Dr. Kalpakis

CMSC 421, Operating Systems

http://www.csee.umbc.edu/~kalpakis/Courses/421

I/O Systems

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Outline

I/O Hardware

Application I/O Interface

Kernel I/O Subsystem

Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations

Streams

Performance

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I/O Hardware

There is incredible variety of I/O devices

There are shared common concepts

Device communicates with system using a connection point

Port

Bus (daisy chain or shared direct access)

Controller (host adapter)

Handshake between CPU and device controller done with polling/interrupts

Offloading to DMA for large I/O

Device-registers (control, state, data) accessible via the controller of device allow a computer to control a device

I/O instructions control devices

Devices have addresses, used by

Direct I/O instructions

Memory-mapped I/O

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A Typical PC Bus Structure

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Device I/O Port Locations on PCs (partial)

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Polling

Computer system determines state of device using

Polling

Interrupts

Polling determines state of device using certain commands

command-ready bit

Busy bit

Error bit

Command register

Data in/out registers

Busy-wait cycle to wait for I/O from device

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Interrupts

CPU’s Interrupt Request Line is triggered by I/O device, and CPU checks

after each instruction, and device sets interrupt address

Device raises interrupt

CPU catches interrupt and dispatches it

Handler clears the interrupt

Interrupt handler receives interrupts

Maskable to ignore or delay some interrupts

Interrupt vector to dispatch interrupt to correct handler

Based on priority

Some unmaskable

Chaining of handlers

Interrupt mechanism also used for exceptions

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Interrupt-Driven I/O Cycle

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Intel Pentium Processor Event-Vector Table

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Direct Memory Access

Used to avoid programmed I/O for large data movement

Requires DMA controller

Bypasses CPU to transfer data directly between I/O device and

memory

CPU writes DMA control block

DMA controller interacts with device using

DMA-request raised by device to signal the DMA controller that device

has data

DMA-acknowledge raised by DMA to tell device to put data on data

bus

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Six Step Process to Perform DMA Transfer

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Application I/O Interface

I/O system calls encapsulate device behaviors in generic classes

Device-driver layer hides differences among I/O device

controllers from kernel

Devices vary in many dimensions

Character-stream or block

Sequential or random-access

Sharable or dedicated

Speed of operation

read-write, read only, or write only

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A Kernel I/O Structure

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Characteristics of I/O Devices

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Block and Character Devices

Block devices include disk drives

Commands include read, write, seek

Raw I/O (device is viewed as a linear array of logical blocks) or file-

system access

Memory-mapped file access possible

Executing a program can be done with memory-mapping of the executable

to VM

Character devices include keyboards, mice, serial ports

Commands include get, put

Libraries layered on top allow line editing

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Network Devices

Varying enough from block and character to have own interface

Unix and Windows NT/9x/2000 include socket interface

Similar to electric sockets

Local and remote sockets and connecting them with addresses

Separates network protocol from network operation

Includes select functionality that manage a set of sockets and inform

the CPU which socket have data or are ready to accept more data

Approaches vary widely

pipes, FIFOs, streams, queues, mailboxes

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Clocks and Timers

Provide current time, elapsed time, timer

Programmable Interval Timer can be used for implementing

timers (via periodic interrupts)

OS can implement many timers using a single Programmable timer

ioctl (on UNIX) covers odd aspects of I/O such as clocks and

timers

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Blocking and Nonblocking I/O

Blocking - process suspended until I/O completedEasy to use and understand

Insufficient for some needs

Nonblocking - I/O call returns as much data as availableUser interface, data copy (buffered I/O)

Implemented via multi-threading

Returns quickly with count of bytes read or written

Asynchronous - process runs while I/O executesDifficult to use

I/O subsystem signals process when I/O completed

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Kernel I/O Subsystem

Scheduling to improve performance

Some I/O request ordering via per-device queue

Some OSs try fairness

Buffering - store data in memory while transferring between

devices

To cope with device speed mismatch

To cope with device transfer size mismatch

To maintain “copy semantics”

To allow programmer to overwrite user I/O buffer as soon as I/O command

returns, without having to worry about when data have been output to the

device

Can also be implemented with VM and copy-on-write

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Sun Enterprise 6000 Device-Transfer Rates

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Kernel I/O Subsystem

Caching - fast memory holding copy of data

Always just a copy

Key to performance

Sometimes can be used together with buffering

Spooling - hold output for a device

If device can serve only one request at a time

i.e., printers, tape drives, etc

Device reservation - provides exclusive access to a device

System calls for allocation and deallocation of devices

Watch out for deadlocks

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Error Handling

OS can recover from disk read, device unavailable, transient

write failures

Most return an error number or code when I/O request fails

System error logs hold problem reports

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Kernel Data Structures

Kernel keeps state info for I/O components, including open file

tables, network connections, character device state

Many, many complex data structures to track buffers, memory

allocation, “dirty” blocks, etc

Some use object-oriented methods and message passing to

implement I/O

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UNIX I/O Kernel Structure

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From I/O Requests to Hardware Operations

Consider reading a file from disk for a process:

Determine device holding file

Translate name to device representation

Physically read data from disk into buffer

Make data available to requesting process

Return control to process

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Life Cycle of An I/O Request

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STREAMS

STREAM – a full-duplex communication channel between a user-level

process and a device

A STREAM consists of:

STREAM head that interfaces with the user process using read/write or get/put

message in a synchronous manner

driver end that interfaces with the device

and zero or more STREAM modules between them, that communicate via

message passing in asynchronous manner

Each module contains a read queue and a write queue

Message passing is used to communicate between queues, and may

implement flow control

STREAMs provide a modular and incremental approach to developing

device drivers and protocols

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The STREAMS Structure

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Performance

I/O is a major factor in system performance:

Demands CPU to execute device driver, kernel I/O code

Context switches due to interrupts

Data copying

Network traffic especially stressful

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Intercomputer Communications

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Improving Performance

Reduce number of context switches

Reduce data copying

Reduce interrupts by using

large transfers

smart controllers

polling

Use DMA

Balance CPU, memory, bus, and I/O performance for highest throughput

But where should I/O functionality be implemented?

User process?

Kernel?

Device driver?

Device controller?

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Device-Functionality Progression