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Welcome! BIO 340 – General Ecology. Dr. Thomas M. Gehring Room 181 Brooks Hall 774-2484 [email protected] http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/gehri1tm Office Hours: MW 2 to 4 pm or by appointment. Wildlife Ecology Research at CMU. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Dr. Thomas M. GehringRoom 181 Brooks Hall
http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/gehri1tmOffice Hours: MW 2 to 4 pm or by appointment
Welcome!BIO 340 – General Ecology
Wildlife Ecology Research at CMU
• Develop & test tools that might lead to a successful coexistence of humans & wildlife
Wildlife Ecology Research at CMU
• Current studies examining population & spatial ecology of carnivores
• Current tests of various non-lethal management tools on wolves
Ecology BIO 340
• What is Ecology– The scientific study of
the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms
Biological Disciplines Relating To Ecological Study
Biological Disciplines Relating To Ecological Study
EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
BEHAVIOBEHAVIORR
GENETICSGENETICS
PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY
Ernst Haeckel• Defined “ecology,” “phylum”
• Coined phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
• Studied Foraminiferans
• Controversial ideas
20th Century
• Lotka & Volterra (1920’s)
Model population growth
• Gause (1920’s)
Manipulative Experiments
20th Century
Leopold (1930’s)
Natural ResourcesMacArthur (1960’s)
Mathematical Ecology
Geographical Ecology
Organization of Biological WorldBiosphere
Landscape
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Organelle
Atom
INCREASED KNOWLEDGEINCREASED KNOWLEDGE
INCREASED COMPLEXITYINCREASED COMPLEXITY
Figure 1.1
“…the community is an abstraction representing a level of organization rather than a discrete unit of structure in ecology.”
Types of Ecological StudyTypes of Ecological Study
• AUTECOLOGY– Study of
individuals– Physiology
/Environment
Types of Ecological StudyTypes of Ecological Study
• SYNECOLOGY
– Study of groups of organisms
– Community level and above
Introduction
• How to look at a question– Ultimate explanation
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”Theodosius Dobzhansky
Introduction
• Major Advances– Hypothesis Testing
• Testing ideas about how the natural world works
• A hypothesis is developed to explain an observed phenomenon.
– Example: giraffes have long necks because the long necks enable them to reach food that is unavailable to others.
• Testing Ideas about How the Natural World Works– Null Hypothesis
• Hypothesis of no difference– Example: The length of a giraffe’s neck does not influence the height at which it forages.
– Alternative Hypothesis• Example: The length of a giraffe’s neck does influence the height at which it forages.
Most feeding is done below neck height.Males Females
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Fee
din
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eig
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Percentage of feeding bites0 20 40
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• Testing Ideas about How the Natural World Works– Null Hypothesis
• Hypothesis of no difference– Example: The length of a giraffe’s neck does not influence the height at which it forages. ACCEPT
– Alternative Hypothesis• Example: The length of a giraffe’s neck does influence the height at which it forages. REJECT
• Testing Ideas about How the Natural World Works– Null Hypothesis
• Hypothesis of no difference– Example: The length of a giraffe’s neck does not influence the height at which it forages. ACCEPT
– So why do they have such long necks?– Alternative hypotheses
• suggest a different explanation– Example: giraffes have long necks because long necks are effective weapons for one male against another during mating
(Simmons and Scheepers).
Hypothesis Testing and Experimentation
• Testing Ideas about How the Natural World Works– The predictions made by each hypothesis are
determined.
– Observations are made and/or an experiment is designed, to obtain data regarding the predictions.
– Conclusion: the observational data support the Sexual Selection hypothesis.