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Dr. Abdullah S. Ebrahim
Basic Petroleum Technology
Objective
To give a non-technical and overall view of the petroleum industry.
To familiarize the audience with the basic concepts of the petroleum technologies.
To present general information that will help the audience to understand the complex world of oil and gas.
Course Outline
Definition of the petroleum Industries
Upstream Petroleum Industry
Downstream Petroleum Industry
Definition of the Petroleum Industry
The petroleum industry may be defined as:
The industry that deals with: The exploration of petroleum Reaching the petroleum reserves Producing the petroleum fluid to the surface Treating the petroleum fluid at the surface Transporting the petroleum fluid to the refinery and
export facilities Refining crude oil Producing raw material through petrochemical plants
Petroleum Industry
Upstream Petroleum
Geology Geophysics Drilling Reservoir
Management Production and
Production Operation
Downstream Petroleum
Crude Oil Transportation
Petroleum Refining Petrochemical Plants
Basic Concepts of Geology
The earth is 4.5 billion years old.
The earth consists of:
A solid inner core An outer liquid core Mantle Rocky crust
Basic Concepts of Geology
Plate Tectonics Geologists believe that
the crusts is an assemblage of huge plates that fit together like a jigsaw puzzle
Plates or (pieces of earth crust) move, slide past one another
Plates collide with or pull away from each other
Basic Petroleum Geology
Crustal Plates Oceanic Crust
Lies under the oceans
Thin (8-11 KM) Heavy rock
Continental Crust Thick (16-48 KM) Relatively lighter
Basic Petroleum Geology
Example of moving plates
Plates moving a way from each other Middle of the Atlantic
Ocean As a result, The
Americas plates are moving west and forcing the Pacific Plate down into the mantle
Thus, Earthquake and volcanoes occur
Basic Petroleum Geology
Example of moving plates
Continental Plates colliding with each other The Himalayan
mountains formed when India smashed into Asia
Basic Petroleum Geology Geologic Structures
Folds are defined as rock
strata that have crumpled and buckled into wave like structures
Folds Types Anticlines Syncline Dome
Folds
Basic Petroleum Geology Geologic Structures
Dome Is a short anticline
with its crest plunging downward in all directions
Basin Is a syncline that
dips downward toward a common center
Basic Petroleum Geology Geologic Structures
Faults Is a break in the
rock layer that results in movement of the split rock layers with reference to each other
Faults
Faults Type Normal and
Reverse Faults
Over thrust and Lateral Faults
Growth Faults
Basic Petroleum Geology Geologic Structures
Basic Petroleum Geology
Types of Rock Igneous Rocks
Are the rocks that form when the magma cools Sedimentary Rocks
Are the rocks that form in horizontal layers from sediments
Metamorphic Rocks Are either sedimentary or igneous rocks buried deep
in the earth, subjected to high pressure and temperature that alters its composition and appearance
The Rock Cycle
Petroleum Generation
Organic Theory Oil is formed from the
remains of plants and animals
Small animals died and were deposited on sea floor
As time goes by, more layers of sediments deposited on top of the animals
Due to the high pressure and temperature, the animals were transformed into oil and gas
The Chemistry of Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons Are chains of
carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached to them
Light hydrocarbon Methane Gas
Heavy Hydrocarbon Asphaltene and
Waxes
Important Rock Properties
Porosity Is the percentage of
void (empty) spaces within the rocks
Permeability Is the ability of the
rock to transmit fluid through it
Migration of Petroleum
Hydrocarbon Migration Is the movement (migration) of hydrocarbons
from the source rock to a different place via a carrier rock
Source Rock Is the rock in which hydrocarbon was
generated Carrier Rock
Are the permeable rock layers or formations that allows the hydrocarbon to move
through it
Petroleum Accumulation
Hydrocarbon continues to migrate unless something (A TRAP) stops it.
Trap Is an arrangement of rock layers that
prevent the hydrocarbons from migrating and results in hydrocarbon accumulation
• Traps come in different sizes, shapes and types
Traps Types
Structural Traps Occur when the
reservoir formation deforms
Stratigraphic Traps
Are those where porosity or permeability has changed within a formation
Traps Types
Structural Traps
Anticline
Fault
Structural Traps
Salt Dome
Stratigraphic Trap
Unconformity
Sand Lenses
Reservoir Fluids
Fluid is any substance that can flow.Reservoir rock usually contains three fluids: Oil, Gas, and Salt Water.These fluids can be mixed together or layered.
Reservoir Fluid (Water)
Sedimentary rocks originally were saturated with water.
Hydrocarbons displaced some of the water from the pores.
The water that remained in the pores with the oil is called connate water.
Reservoirs have additional free water that accumulates along with hydrocarbon.
Reservoir Fluid (Water)
Free water helps in driving the oil out of the reservoir.
Bottom Water Edge Water
Wetting water usually coats the grains of the reservoir rock.
Reservoir Fluid (Oil)
Oil is lighter than water.
Oil rarely wets the sand grains.
Reservoir Fluid (Natural Gas)
Solution Gas Gas is dissolved in oil at
high pressure and relatively low temperature
Free Gas (Gas Cap) Free gas accumulates
on top of the oil Oil is fully saturated
with dissolved gas
Reservoir Pressure
Normal Pressure If reservoir is connected
to the surface
Abnormal Pressure If the reservoir is not
connected to the surface
Artesian effect (oil and gas are trapped) but water is connected to the surface
Petroleum Exploration
Surface Methods
Oil Seeps Oil can be seen at
the surface
Gas Seeps Evidence of gas is
found at the surface (Eternal Fires of Persia)
More obvious in the water
Surface Method
Surface Geology Anticlines or domes can be seen at the surface
Aerial Photograph Shows fault pattern in the photographed area Disadvantages
Expensive Requires taking several photos from different angles
Remote Sensing (Satellite) Shows the surface structure pattern of an area
Geophysical Surveys
Igneous Rock
Sedimentary Rock Thickness
Surface
Depth
Geophysical Surveys
Gravity Determines the
subsurface structure shape
For example Anticlines, Domes and Salt Domes
Geophysical Surveys
A seismic survey is usually the last exploration step before drilling the well.
It is the most expensive exploration method.
Seismic surveys account for 90% of the budget spent in petroleum exploration.
It provides precise details on the formations beneath the earth surface.
Seismic Survey
The steps for conducting a seismic survey are as follows:
• Create seismic waves from an energy source• The waves strike the rock layers. Part of it will
be reflected while the other part will travel to other layers
• Sensors called “Geophones” pick up the reflected waves and send them through cables to a recorder
• The recorder amplifies the waves to produce a seismogram
• Seismograms generate the seismic section
Seismic Survey
Seismic Survey
Seismic Sections represent a two-dimensional view of the subsurface.
Seismic Survey
Three-Dimensional seismic provides a complete (Cube) picture of an area below the surface.A plane can be sliced in any direction.Four-Dimensional seismic is a repeated 4-D seismic through time.
It determines the change in the fluid level with respect to time
Geological Structure Modeling
Geological Structure Modeling
Geological Structure Modeling
Geological Structure Modeling