Downloaded from · PDF fileIndia 10. Grass Land 11. Mineral Resources 12. ... TEMPRATE ZONE :- The areas bounded by the Tropic of Concer and The Arctic circle in the Northern Hemisphere

Prepared By Bhupendra Kumar

1. Definition

2. Africa

3. South America

4. Australia

5. Physical (Basic)

6. North America

7. Europe

8. Asia

9. India

10. Grass Land

11. Mineral Resources

12. Agriculture

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CELESTIAL BODIES:– All these Objects :- The Sun, The Moon and Millions of bright objects seen during night that belong to the sky are called celestial bodies. These are also called heavenly bodies. Ex.- Earth, Moon, Sun, Star, etc. PLANET :- Means ‘WANDERER’. ASTEROIDS :- Between the orbits of MARS and JUPITER, There is a swarm of small bodies which also revolve round the Sun are called Asteroids. They are believed to be the pieces of a planet which probably exploded after its birth. COUNTER CLOICK WISE ‘PLANET’ :- Around sun is called Orbit except– Venus and Uranus. SATELLITES :- Means a smaller companion to anything. There are 49 satellites in our solar system. except– Mercury and Venus. MAP :- A representation of the earth’s surface or a part of it on a flat Surface According to a Scale. POLES :- The two points on the earth through which the imaginary axis passes. Parallel of Latitude :- Imaginary circles running parallel to the equator. Meridians of Longitude :- Imaginary Semicircles running from pole to Pd. Ex.- East-West and South-North lines. LATITUDE :- Latitude is a measure of the angular distance of a give point from the Equator towards either pole. 10= Divided into 60 equally parts and each (nit is called Minute (1’). 1’ =1 ÷60(1”) seconds. The Equator represents the zero degree (00) latitude. The distance from the equator to either of the pole is of a circle round the earth, It will measure (900 North latitude– North). The Tropic of Cancer is an important parallel of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. It is an

angular distance of (2303) from the equator. The arctic circle lies at a distance of the equator. The Antarctic circle (660 30’s) is similar to the Arctic circle but lies in the southern Hemisphere.

TORRID ZONE :- (Maximum receives Heat Zone of the Earth) (1) Tropic of Cancer (2) Tropic of Capricom.

Geography



TEMPRATE ZONE :- The areas bounded by the Tropic of Concer and The Arctic circle in the Northern Hemisphere have Moderate tempreature. These are known as Temparate Zone. CONTINENT :- A large area of continuous land rising above sea level. OCEANS :- A vast body of water on the surface of the globe, wide surrounds the land. Atlantic Ocean– Best Commercial ocean of the world The Arctic ocean surrounds the North pole and lies within the arctic circle. It is actually a North

ward extension of the Atlantic ocean. It is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water known as BERRING STRAIT. (Northern Coast of North America and Eurasia)

STRAIT :- A narrow stretch of water connecting two large bodies of water of seas. ISTHMUS :- A neck of land separating two seas.

(AFRICA)

(370 14’N to 340 50’S):- Tropical Zone AFRICA :- Separated from Asia by the Red Sea Separated from Europe by Mediterranean Sea. EURASIA at Different Points :- 1. The straits of GIBRALTER in the North-West. 2. The SUEZ Canal in the North-East. 3. The straits of BAB-EL-MANDEB in the East. Highest Mountain of Africa:- Mt. KILIMANJARO (5,895 metre) RIFT VALLEY :- A Rift Valley is a long and deep valley formed due to cracks/rifts in the land. It is bounded by wall-like steep slopes on both sides. Ex.– There is a long Chain of such rift valleys running from the South of lake MALAWI Northward to The Red Sea and then through the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Auofuaba to the dead sea. Hence it is known as The ‘GREAT RIFT VALLEY’. Many of these valleys are filled with water are called Lakes. Victoria is a largest lake in Africa. It is also the source of River Nile. (Longest in the World). NILE :- It rises in rainy equatorial region and flows Northern after a long journey through the Sahara desert it reach the Mediterranean Sea.



ZAIRE :- This is the river in central Africa. It is also known as ‘CONGO’ in the later part. It drains a large area and discharge a huge amount of water into the Atlantic Ocean. It comes the greatest volume of water among all the rivers of Africa. NIGER :- Western part of Africa. ZAMBEZI and ORANGE :- Southern Part of Africa. ‘Victoria’ falls of the river ZANBEZI. Its original name in the local language meant ‘THE SMOKE THAT THUNDERS’. VICTORIA FALL:– While travelling through Africa, living stone width (more than 2 km) saw it for the 1st time in 1855 and named it after Queen Victoria. SAHARA:– Largest desert in the world, located in the Northern part of Africa. KALAHARI:– Southern Africa (Desert) The highest tempreature in the world has been recorded at AL-AZIZIYAH (LIBIYA) as 580C. AFRICA :– Equatorial type of Climate because of the abundance of Heat and Moisture with Thick Forests called TROPICAL RAIN-FORESTS. SUDAN TYPE CLIMATE :– (This climate is found in a very coarse of part of continent.) To the North and South of the rain forests, There are regions of warm summers and mild winters. In these belts, Most of the rain occurs in summer. There is a distinct dry period. Total rainfall is also much less than that in tropical rain-forests. MEDITERRENEAN TYPE CLIMATE :- The Northern - Southern coasts of Africa have mild and rainy winters and warm and dry summers. The climate is cooler in the Highlands of Southern and Eastern Africa. The only 10% of the sole is fertile and suitable for crops. It includes the volcanic soils of East Africa.

The Alluvial Soils of the Nile Valley and certain soles of the SAVANNA Lands, which are very fertile. KARIBA DAM :– On the Zambezi River is the largest producer of water power in Africa. ASWAN DAM :– On the Nile River in EGYPT. DIAMOND :– 95% of the World’s production comes from Africa. > 50% :– of ‘Gold’ production comes from Africa. AFRICA (Economy ):- COPPER :- Zaire and South Africa. PETROLIUM :- Nigeria, Libya, Angola. EGYPT :- Famous for dates export on large amount. COCOA :- One of the most important cash crops of Africa. Ex.- GHANA, NIGERIA. CLOVES :- Zanzibar and Pemba island are the biggest producers in the world. (9/10th of the world

production).



Most of the Food crops of Africa are Root Crops. Such as YAM and CASSAVA. SISAL :- This is a vegetable fiber that is used in making ropes and sacks. Africa is one of the largest producers and exporters of SISAL. SWAHILI :- This is the language which is understood by many African people widely. ANIMISM :- This is the religion followed by many African tribes. It is based upon lives respect of Nature. ZAIRE :- 1. On it often called GIGNATIC Zoo because of Its large variety of wildlife. 2. Reserves of Copper, Diamond, Cobalt, Tin Manganese SURANIUM largest producer of Copper (Southern province–KATANGA). 3. One of the highest in Africa. RIVER BASIN:- A large area drained by a single river and its tributaries. TRIBUTARY:- A stream of river which Toins a larger river. NIGERIA : Capital (LAGOS) One of the largest Countries of Africa. The river Niger is most important river after which the country is named. It drains the greater part

of Nigeria before it falls into the Gulf of GUIENA. Lake CHAD North-eastern part of Nigeria. One of the most Agricultural Country of Africa. World’s largest exporter of PAUT KERNALS, PALM-OILS GROUNDNUTS and 2

nd largest producer of COCOA.

KAINJI DAM on river NIGER. This is the only Coal producing country of Western Africa. This is only one of the largest Mineral Oil producing Countries of Africa. The Transports Communication system of NIGERIA is one of the best in AFRICA.

INLAND DRAINGE:- A river system in which rivers don’t reach the Sea or the OCEAN. THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT :- The Gift of NILE 1. Junction of two continents:- ASIA and AFRICA– (SUEZ CANAL) and Richest and Most thickly populated lands of Africa. 2. Oldest Civilizations of the World. 3. KHAMSIN:- Hot, Dry and Sand laden winds blow from the Sough during early summer i.e. April and May. 4. Maximum width of NILE (25 km) in EGYPT longest in the world. 5. DISTRIBUTARIES:- The river splits into a number of channels, distributary us water over a wide tract. Such channel by which river water. Ex.- Cairo River (Egypt)– Shape. DELTA :- Such a triangular land which is at the Mouth of a river and has a no. of distributaries. It is given by Greek because of Its shape triangular. A delta is formed of fine silt or Aluminum brought down by a river.


LATIN AMERICA :- (1) South America (2) Central America (3) Mexico (4) West indies LATIN :- Was the language of Ancient humans. Several European languages such as:- Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian have developed, The people speaking these languages or called Latin People. LAND:- 1. WESTERN COASTAL STRIP :- There is a narrow strip of low land along the pacific coast in the western part of South America. It stretches from Knots with great Variations in us width. 2. THE WESTERN MOUNTAINS :- Mountains and hills from a wall along the western part of South America. There mountains run from the CARIBBEAN SEA to the very southern tip of South America. These are called ANDES. (2

nd highest in world)



Andes :- (1) Young, (2) Folded Mountains. Lake Titicaca :- One of the largest lakes of South America and is located in BOLIVIAN PLATEAU. (7021 mt. ) Mt. ACONCAGUA :- Highest peak of ANDES. COTOPAXI IN ECUADOR is the highest Active Volcano in the world. 3. CENTRAL PLAINS :- Lies between Andes and Eastern Highlands. The Central plains mainly consist of the BASIN of The Orinoco, The Amazon and The Plata. AMAZON (6280 km long):- The largest river in the world as its discharges the greatest volume of

water. It rises in the ANDES and after flowing through the entire width of BRAZIL falls into the ATLANTIC Ocean.

