Dr. Vadim DonchenkoScientific and Research Institute of Motor Transport (NIIAT)Russian Federation

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

Overview of the CIS statesParameter

Dynamics of the main motor transport activity parameters in Russian Federation

Russian vehicle fleet dynamics

1

18819.558426062723706.558

19717.7824387.766633.21124738.759

20353.0174400.555640.13825393.71

21231.764482.304662.98226377.046

22468.4514625.398703.19927797.048

23383.1264668.667729.99428781.787

24208.0194770.215766.04829744.282

25570484979231211

26794492882432546

29405516888235455

Cars

Trucks

Buses

Total

Thousand vehicles

1

, .

1970224024602404940

1980467031003308100

19856790356039010740

19908650362043012700

199210798377255915128.489

199311782408559816465.50319938.849.128.307.07

199413224415961217994.11619949.2812.241.802.22

199514728424363119601.96819958.9411.382.033.13

199615815419462820636.85219965.287.38-1.17-0.45

199717632427862822537.5619979.2111.492.000.04

19981882042606272370719985.196.74-0.41-0.21

19991971843886332473919994.354.773.000.99

20002035344016402539420002.653.220.291.09

20012123244826632637720013.874.321.863.57

20022246846257032779720025.385.823.196.07

20032338346697302878220033.544.070.943.81

20042420847707662974420043.343.532.184.94

20052557048497923121120054.935.631.653.39

20062679449288243254620064.284.791.634.04

20072940551688823545520078.949.744.877.04

294049215167849882457

1

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

..

2

8.83772331799.11594345448.30308428917.0711534367

9.283730961612.23655805921.80242699652.2208260718

8.935432004611.3755602052.03051470763.1316100052

5.27949030427.3822045519-1.1672538286-0.4468078362

9.210261332511.48681238331.99906384790.0372551548

5.18688802166.737506796-0.4114223891-0.2124662799

4.35407367024.77282197592.99920187790.9905901116

2.6474690993.22163517170.29146950861.0939481468

3.87236051764.31750732581.8576974953.5686055194

5.3834762245.82472202023.19242068366.0660772087

3.54260279724.07093039040.93546544543.8104434164

3.34411132983.52772764432.1750962324.9389447037

4.9310923025.62615635751.65160270553.3877772672

4.2773381184.78685960111.62920189734.0404040404

8.93811835569.74471896694.87012987017.0388349515

%

3

Urban motorization levels in Russia

1

235268

216254

150163.2786238411

164169.1695445126

193213.1309344608

200203.6021785083

178191.0450833415

123127.6998243378

172178.7510677341

183207.777846347

186198.2343997109

222229.4663706113

2004

2006

Cars per 1000 citizens

1

,2004

. 20042006200620042006

Moscow10.1235283829531497821.1097444064268250850027924491.1131947379262

St. Petersburg4.54216119549813557721.1340646325254106999311656431.0893931082235

Novosibirsk1.421506538787117621.08852415891635459975364940.9825951425147

Nizhny Novgorod1.311648179158436971.03152161291697201105405350.7506283762123

Ekaterinburg1.29193107686711891901.10430535992139660298706910.901309381174

Samara1.162008534288687991.0180108925204

Rostov-on-Don1.0717896026610306411.0732869851191

Volgograd1.011235852146075751.038209954128

Perm11726773697039561.0392503938179

Krasnoyarsk0.881836530307414491.1353980675208

Saratov0.861866032266429041.0657763425198

Vladivostok0.632225152195325471.0336323001229

202 .219

0.981866750576527950.9670220441180

1.1101

1.08165

1.13165460783596900.1295403693

1.04193

0.61853023952818480.932052448172

% , .

1990455

199518686000531.4

199823724000127.0%573.5

199924738759104.3%579

200025288000102.2%584.4

200126377000104.3%588.7

200227797048105.4%592.6

200328781787103.5%598.6

200429744282103.3%600.6

200531210310104.9%581

200632546345104.3%588.55

5683.1418320

0.01358553267.553588.553588.8931944444

7.8931944444

197017030

199035050

1997395110

2003430150

2005440179

2010455250

% , .

1990455

199519601968531.41995196019681

1996206368525.3%558.55.10%1994179941161.08935432

199722143342.1967.3%5691.88%199620636852

1998237240007.1%573.50.79%

1999247387594.3%5790.96%

2000253150002.3%584.40.93%

2001263770004.2%588.70.74%

2002277970485.4%592.60.66%

2003287817873.5%598.61.01%

2004297442823.3%600.60.33%

2005312103104.9%600.60.00%

2006325463454.3%6030.40%

. 1000

15.1

13

10

8

6

4.1

.

