Dr Mariana Bara Kira Mantsu

Dr.Mariana Bara / Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009

Transmission of Armâân/Macedonarmâân

language and culture inthe multilingual

educational contextwithin the Balkan States

Dr Mariana BaraKira Mantsu

Mariana Bara, London, April 2009

ArmânArmân Language Language

- Definition of a Mother Tongue -

MARIANA BARAMARIANA BARA, PhD, PhDHyperion University, BucharestHyperion University, Bucharest


Our languageOur language

Our language Our language

is understood by some people, is understood by some people,

the dead people, the dead people, by by God, the God, the Virgin Virgin

and by the angels perhaps. and by the angels perhaps.

In 168 before Christ In 168 before Christ

Paulus Emilius Paulus Emilius took took over Perseus, over Perseus,

Latin words Latin words

took otook over the Hellenic-ver the Hellenic-Macedonian words. Macedonian words.

In our language In our language

Hellas, the Macedonian passion Hellas, the Macedonian passion

and the glory of Rome and the glory of Rome

finished in ashes, finished in ashes,

nostalgia remained… nostalgia remained… [...][...]

Our poets Our poets sent messengers for engagement sent messengers for engagement

to other languages, to other languages, our language avoided by the our language avoided by the

messengersmessengersPenelope without Odysseus. Penelope without Odysseus.

Our language, Our language, tomb where I go down, tomb where I go down,

icon in which I ressuscite. icon in which I ressuscite.

by Yioryi Vranaby Yioryi Vrana


The Romanisation The Romanisation in the South-East of in the South-East of

EuropeEurope Roman province Roman province Macedonia (from Macedonia (from 168 BC), official 168 BC), official language LATIN language LATIN

official language official language GREEK from the GREEK from the 66th th centurycenturyArea of maximum Area of maximum Romansation: VIA Romansation: VIA EGNATIA EGNATIA

Roman province Roman province Dacia – 106 ACDacia – 106 AC, , conquered with the conquered with the contribution of the contribution of the legions from legions from Macedonia Macedonia



SSubstratubstrate Languagese Languages ARAR: : MMacedonacedonianian , ,

ThThracraciiaann, , IIlllyrianlyrian, , Ancient GreekAncient Greek (T.Papahagi, Th.Capidan, (T.Papahagi, Th.Capidan, C.Poghirc etc.) C.Poghirc etc.)

ILR, II:ILR, II: a a ThThracracian ian linguistic linguistic

areaarea ( (from northern from northern GreGreeecece to the western to the western slopes of slopes of BalBalkkanan mountainsmountains););

anan I Illlyrian lyrian areaarea ( (NNororthth--East of the East of the AdriaticAdriatic S Seeaa););

aa DDaco-aco-MMoesianoesian area area (Dac(Daciaia, , the two the two MoesiMoesiaeae andand, po, possiblyssibly, Dardania)., Dardania).

RORO: : DacoDaco--MoesianMoesian ((Al.Rosetti, Al.Rosetti, Cicerone Poghirc, Cicerone Poghirc, H. MihH. Mihăescu, ăescu, La romanitLa romanitéé dans le dans le

sud-est de l’Europesud-est de l’Europe)) ““In Antiquity there In Antiquity there

was nowas no linguistic linguistic unitunityy in the North in the North of the Balkans, nor of the Balkans, nor a too great a too great similarity between similarity between the languages of the languages of this areathis area” (C.Poghirc, ” (C.Poghirc, in ILR, I, p.313)in ILR, I, p.313)


Language Birth AreasLanguage Birth Areas

AR: Macedonia, Epir, TAR: Macedonia, Epir, Thhesesssalalyy (Th.Capidan, T.Papahagi, Matilda Caragiu (Th.Capidan, T.Papahagi, Matilda Caragiu

Marioţeanu, C.Poghirc, Neagu Djuvara)Marioţeanu, C.Poghirc, Neagu Djuvara)

RORO: Dacia, Moesia : Dacia, Moesia Inferior, Moesia Inferior, Moesia SuperiorSuperior

(Ov.Densusianu, Sextil (Ov.Densusianu, Sextil Puşcariu, Al.Rosetti) Puşcariu, Al.Rosetti)


Latin-based Languages Latin-based Languages in South-Eastern Europein South-Eastern Europe

Latin

Armân Dacoromanian or Romanian

Megleno-romanianIstro-romanian

Local variants: bănăţean,

crişean, maramureşean, moldovenesc,

muntenesc

Local variants: fărshirot,

yrămustean, moscopolean, pindean:


Contact languagesContact languages- in chronological order -- in chronological order -

AR:AR: Ancient GeekAncient Geek (“ (“ancient ancient

bilingbilingualismualism”, Tache ”, Tache Papahagi, DDA)Papahagi, DDA)

Old SlavicOld Slavic Modern GreekModern Greek AAlbanlbanianian TTururkishkish ( (almost through almost through

Greek )Greek ) BBulgarulgariiaann ( (since since 1919thth

centurycentury)) IItalian (talian (almost through almost through

Greek)Greek)

RO:RO: Old Slavic (“Slavic-Old Slavic (“Slavic-

Romanian blingualism”Romanian blingualism”, , Al.Rosetti, ILRAl.Rosetti, ILR))

Hungarian Hungarian ((since since 1010thth centurycentury))

BBulgarulgariiaann, , UkUkrainrainianian, , PPololishish

TurkishTurkish Modern Greek Modern Greek ((since since

1818thth

centurycentury)) FFrrenchench ( (since since 1919thth

centurycentury) etc.) etc.


