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Dr. Daniel Scott and Jackie Dawson
5th World Congress on Snow and Mountain Tourism Andorra 27-29 March 2008
The North American Ski Industry
Approaches to Understanding Climate Change Vulnerability of the Ski Marketplace
Climate change analogues
Supply side modeling
Demand side modeling
Integrated Assessments
Conclusions
Pacific West
Rocky Mountain
Midwest Northeast
Southeast
Eastern Canada
Western Canada
Compared to
Europe:
• 2nd largest ski
industry
•more snowmaking
capacity
•ownership by 1
company
•more
conglomerates
Region Number of Visitors
Snowmaking Capacity
(% terrain)
Average Season Length
Operating Profit
(% gfa)
Canada East 10,050,000 85% 125-130 n/a
Canada West 7,845,000 70% 135+ n/a
U.S. Northeast 13,660,552 100% 129 10.69
U.S. Southeast 5,503,915 100% 99 12.91
U.S. Midwest 7,532,897 94% 95 10.57
U.S. Rocky Mountain 19,606,365 94% 134 18.29
U.S. Pacific West 10,578,599 68% 125 12.02
NSAA, 2005; 2006; CSC, 2007; Scott et al. 2006
= climate change analogue = supply side modeling = demand side modeling
‘An analogue approach uses past climate data which is representative of future change along with past performance data allowing conclusions to be made about possible future impacts.’
-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - National Ski Areas Association
Pacific West Rocky
Mountain
Midwest
Northeast
Southeast
Average 2000-01 Analogue 2001-02 (2050s)
Average 1995/96 Analogue 1997/98 (2020s)
Average 2000/01 Analogue 1999/00 (2020s)
Average 2000/01 Analogue 2001/02 (2050s)
Average 2003/04 Analogue 2002/03 (2020s)
Indicator Climatically Normal Winter
(1961-90)
2020s Analogue (1998-99) 3 seasons
2050s Analogue (2001-02) 1 season
Season Length 132.5 128 (-3.4%) 118 (-10.9%)
Visitation 13,789,002 12,299,495 (-10.8%) 12,187,577 (-11.6%)
Operating Profit (% gross revenue)
21 20.90 (+0.5%) 16.80 (-19.2%)
Snowmaking -hours operated
930 1635 (+75.8%) 1036 (+11.4%)
Snowmaking - % power utilized
40 54 (+36.7%) 52 (+31.3%)
Strengths
“Real-world” conditions represented - including full range of supply and demand side adaptations
Opportunity to examine wide range of indicators (demand, costs, profitability, community affects)
Weaknesses
Assessment for a short period of time (1 year and 3 years only) – rebound affect?
Analogues selected on temperature only and may not reflect future climate change
Key differences between University of Waterloo studies and European studies
incorporation of snowmaking
impact indicator is change in season length (number of days and key holidays) versus ‘snow reliability’ (for 100 days)
Therefore studies are not directly comparable
Scott & McBoyle, 2006
Climate Adaptation Options in
the Ski Industry
Southern Ontario
2020s 2050s
Best Case -5% -8%
Worst Case -17% -44%
Southern Quebec
2020s 2050s
Best Case -1% -3%
Worst Case -11% -28%
Lake Louise
(base @ 1600 metres)
2020s 2050s
Best Case 0% 0%
Worst Case -1% -12%
US Northeast (with snowmaking)
2020s 2050s Best Case -13% -16% Worst Case -15% -24%
Aspen, Colorado (with snowmaking)
2030s 2100 Best Case -7 days -28 days Worst Case -14 days -65 days
Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
(natural snow only)
2050s 2100 Best Case -21 days -49 days Worst Case -42 days -105 days
5
18 36
14
18
12
Total ski areas in study = 103
0
9 8
7
17
0
2040-69 (-62 ski areas)
0
6 2
7
17
0
2070-99 (-71 ski areas)
A2 Emission Scenario
1961-90
‘Winners’ – prepare for congestion, water conflicts, real-estate speculation, development pressures
‘Losers’ – prepare for job losses and potential for decline in tourism spending
How skiers respond to changes in supply is a KEY research priority
NE Region Market Survey
1,207 participants / response rate = 89%
Behavioural Adaptations
Past Poor Conditions
(% )
Future Poor Conditions
(%)
Stop skiing for entire season
79 81
Stop skiing for part of the season
55 49
Travel to another resort in the region
60 41
Travel to another resort outside region
66 38
Done something else with their time
53 47
Because of poor ski/snowboard conditions in the past have you . . .
If poor ski/snowboard conditions occurred in the next 3 out of 5 winters would you . . .
Climate Analogue
Modeling Supply
NSAA data Operator Interviews
GCM modeling
Snow - making adaptation modeling
Modeling Demand
Tourist survey
1 2
3
4
Winter Tourism System
Modelling Outside
Influences
Planning
Relevant
Information
for Communities
and Industry
5
International Olympic Committee
Climate Change Corporate Policy
Sustainable Snowmaking
Investing in Climate Change Real-Estate
Climate Change Advocacy
Aspen Skiing Company joins Chicago Climate Exchange (Feb 15, 2005)
Contraction of ski operators
Consolidation of ski operators into regionally diversified ski conglomerates cost implications /elite sport?
Community adaptation must begin now (‘winners’ and ‘losers’)
Demand response is uncertain, but key to the future of the industry next generation of skiers?
0
100
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600
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800
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4-1
985
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9-2
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2002
-200
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004
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6-2
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US Ski Operators