88
Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER summer workshop.

Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Dr. Andrew MoldenkeDept. of Botany

Oregon State University

Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER summer workshop.

Page 2: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Three thin-sectioned soils

Note: Really large dark blobs are earthworm poop

Note: Small white areas are micropores for storing water; large white areas are macropores for storing Oxygen and air

Note: Between the top and bottom layers of leaves have been eaten by turtle mites

Note: 70-80% of all arthropod species in the world live in the soil (terrestrial ecosystems)

Page 3: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Thin-section clear cut soil

Note: Clear cut soil will have little water holding capacity; not only are you changing the vegetation but how the ecosystem functions

Page 4: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Thin section mature forest soil

Note: Forest (old growth) soil poop will have a surface area is infinitely greater

Question: Why is the size and density of bug poop important?

Answer : Bacteria and fungi will feed on the surface of the arthropod poop and release nutrients. The more poop, the more surface area of the poop, the more bacteria will feed on the poop and release more nutrients. 

Page 5: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

I have shown that species richness of soil arthropods is SOOO large that anyone can take a sample of forest litter (dead leaves) and soil from anywhere in the approximately 3,000 hectare Andrews Forest LTER---

and then, after identifying the arthropods, I can tell you…

Page 6: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

• what month of the year it was• altitude• soil moisture• plant community• slope face• under which species of tree• how old the forest trees are• how long since the last fire• how far from the nearest trunk

Page 7: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

All that information (and more!) simply in a list of the relative abundance of the species

Page 8: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Creatures that live in the soil are very sensitive to abiotic and biotic factorstherefore excellent for use as biological indicators.

They have fantastic potential as indicators for determining human impacts on soil ecosystem function and for soil health.

Page 9: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

species/m2 individuals/m2

forest 250 350,000

pasture 30-60 100,000

row agriculture 5-10 2 - 20,000

Note: Each and every shovelful of forest dirt has 250 species per square meter or 350K individuals. As soil is impacted more (pasture, agriculture…) the number of species decline.

Page 10: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Indicators of change in the productive potential of soil is great but I want to talk about 2 other things today.

1. Biodiversity for its own sake. We never bother to take the time to look at these organisms, but they are some of the most fascinating animals around! WOW! FANTASTIC!

2. They don’t just passively indicate “soil health”

they are key players in the cycle of plant growth and soil nutrients themselves.

B.P.G.T.

Page 11: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Many mites

Page 12: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

EACH and EVERY SHOVEL of forest dirt =all pictures that follow

250 spp/m2 350,000 indivs/m2 70-80% of all arthropods in most terrestrial ecosystems

120,000 little legs (Andy’s foot)

15,000 species in Oregon

Page 13: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

So, who cares?

Why study bugs in soil?

What do they do?

they eat and they poop

1 2

Question: Which bugs are discussed here?Answer: Mites, springtails, and other arthropods

Page 14: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

OdontodamaeusMites….

Page 15: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

OppiellaMites….

Page 16: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

EpidamaeusMites….

Page 17: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Long-legged near DamaeusMites….

Page 18: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Galumna openMites….

Page 19: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Galumna closedMites….

Note: Defense mechanismsHands and legs fold in and doors close in

Page 20: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

PterochthoniusMites….

Page 21: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

HermanniellaMites….

Page 22: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Rearing mites

Page 23: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Small/large turtle mites

Note: Turtle mites are smaller than an eyelash

Page 24: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Oribatid cheliceraeMites….

Page 25: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Mycorrhizae

Note: In this example, the tree feeds the fungi sugar (Carbon) and the fungi feeds the tree N, P…. the root underneath carries water, nothing gets in unless regulated by fungi

Page 26: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Mycorrhiza under the Electron Microscope

Page 27: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

IsotomaSpringtails…

Notes: If attacked, the tail drops and launches the bug easily a meter.

Springtails deep in the soil are blind.

Page 28: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Diagrammatic springtail (Collembola)

Page 29: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

OnychiurusSpringtails…

Page 30: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Onychiurus

Page 31: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Onychiurus, high magnification

Page 32: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Ptiliid beetle

forewingNote: Flight apparatus is like a bird feather. ( A little rod with hairs). 

Other arthropods…

Page 33: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

ProturaOther arthropods…

 Notes:

1) In all soils

2) Important in nutrient cycling

3) No common names for them

4) Evolutionally they lost their antenna, false antenna as first set of legs

Summary: When putting together foodwebs, all these bugs so far have been fungivores 

  

Page 34: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

EnchytraeidOther arthropods…

Page 35: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Suctobelbella – bacterial-feeder

Other arthropods…

Page 36: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Cydnidae – Burrowing bugOther arthropods…

Page 37: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

SymphylaOther arthropods…

Page 38: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER
Page 39: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Cicindelid immatureOther arthropods…

Page 40: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

GamasidOther arthropods…

Page 41: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

UropodidOther arthropods…

Page 42: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Uropodid - facial view

Page 43: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

PolyaspididOther arthropods…

Note: Strings of wax secreted from the analogous of sweat glands

Page 44: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

CytaMites…

Notes:

1)Predacious mite

2) Dumped out of helicopters on caterpillars (bio- control) 

Page 45: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Onychiurus being eaten by Labidostoma

Page 46: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Symphylan being eaten by Pergamasus

Note: Worst vegetative pest in the Williamette Valley

Page 47: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Pergamasus feeding(high magnification)