Romance Comparison Romance Comparison - for the Basic Vocabulary- for the Basic Vocabulary VR VR - -

VRS = 2611 wordsVRS = 2611 words VRF = 2610VRF = 2610 VRI = 2599VRI = 2599 VRR = 2581VRR = 2581 VRC = 2381VRC = 2381 VRP = 2312VRP = 2312 VRA = 2294VRA = 2294 VRO = 2271 VRO = 2271 VRSd = 1682 VRSd = 1682 VRRet = 1012 (only VRRet = 1012 (only LatinLatin))


Etymological compositionEtymological compositionof of VRVR

LeveLevell

EtymologyEtymology VRAVRA VRRVRR

II LALATINTIN 38%38% 30,29%30,29%

IIII Internal Internal derivatesderivates

14,50%14,50% 24,68%24,68%

IIIIII SuperstraSuperstratete

GR: 18%GR: 18% SL: 9,02%SL: 9,02%

IVIV SuperstraSuperstratete

TC: 9,50%TC: 9,50% FR: 7,47%FR: 7,47%

...... ...... ......Multiple Multiple EtymologyEtymology

4%4% 17,70%17,70%


ArmânArmân Language LanguageTODAYTODAY

Mother tongue of approx. 1,5 mill. people Mother tongue of approx. 1,5 mill. people Still spokenStill spoken Regional languageRegional language Common basic vocabulary sharedCommon basic vocabulary shared Literature (authors, publishing houses, Literature (authors, publishing houses,

festivals)festivals) Variety of languages: journalism, Variety of languages: journalism,

religioreligiouuss texts texts, , ONG documentsONG documents, , advertisingadvertising, internet etc.), internet etc.)

Adapting new terminologiesAdapting new terminologies


THANK YOU THANK YOU FOR YOUR FOR YOUR

ATTENTIONATTENTION!!

Kira Mantsu, London, April 2009

Transmission Transmission of Armân/Macedonarmân of Armân/Macedonarmân

language and culture language and culture in the multilingual educational in the multilingual educational

context within the Balkan context within the Balkan StatesStates

KIRA MANTSUKIRA MANTSUWriterWriter


ArmArmâân / Macedonarmn / Macedonarmâân n peoplepeople

roots originate fromroots originate from Ancient Macedonia Ancient Macedonia live nowadayslive nowadays : Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, : Albania, Bulgaria, Greece,

FYROM (R. of Macedonia), Romania, SerbiaFYROM (R. of Macedonia), Romania, Serbia 1913, Macedonia was divided up among 1913, Macedonia was divided up among

Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria - disastrous effect on Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria - disastrous effect on traditional Armtraditional Armâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâân life stylen life style

ArmArmâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâân people is a special n people is a special „European“ problem in the field of minority „European“ problem in the field of minority issues in the Balkanissues in the Balkan

The only The only autochthon in Balkan in Balkan which never established their own national state

The only people in Balkan without a “kin-The only people in Balkan without a “kin-state”state”


EtnonymsEtnonyms ArmArmâân / Macedonarmn / Macedonarmâânn – own name – own name Known also as : Known also as : Vlahi, Vlasi, Koutso-Vlahi, Vlasi, Koutso-

Vlahi, Elino-Vlahi, Macedo-Vlahi, Vlahi, Elino-Vlahi, Macedo-Vlahi, Macedoneni (Macedoromãni, Macedoneni (Macedoromãni, Mazedo-Romanen), Makedoni, Mazedo-Romanen), Makedoni, Aromãni (Aromanians, Aromunen, Aromãni (Aromanians, Aromunen, Aroumains), Tsintsari, Cioban, Aroumains), Tsintsari, Cioban, Rrmeri, etc.Rrmeri, etc.


ArmArmâân / Macedonarmn / Macedonarmâân : n : Bilingualism / Bilingualism /

MultilingualismMultilingualism bilingualism Macedonian/Tracian/Greek-bilingualism Macedonian/Tracian/Greek-

LatinLatin – “Provincia Macedonia” (168 BC – 600 AC) – “Provincia Macedonia” (168 BC – 600 AC) bilingualism Greek-Latinbilingualism Greek-Latin (Byzantium) (Byzantium) biligualism Armân-Neogreek / Armân-biligualism Armân-Neogreek / Armân-

AlbanianAlbanian biligualism Armân-Slavicbiligualism Armân-Slavic (beginning with 6th (beginning with 6th

C.)C.) modern multilingualism : modern multilingualism : 1. Arm1. Armâân – 2. official n – 2. official

language (Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, language (Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, Serbian, Slavic-macedonian) – 3. modern Serbian, Slavic-macedonian) – 3. modern language (English, French, German, etc.)language (English, French, German, etc.)


