Dr. John Kitching

Dr. John Dr. John KitchingKitching

Physicist, Physicist, National Institute of Standards National Institute of Standards

and Technologyand Technology

The views and opinions presented by the invited speakers are theThe views and opinions presented by the invited speakers are their own ir own and should not be interpreted as representing the official viewsand should not be interpreted as representing the official views of DARPA or of DARPA or DoDDoD

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Chip-Scale Atomic Devices. Precision Instruments based on Lasers,Atoms and MEMS

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13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES MTO (DARPA Microsystems Technology Office) Symposium, 2009, Mar 2-5, San Jose, CA

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Chip-Scale Atomic DevicesPrecision Instruments based onLasers, Atoms and MEMS

John KitchingTime and Frequency DivisionNIST

Microsystems Technology SymposiumSan Jose, CA, March, 2009


Atomic Clocks

• Time: most accurately measured physical quantity

• NIST: most accurate clock in the world– Frequency uncertainty

~ 4x10-16

– Timing instability < 1 ns over 1 week

NIST F-1 Primary Atomic Frequency Standard

GPS SystemTelecom Sync


Precision is a Big Deal

• Speed of light: 30 cm/ns

• Positioning to 1 m ns timing required

• Positioning to 1 mm ps timing

1

2

3

4~x c t

(x, y, z, t)


• High frequencies, long coherence times

• High signal-to-noise– Spectroscopic measurements and/or large numbers of atoms– As high as 107 @ 1 sec

• Insensitive to environment

Origin of the Precision?

Magnetic transitionsMicrowaves; Q ~ 108

Electronic transitionsOptical; Q ~ 1013

Nuclear transitions-rays; Q ~ 1018 ??

109 Hz 1015 Hz 1019 Hz


MEMS Fabrication

• Alkali atom vapor cells

• Atomic clock physics packages

Cs~ 1 mm


CSAC Program

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Guided by: Bill Tang … Clark Nguyen … Amit Lal …

Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV

ConceptDARPA/NIST

CellsNIST Physics Package

NIST V ~ 1 cm3

P ~ 30 mWf/f~ 10-11 @ 1 hr

V ~ 1 cm3

P ~ 30 mWf/f~ 10-11 @ 1 hr

OscillatorsCU

Integrated electronicsSymmetricom,Honeywell

1cc instrumentTeledyneSymmetricom

• Ruggedization• Manufacturing• Applications

DARPADARPADARPADARPADARPADARPA


Beyond CSAC: Magnetometers

0 100 200

101

102

103

Sen

sitiv

ity (f

T/H

z1/2 )

Frequency [Hz]

A70 fT/Hz

10 fT/HzSQUID sensitivity Cryogenics

SensitivityfT/Hz

1011

106

104

103

100

10

1SQUID

FluxGate

MR

Atomic

Hall

B0

Clocks Mags

BN

0 100 200103

104

105

Sen

sitiv

ity [f

T/rtH

z]

Frequency [Hz]

6 pTHz

B0

PDCell

B

Heaters

hf NB const 0L B


Microfluidic NMR

With A. Pines, D. Budker, UC-BerkeleyM. Ledbetter, et al., PNAS, 105, 2286, 2008

13C12C

12C13C

NMR at zero field: simple spectra, compact apparatus

20 pT


t (s)

0 5 10 15 20

S (V

)

-0.8

-0.7

-0.6

-0.5

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

Beyond CSAC: Gyroscopes

NGIMG: 1 cm3, 5 mW, Nav-grade

T2 > 10 s, 129Xe

B0

L = B0 +

Litton, 19791000 cm3, 0.1 /hr

+ MEMS

Nuclear spins• Longer coherence time• Lower field sensitivity• 129Xe, 21Ne, 199Hg…• Read out precession with alkali magnetometer



Laser-Cooled Atoms

• Wall coatings

• Buffer gases

• Laser cooling

CsN2

Vat ~ 500 m/s~ 1 s/cm

Nobel Prize (1997)C. Cohen-Tannoudji, W. D. Phillips, S. Chu

Nobel Prize (1997)C. Cohen-Tannoudji, W. D. Phillips, S. Chu

Fountain clocksAtom interferometers• Gyros• Gravimeters, accelerometers• MagnetometersBose-Einstein condensates

Fountain clocksAtom interferometers• Gyros• Gravimeters, accelerometers• MagnetometersBose-Einstein condensates1 cm/s

Tc ~ 1 s

gBECiPINS(DSO)

1 m

w/ MTO ?1 cm ?5 mW ?

t/t ~ 10-16

/t ~ 10-6 /hrx/t ~ 5 m/hB/dx ~ 10 fT/Hz/mm

t/t ~ 10-16

/t ~ 10-6 /hrx/t ~ 5 m/hB/dx ~ 10 fT/Hz/mm

IMPACT, CSVMP




Chip-Scale Atomic Devices: 2001-2009

R

MEMSMTO

DARPADARPA

12C

13C

ConventionalAtomic Devices

Chip-ScaleAtomic Devices100 X smaller

Applications

MEMSMTO

DARPADARPA

PINSgBECiPINSgBECi

IMPACTCSMVP

IMPACTCSMVP

Micro Laser-Cooled Systems

1000 X better

CSACCSAC

NGIMGNGIMG


Documents

Dr. John Kitching