Multipurpose Centres is already included into the Master Plan for Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Calamities. In the 2nd strate-gic line of the Strategy, the implementation of double purpose building in flood prone areas is to be accompanied with resettlement initiatives in a coordinated way, thus to create a network of support platforms interconnected with the resettlements sites.

Strategy for Vulnerability Redcution and Sustainable Development of Zones Prone to Flooding

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Situation Overview

Sofala Province2_MZ6

Disaster: Tropical Cyclone Eline and following floods

Disaster Date: February 22 / 2000

Deaths: 640

People Injured: -


Nr of Households Affected: 1,9 million people

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: 11,900 in Sofala (in Machan-ga (9,952), Búzi (1,499), and Chibabava (417)); 1 Central Hospital, 1 Rural Hospital, 12 Clinics, 267 Classrooms

Documented Reconstruction ProgrammesTarget Population: more than 3,000

Building Types: Housing, VIP latrines, conventional and traditional materials schools, Health Posts, Water Pumps, Water Tanks

Material Cost per Building: 1,200,000 USD including Housing (28m2/64m2), Schools (2/3 Classrooms - 200/290 m2), Health Posts: 200 m2)

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:


6.1_Post Flood Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Infrastructure GIZ /Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development;

6.2 _ Community-Based Self-Help School Construction ProgrammeGIZ /Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development;

Disasters Data: Contribuição do PRODER para a reabilitação e reconstrução das infra-estruturas nos distritos afectados pelas calamidades naturais de 2000 e 2001 INGC; World Bank - A Preliminary Assessment of Damage from the Flood and Cyclone Emergency of February-March 2000 / March 27 - 2000

SOFALA PROVINCE - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION

Machanga

Chibabava

Buzi

Nhamatanda

Gorongosa

Maringue

Chemba

Caia

MarromeuCeringoma

Muanza

Dondo

Beira City

Tropical Storm


Minimal

Moderate

Extensive

Extreme

Catastrophic

1 Cyclone

2 Moderate Cyclone

3 Strong Cyclone




Affected Areas

Cyclone Favio / Areas of Concern (Source: INGC)

SOFALA PROVINCE

6.1

6.1

6.2



Data Source: INGC Climate Change Report

1World Bank - A Preliminary Assessment of Damage from the Flood and Cyclone Emergency of February-March 2000 / March 27 - 2000

Map: ReliefWeb / Special Report on Floods in Southern Africa



VULNERABILITY OF SOFALA PROVINCE

From February 4 to 7, 2000, due to the effects of cyclone Connie, Ma-puto city received 455 mm of rainfall, or nearly half the average annual total. Similar exceptionally heavy rains across southern Mozambique ex-acerbated normal seasonal flooding, inundating low-lying areas. From February 20 to 22, heavy rainfall associated with cyclone Eline boosted rainfall totals in neighboring South Africa, Zimbabwe and Swaziland, filling reservoirs on river basins draining through southern Mozam-bique and triggering more extensive flooding, particularly along the Limpopo, Incomati and Umbeluzi rivers. In early March, heavy rainfall affecting the Save, Buzi and Pungoe river basins threatened to cause additional flooding in these areas further to the north. The provinces currently most affected are Maputo, Gaza, and northern Inhambane, Sofala and Manica. The total population in the five affect-ed provinces is about five million. According to the Instituto Nacional de Gestao de Calamidades (INGC), as of March 23, 640 people have lost their lives due to the flooding and about two million people are ex-periencing severe economic difficulties, including 491,000 people who are either displaced or trapped in flood-isolated areas. Break points in the transportation system, resulting from destroyed roads, bridges and railways, separated people in the affected areas from food, water, and essential services. More permanent structures such as schools, clin-ics, and municipal buildings have also sustained damage. In addition, lectrical and telecommunications grids have been ripped asunder, and water systems and sanitation systems have been rendered inoperable through siltation1.