24.352%

9.821%

1-1,5 4.29%

1,5 8.418%

46.7

1000 1000

1995943.51

20001323.98

20021484.09

20051794.12

20061884.14

4.2030640337

4.225648213

1

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

00

&A

Page &P

%

, .

(1995-2005 .)

2

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

2004

2006

3

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

%

(1996-2005.)

0

0

0

0

0

0

, 1000

0

0

0

0

00

00

00

00

00

1000

1000

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

1000

1000

MBD0002EF4E.xls

4

235

216

150

164

193

200

165

101

165

178

123

172

193

186

183

186

222

185

1

,- 1000 .

.

10.1235

-4.54216

1.42150

1.31164

1.29193

1.16200

1.13165

1.1101

1.08165

--1.07178

1.01123

1172

1.04193

0.98186

0.88183

0.86186

0.63222

0.6185

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1000 .

1000

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

1990199119951998199920002991200220032004

121571868623724246442531526377277962878029744

86771368817761185431909719984211352208224208

1990199119951998199920002991200220032004

12.15718.68623.72424.64425.31526.37727.79628.7829.744

8.67713.68817.76118.54319.09719.98421.13522.08224.208

170

3

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

..

Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (cars),%CountryAgen/d - no data

0-56-1011-1516-20> 20Uzbekistan11.013.022.026.028.0Russia21.627.750.7Turkmenistann/dn/dn/dn/dn/dMoldova8.910.825.827.527.0Kazakhstann/dn/dn/dn/dn/dKyrgyzstan (all motor vehicles)1.66.321.470.7Georgia4.412.226.324.632.5Azerbaijan15.826.258.0Armenian/dn/dn/dn/dn/d

Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (buses),%CountryAgen/d - no data

Motor fleet structure by age in CIS countries (trucks and light duty),% CountryAgen/d - no data

0-56-1011-1516-20> 20Uzbekistan2.17.626.364.0Russia14.023.562.5Turkmenistann/dn/dn/dn/dn/dMoldova3.818.122.129.726.3Kazakhstann/dn/dn/dn/dn/dKyrgyzstan (all motor vehicles)1.66.321.470.7Georgia2.29.218.143.327.2Azerbaijan7.715.377.0Armenian/dn/dn/dn/dn/d

Age structure of the Russian car fleet

( )

2004 , 2004 . 2003 , 2003 . 2002 , 2002 . 2001 , 2001 . 2000 . 1999 . 1998 . 1997 .

.

20072006200520042003200220012000199919981997200220012000

2285382013541992940492126793532242080192208206313010632338312621135110133334122468451199838941247866633219192334274873948262123176020353017197177821881955817631626.

. 5 45726014539177345477624436955380885026518416701141941745864283964498408574437307241523363805551812705626218919124104453289141983403939876

. 5 10 6612898433029784697374520187080784704592766836044533437136947643611050513269412426386012476645269155594316967141092686265765514416439516

. 10 1166832146725314212471130971451295084112135574112314484283031165975110734502419635111541379445546390666182794766411601129630983621296032369338390

420247467613720711670035817759441117614721378925126138124365791023592669217965210613193412

135419926793532

7345477784697314212471

6244369745201813097145

5538088708078412950841

5026518704592712135574

4586428713694711659751

4373072694124211154137

453289168626579836212

10 years

Motor vehicle production in the CISn/d - no data

Motor vehicle industry in CIS countries

Environmental, health-related and economical impacts of fuel qualityFuel quality(S, Pb, Mn, Fe, RVP, T5O )Efficiency of the engine and emission reduction systemsAdditional costs of engine and emissions reduction systems maintenanceNegative environmental and health effectsS, Mn. Fe, Pb, PVP, T50S, Pb, Mn, RVPCO, CH, NO3, RVP

Some problems which define negative environmental and health impacts of motor transport in CIS countriesInconsistence between motor fleet growth and development of road infrastructure, resulting in traffic congestion;Shortcomings in traffic engineering and control, lack of parking policy in cities;Lack of public transport financing, insufficient quality of its services;Insufficient rate of vehicle fleet renewal and suboptimal structure of the fleet (mainly concerns truck and bus fleet);Insufficient quality of produced and retailed motor fuels, lack of system of assured provision of consumers with the appropriate fuel;Insufficient use of alternative fuels.

