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05/03/2018
1
Slipping and Sliding: The Ups and Downs of Sliding Scale Insulin
CRISTI DAY DNP, FNP‐C, ADM‐BC
Speaker Disclosures:
Dr. Day has disclosed that she has no relevant financial relationship(s).
Learning Objectives:
By the end of the session, participants will be able to:
1. Analyze current recommendations for a safe patient‐centered approach to the management of diabetes.
2. Discuss the risks associated with extended use of Sliding Scale Insulin regimens.
3. Identify some of the challenges and barriers associated with practice changes related to diabetes care.
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Incidence & CostDiabetes is expensive in the US
Incidence will increase
Spending will increase
Threatens Medicare Program
Diabetes is expensive in the NH
32% incidence
Threatens NH organizations
Improved outcomes key to reducing costs.
American Medical Directors Association. (2015). Diabetes management in the long‐term care setting: Clinical practice guideline (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. Columbia, MD: Author.
Zullo, R., Dore, D., Daiello, L, Baier, R., Gutman, R, Gifford, D., & Smith, R., (2016). National trends in treatment initiation for nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus, 2008 to 2010. JAMDA, 17, 602‐608.
Current Recommendations
American Geriatrics Society
American Diabetes Association
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist
Society for Post‐Acute and Long‐Term Care
Beer’s List
Trends in LTC1. TZD and Sulfonylurea use down
2. Glipidize most often used Sulfonylurea
3. Insulin use high – Rapid‐Acting Insulin driving force
4. Sliding Scale common
5. Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) are not consist
6. Diets
Brown, S., & Garcia, T. (2011). Diabetes management in the nursing home: A systematic review of the literature. The Diabetes Educator, 37(2), 167‐187. Zullo, R., Dore, D., Daiello, L, Baier, R., Gutman, R, Gifford, D., & Smith, R., (2016). National trends in treatment initiation for nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus, 2008 to 2010. JAMDA, 17, 602‐608.
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Why use CPG?
1. Improves patient outcomes
◦ Quality of life
◦ Short‐term Complications
◦ Hypoglycemia
◦ Hyperglycemia
2. Decreases Cost
Munshi MN, Segal AR, Suhl E, et al. Frequent hypoglycemia among elderly patients with poor glycemic control. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(4):362‐364.
Garcia TJ, Brown SA. Diabetes management in the nursing home: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(2):167‐187.
Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing. The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011. www.thefutureofnursing.org/sites/default/files/Future%20of%20Nursing%20R.... Accessed July 25, 2017.
Why is Insulin Use Higher in LTC?
1. Disease progression
2. Contraindications for oral agents
Why Sliding Scales?
1. Patients coming from Acute Care
2. Timely treatment
3. Convenient
4. Inappropriate/costly
5. Ineffective
6. Higher risk Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Medication errors
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Insulin Types
Duration of Action
Consider the peak and duration of action for the various types of insulin.
Which type of insulin would “wear off” before the next finger‐stick?
Basal‐Bolus
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Establishing Glycemic Goals
Individual Differences Life expectancy
Cognitive Function
Functional Status
Length of Disease
Treatment Preferences
American Medical Directors Association. (2015). Diabetes management in the long‐term care setting: Clinical practice guideline (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. Columbia, MD: Author.
Brown, S., & Garcia, T. (2011). Diabetes management in the nursing home: A systematic review of the literature. The Diabetes Educator, 37(2), 167‐187.
A1c ‐ Important Tool
LimitationsAge
Anemia
Race
Chronic Disease
Vitamins and Minerals
Capillary Glucose
Higher A1c goals
less hypoglycemia!
Cohen RM FR, Khera PK; Smith EP; Lindsell CJ, Ciraolo PJ, Palascak MD; Joiner CH. Red cell life span heterogeneity in mematologically normal people is sufficient to alter HbA1c. Blood. 2008;112(10):4284‐91.
Ford ES CC, Li C, Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden Z. Iron‐Deficiency Anemia, Non‐Iron‐Deficiency Anemia and HbA1c among Adult in the US. Journal of Diabetes. 2011;3(1):67‐73.
Transitions
Detailed H&P
Hospital record
Previous home medications
Meal Intake
Labs
Hypoglycemia Awareness
Preferences
Goal Setting
Transition From Sliding Scale
Nudo KG, Munshi M, Lekarcyk J. Development and implementation of a clinical program to improve diabetes management in long term care facilities. Paper presented at: AMDA Long Term Care Medicine 2012; March 12, 2012; San Antonio, TX. www.prolibraries.com/amda/?select=session&sessionID=849. Accessed July 25, 2017.
Munshi MN, Hayes M, Sternthal A, Ayres D. Use of serum c‐peptide level to simplify diabetes treatment regimens in older adults. Am J Med. 2009;122(4):395‐397.
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Patient‐Centered
Day, C., (2014). Improving outcomes through a coordinated diabetes disease management model. Annals of Long‐Term Care: Clinical Care and Aging. 2014;22(9):38‐44.
King IM. A theory of goal attainment: philosophical and ethical implications. Nurs Sci Q. 1990;12(4):282‐286.
Sieloff C. Imogene King: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications; 1991.
Insulin DosingBasal InsulinTitrate to glucose 100‐120 fasting
Dose in the morning
50% of total insulin use
Bolus (Pre‐Prandial)Fixed Mealtime
Correction Dose
What about HS?