Principal Highway

TRANSPORT NETWORK AFFECTE BY CT JOKWE

POPULATION AFFECTED BY CT ELINE

Secondary Highway

Railway

Manica

Sofala

Gaza

Inhambane

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Photo: GTZ - Contribuição do PRODER para a reabilitação e reconstrução das infra-estruturas nos distritos afectados pelas calamidades naturais de 2000 e 2001

INFRASTRUCTURE SITUATION IN SOFALA PROVINCE IN THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH OF 2000 FLOODS AND CYCLONE



Photo: GTZ - Contribuição do PRODER para a reabilitação e reconstrução das infra-estruturas nos distritos afectados pelas calamidades naturais de 2000 e 2001

INFRASTRUCTURE SITUATION IN SOFALA PROVINCE AFTER PRODER INTERVENTIONS

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DIPECHO III - “Shelter, Housing and Basic Infrastructure Resistant to Disasters in Southern Africa“ - MOZAMBIQUE /101

Photo: GIZ / Health Post Divinhe

Photo: GIZ / School Muguruze

PRODER - Rural Development Programme

Reconstruction of Infrastructures & Housing


2_MZ6.1

Risk Addressed: Cyclone/FloodWhere: Machanga, Chibabava and Buzi Districts - Sofala ProvinceWhen: 2000 - 2002Main Goal: Housing and Public Facilities Rehabili-tation and Reconstruction in the Districts of Sofala Province affected by 2000/2001 natural disastersDonors: BMZ (Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development - Germany)Partners: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural De-velopment; GIZ (German Society for International Cooperation);Budget of the Project: 2,000,000 USDCost of the Built Intervention (including labor):Building Costs (Housing: 28m2/64m2; Schools: 2/3 Classrooms - 200/290 m2; Health Posts: 200 m2)..................................................1,200,000 USDProject Staff.................................350,000 USDTraining Costs..............................50,000 USDLogistics......................................200,000 USDMiscellaneous..............................200,000 USD

ACHIEVED RESULTS

15 Schools Reconstructed or Repaired21 Health Posts Reconstructed or Repaired45 Houses Reconstructed or Repaired44VIP Latrines Rehabilitated13 Water Pumps3 Water Tanks6 Government Technicians Trained

THE PROJECT. 2000 Cyclone Eline seriously damaged the majority of buildings located in an area of 200km from the costline: in particu-lar, the Districts of Govuro, Machanga, Chibabava and Búzi have been devastated. Anyway, depending on their localization and construction technology, the buildings have been damaged in a diversified way. Al-most all the buildings have recurrent construction defects causing their partial collapses. The costs to rehabilitate the buildings have been esti-mated corresponding to the 20-25% of the entire reconstruction costs. Once evaluated the possibility to introduce construction improvement during the rehabilitation phase, the activities of PRODER (Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural) aimed to rehabilitate the infrastructures dam-age or destroyed in the southern Districts of Sofala Province, focusing on three sectors: 1) Rehabilitation of public facilities like schools and health centers in Machanga, Chibabava and Buzi Districts, by intro-ducing improved construction techniques to increase their resistance to future disasters; 2) Rehabilitation of the building occupaied by the Dis-trict Direction of Agriculture and Rural Development in Machanga and Chibabava; 3) Rehabilitation of water catchment points in Machanga, promoting systems of maintenance and management of water resourc-es and training with local committees.




Photos: GIZ

Photo: GIZ / Houses in Muguruze and Chinhuke

CHALLENGES. One of the hardest challenges the project had to face was the coordination of action within a scenario of different organiza-tions operating in the field. This was worsened by the lack of leadership and capacity of the local Government Staff, insufficient in number to undertake the big quantity of work determined by capacity building and project management. LESSONS LEARNED. Involving Government institutions at national level can help to provide a wider impact and further replication pos-sibilities for constructive best practices. Accompaning the intervention implementation with local technicians training sessions and capacity building is necessary for the success of the project;IMPACT. The building rehabilitated have demonstrated the success-ful possibilities to include construction improvements into retrofitting and rehabilitating processes, providing a suitable alternative to entire reconstruction. Technicians at District level have been trained on the aforementioned reinforcing techniques, and the practices have been documented and replicated at Province level.

TRAINING & CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

Anchoring: each element has to be anchored to a strong one, able to resist the wind strenght, from the roof to the foundation.

Reinforcing: each element has to be reinforced not to incline, slide or bend.

Continuity: each element has to be properly con-nected in continuity to the next one from the foun-dation to the roof.

