Dr. Tiffany N. Lee, BS, DC, FASA

HS130 Anatomy & Physiology IIUnit 9

Reproductive Systems and Growth &Development

Seminar Outline

Questions about Final ProjectMale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemPrenatal Period

Fertilization, implantation, and developmentParturition

Stages of LaborPost Natal Period

Stages of lifeEffects of Aging

Various organ systems

Male Reproductive System

FunctionProduce, store, and ultimately introduce mature

sperm into female reproductive tractOrgans

EssentialAccessory

Essential OrgansGonads: Testes

Function: Spermatogenesis and testosterone production

Seminiferous tubules: sperm develop in walls

Interstitial cells: release testosterone

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SpermatogenesisSpermatogoniumDaughter Cell1° spermatocyte2° spermatocyteSpermatidSpermatozoa

(Sperm)Acrosome

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Case Study

A friend of yours who has four children is considering a vasectomy, an operation in which the ductus deferens are cut and tied off to prevent the passage of sperm through the reproductive ducts, thus preventing fertilization. However, your friend has concerns. He asks you, “Will this completely stop the process of ejaculation?” How should you reply?

Accessory OrgansReproductive Ducts:

EpididymusDuctus (Vas)

DeferensEjaculatory DuctUrethra

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Accessory Organs

Sex GlandsSeminal vesicles

Source of energy for motile sperm using fructoseProstate gland

Helps activate sperm and maintain motilityBulbourethral gland

Neutralize acidic urine residueLubricate urethra to prevent friction

Accessory OrgansExternal Genitalia

PenisCorpus spongiosumCorpora cavernosaGlans

ScrotumSac containing testis,

epididymis, part of ductus deferens and spermatic cords

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Hormone

TestosteroneMasculinizationPromote and maintain accessory organsProtein anabolism

Female Reproductive System

FunctionProduce ova, receive sperm, and permit

fertilizationOrgans

EssentialGonads: Ovaries

Function: oogenesis and production of estrogen & progesterone

Accessory

OogenesisOvarian follicles

(containing oocytes)1° follicles2° folliclesGraafian follicle

(mature follicle)**After ovulation,

follicle becomes corpus luteum

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Accessory OrgansReproductive Ducts

& OrgansUterine tubesUterusVagina

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Case Study

A 30-year-old woman with normal menstrual periods has a total hysterectomy. Would she still ovulate? Would she still have menses?

Accessory OrgansSex Glands

Bartholin’s glandsLubricating fluid

BreastMammary glands

Accessory Organs External Genitalia

(Vulva) Mons Pubis Clitoris Orifice of Urethra Labia minora Hymen Orifice, duct of

Bartholin’s glands Orifice of vagina Labia Majora

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Hormones

EstrogenMaturation of reproductive organsSecondary sexual characteristics (ex. pubic

hair)Body ContoursInitiate menstrual cycle

ProgesteroneProliferation and vascularization of lining of

uterusInitiate menstrual cycle

Menstrual Cycle Divided into (3)

phases: Menses:

shedding of uterine lining

Proliferative phase: after menses until

ovulation High levels of estrogen

Secretory phase: Ovulation to menses

High levels of progesterone

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Menstrual Cycle RegulationDay 1 to 7, FSH

secreted, immature ovarian follicle secretes estrogen

As estrogen increases, LH increases, which matures the ovum, marks ovulation, and lutenization

Sharp, sudden decrease in estrogen & progesterone cause menstrual period

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Prenatal PeriodBegins from time of

fertilization to time of birth

Fertilization often occurs in the outer one-third of the oviductZygote= fertilized

ovumMorula = 3 days after

fertilizationBlastocyst = once it

has reached the uterusImplantation in 10 days

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Prenatal PeriodPeriods of Development

Embryonic phase: 3rd week of fertilization until the end of the 8th week

Fetal phase: 9th week to 39th weekPrimary germ layers

Endoderm: inside Lining of organs Thyroid gland

Mesoderm: middle Muscle Bones Circulatory system

Ectoderm: outer Brain and spinal cord Epidermis of skin

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Birth or ParturitionStages of Labor

Stage 1 (6-24hrs)Dilation of the cervix

Stage 2 (minutes to 1 hr)Baby exits vagina

Stage 3 (15 minutes after delivery of baby)Expulsion of placenta from vagina

Postnatal PeriodInfancy

Birth to 18 monthsChildhood

Infancy to sexual maturity or puberty

AdolescenceUsually 13-19

years of ageAdulthood and

Older adulthood

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Effects of AgingSkeletal System

OsteoarthritisIntegumentary

SystemWrinkles

Urinary SystemIncontinence

Respiratory SystemRespiratory

insufficiencyCardiovascular system

atherosclerosisSpecial Senses

Vision and hearing issues

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