Dr. V K Sethi Director – UIT, RGPV, Bhopal

Major Contradictory ChallengesFaced by Developing world

• Quest for increased Generation capacity – A Terawatt Challenge

• Climate Change

- rising GHG level

• High dependence on fossil fuel (coal) based generation.

Sustained economic growth at 8 to 9% requires that by the year 2012, we must have installed capacity at a level of over 2,00,000 MW and by 2050 at the level of 10 Lakh MW i.e. a trillion or Terra Watt – This poses a Terra watt challenges for India.

Green House Gas level rise from a current level of 380 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and draughts has affected 260 million people between 2000 and 2004 through natural calamities of these, 98% were in developing nations.Developed countries with population of 15% of world population have the share of CO2 emissions at 50%.CO2 level has rises to 390 ppm from 1975 level of 330 ppm. There is so much momentum in the system that we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the century.Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause displacement of over 330 million people in developing world.

• China and India are projected to account for 30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between 2000-2020 and 92% of increase in coal use.• World Green House inventory is over 29,000 Million tones per annum

(MTPA) with US over 20% (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.)

• Coal is going to remain main stay for power generation in at least next

Three decades for India (93,726 MW Coal based generation out of 1,47,965 MW total power installed capacity)

Note : Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2)

Energy Sector CO2 CO2 equivalent

(CO2+CH4+NOX)

Total Emission 834

(58% of total)

928

(64% of total)

Source: IAE: 1999

Therefore there is Global Tri-lima. The country is thus facing:

Quest for increased generation. Dependence on Coal based generation. Climate change due to rising GHG level.

Solution lies in Adoption of Green Power Technologies Low Carbon/ No Carbon technologies & Clean Coal Technologies Development of Carbon capture & Sequestration technologies

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed:

• The temperature of the earth’s surface has increased by 0.76˚C over the past century.

• It is very likely (more than 90˚ probability) that most of this global warming was due to increased GHGs(green house gases ), resulting from human activity.

• Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) were among the 12 warmest years on the instrumental record of global surface temperature.

• Mountain glaciers are receding and snow cover has declined in both the hemispheres.

• Widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps have contributed to sea level rise. Best estimate regarding the future changes in climate by 2099 for low scenario is 1.8 inch and for high scenario is 4.0 inch sea level rise.

INDIAN POWER SECTOR JOINS TERA CLUB BY 2010

• POWER GENERATION BY UTILITIES TODAY 1,47,965 MW …600 Billion kWh per annum• TARGETTED CAPACITY ADDITION BY XI PLAN END

• Central 46,500 MW• State & IPP 41,800 MW• NCES 10,700 MW• Nuclear 6,400 MW Total 105,400 MW

• BY 2012 WE NEED TO GENERATE ANNULLY …Over 1000 Billion kWh

• THUS WE WILL BE A TRILLION or TERA kWhTERA kWh (Unit)GENERATING POWER SECTOR BY 2012

Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment

• A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India

To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels

• By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal Power:

• Thermal 326,000MW• Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW• Nuclear 20,000 MW• Total 450,000 MW

Energy Security – Indian Perspective

AGENDA FOR THE ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR:

• Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology.• Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.• Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy Generating Systems.• Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology.• Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

 Installed capacity in Utilities as on April 07

…1, 47, 965 MW• Thermal Installed Capacity…93,726 MW (Coal 77,648 MW, Gas 14,876 MW, Diesel 1202 MW + Others- cogen etc.)

• Hydro Power …36,877 MW• Nuclear Power … 4120 MW• Renewable Energy Sources …13,242 MW• Electric Demand…..7-8% growth• Peak & Energy Shortage…..16.7% & 12.1%• Capacity Addition in 11th Plan……80,020 MW

INDIANINDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENTSUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT

• Total Installed Capacity … 1,47,965 MW• Thermal Generation … over 66 %• Although no GHG reduction targets for India but

taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization

• Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

• GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES, • ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT,

POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR.• AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY

TECHNOLOGIES• 50,000 MW HYDRO POWER INITIATIVES • ENERGY EFFICIENCY• CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR• FRESH LOOK ON OUR NUCLEAR POWER POLICY &

ACCELERATED GROWTH OF FAST BREEDER REACTORS BASED ON THORIUM.