Documents on historical & Documents on historical & educational bilingualismeducational bilingualism

Cultural movement of Moschopolis (18th C.) : Cultural movement of Moschopolis (18th C.) : Th.A.KavalliotiTh.A.Kavallioti - Protopiria, Vienna, - Protopiria, Vienna, 17701770 – – Dictionary of three Balkan languages (Greek-Dictionary of three Balkan languages (Greek-Vlach-Albanian)Vlach-Albanian)

Daniil MoscopoleanuDaniil Moscopoleanu -- Lexicon Lexicon Tetraylosson, Tetraylosson, 1794, 1794, Venice – Dictionary of Venice – Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek/Romaiika-four Balkan languages (Greek/Romaiika-Vlach-Albanian-Bulgarian)Vlach-Albanian-Bulgarian)

Mihail G.BoiagiMihail G.Boiagi -- Yramatiki Yramatiki Makedonovlahiki, Vienna Makedonovlahiki, Vienna 18131813,, the first the first academic grammar of Armân language academic grammar of Armân language (Armân-Greek-German)(Armân-Greek-German)

Rich classical & modern literatureRich classical & modern literature – 1850 – 1850 until nowadaysuntil nowadays


Advantages & Advantages & Disadvantages of Disadvantages of MultilingualismMultilingualism

Advantages :Advantages :1.1. Communication & Communication &

cultural exchanges cultural exchanges between different between different ethnies ethnies

2.2. Social cohesion and Social cohesion and guarantee for guarantee for political stabilitypolitical stability

3.3. Access to education, Access to education, social, polical & social, polical & economical lifeeconomical life

DisadvantagesDisadvantages : :1.1. Cultural assimilation Cultural assimilation

by the dominant by the dominant culture of majorityculture of majority

2.2. Unequal competition Unequal competition between minority & between minority & official languageofficial language

3.3. Lack of practical Lack of practical motivation for the motivation for the minority language minority language

How can we stress the advantages and how can we transfer disadvantages into advantages ?


Situation of ArmSituation of Armâân n language in Balkan stateslanguage in Balkan states

1905- „Irade“: Recognition of Arm1905- „Irade“: Recognition of Armâân people & n people & language by the Othoman Empirelanguage by the Othoman Empire

1997- Recommendation 1333 on Armân Language 1997- Recommendation 1333 on Armân Language and Culture, adopted by Council of Europeand Culture, adopted by Council of Europe

No access to education in their mother tongue, due No access to education in their mother tongue, due to the unrecognition as minority nowhere in Balkan to the unrecognition as minority nowhere in Balkan states (excepted R.of Macedonia/FYROM)states (excepted R.of Macedonia/FYROM)

Armân/Macedonarmân language, still has not Armân/Macedonarmân language, still has not achieved the status of regional or minority achieved the status of regional or minority languagelanguage..

At 12 years from the issue of the Recommendation At 12 years from the issue of the Recommendation 1333/1997, we find with deep sadness that this 1333/1997, we find with deep sadness that this document had no effect for the document had no effect for the Armâns/Macedonarmâns, and the year of 2009 is Armâns/Macedonarmâns, and the year of 2009 is still finding the Armâns/Macedonarmâns under the still finding the Armâns/Macedonarmâns under the threat of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic threat of their disappearance as a distinct ethnic group.group.


Transmission of Armâân/Macedonarmâân

language and cultureThrough :Through : FamilyFamily: mother tongue (Armân/Macedonarmân) and : mother tongue (Armân/Macedonarmân) and

the official one – due to the mixed familiesthe official one – due to the mixed families SchoolSchool : Courses, Books : Courses, Books Interbalcanic sommer coursesInterbalcanic sommer courses for children, for children,

teachers – for the unifying of the teachers – for the unifying of the Armân/Macedonarmân language and teaching booksArmân/Macedonarmân language and teaching books

Interbalcanic seminarsInterbalcanic seminars to promote to promote Armân/Macedonarmân language and culture among Armân/Macedonarmân language and culture among Balkan people – help to the ehnical and social Balkan people – help to the ehnical and social cohesioncohesion

Mass-mediaMass-media – TV(digital TV channel for Armân – TV(digital TV channel for Armân /Macedonarmân, with redaction in each Balkan /Macedonarmân, with redaction in each Balkan country country


Proposals Proposals Compulsory institutionalization of Compulsory institutionalization of

ArmArmâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâân language in the n language in the Balkan statesBalkan states

Elaboration of legal standards for the real Elaboration of legal standards for the real protection of protection of unrecognizedunrecognized minoritiy minoritiy languages, as Armlanguages, as Armâân/Macedonarmn/Macedonarmâânn

Transform of the passive minority protection Transform of the passive minority protection into an active one, by adopting a legal system into an active one, by adopting a legal system mentioned in the European Constitutionmentioned in the European Constitution

A clear EU minority policy is necessary, more A clear EU minority policy is necessary, more than even. than even.


THANK YOU THANK YOU FOR YOUR FOR YOUR

ATTENTIONATTENTION!!