4. EASTERN HIGHLANDS :- The GUYANA and The BRAZILIAN Highlands along the eastern coast form the Eastern highlands. The angel falls is the highest waterfall in the world, located in the South-eastern part of VENEZUELA. 5. SOUTH AMERICA Physiography :- SELVAS :-

The Amazon Basin which lies close to the equator has an equatorial type of climate. It is hot and wet all the year round. This reason is therefore covered with equatorial rain-forests locally known as SELVAS.

LLANOS :-

On the either side of the Amazon forests lies the belt which has the SAVANNA type of climate. This is the region of grasslands. In the North of ORINOCO river basin. They are locally known as LLANOS.

CAMPOS :- In the South, in Central Brazil known as CAMPOS.

GRAN CHACO :-

In the lower lands of Northern Argentina and Western Paraguay. It is drying during winter and wet during summer. Rains are heavy. This region is covered with thick forests and grasslands and is locally known as The Gran Chaco. Ex. Quebracho (Axe breaker)- Hardwood Tree.

ATACAMA DESERT :-

Parts of Southern Peru and Northern Chile have a typical hot, desert type of climate. This region as known as Atacama desert.

CENTRAL CHILE :- Mediterranean type climate.

PAMPAS :- Argentina (Central) warm climate with Rainfall.

PATAGONIA DESERT :- Eastern side of Andes.

CANDOR :- Largest bird of prey in the world. Ex.- RHEA (Frighten Bird), Ostrich.

South America account of the world’s total catch of fish. PERU



MAIZE :- Native of South America and it reached the rest of the world after the discovery of this continent.

Leading Producer of COFFEE :- Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia.

ALFALFA :- is a leguminous plant, which besides being Nutritious, help in Maintaining the

fertility of soil. BRAZIL :- One of the largest IRON-ORE Deposits of the world.

CHILE :- Major producer of Copper in the world.

Largest producers of NITRATES. BOLIVIA :- World’s 4th largest producer of TIN.

NITRATE (Fertility High):- South America is very fortunate to possess rich deposits of Nitrates

in the desert of ATACAMA Worldwide. GUANO ISLANDS :- of the coast of PERU are extremely fortunate in having the world’s most

concentrated single source of Natural Manure. These rainless and desert islands are the home of millions and millions of Guano Birds. These birds live entirely on Sea Fig.

BAUXITE :- SURINAM and GUYANA. FOLD MOUNTAINS :- Mountains formed due to the internal forces working from two opposite directions resulting in folds. Some of the highest railways of the world are across the Andes in Chile. Major portion of the Brazilian Plateau has the Savanna of climate. The Boarders of URUGUAY is the zone of Temperate Grasslands. BRAZIL :- Homeland of Rubber. (Amazon Forests) (Coffee pot of the world).

FAZENDAS :- In Brazil, Coffee is generally grown on very large plantations. (Sq. km.)- Million of

Coffee Trees. (Height– 9 mt. Coffee) ARGENTINA :- The land of wheat Cattle.

PAMPAS (Most fertile Grasslands of the world):- The most important part on the lowlands is PAMPAS (extensive plains) in Spanish. Pampas are made up of deep, Fine soil free from any stone. Grass is the chief vegetation of Argentina. Argentina :- Leading exporters of wheat, Maize and Linseed oil in world. The TRANS :- Andean Railways line between Chile and Argentina passes Highest Mountains of

the world.


ANTARTICA - WHITE CONTENT Discovered in 1820 Dakshin Gangotri. About 70% of the world’s supply of Fresh water is stone. KRILL (small fish 6 cm long and Wt.- 1-105 gms).


The sun, The moon and The all those objects shining in the night sky are called CELESTIAL

BODIES. Watching the night sky, various patterns formed by different groups of Stars. These are called

CONSTELLATIONS. Ex.- URSA MAJOR or BIG BEAR SAPTA-RISHI or SMALL BEAR POLE-STAR :- North-direction. Some celestial bodies don’t have their own heat and light. They are lit by the light of the stars. Such

bodies are called PLANETS. The word ‘PLANET’ comes from the Greek Word “PLANETAI” Which means ‘WANDERERS’. Ex.- EARTH.

The SUN, EIGHT PLANETS, Satellites and some other celestial bodies known as ASTEROIDS and METEOROIDS form the SOLAR System.

GEOID :- Earth like shape. Apart from The STARS, PLANETS and SATELLITES, There are numerous tiny bodies which also

move around the SUN. These bodies are called ASTEROIDS. They are found between the orbits of MARS and JUPITER.

The small pieces of Rocks which move around the SUN are called METEROIDS. Geot (Ge) :- Logia (Logy) :- Study of Earth

Metery :- Measurement of Earth Oid (Oeides):- Resembling the shape or form of the Earth. The Equator represents the 0

0 latitude. Since, The distance from the equator to fisher of the poles is

of 3600, i.e. 90

0.

TROPIC OF CANCER in the Northern Hemisphere. TROPIC OF CAPRICORN in the Southern Hemisphere. ARCTIC CIRCLE at of the Equator. ANTRACTIC Circle at of the Equator. The Mid-day sun is exactly overhead at least once a year on all latitudes in between the tropic of

cancer and tropic of Capricorn. This area, Therefore, receives the Maximum heat is called THE TORRID ZONE.

The Angle of the Sun’s rays goes on decreasing towards the pole as such, the areas bounded by the Tropic of cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Arctic circle in the Southern Hemisphere have Moderate temperatures. These are called TEMPERATE ZONES.

In India, The longitude of is treated as the STANDARD MERIDIAN. ROTATION:- The movement of the earth on its axis (EARTH-DAY). REVOLUTION:- The movement of the earth around the SUN in a fixed path or orbit. EQUINOX :- 21st March and 23nd September. Summer Solstice:- 21

st June (Longest - Day and Shortest - Night) Winter Solstice:- 22

nd Dec. Ascending order of Continent (Area wise) :- ASIA > AFRICA > NORTH AMERICA > SOUTH AMERICA > EUROPE > ANTRATICA >

AUSTRACIA. World’s longest river – Nile (Africa) World’s largest river – Amazon (South America) World’s longest Mountain range – Andes (South America) Dakshin Gangotri Maitri – ANTARCTICA.


IGNEOUS:- Latin word IGNIS means– FIRE SEDIMENTARY:- Latin word SEDIMENTUM– Settle-Down. METAMORPHIC:- Greek word METAMORPHOSE– Change of Form.


HYDRO SPHERE TSUNAMI (Japanese word – Tidal wave):- An Earthquake, a volcanic eruption or underwater

landslides can shift large amounts of ocean water. As a result a huge tidal wave called TSUNAMI. The largest Tsunami ever measured was 150 metre. These waves travel at a speed of more than 700 km/hour.

TIDES :- The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called a Tide. The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds of the world.

Ex.- JAPAN and Eastern Coasts of North America. These are foggy due to colds warm currents meet.



Cold Current :- Water from Polar or High Latitudes to Tropical or lower latitudes. Ex.– LABRADOR Ocean current.

WARM Current :- Current originates near the Equator and moves towards the poles. Ex.– Gulf Stream.

VEGETATION

The tropical evergreen forest in Brazil is so enormous that it is like the ‘Lungs of the Earth’. Tropical deciduous forests are found in the Monsoon forests found in the large part of India,

Northern Australia, Central America. The temperate evergreen forests are located in the multitude coastal region. Ex.– South-East USA,

South China, South East Brazil. Mediterranean Regions are known as ‘ORCHARDS OF THE WORLD’ for their fruit Cultivation.

The west and South west Margins of the continents are different. They have Mediterranean vegetation. Ex.– California, South-west Arica, South-Western South America, South-west Australia.

TAIGA:- In the higher latitudes (500-70

0) of Northern Hemisphere the spectacular coniferous

forests are found. These are called as Taiga. Ex.- Chair, Pine, Deodar etc. TROPIC GRASS LANDS:- Grow on either side of the Equator and extent till the tropics. They

can grow very tall about (3-4) metre in height. Ex.- SAVANNAH Grasslands of Africa, Brazil– CAMPOS VENZUELA– Uanos.

TEMPARATE GRASSLANDS:- Found in the Mid-latitudinal Zones are in the interior part of the continents. Grass here is short and Nutrition. Ex.- Argentina– Pampas, North America– Prairie (Latin word Priata-Meadow) South Africa– Velds, Central Asia– Steppe, Australia– Down (Orange and Limpopo river) Drainage.

Gold Capital of World:- JOHANNESBURG. LADAKH:- Made up of two words :- LA– Mountain

(Coldest Desert) DA– COUNTRY DRASS:- One of the Coldest inhabited places on Earth is Located in Ladakh. CULTURE:-

AGRI (Art of cultivation on soil, raising crops and Rearing Livestock) SERI (Commercial Rearing of Silk worms) PISI (Breeding of Fish) VITI (Cultivation of Grapes) HORTI (Growing vegetables, Flowers and Fruits)

SHIFTING CULTIVATION:- Thickly Forested Areas of Amazon Basin, Tropical Africa, Parts of

South-East ASIA, North-East India. Ex.– JHUMMING– North-East India. MILPA– Mexico ROCA– Brazil LADANG– Malaysia. Major plantations are found in the Tropical Regions of world. Discovery of Coffee:- In about A.D.850, KALDI, an Arab Goat Herder, Who was puzzled by the

queer artic of his flock, tasted the berries of the evergreen bush on which were feeding. TEXTILE:- Latin word TEXERE means to wearer.