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SCHOOL’S ARCHITETURAL MODELS

Drawings: GIZ

Improved Schools Construction


2_MZ6.2

Risk Addressed: Flood / Strong WindsWhere: Gorongosa DistrictWhen: 2002 - 2006Main Goal: Vulnerability prevention and mitiga-tion through self-help public infrastructures build-ing interventions, included into the District Devel-opment PlanDonors: BMZ (Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development - Germany)Partners: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural De-velopment; GIZ (German Society for International Cooperation);Budget of the Project: -Cost of the Built Intervention (including labor): School Reconstruction - 126m2 (including labour): approx. 6,000 USD

ACHIEVED RESULTS

10 Schools Reconstructed or Repaired20 Community Members Trained

Community Participation in the following activities:- provision of man labor- brick firing- provision of wooden boards- provision of sand and stones

PRODER - Rural Development Programme

Photo: GIZ / School Machisso

THE PROJECT. In Gorongosa District, the local communities have al-ready started the implementation of a series of school built in locally available traditional materials. The starting assumption of the project is the possibility to improve and strenghten the traditional school model, through the introduction of simple construction rules and minimum use of imported construction materials, like cement, roof metal coating, painting and nails. The aim is to empower the community in self-help improving of local infrastructures with locally available resources. The school model, repeated in 10 schools in Gorongosa District, is 126 m2 wide, including two classrooms blocks (46,5 m2 each) and varanda (26 m2). The foundation walls, made in full cement blocks, is elevated respect of the ground level and filled with sand/gravel layer to avoid damp raising. The wall structure is mixed, with wooden posts anchored in the foundation podium and fired bricks masonry infill: the wooden posts are come from the most resistant trees of Mozambique and are carefully selected to be regular and treated to resist damp and insects attacks; The bricks are layed according with a “common bond” brick-work, that includes a crossed layer every 4/5 bricks courses, to increase the resistance of the walls. The wooden trussed beams supporting the roof are doubled and is treated to be protected from the insects1.

1Projecto de Construção dumaEscola Comunitária “ / Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural, Sofala - Eng. Jean-Paul Vermeulen



1

35% 18%

16%

9%16%6%

2

3

45

15.000 Fire Bricks Makng, starting from muromuchè soil, which presents the best characteristiques

The elevated foundation is made in full cement blocks, settled on sand/gravel layer, to avoid damp raising.

The wooden pillars, anchored to the foundation, come from the most resistant kind of trees in Mozambique.

The bricks are layed according with a “common bond” brickwork, to increase the resistance of the walls.

The wooden double trussed beam of the roof is treated to avoid being damaged from the insects.

What is the construction process?

Photos: GIZ

Diagram from: “Projecto de Construção dumaEscola Comunitária “ / Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural, Sofala - Eng. Jean-Paul Vermeulen

CHALLENGES. Since the self-help construction process doesn’t include any payment for the work provided by the community, on the other side providing the funds for part of the construction materials, one of the biggest challenges of the project has been represented by the com-munity involvement, for them to feel the responsibility of a self-driven committment. This caused delays in implementation times.The community has participated for the equivalent of 35% of the con-struction costs, providing man labor, bricks, woden posts and sand. The improved construction techniques introduced has to be very simple, since the building skills of such a farming community were very low. LESSONS LEARNED. Community mobilisation and pariticpation is a key factor for the success of the project. Involving Government institu-tions at national level can help to provide a wider impact and further replication possibilities for constructive best practices.Such in terven-tions could have a stronger impact if included in a wider community development programme to avoid dispersion. IMPACT. The project has demosntrated that is possible to build stronger just using using local materials, construction techniques and man labor.

BUILDING MATERIALS

TRANSPORT

SUPERVISOR

BUILDERS

ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS

COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION

COSTS DISTRIBUTION FOR ONE SCHOOL IMPLEMENTATION

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Situation Overview

Manica Province2_MZ7

Disaster: Earthquake (7.5 Magnitude)

Disaster Date: February 22 - 23 / 2006

Deaths: 4

People Injured: 36

People Left Homeless: more than 1000 people

Nr of Households Affected: more than 1500 people

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed: 288 Houses, 6 schools, 1 water tank, 3 water points, and 2 small bridges

Documented Reconstruction ProgrammesTarget Population: 640 people

Building Types: Housing (35 m2)

Material Cost per Building (including labor): approx.10,000 USD / House

FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:

7.1_Capacity Building and Awareness Raising Activities on Earthquake Proof Construction TechniquesUN-Habitat / INGC / Manica District Government / Manica Municpality;

Disasters Data: OCHA / Situation Report Nr. 2

MANICA PROVINCE - CASES STUDIES LOCALIZATION

MANICA PROVINCE

Gondola

Manica

Sussundenga

Mossurize Machaze

Macossa

Guro

Tambara

Barue

Earthquake Magnitude in Mozambique (Source: USGS NEIC / WDCS -D) Earthquake Epicenter Coordinates(Source: USGS NEIC / WDCS -D):

