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Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Dr. Gatot Ciptadi
Fac. Of Animal Husbandry, UB
Email: [email protected]
gatotciptadi.lecture.ub.ac.id
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Animal Breeding Practices
Genetic Impact
Breeding has an important impact on animal production,
as breeding results are cumulative, permanent and
disseminated across farm animal popolations and
also different area or countries
The Sustainabilityis set to balance the various objective
connected with :
economic, the environment, diseases,
the preservation of our Genetic Resources
and maintenance of animal welfare
International relationshipand Networking
Maintenance of indigenous breeds is not only one country’s work. Transboundary collaboration is necessary.
There are some breeds which can’t be maintained by any country alone, their preservation needs effective international collaboration
An international cooperation is very important in research and in practice.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
GENENETIC IMPACT
OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Impact of sire on the population
Genetic impact
per sire
Genetic
superiority of
sire
X
Number of
progeny/sire
=
Number of
progeny per
sire=
Number of sperm
produced/sire
Number of sperm
required/cowX
Fertility of
semenFraction of
semen used
for AIX
Genetic Aspect of Artificial Insemination (AI) ?
The number of progeny (assume the following:
(Foote,1981)
Sperm cell harvested/year/sire :1.500.000x 10 9
Number of sperm cell required/cow : 15 x 10 6
Fertility : 50 %
Semen used : 100 %
The number of progeny would average: 50.000 per sire/year
Assumed that Sire for IA : Selected/Proven
Bull/Superior.
But,
If the AI-Bulls : not selected/inferior /genetic
abnormality ?)
High pedigree merit
Large number of bulls
Rapid and accurate evaluation
Large number of daughters/herds
Intensive culling
• Objectives ?: Document characteristics of national progeny test (PT) programs
Age of bulls at decision
Percent of bulls retained
Standardized selection differentials
(selection intensities)
• Compare PT strategies of different countries
Ideal Progeny Test Program : StandartOperation Procedure (SOP) in Developing countries?
Role of AI in Genetic Progress (Selection )
An Example: Cattle
Population number = 8000 heads, sex rasio 1 : 1
Selected Bulls for Natural Mating = 3000 bulls
Selected bulls (%) = 3000/4000 = 0,7
Selection Intensity (i =table) = 0.42
Breeding program with i.e 1000 bull selected
Selected bulls (%) = 1000/4000 = 0.25
Intensitas seleksi (i =table) = 1. 271
With Artificial Insemination , .ie 4 bull selected ( sperm prod.)
Selected bulls (%). = 4/4000 = 0.001
Intensitas seleksi ( i =table) = 3.37
Response to Selection and Genetic Progress
(R) = i.h2 .DS .
(h2,heritability, DS,differential Selection)
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Good Breeding Practices (GBP) is set for breeding, as a reference in conducting animal breeding (cattle etc.) to produce high quality offsprings as well as for service personnel who handle functions farms , as guidelines in conducting coaching, guidance and supervision in development of animal breeding .
(Directorate General of Livestock Services, Indonesia 2006).
The purpose GBP guidelines for the implementation of activities animal breeding (beef cattle) can be obtained offsprings that meets minimum technical requirements and requirements for animal health.
Scope guidelines of good (beef cattle) breeding includes four aspects: 1) infrastructure, 2) offspring production process, 3) preservation of the
environment, 4) monitoring, evaluation, and reporting
( (Directorate General of Livestock Services, Indonesia, 2006)
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Practical Animal breeding:represents an effort to induce specific traits beneficial ž Anim. Breeding culling out undesirable characteristics and selected the desirable genes into future generations
Livestock farmers have been practicing selective breeding over many centuries ž (Phenotypic base).A number majority of breeds have been created by livestock breeders ž
Uncontrolled breeding remains to be a major feature of indigenous breeding/local breed.
Two basic systems
Straight breeding:
– Purebred breeding– Inbreeding– Outcrossing– Grading up
Crossbreeding:– Two-breed crosses
– Three-breed crosses
– Rotation breeding
Animals Breeding Systems
System used depends on:
Kind of livestock
Size of the herd
Amount of money
available
Goals of the farmer or
breeder
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Breeding programs have been too complicated to be practical ?. Breed selection (pure) and cross-breeding programs ? No analysis data done( availability, accuracy etc) .No comprehensive approach to design simple, yet effective breeding strategies.
For planning genetic improvement, an intelligent balance of genetic principles and consideration of practical aspects is needed
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Allows farmer/ GROUP OF FARMER/ ABREEDER ASSOCIATION to fully participate in the:•ž Identification of problems• Choice of solutions• Breeding objectives• Implementation of a simple breeding program• Possible to control superior genotypes
Government/Researcher/University/RD •Research driven by needs and wishes of end users.• Involves in the design, implementation and evaluation of breeding strategies
Principles for preparation of Anim.breeding
(Genetic Local Resc. and Conservation )
Breeding program must be such a regulation which can assure the maintenance of a breed with avoidance of close inbreeding and preservation of original features.
