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Lanzarote, Spain
11.10.2011Hans R. Schultz 18.3.2010Hans R. SchultzHans R. Schultz, Marco Hofmann Hochschule Geisenheim University
Moselle, Germany Cape, South Africa
Raggi Belussi, Veneto, Itaty
Southern Tirol, Italy
Douro Valley, Portugal
Claire Valley, Australia
Champagne, France
Napa, California
Vineyard management in interaction with theenvironment and climate change in light of traditional methods in the old world
Global change, sustainability and challengesfor grape and wine production
50th degree latitude North
First ice wine 1858, frequency of it‘s productiondecreasing due to warming
Château Johannisberg, part of the town of Geisenheim
Hans R. Schultz
Climate issues / sustainability problems
3. Climate-plant-fruit effects
2. precipitation
4. Sustainability – environment(soils)/ production/socio-economic impacts
1. temperatureVariability
How it islinked
Examples from distinct different regions / Germany and Portugal
1. The climate/weather variability problemand the velocity of change
Hans R. Schultz
The average global March to May temperature was 0.6°C above the 20th century average, tying with 2004 as the 8th warmest on record.
Record wetness was observed over parts of the north central United States, part of central Europe, and a section of Far East Russia.
Record dryness was scattered across different parts of the globe, including part of northern Chile and Argentina, northern South Africa, eastern Niger, south central Ukraine, and parts of southern Kazakhstan.
Example 2013
Regua Tmax
Pinhao Tmax
Vila Real Tmax
Regua Tmin
Pinhao Tmin
Vila Real Tmin
Jones et al. 2012 (Alves, F., Moriando, M., Ferrise, R., Santos, J., Malheiro, A); A Climate Assessment for the Douro Wine Region, ADVID, 93pp
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Douro Wine Region: Growing season (Apr-Oct) Tmax and Tmin temperatures
1. The temperature is increasing and will continue to do so (good/bad ?). Viticulturecan adapt to a certain degree (e.g. varieties)
Hans R. Schultz
2. This will increase water evaporation – but will it increase water use by vineyards? (the increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere may make grapvines moreefficient with respect to water use)
Santos et al. (2012) Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing. Clim.Res. 51: 89-103
Mean dryness index (1950-2009)
Dryness observed:
Length of dry periods (days) 2021-2050 (or2071-2100) ascompared to1971-2000
2021-2050 2071-2100
Jacob et al. (2014) EURO-CORDEX: new high-resolution climate change projections forEuropean impact research. Reg. Environ. Change 14: 563-578
All these data are too rough – how can we„manage“ this trend?
Santos et al. (2012) Macroclimate and viticultural zoning in Europe: observed trends and atmospheric forcing. Clim.Res. 51: 89-103
Hans R. Schultz
If we look closer on the manydifferences in our vineyardareas – they are very diverse
Large differences in temperature sums (in this case Huglin index)
Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in IberianViticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14
Hans R. Schultz
If we look closer on the manydifferences in our vineyardareas – they are very diverse
Large differences in temperature sums (in this case the Huglin index)
Large differences in soil types
Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in IberianViticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14
Hans R. Schultz
If we look closer on the manydifferences in our vineyardareas – they are very diverse
Large differences in temperature sums (in this case Huglin index)
Large differences in soil types
Large differences in plant growth (vegetative expression, vigour)
Fraga et al. (2014) Integrated Analysis of Climate, Soil, Topography and Vegetative Growth in IberianViticultural Regions. PLOS ONE 9: 1-14
Hans R
The biggest challenge are stable yields and stable quality
200
250
300
350500
550
600
650
pot. ET meas.pot. ET sim. Star IIprecip. meas.precip. sim. Star II
precipitation
pot. ET
A (May-October)
Year1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
prec
ipita
tion
and
pot.
ET (m
m)
175
200
225
250
275 precipitation
pot. ET
B (November-April)
Temporal variability in thepast and in the future,
Cyclic variations
Hans R. Schultz
Schultz and Hofmann unpublished
Data and simulation forGeisenheim, Germany, 50° North
ReguaPinhaoVila Real
Pre
cipi
tatio
n(m
m)
Pre
cipi
tatio
n(m
m)
Year
November-March
April-October
Jones et al. 2012 (Alves, F., Moriando, M., Ferrise, R., Santos, J., Malheiro, A); A Climate Assessment for theDouro Wine Region, ADVID, 93pp
1967 2009
160 200 240 280
Rheingau, shallow soilRheingau, deep loess soilRheingau, med. loam irrigatedRheingau, steep slope
160 200 240 280
pre-
daw
n le
af w
ater
pot
entia
l (-M
Pa)
Loire, sandy clayLoire, sand on deep clayNapa Valley irrigatedNapa Valley not irrigatedSt. Emilion, sand on clay layerSt. Emilion, gravelyLoire, sand on sandstone
day of year160 200 240 280
-1,4
-1,2
-1,0
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0,0
Pic. St. Loup, irrigatedPic. St. Loup, calcareous soilAude, calcareous soil
Cabernet francSyrah Riesling
Variation in vineyard water relations
Data from Winkel and Rambal 1993, Morlat et al.1992, van Leeuwen and Seguin 1994, Schultz and Gruber 2005, Schüttler 2009
Hans R. Schultz
moderate water stress
severe water stress
15.6.2010Hans R. Schultz
Flood in England
2007 2010
Flood in Poland
Hans R. Schultz
We need to be more aware of spatialdifferences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale
15.6.2010Hans R. Schultz
Sunburn in Germany, Austria….