21.215°S / 33.337°E4 - 5

5 - 6

6.1



Photo: UN-Habitat - Ground rupture at epicentre / Machaze

Photo: UN-Habitat - Linear landmark produced by ground rupture at epicentre / Machaze

MAIN DEFECTS AND TECHNICAL FAILURES OF LOCAL BUILT ENVIRONMENT

VULNERABILITY OF MANICA PROVINCE

While there is no published study on historical seismicity in Mozam-bique and a consistent lack of written information, particularly due to the deficiency and age of scientific research and the network of monitoring instruments, three significant seismic events are reported to have occurred in Mozambique during the 20th century, on 1951, and1957. The earthquake that occurred on Thursday 23 February 2006 at 00:19:07 local time was estimated as having a magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter Scale, even if, after further analysis, this was decreased to 7 (USGS, 2006). In the nearby cities of Beira, Chimoio and Maputo, its intensity was perceived as V on the modified Mercalli Scale. In spite of its great magnitude, considered to cause important losses of lives and serious damage to buildings and infrastructures, the event was less severe compared to devastations caused by earthquakes of the sameintensity in other countries; this is perhaps due to the fact that it oc-curred in a sparsely populated area with a low population density and few infrastructures. The fault line is situated 10 km from the epicentre, and is supposed to be 30 km long. Locally the rupture resembles a high (up to 2 m) and steep west-facing scarp, made of sandy soil, which ends in a deep open fissure. The epicentre area is located in a region of flat-lying topography covered almost entirely by Holocene age uncon-solidated quartz sands deposited by fluvial systems, most likely during a flood stage when neighbouring rivers such as the Rio Save burst their banks and inundated the surrounding countryside.

• irregular building shape • excessive building height (two or more storeys) • poor and uncontrolled material quality;• lack of foundations and plinths • walls too high, too long,too thin without reinforcing intersections • deficient bonds at walls corners (7);• openings (doors/windows) too large, too close to corners;• excessive slenderness of pillars supporting verandas roofs;• lack of lintels or their deficient bedding (11);• lack of horizontal reinforcements (12);• unsupported gable walls and heavy roofs (14);• lack of connection between roof and vertical structures (15);

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Capacity Building


BE PREPARED, AT SCHOOL!

Risk Addressed: EarthquakeWhere: Manica District, Manica ProvinceWhen: 2011 - 2012Main Goal: Supporting Local Mitigation Interven-tions for Reducing Vulnerability to Cyclones and Earthquakes in Nampula and Manica Provinces, MozambiqueDonors: ECHO; UN Joint Programme for DRRPartners: UN-Habitat, INGC, District Government, Municipality of ManicaBudget of the Project: 497,966 USD (ECHO: 266,195 USD + UNJPDRR: 231,801USD)Cost of the Intervention (including labor): 13,000USD /Training Organizing and Implementing; 10,000 USD /Housing Model

Photo: UN-Habitat - Construction Training with 10 local builders

Photo: UN-Habitat - Training with the students of school “7 de Abril” / Manica Municipality

2_MZ7.1 Supporting Local Mitigation Interventions for Reducing Vulnerability to Earthquakes in Manica Province

ACHIEVED RESULTS

30 Beneficiaries, including District Technicians, CLGR Members, University Students trained on safer construction techniques and evacuation simulations30 Primary School Students and 1 Teacher trained on evacuation procedures10 Builders Trained on-the-job of different techni-cal solutions for safer housing construction1 Awareness raising training session organized in-cluding 100 Community Members10 Municipality Technicians trained on Improved Architecural Models for Earthquake resistant hous-ing

30 Students and 1 Teacher of the school “7 de Abril” in Manica Municipality have participated to the exercise/training concerning how to act before, during and after an earthquake, including elabo-ration of school contingency plan and simulation of behavior and evacuation in case of a seismic event. 2 Scaled Architectural Models (one made n wood and one made in sponge) have been im-plemented for the purpose in the reinforced and non-reinforced way, to show earthquake different actions on building structures, depending on pres-ence of reinforcement systems.