Notes: 1) There is a mite hitching a ride on the Pergamasus (feeding)…

2) Bacterial and fungal spores also catching rides if we looked closer, so they make the environment homogenous…(always moving everyone in the environment around)

Page 48: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Pseudoscorpion

Note: Poison gland in tip of claw released on prey

Page 49: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Chthoniid pseudoscorpion

Page 50: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Pseudoscorpion, facial view

Page 51: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Taracus – Skunk-spider (Opilionida)

Notes:

1) Probably 400 species of spiders in OR soil

2) The largest the same size of a period on the printed page 

Page 52: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Sclerobunus – skunk-spider

Page 53: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Native scorpion with young

Page 54: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Spider webs

Page 55: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Spider fangs

Page 56: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Callobius

Page 57: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Pardosa

Page 58: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Micro-spider, male

Page 59: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Antrodiaetus

Page 60: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

OmusCicindela

Page 61: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Staphylinidae

Page 62: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Lithobiidae

Page 63: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Geophilid

Page 64: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Centipede fangs

Notes:

1) All are predators….ants are the worst predators because they work as individuals and as a colony 2) Specialist predators eat 1 or 2 species

3) Generalists eat many types of species

Page 65: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Ant head

Page 66: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Snail-feeding beetle

Page 67: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Snail-feeder, immature

Page 68: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Taracus - Opilionid

Note: Devices for butchering a snail 

Page 69: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Glowworm eating millipede

Millipede segments

Note: Glowworm catches a millipede and cuts segments off one by one and sucks insides out

Page 70: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Diapriid wasp – Diptera parasite

Note: You could collect 50-100 species of unnamed parasitic wasps

Page 71: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Rhododendron decomposition

Page 72: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Millipede jaws

Notes:

1)Millipedes are the big shredders in this system

2) Molars crush dead leaf-filter through sieve, grind large pieces again

Page 73: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Schematic of millipede jaw

Page 74: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Harpaphe mating swarm

Page 75: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Leaf skeletonization

Page 76: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Isopod

Page 77: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Pen-knife mite

Note: Really important shredders

Page 78: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Pen-knife mite, closed

Note: When a predator comes they totally close up in a ball and it takes an hour for a predator to crack open

Page 79: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Collohmannia nymphs

Page 80: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Leaf skeletonized by Collohmannia

Page 81: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Bacteria eaten by fungus

Note: Fungus dissolves bacteria by secreting a substance in 30 minutes

Page 82: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Soil and Plant Growth

Microbial biomass(bacteria, fungi)

(nutrientimmobilization)

In the short-term (minutes to years) the USEFUL nutrient content of soils is basically equivalent to the amount of nutrient incorporated into living microbial tissue.

(Most nutrients in mineral soil are long-term resources)

Page 83: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Soil and Plant Growth

Microbial biomass(bacteria, fungi)

(nutrientimmobilization)

Microbes grow by producing exoenzymes that decompose the organic (+) material in the soil

more bacteria

more decomposition

Page 84: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Soil and Plant Growth

Microbial biomass(bacteria, fungi)

(nutrientimmobilization)

Nutrient availability in dead/decaying organic matter is limited by surface area for exoenzyme attack

“shredding” increases surface area; therefore shredding animals (like millipedes) indirectly regulate rate of decomposition and microbial growth (example: 450x)

plant biomass

Human Connection :

Think of it this way… the reason you chew your food is to increase its surface area, which increases the nutrients the bacteria can uptake.

Your intestines grab whole bacteria, kill them and dump their remains in your bloodstream. Humans are basically bacteriavores like arthropods are.

Page 85: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Soil and Plant Growth

Microbial biomass(bacteria, fungi)

(nutrientimmobilization)

roots are completelypassive for

nutrient uptake

shredders ?

Page 86: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Soil and Plant Growth

Microbial biomass(bacteria, fungi)

(nutrientimmobilization)

nutrient uptake

shredders(surface area)

bug poop(nutrient

mineralization)

nearly all nutrients mineralized bymicrobivory are assimilated by theremaining microbes.

Surface area (microbes) surface area (roots)

Plants only can assimilate nutrients released in the rhizophere

Protozoa, Nematoda, Arthropoda

Question: If we were interested in finding soil nutrients do we look at fungi/bacteria?

Answer: Yes

Positive Feedback Loop: More bacteria>>More enzymes>>More bacteria>>More enzymes

Page 87: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Anderson Millipede soil mineralizationNotes:

1)Took soil from oak forest, sterilized it, reconstructed soil horizons in flower pots, reinnoculated fungi, bacteria and protozoa, NO bugs.2) Flower pot>>adds H2O>>trickles to bottom>>tests for N.3) Then adds shredder (millipede)…LOTS more N.4) Adds baby oak tree (No difference).5) Repeats study and baby oak tree. No difference. Baby oak tree used N from millipede feces for growth.6) WHOLE POINT: All of the nutrients that are ultimately incorporated in to the growing plants, have to go through the digestive system of the shredder.7) Unless you are dumping fertilizers the only way nutrients will help plants is bug poop.

When you double the N content, the growth of the oak tree is tenfold.

Page 88: Dr. Andrew Moldenke Dept. of Botany Oregon State University Special thanks to Dr. Moldenke for presentation notes provided during the 2009 HJ Andrews LTER

Onion cultivation