1st Textile Mill in India– Kolkata (1818). 1st Successful Mechanized Textile Mill– Bombay (1854). The outer most range of the Himalayas– SHIVALIKS. Longest Range of Himalayas– PIR-PANJAL. The Longitudinal Valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks– DUNS. Ex.–

DEHRADUN, KOTLIDUN and PATLIDUN. MAJULI :- In the Brahamputra river is the largest inhabited Riveine Island in the world. The western Ghats are higher than Eastern Ghats. India’s only active volcano is found on BARREN ISLANDS in Andaman and Nicobar group of

Islands. The world’s largest Drainage Basin is of the NILE River in EGYPT. NARMADA :- Amarkantak Hills in M.P. TAPI :- Satpura ranges in Betuli District in M.P. GODAVARI :- Largest Peninsular River and known as ‘DAKSHIN GANGA’. KAVERI :- Makes 2nd biggest water fall in India, known as ‘JOG FALLS’. WULLAR LAKE :- Largest Fresh water Lake in India (Jammu and Kashmir). India is only Country in the world that has both Tigers and Lie. INDIA :- Biosphere – 14

National Park – 92 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological Garden – 492. Only Bangladesh and Japan have higher Avg. Population Densities than India. JUTE :- Known as Golden Fiber. 1904:- The 1st cement plant was set up in Chennai. JORTH AMERICA:- 3rd largest Continent. GORGE:- A deep, narrow river valley with steep sides. TUNDRA:- The intensively cold region within the Arctic circle where the natural vegetation

consists of Mass, Lichen and stunted trees. ISTHUMUS:- A narrow strip of land joining two large land Areas. NORTH AMERICA:- North and West– ALASKA

North and East– ALASKA South– PANAMA North– ARCTIC OCEAN A group of Island known as The WEST INDIES (North-America)

PHYSICAL PEATURES :- (1) The Candian Shield (2) The Appalachian Mountains / Eastern Highlands. (3) The Central Plains. (4) The Western Cordilleras. THE CANADIAN SHIELD :- Half of Canada covered in the North. Formed of Ancient Hard Rock. Great Lakes Like:- Lake superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie Lake Ontario and St.

Lawrence River (Southern) The famous NIAGARA falls is located between lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Busiest Inland water in North America:- St. Lawrence River.



The shield is a treasure- House of Valuable Minerals resources like:- Gold, Silver, Nickel, Iron, Copper, Platinum, Radium, Cosurami.

APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS:- Eastern Highlands (North-East):- (1000-1800) metre. Mountains- Mt. Washington. Hudron River (joined to the Great Lakes by Arial Canal).

CENTRAL LOWLAND:- Lie between the western cordilleras and the Eastern Highlands over a distance of above 2000 kms. Mackenzie River flows in the north to the edge of the coastal plain in Texas to the South.

WESTERN CORDILLERAS:- Very cold (due to cold current) Western part of the continent’s mountainous region. Stretches from the North to the South along the length the Continent. The Highest Peak:- Mt. Mckinely. Most of the rivers of North America rise in the western cordilleras. South of the Great basin:- Colorado Plateau (Colorado river) Such very long and deep gorges with wall-like sides are known as CANYONS.

GEYSERS:- Heat from the interior of the earth penetrates through the cracks to boil the ground heater and sends it upto the surface in hot springs. Ex.- The yellow stone National Park.

St. Lawrence, Mississippi Mackenzie River. Westerlies:- The western coast in the North faces the winds coming from the west. Ex.-

Temprature decreases from the South to The North. PERMAFROST:- The winters are long and snow covers the ground for 8-9 Months. i.e.

Permanently frozen Sub-soil. TAIGA:- To the South of the Tundra region is a wide belt of coniferous forests. Taiga stretches

from the Atlantic to Pacific across Canada. Ex.- Balsam, Fir, Whites Red Pines Trees (soft woods) Hardwood:- Deciduous Forest.

Prairies Grass land are known for Nutritious Grasses. CORDILLERA:- A chain of Mountain ranges which are roughly parallel or run in one general direction.

About Half of the world’s Maize is grown in North-America of world’s wheat and total cow milk production and total meat production in the world.

North-America alone produces about of the world’s Softwood. British Columbia :- Largest deposits of Zinc Copper in the world and Mexico– Silver. New Found land:- famous for FISHING. PANAMA CANAL Connects two great oceans :- The Atlantic and The Pacific.

U.S.A. Consists of 3 Major Groups :- (1) Western Cordilleras (2) Central low lands (3) Eastern Highlands.



Highest Mountains:- The Rockies Mt. Whitney (Highest Peak)

The Eastern Highland consists of the much eroded old Mountain. Like Appalachians. (On the eight sides of these Mountains are narrow and Low plateaus called PIED MONT Plateau).

The Great Basin and The Colorado plateau are deserts. About of cotton is grown by U.S.A. world wide.

CATTLE RANCHES :- Large herds of beef cattle are reared in grassy plains and plateaus of western united states. A cattle Ranches consist of Pasture land and a group of buildings which series as the Headquarters. CORRALS:- There are storehouses, sheds for Machines, shops and special places. Large deposit of Bauxite, Uranium, Phosphate, Potash and Sulphur.

CANADA :-

Longest coast line of the world-wide. The Canadian shield largest and oldest physical feature of Canada. About 60% of the population of Canada lives in Lowlands. St. Lawrence is most Important river (flows out of the Great lakes and falls into the Atlantic

Ocean). About 80% of Canada’s farm land is in the prairies. Nova Scotia:- Large orchards of apples.

LUMBERING:- People who work in the forests fell trees, help in logging, splitting and halving lumber. These activities are convectively known as lumbering. CANADA Chief exporters of Iron (world-wide). CANADA :- Largest producer of Newsprint in the world. (Soft wood timber from coniferous fore).

EUROPE

North :- Arctic Ocean West :- Atlantic Ocean South :- Mediterranean Sea East :- Asia SCANDINAVIA :- Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. A large part of Russia and 9 independent republics of the former soviet union are parts of Europe. BALTIC STATE:- Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. LOW COUNTRIES :- Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxemburg. BALKAN STATE :- Yugoslavia (Serbia, Montenegro), Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina,

Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania and Albania. Italy and Greece are known for Ancient Civilization.

PHYSICAL FEATURES:- (1) The North-Western Highlands. (2) The North-European plains. (3) The Central uplands. (4) The Alpine System.



THE NORTH-WESTERN HIGHLANDS :- Extends from Finland through Sweden, Norway and The British Isles to Iceland. The Northern Part of the highland is called The FENNO-SCANDIAN SHIEL. These shield rocks

are the oldest exposed rocks in Europe, Where glaciers have scraped of the sedimentary rocks in Europe.

The soils are least fertile and Coarse. The western edge of the shield is buckled into Mountains. Along the North-Wegian coast, They reach into the Atlantic ocean creates FIORDS. These are deep

Valleys cut by glaciers and now filled with Sea water. THE NORTH EUROPEAN PLAIN :- Extends from the URALS in the east to the Atlantic Coast in the West and Westward extensions in

the British Isles. The plain is broadest in the eastern part and narrows down towards the western port. It is bounded in the North by the white Sea and in the North-western Highlands and in the South by

the Central uplands. Long Area is Faming. The SHINE and THE RHINE rivers joining the important English channel and The North Sea. The Danube, The Dnieper and The DON and The VOLGA are other important River.

CENTRAL UPLANDS :- A variety of Mountains, Hills and Plateaus make up the central uplands. MESTA in Spain and Portugal, The MASSIF Central and JURA Mountains in France, The BLACK

FORESTS– Germany and Several low ranges in the CZECH and SLOVAK Republics. RHINE (North) and RHONE (South) River flows. A Canal Connects the two rivers making it possible to cross the Continent through Waterways.

THE ALPINE SYSTEM :- In the South, There is a chain of high Mountains. The age of These is the same as that of The ATLAS Mountains in AFRICA and The Rocky

Mountains in NORTH AMERICA. The chain stretches from the Atlantic ocean in the west to The CASPIAN Sea in the East from

where it further extends into ASIA. The Most Important Mountain– The ALPS (Mont Blanc, 4807 metre) Highest Peak. The Important

ranges are the PYRENEES, The CARPATHIAN and The CAUCASUS. The Highest Mountain peak of EUROPE is Mount ELBRUS (5633 metre) in the CAUCASUS. EUROPE lies in the region of the westerlies. FIORD - Deep inlets of sea standing between high cliffs. FOLD MOUNTAINS - Chain of Mountains running parallel to one another, formed due to

compressional forces beneath the earth’s surface. DYKES - The Netherlands has reclainsed land from the Sea by making big embankments a long the

Sea-front. POLDERS - The water from the enclosed land and pumped out into the Sea. Wheat is the Most Important crop of The Europe and Potato, Sugarcane. Flax is the only fiber crop of Europe which is used for making linen. (Belgium Baltic States). COAL - Great Britain, France, Spain, Ukraine Russia. IRON - France, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Sweden, U.K., Germany, Russia and Spain. Norway has transferred its technology to India to develop deep-sea fishing along the Kerala Coast. EUROPE is mostly densely populated continent of the world.



EUROPEAN UNION :- Most of them in Western Europe have joined hands in developing a common Market to boost their economics. Ex.- U.K., France Industrial Nation- Germany (Central Europe) and U.K.

Uited Kingdom :- Lying off the North-West coast of Europe, There is a group of Islam called The British Isles. Great Britain consisting of :- England, Wales and Scotland, Ireland (Northern Ireland and Irish

Republic) Northern Ireland and Great Britain are under one crown Together They are called U.K. Dogger Bank is important for Fishing in U.K. Thames River flows.

