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Identify an unknown rock sample by testing it through the basic properties of minerals.
S1a- Demonstrates understanding of properties of objects and materials.
S3a- Demonstrates understanding of properties of Earth materials
S6a- Uses technology and tools to gather data and extend the senses ©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
We now can use a reference chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
How do we tell one mineral from another ?
Using the mineral properties and tests that we’ve already learned, we can
determine the identity of an unknown sample.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
The first property on the chart is color.
Look at our unknown and determine what color it is.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Clear
Which of the samples listed on the table is clear ?
Which is NOT clear ?Can we eliminate any possibilities based
on color ?
The second property on the chart is luster.
Look at our unknown, maybe use a flashlight, and determine if it has luster.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Clear
Yes
Which of the samples listed on the table has luster ?
Which does NOT have luster ?Can we eliminate any possibilities based
on luster ?
The next property on the chart is cleavage or fracture.
Our unknown shows evidence of cleavage.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Cleavage
Which of the samples listed on the table has cleavage ?
Which does NOT have cleavage ?Can we eliminate any possibilities based
on cleavage ?
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
We can eliminate Quartz as a possibility for our unknown sample.
Quartz does conchoidial type fractures while our unknown does cleavage.
We don’t have to look at the Quartz column ever again for this sample.
The next property on the chart is streak.
When we scratch our unknown on a porcelain tile it leaves a white mark.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Which of the samples listed on the table left a white streak ?
(Remember, don’t look at Quartz, it’s eliminated)
Which does NOT have a white streak ?Can we eliminate any possibilities based
on streak ?
White
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
We can eliminate Diamond as a possibility for our unknown sample.
Diamonds leave no streak on our tile.We don’t have to look at the Diamond
column ever again for this sample.
The next property on the chart is crystals.
Look at our unknown and determine if it has a crystal type shape.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Which of the samples listed on the table has crystals ?
(Remember, don’t look at Quartz or Diamond, they’re eliminated)
Which does NOT have a crystals ?Can we eliminate any possibilities based
on crystals ?
Yes
The next property on the chart is magnetism.
Can our sample pick up items like a magnet, or can it be picked up by a
magnet ?
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
No
Which of the samples listed on the table are magnetic ?
(Remember, don’t look at Quartz or Diamond, they’re eliminated)
Which are NOT magnetic ?Can we eliminate any possibilities based
on magnetism ?
The next property on the chart is density.
We can calculate the density of our unknown and enter it onto the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill in your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
About 2.7g/cm3
Is the calculated density of our sample the same as or close to a density on the chart?
(Remember, don’t look at Quartz or Diamond, they’re eliminated)
Can we eliminate any possibilities based on density ?
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
About 2.7 g/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
We can eliminate Florite as a possibility for our unknown sample.
The density of Florite is 3.18 g/cm3 and the density of our sample is 2.7 g/cm3.
Fill your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
About 2.7 g/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Now that we have eliminated every other possibility on our chart, we can say that
our unknown is CALCITE !!In order to reinforce this statement, we should fill in the rest of the chart for the
remaining properties of our sample.
The next property on the chart is hardness.
We perform a scratch test on our sample.It IS scratched by Diamond (10), Quartz (7) and Florite (4), so
we know it’s softer than those. It is not scratched by Calcite(3), and it doesn’t leave a scratch mark on Calcite
either so it must be the same as Calcite (3).
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill in your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
About 2.7 g/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
3
We are approximating by comparison that the hardness of our sample is 3.
Is this what we’d expect for Calcite ? If not we might have to run more tests.
The last property on the chart is the acid test.
We put a drop of acid on our sample and it bubbles which means a reaction is
occurring.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Fill in your answer on the chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
About 2.7 g/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4 3
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Reacts
The sample reacts to acid and bubbles.Is this what we’d expect for Calcite ?
If not we might have to run more tests.
BEFORE we say that this is Calcite, let’s double check the
reference chart and our results one more time.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Double check the reference chart.
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Diamond Quartz Calcite Florite UNKNOWN
Color Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Luster Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cleavage Fracture
CleavageConchoidial
FractureCleavage Cleavage Cleavage
Streak None White White White White
Crystals Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magnetic No No No No No
Density3.5–3.53 g/cm3
2.65 - 2.66 g/cm3
2.711 g/cm3
3.18 gm/cm3
About 2.7 g/cm3
Hardness 10 7 3 4 3
Acid TestNo
ReactionNo Reaction Reacts
No Reaction
Reacts
Do ALL of our sample results match the chart
results for Calcite ?
At this point, we can safely say…
Our unknown isCALCITE !!!!!
**SPECIAL NOTES**
©Dr. Mitchel Goodkin, 2009
Just to keep things simple, “clear” was used for some of the answers on the chart. Really, it depends if something is mixed into the rock, the rock might have other colors completely; such as purples, blues, pinks or yellows.
Also, to keep things simple, the word “luster” was used. When speaking about “luster” the term metallic
or non-metallic is usually used.Non-Metallic Metallic