In situ: maintenance among the original keeping and feeding conditions, production and selection methods
Ex situ: if in situ conservation is not possible. It means preservation out of the original and traditional circumstances (also contains in vitro conservation).
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
ž
Modern breeding- breeders decide breeding objective and genetic progress depend on the breeders work: three tiers (Breeders, Multipliers, Base flocks)
Open Nucleus Breeding Structure: has Nucleus which is open to base population - base decides breeding objective supplying “adapted” females to produce their males.
Optimum Design of Open Nucleus Breeding. Structure: 10% elite animals are retained in the nucleus and 90% in the base; gene flow ; genetic progress; inbreeding rate; age structure; progeny testing; selection accuracies; genetic variance, etc will be considered.
Breeding goal
Preservation of external and internal characteristics of traditional breeds.
Maintenance of the original type
Preservation of breeds’ adaptability to natural farming conditions.
Achievement of good productivity (growth, reproduction).
Preservation of breeds’ natural temperament and behaviour which are necessary for traditional keeping methods.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Content of Breeding program (1)
Detailed description of the breed
Identification and certification method of a breeding animal
Principles of nucleus herds’ definition (minimal number of animals
needed for maintenance of the breed; 1000 dams fit for breeding +
needed sires)
Semen and genetic samples should be kept in gene bank
Order of classification method in herd-book
Method of breeding animals’ qualification, foundation of
genealogical lines (families), principles for mating plan
Rules of sires’ selection
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Content of Breeding program (2)
Method of finding out breeds’ genetic resources and admission of founder animals into conservation program.
Method and order of data admission into central database. Rules of breeding animal commerce, export-import. Described principles of in situ conservation; accepted
conditions of ex situ conservation. Certification method of slaughtering animals which are true to
variety.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
1. Maintenance In beef cattle breeding, livestock raising can be done the pasture system, semi-intensive system, and intensive systems. Livestock raising is done by intensive systems.
2. Production Based on production goals, beef cattle breeding grouped into pure /crossbreeding.
3. Parent Selection1. Cows must be able to produce on a regular basis;
2. Male and female children are not defective and has a weight ratio of weaning age 205 days (weaning weight ratio) above average.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
An Examples : GBP and SOP?
Selection spawn done by examination of reproductive organs (PAR) with criteria for the condition of the body and the channel reproduction, as well as body weight ≤ 350 kg.
Candidates Males
a) Weaning weight corrected for age 205 days of age the parent and season birth, above the average;
b) Body weight at the age of 365 days on average;
c) Body weight gain between age. Not kept for breeding because use marriage with system Artificial Insemination (AI). 1-1.5 years above the average;
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
d) Body weight above the age of 2 years on average;
e) Libido and sperm quality is good;
f) Phenotypic appearance in accordance with theclump.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
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Selection I:
a) Weaning weight corrected for age 205 days of age the parent and season birth, above the average;
b) Body weight at the age of 365 days on average;
c) Phenotypic appearance in accordance with the clump.
Selection is based on minimal weight 270 kg and body condition and channel reproduction.
Reproduction (mating) can be done by natural mating and Artificial Insemination (AI). Performed by Artificial Insemination (AI).
Livestock Substitute (Replacement Stock) Candidates selected 25% female best for replacement, 10% for development of the region's population, 60% sold outside the region and5% is sold as cattle culled
Candidates selected 10% of male best at weaning age and joint candidates. All males are sold or used as 25% female best to put on the performance test.
Rejects (culling) female cow that does not meet the requirements (10%) issued as cattle culled (culling). Unproductive cows immediately issued. Criteria, namely the excess of culled cattleweight and quality of reproductive tract ugly.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Continue
Recording (recording) include
1. Pedegree;
2. Method of Reproduction (date, sire, AI/ natural mating);
3. Birth (date, birth weight);
4. Weaning (date, weight);
5. Calving (date, parity);
6. Feed (types, consumption);
7. Health: Vaccination, treatment (date, treatment);
8. Etc.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Recording
Existing recording is recording reproduction (date, bull, IA / natiral mating ), birth (date, birth weight), weaning (date, weight), calving (date, parity), feed (Types, consumption), vaccination, treatment (Date, treatment) and mutation.
The composition of cow's blood crosses Crosses should be maintained blood composition cows no more than 50%.
Crosses applied by parent and conditions apply each onelactation cycle. The principles of selection and culling together . Applied principles of selection and with the pure breed of sire.
Certification elite parent for cows which has been selected and meet standard.
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Continue
Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.Sci UB
Planning of genetic improvement : balance of genetic principles and consideration of practical aspects
Farmer /Group/Community involvement is crucial for success. It is essential to have farmers motivated, organized and trained.
Farmers should finding ways to combine production and adaptation to their breeding stock.
Open to opportunities to develop approaches for sustainable improvement.
Solutions to practical problems may be found in farmers local knowledgeMost breeding projects require initial technical help, then should be planned
to become self-driven. The challenge for field geneticists is to organize programs fitted to
each situation and sustainable in time. High impact a functional genetic structure is necessary. Role of Researchers: conducting a study , oriented in problem solving
(action research).
General Conclusion