Pollutant emissions from Russian motor vehicle fleet (2006)

Dynamics of pollutant emissions by the Russian motor vehicle fleet

1

1416726.4

14449.227.79

1482328.78

1526029.74

15410.0131.21031

15154.775275051832.546345

Mass of emissions

Vehicle fleet

Total mass of pollutants emission, th. tons

Vehicle fleet, million units

1

1

1416726.4

14449.227.79

1482328.78

1526029.74

15410.0131.21031

15154.775275051832.546345

, .

, ..

2

3

Improvement of vehicle fleets environmental performance across CIS

Improvement of vehicle fleets environmental performance across CIS

Improvement of vehicle fleets environmental performance across CIS

CIS countries where the use of leaded petrol is still not prohibitedUzbekistan: leaded petrol constitutes about 10% of total petrol production;Kyrgyzstan: use of leaded petrol is prohibited in the capital city of Bishkek only;Tajikistan: there is no official ban on the use of leaded petrol. It is estimated that leaded petrol will be in the countrys fuel market at least until 2009.

Schedule of introduction of environmental requirements to motor vehicles and fuels in Russia

RequirementsYear of introductionVehicle emissionsPetrolDiesel fuelWestern EuropeRussiaWestern EuropeRussiaWestern EuropeRussiaEURO-2199620061994-1995(EN 228:1993)1997(GOST R 51105) 01.1996EN-590:1996-EURO-3200020082000(EN 228:1999)2002(GOST R 51866)2000EN-590:19992005 52368EURO-4200520102005(EN 228:2004)2005( TU 38.401-58-350-2005)2005EN-590:20042005 52368

Schedule of introduction of environmental requirements to motor vehicles and fuels in Russia 2010 2014 2006Euro-4 Euro-2FuelVehiclesEuro-2

Euro-3

Euro-4

Euro-5

2008 20092012

Russian car fleet structure by environmental class

1

0.950.040.010

0.930.040.0250.005

0.910.040.040.01

0.90.050.040.01

0.880.060.050.01

0.86790.040.06661344460.0254604543

0.81540.02490.10730.0524

EURO - 0

EURO - 1

EURO - 2

EURO - 3+

1

2000200120022003200420052006

2000200120022003200420052006

-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+

95.00%4.00%1.00%0.00%93.00%4.00%2.50%0.50%91.00%4.00%4.00%1.00%90.00%5.00%4.00%1.00%88.00%6.00%5.00%1.00%86.79%4.00%6.66%2.55%81.54%2.49%10.73%5.24%

97.00%2.00%1.00%0.00%96.50%2.50%1.00%0.00%96.00%3.00%1.00%0.00%93.00%4.00%3.00%0.00%90.00%5.00%4.90%0.10%86.12%7.36%5.55%0.97%

89.90%8.50%1.40%0.20%73.99%17.00%8.00%1.00%

100.00%100.00%100.00%100.00%

100.00%100.00%100.00%100.00%

1

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

Russian truck fleet structure by environmental class

2

0.970.020.010

0.9650.0250.010

0.960.030.010

0.930.040.030

0.90.050.0490.001

0.86121900570.0735733480.05551239770.0096952486

0.77040.09530.11650.0177

EURO - 0

EURO - 1

EURO - 2

EURO - 3+

1

2000200120022003200420052006

2000200120022003200420052005

-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+-0-1-2-3+

95.00%4.00%1.00%0.00%93.00%4.00%2.50%0.50%91.00%4.00%4.00%1.00%90.00%5.00%4.00%1.00%88.00%6.00%5.00%1.00%86.79%4.00%6.66%2.55%

97.00%2.00%1.00%0.00%96.50%2.50%1.00%0.00%96.00%3.00%1.00%0.00%93.00%4.00%3.00%0.00%90.00%5.00%4.90%0.10%86.12%7.36%5.55%0.97%77.04%9.53%11.65%1.77%

89.90%8.50%1.40%0.20%73.99%17.00%8.00%1.00%

100.00%100.00%100.00%100.00%

100.00%100.00%100.00%100.00%

1

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0.970.020.010

0.9650.0250.010

0.960.030.010

0.930.040.030

0.90.050.0490.001

0.86121900570.0735733480.05551239770.0096952486

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

0000

-0

-1

-2

-3+

Russian bus fleet structure by environmental class (2006)

3

0.6769

0.1709

0.1313

0.0209

1

200420052006

-0-1-2-3-0-1-2-3EURO - 0EURO - 1EURO - 2EURO 3+

82.70%13.40%3.40%0.50%88.64%2.15%6.66%2.55%

- 96.50%0.00%3.00%0.50%

- 60.00%10.00%20.00%10.00%

94.20%5.00%0.60%0.10%86.12%7.36%5.55%0.97%

- 90.00%6.00%4.00%0.00%

- 50.00%20.00%20.00%10.00%

89.90%8.50%1.40%0.20%73.99%17.00%8.00%1.00%67.69%17.09%13.13%2.09%

- 80.00%15.00%5.00%0.00%

- 50.00%25.00%20.00%5.00%

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Fuel specifications in CIS countries

Main environmental parameters of motor fuel in Russia*) The appropriate Technical Regulation was adopted by the Government in February 2008, and will come into force after six months.

