Dr. Peter Harvey Senior Adviser - Water UNICEF New York · 2011. 12. 20. · Dr. Peter Harvey Senior Adviser - Water UNICEF New York. 6th thInternational Rural Water Supply Network

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Dr. Peter Harvey

Senior Adviser - Water

UNICEF

New York


JMP Thematic Report

• Thematic report on

drinking water 2011 -

complementary to main

JMP progress reports

• Data-driven

• Increased disaggregation

• Focus on equity, safety,

sustainability

• Monitoring challenges

and future plans

Worldwide use of improved drinking water sources, 2008


JMP estimates

Based on results of

nationally

representative

household surveys

(MICS, DHS,

LSMS, CWIQ,

WHS, HBS)

The world is on-track to meet the MDG water target based on the indicator “use of an

improved drinking water source”

…but, at the current rate of progress, this still will leave 672 million people without access

to improved drinking water sources in 2015, and possibly many hundreds of millions more

without sustainable access to safe drinking water.


Trends in drinking water and sanitation commitments by

recipient income category, 1998-2008

Progress towards the MDG water target has been slowest in least developed

countries and other low-income countries.

Equity • Investment disparities

• Regional disparities

• Urban-Rural disparities

• Rich-Poor disparities

• Gender disparities


Urban and rural population

without an improved

drinking-water source,

developing regions, 2008

7 out of 9 people without an improved drinking-water

source live in rural areas.


Since 1990, twice as many people in urban areas of the

developing regions have gained access to piped water

than in rural areas.

Change in rural and urban populations gaining access,

between 1990-2008, for various types of drinking-water

sources, developing world (millions)

Proportion of the population using piped drinking-water on

premises, a public tap, another improved drinking-water

source, surface water or another unimproved source, in

developing regions, 1990-2008


Estimates of the number of people in developing regions relying on different types of drinking-water sources,

urban and rural, 2008

In developing regions, 80% of the population in urban

areas, and less than one-third in rural areas, uses some

form of piped drinking-water supply.

73%

9%

7%

6%

2% 2% 1% Piped on premises

Borehole/tubewell

Public tap/standpipe

Hand-dug wells

Springs

Tanker trucks/smallcarts with drum

31%

34%

8%

13%

5%

1%

6%

Urban Rural


In Sub-Saharan Africa, population growth outstripped

the number of people gaining access to improved

drinking water between 1990 and 2008.

Trends in proportion of the population using different drinking-

water source types for Sub-Saharan Africa Change in absolute numbers (millions), 1990-2008, using

each type, Sub-Saharan Africa

304 million

increase in

population

237 million

gained access to

improved

drinking water


Piped on

premises

Other

improved

sources

The richest 20% in Sub-Saharan African countries are over

twice as likely to use an improved drinking water source as

the poorest 20%.


Drinking water coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa drops

by eight percentage points when taking time-to-source

into account as a measure of access.

Proportion of the population using piped water on

premises, spending half an hour or less, or more than

half an hour, to collect water from an improved source

or unimproved source, Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2008

Percentage of population that spends more than 30 minutes on a

water collection trip, Sub-Saharan Africa


Women, 64%

Men, 24%

Women and girls shoulder the largest burden

in collecting water.

Distribution of those who usually collect drinking water

Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 45 developing countries,

2005-2008


Average non-compliance with thermotolerant coliforms by improved drinking-water

sources, China, Ethiopia, Jordan, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Tajikistan

WHO/UNICEF Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality (RADWQ)

57%

37% 31%

11%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Protected DugWells

Protected Springs Boreholes Piped WaterSupplies

Pro

po

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n o

f s

am

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s n

ot

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rob

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ate

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ua

lity

Water Safety • RADWQ survey of

improved water sources

• Impacts on coverage

• Household water

treatment practice


Water quality data suggest that access to safe drinking

water is lower than the JMP estimates in many

countries.

Microbiological water quality corrections applied to drinking water trends for two countries included in the RADWQ study

Projected decrease in rural coverage ↓10% ↓20%


Households with access to improved drinking water

sources are more likely to treat their drinking water

than households using unimproved sources.

Percentage of households using appropriate household water

treatment by drinking-water source type


The practice of household water treatment increases

with wealth in all regions.

The average proportion of each wealth quintile in surveyed countries which uses appropriate HWT, by region


Estimated proportion of non-functioning handpumps in selected countries, Sub-

Saharan Africa

Source: RWSN (2008) Sustainable Rural Water Supplies. St. Gallen: Rural Water

Supply Network

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

DR

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Cote

d'Ivoir

e

Nig

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Ma

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Eth

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Ma

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Zam

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Lib

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a

Zim

ba

bw

e

Ken

ya

Ang

ola

Mo

za

mbiq

ue

Cam

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Burk

ina

Fa

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Ben

in

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tim

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of

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Sustainability • Lack of data

• Community supplies

have limited resiliency

and reliability


Reliance on boreholes and tubewells has increased in

Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Trends in the proportion of the population using piped water on premises, public

taps, borehole or tube well, another improved drinking-water source or an

unimproved source, Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.


www.wssinfo.org

Challenges • Equity needs:

– Continued focus on rural water supply (and Sub-Saharan Africa)

– Strategies to reach the rural poor

– Better articulation of gender and economic arguments

• Water safety needs:

– Strengthened water quality monitoring and remediation

– Scaling up HWTS to the rural poor

• Sustainability needs:

– Improved monitoring of sustainability

– Alternative service delivery models

Documents

Dr. Peter Harvey Senior Adviser - Water UNICEF New York · 2011. 12. 20. · Dr. Peter Harvey Senior Adviser - Water UNICEF New York. 6th thInternational Rural Water Supply Network