Flood in England
2007 2010
Flood in Poland
Hans R. Schultz
We need to be more aware of spatialdifferences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale
2007
15.6.2010Hans R. Schultz
Sunburn in Germany, Austria….
Flood in England
2007 2010
Flood in Poland
Flood in Germany
2013
Hans R. Schultz
We need to be more aware of spatialdifferences and variability on a larger and a smaller scale
3. Climate-plant-fruit-effects
22
Sadras, Schultz, Girona, Marsal(2012): FAO cropresponses to water
Relative evapotranspiration Relative yield0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.6 1.0
Water deficit Ample water
Effects of temperature, humidity and water supply on fruitcomposition – the case of a dry environment (original data fromIntriglio and Castel (Spain, Irrigation Science, 2008)
Changing conditionsduring ripening(Geisenheim, Germany, 50° North)
Hofmann und Schultz unpublished
Effects of temperature, humidity and water supply on fruitcomposition – the case of a humid environment
2003
2011
Changing conditions during ripening
Hofmann und Schultz unpublished
Since theeightees, strong tendency tohigher sugarconcentration
Temperature and precipitation during ripening(for 60 days after veraison, 1955‐2014, Geisenheim)
cool – warm
dry ‐m
oist
We currently have more frequent moist and warm conditions during the maturity phase.
Avg. Daily mean temp. °CHofmann und Schultz unpublished
Hans R. Schultz
Our challenge!
4. Environmental (soils)/ production/socio-economic sustainability
Our consequences for vineyard management:
1. On deeper soils everything is done to preventBotrytis (cover crops, pre-bloom defoliation of thefruiting zone, application of Gibberellic acid (end of bloom), bunch halving)
Cover cropsin Viticulture
–Biodiversityas an issue!
Which cover-crop forwhich situation?
19/09/08 - Sunny
Open so
il, no til
led
Open so
il, till
edFes
tuca ar
undinacea
Trifoliu
m repen
sSorg
hum sudan
ensis
Digitaria
califo
rnica
WU
E (g
CO
2 / l
H2O
)
12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
abab
a
b
Martin Uliarte, INTA Mendoza, Argentina ,GRC, Germany
Improving vineyard carbon balance and water use efficiency with new types of cover crops
Hans R. Schultz
Hans R. Schultz
pre-bloom defoliation (bunch zone)
control
defoliated
31
Many technical possibilities (some examples of leaf removers)
Binger Seilzug StockmayerSiegwald
Tiger
Bioregulator effect
Use of Gibberellic acid for looser bunches
Hans R. Schultz
Time window up to veraison
TH - ES 77
TH - ES 71 (pea size)TH - ES 77 (bunch closer)
control
Chardonnay
Loose bunches, less Botrytis
Cluster halving
Trials to delay ripening to avoid a decouplingbetween sugar and aroma
control short canopy
Stoll, Lafontaine, Schultz (2007)
Defoliation abovethe fruit zone
Hans R. Schultz
Diminishing yields in Australia
Webb et al. 2013 nature climate change 26 February
Riesling seems very sensitive
Vintage2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Yie
ld (t
/ha)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
State of Hesse
Variety dependend Yieldsensitivity
1985 2009 1985 2009
On dry soils we use high frequency dripirrigation to stabilise yield
Problems: access to water, return on investment
37
Yield stabilisation
Sadras, V., Schultz, H.R. Girona, J., Marsal, J. (2012) Grapevine. In: Crop Yield Response to Water (eds. P. Steduto, T. Hsiao, E. Fereres, D. Raes), FAO irrigation and drainage paper 66: 460-485.
7.4 Irrigation events (2002-2009)29.3 l/m² applied water (per season)
Hans R. Schultz
Yield as an economic issue in Portugal!
Santos et al. (2011) Statistical modelling of grapevine yield in Port Wine region under present and future climate conditions. Int. J. Biometeorology 55:119-131.
Hans R. Schultz
Böhme und Böttcher, Klimastatusbericht des Deutschen Wetterdienstes 2011
Since 1898 strongest warming May-August (1m depth 2.4° - 3.2°C !!)
Strong increase in soil temperature (the Potsdam time-series)
Tren
d in
°K
1m 12m
what we don‘t see
Hans R. Schultz
We should focus more attention again on rootstocks and their site-specific use
Rootstock selection based on an Internet plattform (Weinbaustandort Viewer)
Joachim Schmid, Institut für Rebenzüchtung, HGmU
VarietyPlanting densityCover crop
highCover crop
Recommended rootstock
SORi highly suitable
SO4 highly suitable
161-49C highly suitable
Joachim Schmid, Institut für Rebenzüchtung, HGmU
Soil description
Plant available water (mm) max. 2m Limestone content (topsoil) (%)
Limestone content (30-60cm) (%)
Hans R. Schultz
Sustainability and technology need togo hand in hand
New mechanisation systems
16.01.2015 44
1. Climate development and it`s consequences on grape growing regions will differ according to theregions and varieties
2. Management needs to be adapted accordingly(too little- too much water)
3. The chemical responses in wine are difficult toquantify and extrapolate into the future
4. Sustainability challenges include the conditions in each specific area also with respect to the desiredproduct
Hans R. Schultz
Mycontribution
to global warming!
Mycontribution
to global warming!
Thanks for the opportunity to be here, andthank you for your attention
grapes/climate/ripening
Jones et al. 2005; ClimateChange 73: 319-343
Average temp. Apr.-Oct. / Oct.-Apr.
Rheingau
70-99
Rheingau
00-12
Burgundy
70-99
Burgundy
00-12Côtes du Rhone
00-12
Côtes du Rhone
70-99
?Developments are faster than expectedVan Leeuwen et al. 2013; PNAS response