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On the marble
“The longer you can look back, the further you can look forward”
Winston Churchill
And remember:
“NOTHING more difficult than a beginning"
Course Overview
This course provides a brief introductory survey of the history of medicine from the earliest time known to man (principally in Egypt, Greece, Roman, Arab, Europe and the United States) from classical antiquity to the early twentieth century. Relying on the primary and secondary sources used and analyzed by various authors, effort is made to learn about how humanity make progress from the antiquity; faith and healing in the medieval period until the present day advanced medical practice.
Aims and Objectives
To have a brief and retrospective appreciation of belief system, events and people that shaped the practice of medicine from the past to present.
To equip future medical physicians and researcher with opportunity to situate present-day medical ideas, practices and institutions within a broader historical context.
To learn and eventually practice medicine within the frame work of historical perspective.
To provide understanding of the progress and current dilemmas facing modern medical science and clinical practice today.
Course Outline
Introduction to History of MedicineTools of History - Primary and Secondary
SourcesMedicine in pre-historic timesAncient Egyptian medicineMedicine in Mesopotamia and BabylonMedicine in ancient ChinaMedicine in ancient India
Course Outline
Medicine of ancient Greece – cradle of European medicine, school of Hippocrates
Physicians of the Antique Roman Empire Islamic medicineMedicine in Cordoba - meeting point of Islamic,
Jewish, and Christian medical knowledgeMedicine in the Middle Ages first medical
universitiesMedicine in the period of renaissance Medicine in the period of enlightenment
Tools of the Historian
History forms the basis of all knowledge and is a convenient avenue of approach to any subject of
study.
Definitions
The science and art dealing with the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation, or cure of disease.
Historians make a serious and systematic attempt to explain the past and attempt to use the knowledge they gain to help explain human nature and contemporary affairs.”
Definitions
Historians organize history
By dividing it into blocks of time known as periods or eras.
Into periods like decades, centuries, or time periods that are given names.
To date events
Before the birth of Christ or B.C., historians count backward from the year 1.
After the birth of Christ or A.D., historians count forward starting at the year 1.
THERE IS NO YEAR 0!!!
Historians make sense
Of the flow of dates and events by putting these things in chronological order, or the order of dates in which events happened.
By putting these events on a timeline or a diagram that shows the order of events in a time period.
Historians rely on
Calendars or dating systems created by the people of the past to measure time. Most of these calendars were created based on important events.
Timelines
Are usually evenly spaced and labeled with events.
Can be single lines or multileveled.
Anything within the range of the historian’s experience-document, opinion, monument, artifact, tradition, and so on-that can be used as a basis for statements about the past; often called “sources.”
Sources are artifacts that have been left bythe past. They exist either as relics, what we might call “remains,” or as the testimonies of witnesses of the past.
Evidence
Historians study
A variety of sources to learn about the past including artifacts and documents.
The material that historians rely on are classified as:
1. Primary sources: These are first hand pieces of evidence from the people who saw an event.
2. Secondary sources: Which are created after the event by someone not involved.
Historians also look for
Who, what when, where and why a document was created
Whether or not the document is credible or truthful.
Whether or not the document is biased or has an unreasonable point of view.
Summary
Historians put all the pieces of information together to interpret and explain events in the past.
Tool of History
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts (also known as eco-facts) and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record).
The role of Archaeologist
Archaeologist helps to discover and investigate human past, from human evolution to the present day. By studying archaeology we can find out about how people spent their lives, where they lived, the clothes they wore and the food they ate. Archaeology can uncover the religions, burial customs and beliefs of past societies. Through artefacts and excavations, extraordinary details of the daily lives of past generations can be investigated. Archaeology offers a perspective on broad topics, such as how different societies identified and organised themselves, how they co-existed and interacted with other communities and how they perceived and used the physical landscape in which they lived.
PRIMARY SOURCES IN HISTORY
Primary sources record the actual words of someone who participated in or witnessed the events described or someone who got his or her information from participants.
Primary sources
Secondary sources record the findings of someone who did not observe the event but who investigated primary evidence.
Secondary sources
Primary Sources
What are primary sources?
Original records from the past recorded by people who were: Involved in the event Witnessed the event, OR Knew the persons involved in the event
They can also be objects (artifacts) or visual evidence.
They give you an idea about what people alive at the time saw or thought about the event.
Keep in mind that a primary source reflects only one point of view and may contain a person’s bias (prejudice) toward an event.