FRANCE :-

2nd Largest Country after Russia in Europe. Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and Italy, Populous of the Europe. The PYRENEES Mountains run along the Southern Boundary and Separates France from SPASN. In Eastern Part, The ALPS, The JURA and The VOSEGES separate it from ITALY,

SWITZERLAND and GERMANY. The SEINE, The LOIRE and The RHONE are Important Rivers. COAL :- Belgian Coal Field, Lorraine Field - Iron-ore. France is famous for its VINEYARDS :- The fields where grapes are Cultivated for French wines. CHAMPAGNE (Shamphne) is one of these which is produced from the grapes grown in the district

of Champagne, near PARIS.

GERMANY :- The Region extends from the Black, Forest:- A low tableland in the West to the BOHEMIAN forest

in the East. South lie the rugged highlands of the BAVARIAN ALPS. The Rhine, The WESER, The ELBE, The ODER and The DANUBE are important rivers. The RHUR is the biggest and The richest Coal producing area of Europe and other are :- SAAR

and SAXONY. Heart of Industrial Europe:- The RHUR (Rhine river basin) for COALS. IRON:- East of NUREMBERG in Bavaria, South-East of HANOVER and South of The RHUR. Germany is one of the largest producers of RYE, Potato and Sugar-bee in the world. The KIEL CANAL Connects the North Sea and The Baltic Sea. MASSIF :- A Large Mountain mass with one or two Summits.

RUSSIA:- A Country of Two Continents.

TIME ZONE:- A longitudinal division of 15

0 each within which the local time of the central time of a central Meridian

Serves as the Standard time for the whole area. There is a difference of 1 hour in the local time at intervals of 15

0 longitude.



Except for the 3 Baltic States of ESTONIA, LATVIA and LITHUANIA, The Rest of the 12 states have a formed a commonwealth of independence states (CIS).

The URAL (Mountain and River) and The CASPIAN Sea divide Russia into European and Asiatic Parts.

Russia extends from the for South– Black Sea, East– Pacific coast to Kaliningrad in the West. (Lithuania separates it from the Rest of Russia).

Volga, Yenisei, Irtysh, Oblena are important rivers of Russia. Mt. ELBRUS :- Highest Mountain of Russia. COAL :- Kuznetsk Basin, Eastern Siberia, The Urals and The Sub-Moscow Basin.

MOSCOW :- is a part of 5 seas (The Caspian Sea, The Black Sea, The Baltic Sea, Lake Aldose and The Arctic Ocean narrow valley walls with steep-walls. Such features are called GORGE. WEATHERING:- When Rocks are exposed to the environment at or near the surface of the earth. They are gradually

disintegrated into small pieces in situ (at the same place). This process is called weathering. 1st phase into the gradation of the landscape because it prepares rock materials which are

transported by other agent of Erosions. Formation of soles. Types of weathering :- Physical, Chemical and Biological. FORST ACTION :- (Physical Weathering) Due to fall in temperature at Night water freezes and

expands. Consequently, the crack also enlarges under pressure. Gradual weathering of the Rocks leads to disintegrating Rocks. This is called FROST ACTION.

EXFOLATION :- Due to difference in day and night temperatures, expansion and contraction take place. In the process, the outer layers of rocks get peeled off. This is called Exfoliation. This is very common in Granite Rocks.

EARTH-FLOW :- There are different types of Mass Movement depending upon the size of the rocks moved, the amount of water involved and the steepness of the slope. When the rock materials such as clay and silt saturated with water move down a gentle slope, it is called An Earth-Flow.

LANDSLIDE :- The Mud-flows, on the other hand, are the movement of water saturated rock debris down channels on steep hill sides. Quite often dry soil and rock pieces suddenly. Move down a steep slope. This is known as LANDSLIDE.

SOIL is a formation of fine Rock - particles and organic Material (Humus) in which plant grows. Humus is derived from the remain of plants and Animals. It makes the Soil fertile. Soil develops in horizontal layers. A side view of the soil layers is known as a Soil-PROFILE. The

top layer on the surface is called TOP-SOIL. Top-Soils contains CLAY, SLIT, SAND and HUMUS. Roots of Many plants are restricted to this layer. The layer below is known as SUB-SOIL. SUB-SOIL Contains COARSE CLAY, SAND, Some Minerals and small amounts of Humus. Below The Sub-soil layer is found the partially weathered rock, beneath which is the BEDROCK. Running water, Glaciers, winds and Sea-waves are called Agents of Gradate. Rain-water often washes away the top layer of the soil and hence reduces its fertility. This is called

SOIL-EROSION, refers to the process of removing rock material and Top-soil from the land surface.

SHEET EROSION :- Soil is eroded by rainwater in many ways. During heavy rains, the volume of run-off is high. In the absence of plant cover, the layer of Soil from a large are is washed away by the force of surface run-off. It is known as SHEET-EROSION.

GULLIES :- In an even terrain, The Rainwater while moving down the slope, Scoops out the soil forming narrow deep channels called GULLIES. These Gullies gradually multiply, deepen and



spread over a large area. This is known as GULLY EROSION resulting in the formation of ravines. Ex.- AGRA and GWALIOR, A large area affected by Gully erosion in the Chambal Valley.

MOUTH :- The end of the river. Where it meets a large body of water such as a lake/ocean/sea is known as its mouth.

EROSION :- The process of removing rocks material and top-soil from the land surface is called Erosion.

GORGE :- In the upper portion of a river, steep slope is responsible for the high velocity of river water. The capacity of the stream to transport exceeds the load supplied to it. Hence, There is little or no deposition.

MEANDERS :- The dominant feature of the flood plain is the Mandeni river. On a gentle slope. The stream laden with Sediments Moves comparatively slowly forming broad curves known a Meanders.

OXBOW LAKE :- The water follows the shorter route leaving the broader meander loop abandoned. This meander loop, filled with water and converted into a lake, is known as on OXBOW Lake.

Zone of Saturation :- Some heater seeps into the ground where it enters tin air spaces in the soils Rocks. While some water remains with the soil fragments, much of it moves down into the ground it ultimately reaches an area called the Zones Saturation. Where the all spaces are filled with water.

WATER TABLE :- The top of the zone of saturation is called water-table. The water table is very high in areas a sea or a river. In deserts region, it may be 100’s of Meters below the earth’s surface.

SAND DUNES :- Deposition of transported particles takes place. When on obstacle lies in the path of the wind or due to a decrease in the velocity of the wind. As a result of this deposition Mounds of sand, called SAND-DUNES.

A GLACIER is a slow moving river of Ice and Snow. Glacier may travel as fast as 4 km per year. LAGOON :- It a sandbar grows in size and cuts off a portion of sea from the main body of water, a

salt water lake is formed along the coast. It is known as a LAGOON. Ex.- CHILKA Lake - Orissa and PULICATE Lake - Tamilnadu.

ASIA :- 100 South and 80

0 North latitudes.

250 East and 170

0 West latitudes.

Western Hemisphere. PHYSICAL FEATURES :- (1) NORTHERN LOWLANDS :- Extending between The URAL Mountains in the west and LENA River in the East and vast

lowland in the Northern part of the continent. It is called The SIBERIAN PLAIN. The western half of the plain is flat area made of Sedimentary Rocks. The Eastern part is an eroded

plateau and drained by the River :- OB, YENISEI, LENA. Originated from the Highlands Mountain of Central ASIA and flow Northward.

LAKE BAIKAL :- The deepest lake of the world’s is located in SIBERIA. The interior Heartland of ASIA is landlocked and Desolate. Surrounding by Mountains and Deserts.

It is a world apart from the Rest of ASIA. (2) THE MOUNTAINS :- To the South of Northern lowlands. There are fold Mountains and Plateaus. The HINDUKUSH extends to the WEST. The TIEN SHAN towards the North-East, The KULUN-

EAST, THE KARAKORAM and THE HIMALAYA to the SOUTH-EAST. Two Groups of Mountain ranges diverge to the west of HINDUKUSH.



(1) The Northern Group forms THE ELBURZ Mountains which skirts the Southern shores of The EASPEAN SEA and continues West ward. (2) The Southern Group :- The ZAGROS Mountains extends along the Arabian Sea and overlooks The PERSIAN GULF. Moving Westward, Two ranges converges at the KNOT of Mt. ARARA (1) North- Pontiac

Mountains, (2) South- The TAURUS Mt. enclose the plateau of ANTOLIA formed of Ancient Rocks.

K2 or Karakoram– 2nd Highest Peak in the world. TARIM Basin is located between the KULUN in the South and The TIEN SHAN in the NORTH. All Mountain ranges turn South ward forming Parallel chains.

South-East – North-South – Tibetan Plateau. South wards– ranges continue through MYANMAR.

One of these ranges continues through Andaman and Nicobar Islands up to Sumatra and JAVA. Some ranges continue through MALAY Peninsula before turning into BORNED and extending upto PHILIPPINES ISLANDS.

In between The TIEN SHAN Mountains in the west and The Mountain Chains of North-East Siberia. There is a broken crescent of Ancient fold Mountains. The ALTAI, The YABLONOI and The STANOVOI ranges. In these ranges. There are huge deserts basin– The TARIM Basin and The Vast Cold desert of GOBI.

SOUTHERN PLATEAU :- To the South of Central Mountain Belt. There are some plateaus made of very old rocks– older than

the above Mountain ranges. The plateau of ARABIA, The DECCAN Plateau and The YUNAAN Plateau.

The GREATER VALLEYS :- The TIGRIS-EUPHRATES, The INDUS, The GANGA - BRAHMAPUTRA, The IRRAWADDY,

The MERONG, The SIKIANG, The CHANG JIANGLYANG-TSE-KIANG) and The HWANG- Ho (Hung-he).

