Dr. Onkar S. TyagiIndian Institute of Petroleum

Dehradunostyagi@iip.res.in

APEC Workshop on ‘Establishment of the Guidelines for the Development of Biodiesel Standards in the APEC Region’

The Howard Plaza Hotel Chinese Taipei16-18 July 2008

Introduction

India has limited crude oil reserves.

India imports 70-75% of its current crude oil requirement.

Transport & agriculture sectors are largely dependent on diesel fuel.

Current demand of diesel is about 5 times that of gasoline.

Urgent need to supplement diesel fuel to reduce dependence on imported crude oil.

Biodiesel has potential to supplement diesel as fuel.

Government policies & initiatives

Biofuel policy

Development of following alternate fuels for transport sector:

- Ethanol (to supplement gasoline)

- Biodiesel (to supplement diesel)

Biodiesel policy:

Focus on short-term blending of FAME of non-edible oil (Jatropha) in petro diesel:

5% by 2012, and

10% by 2017.

Targets & strategy for biodiesel

�Production of 3.35 MMT biodiesel for B5 blended fuel by 2012 and 7-8 MMT for B10 by 2017.

�Jatropha plantation on marginal land.

�Framing supportive legal & policy framework.

�Framing comprehensive national policy on biofuel.

National Biodiesel Mission Established in 2007

Most ambitious bio-diesel program attempting to -

a)integrate and combine crucial economic, social and environmental aspects.b)jointly address energy need, poverty alleviation, and land’s erosion control/ deforestation issues.

Implementation of National Biodiesel Mission

Stage 1: Demonstration project (2003-2007)

Cultivation of 400,000 hectares of Jatropha plants to yield about 3.75 tons oilseeds per hectare annually.

Demonstration of the viability of other aspects like seed collection and oil extraction.

Building up of transesterification plants.

Implementation of National Biodiesel Mission

Stage 2: Commercialization period (2007-2012)

Continuation of Jatropha cultivation.

Installation of more transesterification plants to meet targeted demand of biodiesel.

Uniqueness of Biodiesel Program in India

It is based on non-edible oils from plants grown on waste & fallow land.

It facilitates rural economy and land development.

It precludes ‘Food vs. Fuel Conflict’.

Incentives for production of biodiesel

Incentives for plantation.

Support price to farmers on their produce (oil seeds)

Tax exemptions of various kinds to producers of biodiesel.

Regulations for use of biodiesel

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) established IS:15607:2005as the standard for blend stock FAME (B100).

This standard is derived mainly from European B100 specification EN14214 since engine technologies are mostly European.

Some specifications are also taken from US B100 specification, ASTM D 6751.

Availability of non-edible oils

About one million tons per annum.

Most abundant non-edible oil plants are:

• Ratanjot (Jatropha Curcas)

• Karanja (Pongamia Glabra)

• Sal (Shorea Robusta)

• Mahua (Madhuca Indica)

• Neem (Azadirachta Indica)

Fatty acid composition (%-wt) of most potential oils

FA type Pongamia Glabra Jatropha Curcus16:0 3.7-3.9 12-1718:0 2.4-8.9 5.0-9.720:0 2.2-4.7 -18:1 44.5-71.3 37-6318:2 1.8-18.3 19-4120:1 9.5-12.4 -

Some characteristics of biodiesel from non-edible oilsCharacteristic(unit) Jatropha Pongamia IS 15607Density at 15oC (Kg/m3) 0.879 0.893 0.86-0.9Pour point (oC) +3 +15

---Total sulfur (ppm) <1 <1 50 (max)Kinematic (cSt) 4.34 5.13 2.5-6.0viscosity at 40oC

Flash point (oC) 135 148 120 (min)CCR (%wt) 0.01 0.74 0.05 (max)Ash content (%wt) 0.013 0.013 0.02Copper strip corrosion 1 1 1 (max)Oxidn. stability (mg/100g) 0.4 3.1 1.5 (max)Molecular wt. (Da) 320 358.9 ---Acid value mg (KOH/g) 0.38 0.42 0.5 (max)Cetane number 58.4 53.9 51 (min)

Status of biodiesel production

• Infancy state

• Uses indigenous non-edible oilsespecially from Jatropha Curcas & Pongamia Glabra grown on marginal & waste land.

• Mainly promoted by corporate, NGOs & local communities in unique private-public partnership.

• Current production is insufficient even for B5 fuel.

• Expansion of biodiesel depends on increased indigenous production of non-edible oils.

Technical challenges

To make Jatropha cultivation and biodiesel production a low-risk venture with attractive returns for growers and producers.

Defining bench marks & best practices.

Building technical capabilities of rural entrepreneurs in Jatropha refining.

Collection of reliable field data (plantation, yield of oil, production cost, etc.)

New initiatives required:

i.High yielding species of plants for sustainable supply of non-edible oils from marginal land.

ii.Improved extraction technology.

iii.Better viable technical options for biodiesel production.

iv.Technologies for value addition to byproducts (glycerin, de-oiled cake, seed husk etc.)

v.Improvement in supply-chain & infrastructure.

vi.Appropriate reference materials and reference methods for QA/QC.