Printed Publications Personal Records
Examples of primary sources:
Newspapers
Books
Magazines
Diaries
Journals
Records
Visual Materials Visual Materials
Examples of primary sources:
Sculpture
Drawings
Paintings
Film
Maps
Photographs
Artifacts
Examples of primary sources:
Songs and Poems
Poems
Songs
Tools
Ornaments and other Objects
An Ancient Egyptian love poem written in about 1500 BC.
"It is seven days from yesterday since I saw my love,And sickness has crept over me,My limbs have become heavy,I cannot feel my own body.If the master-physicians come to me,I gain no comfort from their remedies.And the priest-magicians have no cures,My sickness is not diagnosed.My love is better by far for me than my remedies.She is more important to me than all the books of medicine."
An Ancient Egyptian spells "These words are to be spoken over the sick person. “O Spirit, male of female, who lurks hidden in my flesh and
in my limbs, get out of my flesh. Get out of my limbs!" This was a remedy for a mother and child.”
This was added at the end of this cure:"Come! You who drives out evil things from my stomach and my limbs. He who drinks this shall be cured just as the gods above were cured.”
‘This spell is really excellent – successful many times.’ It was meant to be said when drinking a remedy.
This was a remedy for people going bald:"Fat of lion, fat of hippo, fat of cat, fat of crocodile, fat of ibex, fat of serpent, are mixed together and the head of the bald person is anointed with them.
Archaeological digs have also found evidence of men titled physicians. The hieroglyphics on the door to the tomb of Irj described him as a physician at the court of the pharaohs. Irj lived about 1500 BC. He was described as a:
"palace doctor, superintendent of the court physicians, palace eye physician, palace physician of the belly and one who understands the internal fluids and who is guardian of the anus."
What are secondary sources?
Secondary sources are made at a later time.They include written information by
historians or others AFTER an event has taken place.
What are secondary sources?
Although they can be useful and reliable, they cannot reflect what people who lived at the time thought or felt about the event.
But they can represent a more fair account of the event because they can include more than one point of view, or may include information that was unavailable at the time of the event.
Examples of secondary sources:
Textbooks, biographies, histories, newspaper report by someone who was not present
Examples of secondary sources:
Charts, graphs, or images created AFTER the time period.
Name that Source!
The following slides contain examples of primary and secondary sources. See if you can classify each example as a primary or secondary source.
Classify these: primary or secondary?
Classify these:
Classify these:
Classify these:
Classify these:
Classify these:
Classify these:
The End
“A primary source is firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation. The nature and value of the source cannot be determined without reference to the topic and questions it is meant to answer. The same document or other piece of evidence may be a primary source in one investigation and secondary in another. The search for primary sources does not, therefore, automatically include or exclude any category of records or documents.”
Written Transmissions Books Journals Letters Annals Dissertations Public records Census data Eyewitness accounts Scripture Inscriptions Newspapers
Diaries Chronicles Government documents Personal or institutional
papers Genealogies Manuscripts Laws Scrolls Period literature and poetry
Oral Transmissions
Speeches Anecdotes Sagas Oral histories Music Interviews (not videotaped)
Ballads Legends Telephone conversations Recordings (tape & records) Myths From Using Internet Primary Sources to
Teach Critical Thinking Skills in History Craver, Kathleen, D 16.2 .C79 1999, p.19
Visually Transmitted
Sculpture Photographs Portraits Maps Cartoons Coins Videotapes Films Posters Engravings
Models & dioramas Woodcuts Architecture Etchings Relics Historical paintings Artifacts Computer generated
graphics
Electronically Transmitted
Faxes Electronic mail Machine readable databases [Web pages]
All Things Considered
AuthenticityReliabilityDisagreement
What evidence do historians rely on to help measure time?
1. rulers2. computers3. calendars4. Water tables
What were most historical calendars based on?
1. Important events
2. Birthdates of the pharaohs
3. Wars4. Tree rings
What important event is the Western calendar based on?
1. Crop rotation 2. Lunar cycles3. Season changes4. Birth of Jesus
What does B.C. mean?
1. British Columbia2. Big Clock3. Birth of Christ4. Before Church
What does A.D. mean?
1. After death2. Anno Domini3. Another day4. Always done
How do historians organize history?
1. Into days2. Into blocks of time
like decades3. Into files4. Into countries
How do historians organize history?
1. By region2. By political times3. By chronology4. By event
importance
What type of diagram do historians use to display history?
1. Pie chart2. Bar graph3. Textbook4. A timeline
Are you Enjoying the History of Medicine class so far?
1. Yes2. No