Correction Scale
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Sample Orders
Novolog SQ with meals three times daily according to the following scale:
90‐150 4 units
151‐200 5 units
201‐275 7 units
276‐400 9 units
Provider Notification
When should a prescriber be notified:
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Innovations in glucose monitoring
Sample QI – Implementing CPG for DM
The purpose of the project was to determine if Evidence‐Based Diabetes Mellitus (DM) care delivered within the Coordinated Disease Management Model (CDDM) improves outcomes in Nursing Home (NH) residents
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AMDA
Diabetes Clinical Practice Guidelines implemented
AMDA Tool Kit
Coordinated Disease Management Model
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Intervention
Setting
The outcomes study was conducted at a corporately owned 112‐bed nursing home (NH) with long term care and rehabilitation services located in South Texas.
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PopulationN=49 (22 LTC, 37 Skilled)
12 male, 10 female
66% Hispanic
31% White.
Mean age 80
Average length of disease 17.9 years
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Quality Improvement Team
◦DM‐NP
◦Physicians
◦Director of Nursing
◦Administrator
◦Nursing Staff
◦Dietician
◦Activity Director
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Education
Nurses
Staff
Physicians
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DataPre‐ and post‐intervention data:
Sliding Scale Use
Preventative Care
A1c
Participation in POC
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Co‐morbidities
Complications
Monthly interval data was collected about:
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Number of CBG
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Challenges for Implementation
Resistance to Change
Staff Buy‐In
Corporate Policies
Multiple Practitioners
Practitioner Time Constraints
CostsAdministrative
Support
Outcomes
Goal 1
◦ Goal not met.
◦ 85% of charts at goal
◦McNemar’s test revealed a significantly higher percentage (p=0.001)
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Increase number of residents with A1c values meeting individualized goal to 90%.
Outcomes
Goal 2 Goal Met
100% of records reflected resident/caregiver participation in the POC
Increase resident/ caregiver participation in their DM plan of care to 95%.
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Outcomes
Goal 3
Decrease the prevalence of hypoglycemia to <2%.
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Goal metHypoglycemia 0% post‐intervention.
Two‐tailed paired samples t test revealed a significant decrease in incidence (p=0.0004)
Outcomes
Goal 4
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Decrease the prevalence of hyperglycemia by 30%.
Outcomes
Goal 5
• Pre‐intervention 61.29% of residents.
• Post‐intervention 29.41%.
• Two‐tailed paired samples t test revealed a significant decrease (p=0.004)
Reduce Sliding Scale Insulin use for non‐acute residents by 30%
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Process improvements
MAR
Decreased number of procedures
Decreased time spent
Nursing anecdotal feedback
Project Conclusions
A team approach to DM care improved resident and process outcomes.
Respect for self‐determination and resident‐centered care improved.
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Project Conclusions (Cont’d)
SSI regimens have a place in NH care and should not be eliminated completely.
Reducing SSI use has the potential to reduce costs and improve outcomes.
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Conclusion
37
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ReferencesAmerican Diabetes Association. (Ed.). (2017). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes ‐ 2017 [Special issue]. Diabetes Care, 40, Section 11 (Supplement 1).
American Medical Directors Association. (2015). Diabetes management in the long‐term care setting: Clinical practice guideline (3rd ed.) [Brochure]. Columbia, MD: Author.
Badamgarav, E., Gano, A., Gur‐Arie, S., Hasselblad, V., Henning, J., Knight, K., Levan, R., ... Weingarten, S. (2004). Does disease management improve clinical and economic outcomes in patients with chronic diseases? A systematic review. The American Journal of Medicine, 117, 182‐192.
Brown, S., & Garcia, T. (2011). Diabetes management in the nursing home: A systematic review of the literature. The Diabetes Educator, 37(2), 167‐187.
Clement, M., & Leung, F. (2009). Diabetes and the frail elderly in long‐term care. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 33(2), 114‐121.
Cohen RM FR, Khera PK; Smith EP; Lindsell CJ, Ciraolo PJ, Palascak MD; Joiner CH. Red cell life span heterogeneity in mematologically normal people is sufficient to alter HbA1c. Blood. 2008;112(10):4284‐91.
Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing. The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2011. www.thefutureofnursing.org/sites/default/files/Future%20of%20Nursing%20R.... Accessed July 25, 2017.
Day, C., Cheng, A., Kimble, S., (2014). Improving Outcomes through a coordinated diabetes disease management model. Annals of Long Term Care, 22(9), 19‐25.
Day, C, (2013). Resident‐focused and evidence‐based management of diabetes mellitus in the nursing home setting. Annals of Long Term Care, 21(10), 22‐28.
Evans, C. (1991). Imogene King: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.Ford ES CC, Li C, Handelsman Y, Bloomgarden Z. Iron‐Deficiency Anemia, Non‐Iron‐Deficiency Anemia and HbA1c among Adult in the US. Journal of Diabetes. 2011;3(1):67‐73.
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References (cont’d)
Garcia TJ, Brown SA. Diabetes management in the nursing home: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(2):167‐187.
Griffin, K. (2009). Health care reform: Skilled nursing facility providers (Health Dimensions Group: Post Acute and Senior Services, pp. 1‐7). H p:/ / July 1, 2010, Health Dimensions Group Web site
Huang, E., John, P., & Munshi, M. (2009). Multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of diabetes in the elderly. Aging Health, 5(2), 207‐216.
King, I. (1990). A Theory of Goal Attainment: Philosophical and ethical implications. Science Quarterly, 12(4), 292‐286q.
Munshi MN, Segal AR, Suhl E, et al. Frequent hypoglycemia among elderly patients with poor glycemic control. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(4):362‐364.
Sieloff C. Imogene King: A Conceptual Framework for Nursing. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications; 1991.Zullo, R., Dore, D., Daiello, L, Baier, R., Gutman, R, Gifford, D., & Smith, R., (2016). National trends in treatment initiation for nursing home residents with diabetes mellitus, 2008 to 2010. JAMDA, 17, 602‐608.