THE PROJECT. Manica province is located at the southern end of the Great African Rift and was affected in February 2006 by the more im-portant earthquake recorded in Mozambique in the last century which provoked consistent infrastructure and building damage. UN-Habitat has carried out a feasibility study for designing architectural models of non-engineered earthquake resistant houses inspired from traditional techniques and making use of local materials. Indepth interviews were carried out among the targeted communities regarding the best hous-ing design to be adopted. The proposed solution involves the use of double walls of stabilised soil blocks filled in with a structure in bamboo for confering the required flexibility to the house overall structure, and reinforced foundations in concrete. The project has focused on train-ing local master builders in improved construction techniques and to sensitize the local population. For the purpose awareness and didactic materials, such as posters, manuals and publications, have been elabo-rated and used as a working base material to organize participatory sessions, conferences, seminars and workshops to start wide-spreading knowledge about earthquake among vulnerable communities selected in the area to benefit directly of the project activities, supported by INGCand local Government institutions.






Photo: UN-Habitat - Wall Reinforcement Techiques: bamboo slats and metal wire

General Features: the house architectural layout has a compact squared shape, with butresses and internal walls to reinforce the walls strenght; the opening are small and far from each other and from the corners.Foundation: traditional local stone/mortar foun-dation has been implemented wider (60cm) and deeper (90cm), with a reinforced concrete founda-tion beam to connect the wall reinforcement with the foundation system;Walls: double course of SSB; two kind of wall rein-forcement tested: bamboo slats/ chicken wire. The horizontal reinforcement has been set every four blocks courses, interlaced with a vertical frame, made in the same material, applied to the walls corners, lintels, opening frameworks;Roof: the roof is hipped with upper ventilation; the slope inclination is more than 30°; the wooden structure is reinforced.

CHALLENGES. During this activity seismic risk has been for the first time object of debates, building trainings and evacuation simulations in Mozambique after the 2006 earthquake: for this, the activities can be considered a test to improve the next ones. Inspite the intro-duction of new techniques, the building activity has received excellent feedback, given that Manica is rich in good quality construction materi-als and the locally produced SSB are strong, regular and cheap.LESSONS LEARNED. Earthquake risk awareness needs to be wide-spread and scaled up with further interventions. Earthquake sound building layout for non-engineered houses needs to be tested and ap-plied all over the seismic prone area. IMPACT. Government institutions at national level has shown their in-terest in including in their agendas and budget lines the application of earthquake resistant solutions for low-cost construction in public build-ings implementation as an example for communities; Government inti-tutions at local level have asked to be supported by UN-Habitat techni-cal assistance to elaorate earthquake sound low cost housing models; all the Training Materials used have become patrimony of the District Government Planning and Infrastructures Office.

LOCAL ARCHITECTURAL PROTOTYPES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSING

The double course wall is stronger and allow to implement stronger joints at the corners than the single course one, but requires too much construc-tion material to be affordable to be spontaneously implemented by an average family.Bamboo is quite widespread in Manica mountains, it is cheap and the interlacing tecnique is already known by the builders, even though it needs a thicker layer of plaster to be coated.The chicken wire reinforcement is quick to be implemented and doesn’t need too much thickness of mortar or plaster.

Basing on the Feasibility Study and contruction training carried out, UN-Habitat has signed an agreement of cooperation with the Munici-pality of Manica to provide the local staff with technical assistance in elaborating architectural layouts for the implementation of earthquake resistant housing in the new development areas of the Municipality. Different model have been designed, from bigger (50 m2) to smaller (25m2) solution, with interior bathroom or external VIP latrine, in or-der to possibly satisfy different needs and affordability conditions. The housing is to be made in SSB, with reinforced elevated foundation, walls reinforcement (bamboo/chicken wire), rainwater harvesting sys-tem and wind/earthquake proof roofing system. 10 model houses are under construction in Manica Municipality.

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Situation Overview

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FACT SHEET

CASE STUDIES:

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Disasters Data: Mozambique – Floods and Cyclone / Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 / March 22, 2007/ USAID;

Disaster:

Disaster Date:

Deaths:

People Injured:

People Left Homeless:

Nr of Households Affected:

Nr of Houses Completely Collapsed orPartially Destroyed:

Documented Initiatives Target Population:

Building Types:

Material Cost per Building:


SECTION 3

Leassons Learned&Recommendationsfor Government Institutions,

Donors and Operators


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Lessons Learned & Recommendations Region

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HS :ISBN:UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMMEP.O.Box 30030,Nairobi 00100,Kenya;Tel: +254-20-7623120;Fax: +254-20-76234266/7 (Central office)[email protected] in XXXXXXXXXXXX

CONCLUSIONS

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Documents

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