Some of these rivers are older than the Mountains which they cross through deep GORGES. These river Valleys are some of the Most thickly populated areas of the world.

THE ISLAND GROUPS :- Most of the Islands to the South-East and East of the Continent. There are 3 Major Island groups :- INDONESIA, PHILIPPINES, JAPAN.

VERKHOYANSK :- North-East Siberia is the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere recording a mean January temp :- 45

0C

the very low rainfall extending from RED SEA to MANGOLIA. Northern Coast of ASIA :- TUNDRA BELT. To the South of the TUNDRA is a much broader Belt of coniferous forests called The TAIGA.

(Precipitation :- 25-50 cm) This region is known for softwood Trees:- PINE, FUR, SPRUCE etc. Temprate Grassland :- STEPPES, from the next belt South of The TAIGA (Rainfall:- 20-40 cm) Extreme Southern Portions of ASIA, Which are closer to the EQUN have Equator Rain-Forests.



EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE :- This is restricted to a few areas such as in West Siberia and Central Asia In these areas, density of population is Comparatively Low and farms are large which prohibit use of Manual labour. Hence Farming operations depend heavily on various kinds of Machineries Such as:- Tractors, Sprinklers and Hamsters. Farming is done scientifically and Hence the total crop-production is High. MAJOR CROPS :- 1. WHEAT :- West Siberia, Kazakhstan, China, Northern India, Pakistan and South-West Countries. 2. SUGARCANE :- Pakistan, China, India, Thailand, Indonesia. 3. TEA :- India, Sri Lanka, Japan, China, Indonesia. 4. COTTON :- (Dry Ciliolate)– China, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, India, Pakistan. 5. JUTE :- Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta. 6. RUBBER :- Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, China, Sri Lanka. FOREST :- 1. CONIFROUS :- Russia, Japan, Himalayan Region (1600-3300) metre above Sea. 2. MONSOON :- South, Parts of South-East and East Asia. 3. EQUTORIAL :- Indonesia and Malaysia. The Island groups close to the Equator. MINERALS :- 1. IRON :- Russia, China, Azerbaijan and India. 2. MICA and BAUXITE :- India. 3. TIN :- Malaysia. 4. COAL :- Russia, China, India, Countries of Central, South-West and South Asia.

PAKISTAN :- 24

0N and 37

0N Latitude and 61

0E and 75

0E longitudes.

800000 km2. South to North :- The Baluchistan Plateau and The Mountain ranges of the KIRTHAR, The

SULAIMAN and The HINDUKUSH.

There are two passes in these Mountains :- 1. KHYBER PASS :- Hindu Kush Mountain. 2. BOLAN PASS :- Kithara Mountain.

POTWAR PLATEAU :-South-East of Hindu Kush (Indus River Basin) (N-S) EAST :- Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej River.

WEST :- Kabul River. Southern Part :- Steppe has Grassland has found. Chapman City, Quetta and Kalat are known for growing fruits. Mineral Oil :- POTWAR and GHODAK.

Natural Gas :- MEYAL Region.

MYANMAR :- The Mountains of The EAST and The NORTH extend through The SHAN and KAYINNI plateaus

to the Southern Part. Rivers :- Irrawaddy, Chindwin, Sittoung and Salween. Tree :- Sundari, Teak, Minerals:- Silver, lead and Zinc and Precious stones.



All Road and Railways run through North-South. MANDLAY :- bank on Irrawaddy River.

BANGLADESH :-

COX’S BAZAAR, Eastern coast of Bangladesh is the largest sandy beach in the world along 120 km.

The Brahmaputra is known as ‘JAMUNA’ and after meeting the Ganga, The Joints stream is called PADMA.

SRI LANKA :-

The democratic Socialist Republic of SRI LANKA Lies to the South-East coast of the Southern tip of India.

Sri Lanka is separated from India by The Gulf of MANNAR and PALK STRAIT. The MAHAVELI GANGA is the longest river. Which flows North-East and meets the Bay of

Bengal. NEWSPAPER circulation in Sri Lanka, compared to other SAARC Countries is quite High,

because of high level of awareness among Sri Lanka people which is probably due to high adult literary (89.3%).

SRI LANKA :- One of the leading exporters of Gemstones in the world. INDONESIA :- Generally have Mountainous relief (Equatorial Type Climate) South-East Asian Country lie in the Equatorial Region. There are 13000 Island but 6000 are inhabited. The main Islands of Indonesia are BORNEO (in Indonesian known as KALIMANTAN) Sumatra, Irian Jaya, Celebes (Sulawesi), Java, Madura and Bali :- These are also part of Indonesia. Northern Borneo :- Part of MALAYSIA. The total land Area :- 19 Lakh km2 (North-South– 2000 km). Indonesia’s only land frontiers with PAPUA NEW GUINEA, to the Ear of IRIAN JAYA, and with

the Malaysian States of SARAWAK and SABAH Which occupy the Northern BORNEO. CROPS:- Rice, Maize, Cassava, Sweet Potatoes and Soybeans, Rubber, Coffee, Tea, Cocoa,

Sugarcane, Tobacco, Oil Palms, Copra. MINERALS:- Petroleum, Natural Gas, Coal, Tin, Bauxite, Copper, Nickel, Silver, Gold [

BAHASA Official Language (Sanskrit and Arabic Word)] 90% of Population were Muslims [ World’s Highest Muslim population]

CHINA :-

Extends about 340 in Latitude and 600 in longitude. Shares Political boundaries with as many as 14 Countries. Land (High Mountains and Plateaus) 15% :- Plain land, 65%– Land (above 1000 metre.) The plateau of Tibet, (XI-ZANG) is located between the KAILASH and The KULUN ranges. Aug.

Height of this region is 4000 meters. The 2

nd September is formed by Inner MAGOLIAN, LOESS and YUNNAN-GUIZHOU Plateau and The TARIM and SICHUAN BASINS.

The cold and Dreary desert of TAKLAMAKAN is located in the TARIM BASIN. The LOESS Plateau is made of fine yellow dust called LOESS. The Eastern part of CHINA stretching from the edge of GREATER HINGG, TAIKANG and WU-

SHAN Mountain ranges to the coast forms the 3rd September it includes the river valleys of

HUANG HE, CHANG JIANG and XI-JIANG inter spread with Hills. The Avg. Height of the plain :- 500-1000 metre.



Several Rivers originate from the western region of TIBET. The 3 Great Rivers:- INDUS, SUTLEJ and TSANGPO (BRAHMAPUTRA) originate very close to each other. INDUS and SUTLEJ :- Westward TSANGPO– Eastward.

The SALWEEN and The MERONG originate from the Eastern part of Plateau Tibet. XI-JANG Valley is the smallest and CHANG-JIANG Valley is the largest Valley of CHINA. CROPS:- Wheat, Soybean, Millets, Rice, Maize, Silk Cotton, Tobacco, Tea. MINERALS :- Coal, Iron ore, Tin, Tungsten, Natural Gas.

JAPAN :-

Located in the Pacific Ocean to the East of the ASIAN MAINLAND. In Japanese Called :- NIPPON– Land of the Rising Sun. It is a country of about 3900 Islands. Only four are large and Important ISLAND :- HONSHU, HOKKAIDO, KYUSHU and SHIKOKU. The Japanese Archipelago earns :- (Elongated Chain of Island) form an Arc and extends nearly

3800 km2 from N-S and Covers are area of 378 km2 (0.3% of total world’s land) Mountains form the backbone of the Japanese Archipelago. They account for 72% of Japanese total

land Area. Japan has a rocky long coastal line. TYPHOONS :- During September, Violent tropical rain-storms originating in the PHILIPPINES

SEA or in the neighborhood of CAROLINE ISLAND called Typhoons strike the Southern coast of Japan frequent.

Japan has the world’s largest oil-tanker due to witnessed rapid expansion of international air-routes. Japan is one of the Most populous country in the world.


Indian Economy Geography The mainland of India extend between 8

04’ & 37

06’– North latitudes and 68

07’ & 97

025’ East

longitudes. The Tropic of CANCER :- 23

030’ divides India almost into two halves.

The time at different places of our country. The local time along 82030’longitude is taken as the

standard Time (India standard Time or 1st) This meridian is known as the standard Meridian of India.