Concept of biodiesel standard

EN590����Sulfur content����Distillation property��������

����FAME content 5vol% or less

*FAME shall meet the requirement of EN14214

•ASTM D-6751 for up to B20 blends

EN14214����Ester content����Density����Viscosity

IS 15607:2005•Ester content, Density, Viscosity; Na & K added•EN1421112 / PrEN in proposed stage

Law on the Quality ControlAligned with EU fuel standards for meeting Euro II, III & IV emission norms

����FAME content 5mass% or less

����Triglyceride content

India Europe

FAME as blend stock

FAME blended diesel oil

Detail biodiesel specificationsCharacteristic with unit U.S. EU India IS15607:2005

Ester content mass% －－－－ >96.5 96.5 (min) by GCDensity kg/m3 －－－－ 0.86-0.9 0.86-0.9 ASTM D-4052Viscosity mm2/s 1.9-6.0 3.5-5.0 2.5-6.0 ASTM D-445Flash point ℃℃℃℃ >130 >120 120 (min) IP-170Sulfur content mg/kg <0.015 <0.001 50 (max) ASTM D5453T95 ℃℃℃℃ <360 (90%) －－－－ －－－－Carbon residue (100%)

mass% <0.05 － 0.05 (max) ASTM D-4530

Carbon residue (Rams bottom)(on 10% distillation

residue)

mass% －－－－ <0.3 0.05 (max) ASTM D-524

Cetane number >47 >51 48 (min) ASTM D-613Sulfated ash mass% <0.02 <0.02 0.02 (max) ASTM D-482Water content mg/kg <0.05[vol%] <500 500 (max) IP-386Total contamination mg/kg －－－－ <24 ---

Copper corrosion No.3 Class-1 One (max) IP-154 Total acid number mgKOH/g <0.5 <0.5 0.5 (max) ASTM D-974Oxidation stability hr. <3 <6（（（（EN14112）））） 1.5 (max) ASTM D-5304

Iodine number －－－－ <120 115 (max) proposed

Cont…. Detail biodiesel specifications

U.S. EU India IS15607:2005Methyl linolenate mass% －－－－ <12 ----

Poly unsaturated FAME

mass% －－－－ <1 --

Methanol content mass% <0.2 <0.2 0.20 (max) by GC

Monoglyceride mass% －－－－ <0.80 0.80 (proposed)

Diglyceride mass% －－－－ <0.2 --

Triglyceride mass% －－－－ <0.2 --

Free glycerol mass% <0.02 <0.02 0.02 (max) ASTM D-6584

Total glycerol mass% <0.24 <0.25 0.25 (max) ASTM D-6584

Na+K mg/kg <5 <5 To report by ICP-AES

Ca+Mg mg/kg <5 <5 To report by ICP-AES

Phosphorous mg/kg <10 <10 10.0 (max) by ICP-AES

CFPP ℃℃℃℃ －－－－ <5/<-5/<-15 -IP-309--=IP-15Pour point ℃℃℃℃ －－－－ <0

Major concerns of vehicle manufacturers regarding biodiesel quality:

•Oxidation stability

•Contamination

• Presence of mono-, di- & tri-glycerides

• Presence of metals

• Acid number

• Viscosity

• Calorific value

• Water content

• Iodine value

Possible revisions in biodiesel standards:

Acceptance ofEuropean standard EN 14214 as the standard for FAME (blend stock), and EN 590 for diesel fuel.

Up gradation of Indian Standards to European Standards for meeting new Euro emission norms.

Inclusion of individual organic acids (formic, acetic and propionic acid) content & oxidation stabilitycriteria for prevention of metal tank corrosion.

Incorporation of lubricity and sediments related specifications.

Special issues

Technical acceptability of biodiesel from varied sources of non-edible oils compared to biodiesel from conventional edible oils.

Systematic comparison of biodiesel from Jatropha seed oil with that from other non-edible oils with reference to their fuel characteristics, toxicity, health effects and life cycle analysis.

Conducting field trials on the effect of properties like cetane number, distillation characteristics, specific gravity, aromatics & oxygen content and cloud point ,on engine’s performance.

Evaluation and impact of additives in Biodiesel.

Applicability of existing test methods to biodiesel testing.

Appropriate certified reference materials for biodiesel fuels.

Accreditationof producers, marketers & test laboratories.

Important field trials:

B10 biodiesel fuel (BDF) from Jatropha used in locomotive (Indian Railways) running between New Delhi & Amritsar.

Daimler-Chrysler India completed road trials of C-Class Mercedes-Benz cars on B100 over 5900 km (April-May 2004) under hot & humid conditions in India.

Ensuring wider acceptability of Indian biodiesel standards

Standards to be backed by adequate number of accredited testing laboratories equipped with all essential test facilities in IS:15607.

Engine performance studies with biodiesel from non-edible oils of Indian origin.

Establishment of feedback loop consisting of engine builders, user experience and testing laboratories.

Establishment of traceabilityof test results.

Thank you

Indian Institute of Petroleum(Council for Scientific & Industrial Research)

P.O. IIP Mohkampur, Dehradun-248005 (India)

Web: www.iip.res.in