• THRUST ON COAL WASHRIES & IGCC TECHNOLOGY

FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

Low Carbon Economy on Sustainable Path • Combating Climate Change – Nature’s Fury• Solar for irrigation• High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells• Hydrogen as Fuel for future• Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear

Reactor• Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC• Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport• Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence

by2030 ….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005

CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES

• Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) - defined as ‘technologies designed to enhance: Efficiency of conversion & Environmental acceptability of coal extraction, preparation and use in power generation. • Carbon Capture & Sequestration

Prime Clean Coal Technology Options Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for 11for India for 11thth & 12 & 12thth Plans Plans

Supercritical Power Plants 11th plan- 10 X 660 MW + 2 X 800 MW

Coal fired Supercritical Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants

SUPER CRITICAL UNITS

• Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC• Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum)• Common Off site facility• FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6 Heaters.

Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW *

Number of Units 22 Units

* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

Main advantages ofSuper-Critical Steam Cycle

• Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal efficiency

• Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of Power

generated compared to sub-critical

• Very good part load efficiencies

• Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units

Current State-of-Art

Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants

Pressure - 300 bar

Temperature - 600oC

Efficiency - 45% (LHV Basis)

Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC

By the year 2005 - 620 oC

By the year 2020 - 650-700 oC

Cycle Efficiency - 50-55%

R&D IN SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY

Main Thrust Areas :• Materials & Metallurgy for components of boiler &

turbine subjected to high temperature and high pressure.

• Supercritical cycle optimization -incremental heat rate improvement

• Retrofit of supercritical boiler to subcritical PC boiler• Fluidized bed supercritical steam cycles• Once through HRSGs with supercritical parameters• Multi-reheat supercritical boilers with double/triple reheater.

EXPECTED BENEFITS:

• Coal Saving 1,565,200 Tonnes

• CO2 Emission Reduction 1,909,544 ”

• SO2 Emission Reduction 11,648 ”

• Ash Reduction 661,752 ”

SUPER CRITICAL SCENARIO

Routes

Combustion Gasification

COAL BASED COMBINED CYCLE PLANT

Hot Flue gas under pressure drives the G.T.

Pressurized gasification process produces fuel for G.T.

Pressurized

Fluidized – BED

Combustor (PFBC)

Options Available– Moving – BED

– Fluidized – BED– Entrained – BED

COAL BASEDCOMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION

• Offers Plant efficiency over 44% with advanced GT

• Has Lower emission of gaseous and solid pollutants

• Accept Inferior and varying quality of coals

• Lower water requirement

• Capability of phased construction and retrofitting

IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...

– Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.

– Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 44-48%.

– The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are:

7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the corresponding emissions from PC plant.

- Three major areas of technology that will contribute to improvements

in IGCC are : hot gas de-sulfurisation hot gas particulate removal advanced turbine systems

IGCC

• Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has selectively been applied in India for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite, etc.

CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant Technology:

– Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2 with limestone injection the furnace.

Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion

Steam to Super Heater

Cyclone

FurnaceCoal FeedHopper

Ash Cooler

Back-Pass

ESP

ExternalHeat-Exchanger

HP Air

Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler

CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies

At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and rejects.

0.8-0.981.491.0Relative O&M Cost/kW

1.15-1.421.03-1.191.0Relative Capital Cost/kW

41-4236.734.8Cycle Efficiency %

IGCCPF+FGD/SCRCFBCITEM

• India’s position with regard to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear.

We don’t make any commitment at this stage regarding deployment of CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly the Carbon Capture & Sequestration. • Some of the demo pilot projects include.

- Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration in basalt rock formation. The question of adoption of CCS

will depend on this technology being cost effective.

-Projects under DST sponsored National Program on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)

Carbon Capture & Sequestration

MEA-03MEA-02MEA-01

BOILER

STEAM

F.G.

CO2

MEA

CO

H2

CH4

LEGEND

SATURATED CO2

MEA -07

CO2 STRIPPER05

COCONVERTOR

LIGNITE

ASH

ST ST

STEAM

CO2 CAPTURE PILOT PLANT

CATALYTIC CONVERTER

METHANE

HYDROGEN PRODUCER

GAS SCRUBBER04

PURE MEA06

P1

FLUE GAS FROM GASIFIER

H2 N2 N2

PURE H2 FOR FULE CELL

NaHCO3

CH4

FLUE GAS

The pilot plant at RGPV is one of the Carbon Capture & Sequestration plant together with CO2 conversion into Hydrogen, Methane & Biodiesel through Algae Route.

Pilot Plant for CO2 Capture at RGPV – Salient Data

PROJECT: Modelling & Simulation Of Carbon Recycling Technology Through Conversion Of CO2 Into Multipurpose

Fuels. SPONSORED BY : DST Delhi

• Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO2 : 500 kg/ day• Source of CO2 : Boiler of capacity

100kg/hr. steam & Biomass Gasifier of 10kW

• Solvent used for capture of CO2 : Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA)

• SOx & NOx Removal : Na H CO3• Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit - For Methane.... Input CO and H2, Catalyst - For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst - For Carbon Monoxide...Fe3C & Lignite

Sustainable Power Development calls for adoption of Clean Coal Technologies like Supercritical cycles, IGCC and FBC technologies

Supercritical Power technologies may selectively be used for Pit Head power generation using washed coal

SUMMARY

• IGCC can revolutionize the power generation scenario in India, once the commercial viability of technology with high ash coals is established at the proposed 100 MW plant.

• The success of the project will largely depend on maturity of Fluidized bed gasification technology for high ash Indian Coals.

• CFBC technologies are particularly useful for Boiler Emission reduction through revamping of old polluting plants.

SUMMARY

SUMMARY• Energy conservation along with low-or-no-carbon energy sources is the key to dealing with the global warming problem.• All alternative sources such as Biomass, Geothermal, Tidal, Solar and Wind will meet only a quarter of projected demand for electricity by 2050 for supporting 10 billion world populations. • Though there are differing opinions of some technologists who favour nuclear fission,

the only long term viable source of energy is thermo nuclear fusion. If there is any chance of Helium-3 fusion becoming a practical reality by 2050, we must better start now.

ISSUES•There is serious under investment today in basic low

carbon energy technologies such as photovoltaic

materials for cost effective Solar Cells, membrane

materials for better fuel cells (Thin Film etc.) and wide

band-gap semiconductors for power electronics.

•Major thrust in CO2 reduction in long term and

sustainable basis world came through adoption of

advanced technologies of Coal utilization for power

generation like Supercritical/ Ultra-supercritical power

cycle, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC),

Fluidized bed combustion/Gasification and so on.

A SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR INDIA

• Meeting Energy need of Rural India (about 100 Billion Units per annum) through use of Renewable Energy technologies like Biomass, Wind, Solar and their Hybrid.

• Use of Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) & Green Power Engineering (About 500 billion Units) for Mega Power Generation for Cities, Industries and all other sectors of economy.

Coal is going to remain our main stay in Power Scenario. A synergy between Energy & Environment is need of the

day as over 56% GHG Emission is from Energy Generating Systems, for which:Accelerated growth of Power generation should be

coupled with Environmental concern through adoption of Clean Coal Technologies

Renewable Energy Technologies need a fillip particularly for Rural Sector

Energy Conservation measures will go a long way in reducing Demand : Supply Gap

New World order is likely to emerge at Copenhagen to cut down Carbon emission

Summary – A National Perspective