India has a land frontier of 15,200 km. The total length of the coastline of the mainland and the Island is over 7500 km. PHYSICAL FEATURES :- 1. The Great Mountains of the NORTH :- From Pamir plateau in the west to The Indo-Myanmar Border in the East. There is a chair of Mountains and stretches almost 3600 km & form an Arc. The width of the Mountain belt varies b/w 150 & 400 km. PAMIR Plateau & The Indus river in Kashmir are known as The KARAKORAM or K2. Indus & Brahmaputra are called Himalaya (abode of snow) and The Eastern extension of Mountains along the Border of Myanmar is known as The PURVANCHAL. The BALTORO & THE SIACHIN are world’s largest mountain Glaciers. THE HIMALAYA :- 1. Southernmost Range – SIWALIK (Lowest) and Attitude (1000-1200) metre width- 10-50 km. Some narrows valleys are found in this part are called DUNS. Ex- Dehradun. 2. North Range – Middle Himalaya or Himachal (4000-4500) metre, Width- 80km. Ex.- Dalhousie, Dharmshala, Shimla, Mussorie, Nainital, Darjeeling. 3. Northern Most – HIMADRI (above 6000 km) Ex.- K-2, Kanchenjunga (Sikkim)– Highest peak in India, Nanga Parvat, Nanda-Devi, Dhaulagiri (Nepal). The Purvanchal in the North-East:- Patkai-Bum, Garo-Khasi-Jaintia & Lushai Hills. 2. NORTHERN INDIAN PLATEAU :- There are 21 Hill Ranges in India :- (1) Karakoram, (2) Ladakh (3) Zaskar (4) Pir-Panjal (5) Dhaola Dhar (6) Shiwalik (7) Jaintia (8) Khasi (9) Garo (10) Mizo (11) Aravali (12) Vindhaya (13) Satpura (14) Gir (15) Mahadeo (16) Maikala (17) Nallamala (18) Palkonda (19) Nilgiri (20) Annamalai (21) Cardamom 2. THE NORTHERN PLAIN :- Extending 2500 km from Sutlej in the west to The Brahmaputra in the East and made up of Alluvium brought up by The INDUS, GANGA & Brahmaputra and their tributaries. INDUS :- Flowing westward, enters J & K & takes a Southward turn after entering PAKISTAN. BRAHMPUTRA :- Flowing Eastward & Sharp tum North of Arunachal Pradesh and enters India – Assam – Bangladesh and Joins Ganga to form the largest delta in world and its largest part lies in Bangladesh. GANGA :- Flowing its tributaries constitute the core of the Northern plain :- Alkananda + Bhaigirathi – Ganga (unite at Devaprayag)


3. THE PENINSULA PLATEAU :- To the south of the North Indian plain lies The peninsular plateau and made up of Hard igneous & Metamorphic rocks. (oldest part of India) Central Highlands :- Northern part of the Peninsula + North of The Vindhya (bounded by Aravali in the North-West & North-Ganga). 1. Malwa Plateau (Western Part). 2. Chhotanagpur plateau (Eastern Part in South-Bihar). 3. Bundelkhand & Baghelkhand lie in the between. The Deccan Plateau extends from the Vindhya in the North to the tip of the Peninsula in the South. The western Edge of the plateau called The WESTERN GHATS Comparatively and higher than the Eastern Ghats. Western Ghats:- Aug height 1000 metre (Shyadri, Nilgiri, Annaimalai, Cardamo.) ANAIMUNDI– Highest peak of the Peninsular India. The Deccan Plateau slopes gently towards the East-Eastern Ghats. Avg. height (300-900) metre. Deccan Trap (Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P.). The Narmada flows through a narrow valley between. The Vindhya in the North & The Satpura ranges in the South. The TAPI flows South of the SATPURA. Both are flow westward direction and join the Arabian. The GODAVARI is the longest Peninsular River. 4. The COASTAL PLAINS :- The Deccan Plateau is flanked by coastal plains on both sides. The western coastal plain is broadest in the North Includes the plains of Gujarat as well and narrows down towards South i.e. South of Gujarat:- known as KONKAN COAST. The Southern Part of the coast is known as The MALABAR COAST. The Northern Part of the coast is known as The COROMANDAL COAST. 5. The ISLANDS :- The Andaman & Nicobar– Bay of Bengal. The Southern most of India– Indira point (Great Nicobar). CLIMATE :- The TROPIC OF CANCER divides our country into almost two equal Halves. (i) Southern Part– Tropical Zone. (ii) Northern Part– Sub-Tropical Zone. Interior of the Peninsular India and large parts of Northern plains, being away from the Sea record much higher range of Temp. This is known as The continental type of climate. ‘MONSOON’ :- A derived from Arabic word ‘MAUSAM’ means seasonal reversal of wind pattern and associated weather change over a large area. SOIL :- 1. ALLUVIUM :- Ganga-Brahmaputra Deltaic Region known as KHADAR. BANGAR :- Relatively old & coarse Alluvium and founds on the upper side of River Valleys. The Black Soils are made up of volcanic rocks of lava flows, because they are clayed & retain Moisture for a long period. They are found mainly in Deccan trap region of Maharashtra, Gujarat & M.P. They are famous for cotton so, known as Black cotton soil and called REGUR Soils.


The laterite soils are found in hot & Rainy Climates of the hilly regions of the western Ghats. The Chhota Nagpur plateau & some parts of the NORTH-EAST States, due to heavy rainfall Nutrients of the top soil percolated downward. This is process is known as leaching. These soils are deficient in Humus & hence less fertile. Mountain Soils :- Mountainous Region. Desert Soil :- Rajasthan, Gujarat. MINERALS :- Most of the minerals are associated with the igneous & Metamorphic Rocks of the Deccan & Parts of Bihar, Orissa, M.P., Rajasthan & Assam and as well as some parts of Himalayan Region. Metallic Minerals :- India has about of the total world’s known Iron-ore reserves. 1. Iron-ore :- Bihar & Orissa among the best in the world A.P., M.P., Maharashtra, Tamilnadu & Goa. 2. Magnese :- Karnataka, Orissa, M.P., Maharashtra & Goa. India is one of the largest producers of Manganese in the world. 3. Bauxite :- Bihar, M.P., Gujarat, Orissa & Maharashtra (Major Producer– Bihar & M.P.) Aluminum is extracted from Bauxite. 4. Copper :- Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Balaghat (M.P.), Jhunjhun & Alwar (Rajasthan). 5. Gold :- Kolar (Karnataka) is one of the deepest mines in the world. NATURAL RESOURCES :- The 1st Biosphere of India – Nilgiri Biosphere (T.N.) 1988. The 2nd Biosphere of India – Nanda Devi (U.K.) 1988. The 3rd Biosphere of India – Niherek (Meghalaya) 1988. The 4th Biosphere of India – Andaman & Nicobar. SOIL :- 1. ALLUVIAL :- Covers 40% of the India’s land (Ganga, Brahmaputra, Sutlej, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri. Old Alluvium :- Bangar, New Alluvium– Khadar it supports 50% of Indian Population. 2. REGUR (Black Colour):- Black cotton soil :- Covers the plateau of Maharashtra, Saurastra, Malwa & Southern M.P. and extends Godavari & Krishna Valleys. 3. RED :- Covers Eastern part of Peninsula like :- Orissa, T.N., Chhotanagpur plateau, East M.P., Telangana, Nilgiri Hills, Konakan Coast of Maharashtra. Soils are loamy in deep depressions and in uplands. 4. LATERITE :- Relent of intense leaching owing to heavy tropical rains and coves the flat uplands and are spread in western coast region receiving very heavy rainfall. Small parts of Tamilnadu Orissa, Chhotanagpur & Maghalaya & Western Rajasthan & The Mountains soil of The Himalaya.


Important Passes :- 1. Nathula in Sikkim. 2. Bomdila in Arunachal Pradesh. ‘Paradise on The Earth’– Kashmir Valley Fruit Orchards :- Valleys are :- Kullu, Kangara, Kumayun. Central Highland :- Vindhaya, Malwa Pateau, Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand Plateau, Chhotanagpur Plateau. Deccan Plateau :- The vindhaya range & its extensions namely :- Mahadev Hills, Kaimur Hills, Maikal range, Western Ghat (Maharashtra & Karnataka)– SHAYADRI, Nilgiri, Cardamon, Udamangalam Hill, (T.N.), Anamalai Hills (T.N.), Satpura. (Tapi & Narmada) river valleys are called old Rift Valley. ATOLIS (Indian Island):- Many Islands are generally ring or Horse-shoe shaped are called Atolls. 80N & 370N latitudes, India is divided in Almost two equal parts by the tropic of Cancer. TRADE :- German word ‘Track’ means Blowing Steely in the same direction and in constant course. The Arabian Sa branch of the Monsoon is obstructed by the western Ghats. The wind ward side of the Sahyadri receives very heavy rainfall. OCTOBER HEAT :- The condition of High temperature and Humidity. The (2nd Half of Oct.) Weather becomes rather oppressive. Particularly :- Northern India. AGRICULTURE :- 1. KHARIF :- Starts with the onset of the Monsoon. Ex.- Rice, Maize, Jowar, Cotton, Sugarcane, Groundnut & Urad. 2. RABI :- Begins in Autumn. Ex.- Wheat, Barley, Jowar, Gram, Mustard, Linseed. 3. ZAID :- Summer Crop Season. Ex.- Rice, Maize, Vegetables, Sunflower & Groundnut. RICE :- (Kharif Crop) more than 100 cm, (Clay Soil) Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, West Bengal, U.P., A.P., M.P., Kerala, Tamilnadu. India :- One of the largest producer in the world. WHEAT :- Rabi crop, (50-75) cm, ripening :- Warm & Sunny. Ex- Punjab, Haryana, Western U.P. MILLETS :- Rabi, Jowar & Bajra, Maize, Barley are collectively called coarse grains. Ex- Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Gujarat, M.P., U.P. TEA :- Assam, West Bengal, Kangra & Kumayun (H.P.), Nilgiri Hills (T.N.) COFFEE :- Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu. SUGARCANE :- U.P., Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu (A.P.) INDIA :- 1

0 Latitude = 111 km.

1869 :- The opening of SUEZ CANAL, India, distance from Europe has been reduced by 7000 km.