Structure of petrol production in Russia, %

Structure of Russian petrol production by sulfur content

2

0100

0100

694

1189

3070

6832

7525

7822

8020

8317

8515

8713

Structure of Russian diesel fuel production (by sulfur content, %*)*)- Excluding oil refineries owned by JSC Gazprom and MINI-NPZ**)- EN-590

Structure of Russian diesel fuel production by sulfur content

1

0005545

0007723

0006931

0056722

0057613

00.66.381.711.4

00.66.285.57.7

00.88.385.55.4

00.59.3846.2

2412766

8.33.510.272.35.7

10.85.7770.95.6

Main environmental parameters of Russian EURO-3 and EURO-4 petrols produced by some Russian companiesEURO-3EURO-4

Use of CNG as a motor fuel in CIS countriesRussia: about 70 000 motor vehicles are operated on CNG (during Soviet time about 200 000);Ukraine: 100 000 motor vehicles (1.5% of the fleet) are operated on CNG;Moldova: about 5 000 motor vehicles are CNG-fueled;Belarus: there is a national programme of gasification of the countrys vehicle fleet;Tajikistan: there are 10 600 motor vehicles operated on CNG;Kyrgyzstan: CNG-fuelled motor vehicles numbered about 6 000 in 2007;Georgia: Ministry of Environment reported about 1.7% of motor vehicles using CNG (2005);Armenia: 1 394 vehicles are fueled by CNG (2007).

Production of bio-fuels in CIS countriesRussia: a National Programme for production of bio-fuels is currently being developed. In accordance with it in 5 years annual production of bio-fuels will reach 2 million tons;Ukraine: in February 2007 the Government has adopted a plan to introduce ethanol for public transport in cities with over 500 000 population before 2010. There are many other projects under consideration. In 2007 3 biodiesel plants were put into operation (mainly working for export);Moldova: In 2007 the plans to build an ethanol plant processing grain, and a bio-fuel plant converting cellulose-based biomass into biogas, ethanol and synthetic diesel fuel. All produced bio-fuel will be exported;Belarus: Since 01.02.2007 there is a new diesel specification, allowinguse of fatty acid methyl ether (FAME) in automotive diesels;Kazakhstan: Since September 2006 ethanol fuel is produced at one plant, and 3 more plants are scheduled for construction. All produced fuel is meant for export.

Recommendations of the Conference on Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles for Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia.Monitoring fuel quality at fuel stations with responsibility of specific government and involvement of independent auditors;Carrying out of periodic vehicle emission inspections in centralised facilities under governmental oversight and withdrawal of failed vehicles from operation;Imported vehicles have to have a functioning catalytic converter. This have to be assured by importer;Vehicles over 12 years old have to be inspected at least every six months;Fuel and vehicle requirements have to be introduced together as a corresponding system;Fuels at retail points have to be clearly labeled to indicate their compliance with EURO standards;Taxation policies and incentives serve to stimulate production, import and consumption of cleaner fuels;Use of sustainable alternative fuels in addition to conventional petrol and diesel fuels have to be considered and supported to reduce emissions;Countries have to strengthen the systems for enforcement of and compliance with the above suggestions.

Steps recommended by the Conference on Cleaner Fuels and VehiclesFor countries:Consider putting in place a Programme of Actions (roadmap) on implementation of cleaner fuels and vehicles;Consider possibility of leapfrogging from early EURO standards right to EURO-4 or EURO-5;Consider possibility to introduce incentives to encourage early implementation of cleaner fuels and vehicles;For participants and organizers (REC Caucasus, PCFV):- Actively assist in organization of information and data exchange on cleaner fuels and vehicles;Report on the progress of implementation of cleaner fuels and vehicles in EECCA region on a regular basis;Develop an informal network to include Conference participants and other interested parties;Assist countries to disseminate outcomes of the meeting and routinely update EECCA information on the PCFV website (www.unep.org/pcfv);Assist (in co-operation with other international forums) in leveraging additional international support for realization of the Conferences recommendations;Assist in collection and dissemination of national level information on liquid biofuels.

Thanks for your attention!