Indian Sub-continent :- (1) Angaraland :- North (2) Gondwana Land :- South The Tethys stretches from the present Indo- Myanmar border in the East and covered a vast area including western Asia, North-Eastern and Central parts of Africa before it joined the South Atlantic Ocean in the Gulf of Guiana in the West. To the South of the Karakoram lie two parallel ranges:- (1) Laddakh (2) Zaskar Indus :- Rising in the vicinity of Kailash Peak Non-Metallic :- 1. MICA :- Bihar, A.P., Rajasthan. 2. GYPSUM :- Mainly used for fertilizers, Cement & H2So4 and Lt. comes from the Thar Desert Region of Rajasthan. 3. Limestone :- Bihar, Orissa & M.P. 4. Diamond :- M.P. & A.P. 5. SALT :- Coast of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu & A.P. The Lake Salt comes from :- SAMBHAR & DIDWANA (Rajasthan) Rock Salt:- Mandi (H.P.) 6. COAL :- Best qualify of COAL (Anthracite– 85% Carbon). Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, M.P., Maharashtra, A.P. & Tamilnadu. India:- 3rd largest producer of Coal World-wide. 7. Petroleum :- Gujarat, Maharashtra, The Brahmaputra & Surma Valleys of Assam, Gangetic Deta Region, Mahanadi, Godavari & Krishna Kaveri Basin, Bombay High– Largest producer of Country (India). Atomic Minerals :- Uranium & Thorium :- deposits in Bihar & Rajasthan and The Monazite Sands found along the coast of Kerala yield Thorium. FOREST :- 1. Tropical Rain Forest :- (200 cm) Hardwood– Rainy slopes of Western Ghats, Wetter part of Assam & Meghalaya, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Parts of West Bengal Orissa. 2. Tropical Deciduous Forest :- (100-200) cm– Western Ghats in the South to The Siwalik in it North. 3. Thorn Forest :- (Less than 80 cm)– Dry areas of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, M.P. & Deccan Region. 4. Tidal Forest :- Areas flooded by the tides of the Sea. Mangroves & Sundar trees of the Sundarban in West Bengal. BHAKRA DAM :- On Sutlej River (World’s Highest) 225 metre.


RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS :- 1. DAMODAR VALLEY :- Sets an example towards Managing our water resources on scientific lines. Damodar, through a small river, was called the river of sorrow owing to devasting floods it caused. It flows from Chhotanagpur in South Bihar to West Bengal. The Valley has the largest deposit of Black Gold (COAL) Iron-ore deposits of India are also found in its Vicinity. The project consists of a series of small dams on the tributaries of Damodar. There are a few Hydel-Power Stations. 2. BHAKRA-NANGAL VALLEY:- (H.P., Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan & NCT Delhi)– example of water management on Scientific lines the largest scale. The Bahkra dam has been built at a strategic point where two hills on higher side of Sutlej are very close to each other. Height:- 226 metre from the river Bed Highest in word. 3. INDIRA GANDI CANAL :- The man made lake :- GOBIND SAGAR (H.P.) 1100 km. Indira Gandhi Canal (Rajasthan)– 468 km. PONG DAM on Beas river helped water into the Sutlej in a regulated Manner So, that Rajasthan Canal, The Longest irrigation canal in the world, can irrigate Ganganagar, Bikaner & Jaislmer. 4. HIRAKUND DAM :- (Orissa) is the longest dam in the world (4.8 km) on Mahanadi River. 5. TUNBHADRA PROJECT :- Between Karnataka & A.P. (2.5 km long) 6. NAGARJUNA SAGAR PROJECT :- On Krishna River (A.P.) The dam has been named after the Buddhist Scholar Nagarijuna. 7. CHAMBAL PROJECT :- M.P. & Rajasthan, its main purpose is sold conservation in Chambal Basin. The project consists of :- (1) Gandhi Sagar Dam (M.P.), (2) Kota Barrage & Jawahar Sagar Dam. India stands 5th in world after :- ZAIRE, USSR, (CANADA & U.S.A.) in water potential resources. 40% :- Water claimed by Peninsular Rivers. 30% :- Brahmaputra river alone. 30% :- Rest of Himalayan Rivers. 1902 :- 1st heater Power House was set up on Kaveri River at SIVASAMUDRAM in Karnataka. (Western Ghats). PYKARA :- 1st water power station in Tamilnadu. MANDI Power House was the 1st to be developed in the Himalayan Region. RIHAND POWER PROJECT :- (300 MW/year) The Largest man-made lake in India on the borders of M.P. & U.P. KOYANA PROJECT :- (880 MW only feeds power to Bombay-Pune Industrial Region.) in Maharashtra is on an East flowing tributary of the KRISHNA. A Dam on the Koyana has been built only to take water through a tunnel to the western slopes of the Ghats.


SHARAVATHY PROJECT :- in Karnataka is located at The JOG HILLS, the highest in India. Its feeds power to Bangalore Industrial Region and is also taken to GOA & Tamilnadu. KUNODH PROJECT :- in Tamilnadu. SABARIGIRI PORJECT :- in Kerala– IDDUKKI PROJECT. BALIMELA PROJECT :- in Orissa. UKAI PROJECT :- in Gujarat. SALAL HYDEL POWER PROJECT :- in Jammu & Kashmir. CHUKHA PROJECT :-India constructed a very big Hydel Power Project in Bhutan (for North-Eastern States & West Bengal). TINER RESOURCE :- Copper was the 1st Metal to be widely used. IRON :- Half of the Iron-ore deposits in Singhbhum & Keonjhar district (Jharkhand), Bonai & Mayurbhanj (Orissa). It is perhaps the world’s largest & Richest iron-are field. Hazaribagh, Shahabad, Raipur, Durga & Bastar (M.P.) Tamilnadu:- Salem & Trichirapalli. Karnataka:- Chikamanglur Chitaldurg & Bellari. Maharashtra:- Ratnagiri & Chanda, GOA. Most of Iron one are exported to Eastern Ghat:- Paradip & Calcutta (Bailadilon mines) Vishakhapatnam and Western Ghat:- Marmagoa & Manglore. MANGANESE :- Mayurbhanj & Keonjhar– Orissa. Chitradurga, Tumkur, Shinoga, Chikamaangluru, Belgaum, Dharwar & Northern Karnataka districts– KARNATAKA. Singhbhum:- Jharkhand Nizamabad & Vishakhapatnam:- A.P. Bansneara & Udaipur– Rajasthan. BAUXITE:- Bihar, Jharkhand, Gujarat, M.P., Maharashtra (Kolhapur), Orissa. MICA:- India produces nearly 90% of the world-wide. Half of Mica comes from Jharkhand (Hazaribagh), Bihar (Gaya & Monger). Half of MICA comes from Nellore district (A.P.), Bhilwara (Rajasthan). India faces competition from Brazil. COPPER:- Shinghbhum, Balaghat (M.P.), Jhunjhun & Alwar (Rajasthan), A.P., Karnataka, Sikkim. GOLD :- Karnataka:- Hutti Kolar mines (raichur district) world’s deepest. A.P.:- Anantpur & Chittoor


POWER RESOURCES:- COAL:- 98% belong to the Gondwana lands. of the coal deposits are located in the Damodar Valley. A.P., Bihar, Maharashtra & M.P.– major states. Raniganj, Jharia, Giridih, Bokaro & Kamapura, A.P., Bihar, Maharashtra & M.P.– major states. Valleys:- Godavari, Mahanadi, Son & Wardha. Chattisgarh:- Singrauli, Talcher, Panch-kanhan (Tam Valley). Coal Mining in India started at Raniganj in West Bengal in 1774. Lignite:- called Brown Coal is generally a low quality of Coal. OIL & NATURAL GAS :- Only found in sedimentary Rocks. Lovers the Northern plains in Ganga-Brahmaputra Valley. The coastal strips together with their off-shore continental shelf. The plains of Gujarat, THAR Desert, Area around Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Bombay High. Cambay off-share (Gujarat), Deltaic coasts of Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri & Mahanadi, Assam. Tripura, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Orissa & A.P.

AGRICULTURE POTATO :- Introduced by Portuguese in our country in 16

th century and Major Producer are :- Bihar, U.P., West Bengal.BEVERAGES :- 1. TEA :- Assam, Darjeeling (West Bengal)– Jalpaiguri and the Hills of the Nilgiri. World-wide:- India, Sri Lanka, Kenya. 2. COFFEE :- Laterite Soil :- Karnataka, Tamilnadu & Kerala. 3. JUTE :- Golden Fiber of the Indian Sub-continent and Major producer :- Assam, West Bengal & Orissa and Bangladesh. 4. SILK :-Karnataka, Tamilnadu, A.P., Assam, West-Bengal, Bihar, U.P., M.P. Operation Flood is related to Milk (White Revolution). JUTE TEXTILE:- 1st Mill set up in Calcutta in 1859. COIR INDUSTRY:- (Coconut fibers):- Kerala. PAPER INDUSTRY:- 1st NEWSPAPER print in Nepanagar (M.P.) Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant is the 1st integrated Steel Plant in South. The first (1st) Cement Factory was set up at MADRAS in 1904. KANDLA in kutchha was the 1st port developed soon after independence. 1986:- Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited estd. HARDWOOD FORESTS:- 1. EQUTORIAL FOREST:- extend between 50N & 50S of the Equator. They are found in The Zaire, basin of Africa, The Amazon basin of South America and wish some modification. The Equatorial Forests in the Amazon Basin are also known as SELVAS. These forests are very dense due to high temperature & rainfall throughout the year. Numerous creeper like LIANA climb the trees.


Ex.- MAHOGANY, ROSEWOOD & EBONY are Important Hardwood trees for economic purposes. 2. MONSOON FOREST :- Central & North-East India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos Thailand, Cambodia & North- East Australia. Ex.- SAL, TEAK, SISAM) Main Characteristics :- Limited period of Rainy Seasons. Forests are not very dense. Main Characteristics :- dense under growth & Bamboo-grow Areas of High rainfalls :- Bamboo, Rubber, Cinchona, Mahogany etc. Temperate Deciduous Harwood Forest :- Temperate regions of Moderate Temperature and Rainfall like:- Central & Western Europe, North-Eastern U.S.A., Southern Russia, Japan, Central America, Eastern Asia viz. Korea, China etc. have the hardwood deciduous forests. Ex.- OAK, BIRCH, CHESTNUT, MAPLE, WALNUT & ELM. These trees are used for Building material & Ship-Building Industry. TEMPRATE CONIFEROUS SOFTWOOD FORESTS or TAIGA:- Located between 500N & 700N latitudes. (Northern Belt Hemisphere) CANADA, NORWAY, SWEDEN, FINLAND, LATVIA, LITHUANIA, ESTONIA and Central & Eastern SIBERIA. They are found Mountainous slopes between Altitudes of 1500 & 2000 metre. Ex.- ALPS & HIMALAYAS (Tree:- Tall, Narrow, Straight) Most of the trees are evergreen but some trees Like:- LARCH are deciduous. (Pine, Fir, Cedar, Spruce, Redwood & Walsum) PIGMY :- Pigmy is a tribe living in the dense forests of Central Africa in ZAIRE Basin. Their number is largest in the Zaire Basin. Short Height–90 cm – Black & Wooly hair. LUMBERING :- The greatest importance of forests has been as the source (Tropical forest) of TIMBER. It is used as a full, in making implements and building houses and ships. Lumbering is an important economic activity in the temperate regions of the world. Mostly activity is occurred in Rocky Mountains of North America and Temperate coniferous forests belt of CANADA, EUROPE:- Normal Sweden, Finland & The slopes of the ALPS and hills of RHINE Valley, CHINA, JAPAN, South Africa, South America, Tasmania (Australia) & Newzeland. LUBERJACKS OF CHANADA :- People who are engaged in Agriculture and other occupations in the southern- Part and seek employment as lumbers FISH :- (1) North-West Pacific Region:- extends form Bering Sea in the North to Philippines in the South. The warm current of KUROSHIO and The cold current of OYASHIO meet in the continental shift of this region near the coast of HONSHU. (JAPAN) other:- Baltic Nation, Russia, China, Korea. (2) North-East Atlantic Region:- Artic circle (North) to Borders of Mediterranean or Sea along the western European coast (DOGGER Bank of the North Sea) other:- Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, France, Iceland & U.K. (3) North-West Atlantic Region:- New found land, U.S.A., CANADA, NOVASCOTIA. (4) North-East Pacific Region:- extends from ALASKA to California like western coast of North America, (U.S.A., CANADA)


GRASSLANDS :- Grasslands are closely related to Rainfall. On the Basis of location, Grasslands are divided into two Types:- (1) Tropical Grasslands, (2) Temperate Grasslands. TROPICAL GRASSLANDS:- Located between the equatorial rainfalls forests & Hot Deserts. These areas receive an Average annual rainfall of about 100 cms. Most of occurs during Summers and winters are mainly dry. These Grasslands are known as SAVANNA and are located on the highlands of BRAZIL & The ORINOCO Basin in South America, North & South of ZAIRE basin in Africa, Highlands of EASTERN AFRICA, SOUTH AFRICA, NORTH AUSTRALIA & NEWZELAND. Grasses are thick, Rough & Tall. [Height :- 1.8 metre] They generally decrease in height While going from the Equator towards Hot Deserts. Therefore, Cattle in spite of their large number don’t provide quality products. TEMPRATE GRASSLANDS:- Located between belt of North & South America, ASIA, AUSTRALIA, NEWZELAND & on the plateau of SOUTH AFRICA. Avg. Annual Rainfall:- (25-75) cms. Slightly more in summer. Grass is Nutria tine and hence useful for the cattle. In many parts of world. These Grasslands have been converted into extensive fertile Agriculture lands. Temperate Grasslands are 2 types of:- STEPPES & PRAIRIES. STEPPES:- Grasslands with short Grasses in Sunni-And Areas with a height of (10-20) cm cover the land like mats. These are extension in Northern Hemisphere. PRAIRIES:- are known as different Region in different name just like North America– PRAIRIES, ARGENTINA– PAMPAS. VELDT:- South Africa, DOWNS:- Australia. NOMADIC HERDING:- PASTORAL NOMADISM:- Subsistence Economic Activity and found in 3 Regions of the world. 1. The First Region extends from 5

0 South Latitude to 50

0 North Latitude encompassing the whole of

SAHARA, Coastal Areas of EAST AFRICA, IRAQ, IRAN, AFGANISTAN & Dry lands of CHINA & MANGOLIA on area of about 5600 kms. 2. The second Region is located on the Southern Boundary of The TUNDRA in Eurasia. 3. The Third Region is found in South-West AFRICA & Western Part of MALAGASY. The Chief Characteristics of NOMADIC Herding is the dependence of Animals entirely on natural Vegetation. HERDERS neither grow fodder crops nor Grass. They wonder from one place to another in search of FODDER & WATER. In some part of the world their migration is seasonal and it is known as TRANSHUMANCE. TUNDRA Region :- Grazers Migrate from South to Northern Mountain in summer and from North to Southern Coniferous forests belt in the winter. HIMALAYA :- Nomadic Grazers of J & K & H.P. Migrate from the mountains to the plains in winter. Nomadic Herders depend on Animal products for most of their necessities. Like Sheep, Goat, Camel, Yaks.


Ex.- Gujjar of J & K rear cattle but The Bakerwals rear mainly Goats & Sheep. The Nomadic Herding in the Northern part of Eurasia is different from The Nomadic Herding of the Dry Areas. Vegetation is similar due to extreme cold. In Tundra Region, only Mosses & lichens are available for FODDER. Nomadic Herders are permanently settled in South America, USSR, Australia due to expansion of enlarged Agriculture. Irrigation facilities have been introduced in Central Astral like :- Kyrgyzstan & Kazakhstan & Uzbekistan for Cotton cultivation.

The Nomadic Herders of EAST-AFRICA :- The MASAI The plateau of Eastern Africa is a vast Grassland inter spread with scattered umbrella shaped ‘ACACIA Tree’. The plateau is located very close to the Equator but the climate of the region has been modified due to its height. (1200-1500) mt. and temperature never increases beyond 230C and rainfall :- (100-150) cms and extending from The lake victoria to the sea coast is originally the abode of The MASAIS. Tribal (KENYA & Party in Tanzania) The main occupation of MASIA is Animal Herding and main wealth are their cattle and are now familiar with money as well as Markets. The KEYANAN Govt. has been making efforts to settle them permanently and provided with the health & Educational facilities.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES :- MINERALS Iron is the symbol of Modern Civilization. IRON :- Major Producers:- USSR, CHINA, AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL, U.S.A. & INDIA. About 50% of the total Iron one extracted is obtained from the European part particularly from KRIVOY ROG Region. Good quality of Iron-ore is found in Krivoy Rog, Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KAM) & Kerch Peninsula & Western Azerbaijan. An important Iron producing area of RUSSIA is URAL Region. Northern URAL :- Yekaterinburg Central URAL :- Nizhny Tagil Southern URAL :- Magnitogorsk Kuzbas Region known reserves in Eastern Siberia :- Krasnoyarsk & Angar IIlin. U.S.A.:- Great Lake Region (mesabi, Marquetle, Menominee, Vermillion, Gogebic & Cuyuna. Albama, Red Mountains & Birmingham (Southern part of Appalachian mountain. CANADA:- Boundaries of Qubec & Labrador and Important centre:- Wright, Sept Schefferville. CHINA :- Shen-yang (Mukden) region of Manchuria, Wuhan & Taiyeh and Jiang Valley. Hainan Island, Hnan, Shandong Peninsula hangzho & Char-Har. EUROPE :- U.K., France, Sweden, Spain. AFRICA :- Liberia, Algeria, South-Africa, Morocco & Tunisia. AUSTRALIA :- Pilbara region (largest producer of Iron-ore in Australia Mt. Golds worthy, Mt. Tom Price, Mt. Newman, Jailoring Peak, Koolanooka, Koolyanobing and Queensland, New South wales and Tasmania.


INDIA :- Orissa, Bihar, M.P., Karnataka, Maharashtra, A.P. & Tamilnadu. SOUTH AMERICA :- Brazil, Venezuela, Lasarena (Chilli) COPPER :- Major Producer:- Chile, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Canada, Zaire, Zambia, Poland, Pene, China, Japan, Yugoslavia, Spain & India, Indonesia. CHILE:- Chuqui-Camata, El-Teniente, Potrerillos & Bradue. U.S.A.:- Western part of Candian Border in the North to Mexican border in the South. Arizona (Tucson), Morence, Globe, Casa-Grande, UTAH, Montana. AFRICA:- Zaire (Katanga), South-Africa, Zambia. CANADA:- Sudbury, Ontario, Neruda (Quebec) INDIA:- Jharkhand (Shinghbum & Hazaribagh), Rajsthan (Khetri Bhilwara) BAUXITE:- Australia:- 1st mining in world. Guinea (Africa), Jamaica, Brazil, Surinam, Yugoslavia, U.S.A., Hungary Greece & Camibean Area, France, India, China, Turkey, Malaysia, Indonesia. India:- Jharkhand, M.P., Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Karnataka. 6 International Corporations control about 60% of the Bauxite Production in the world. These corporations have been established in developed countries. Ex.- ALCAN:- Aluminum Company of Canada. ALCOA :- Aluminum Corporation of America. International Bauxite Association was formed in 1974. NERGY RESOURCES:- The Increasing demand of energy and the energy crisis of 1973 in the world have given impetus to research and development of Non-Conventional sources of energy. COAL:- The fluctuations in the utilizations of COAL, during 1st last 200 years can be divided into phases. Ist PHASE :- Coal became the major source of energy for industries & Railway Transport. IInd PHASE :- The Iron & Steel industry become the Major user of Coal for energy. IIIrd PHASE :- After the IInd world war when the demand for coal increased due to its use as a source of energy. Coal is found in seans in sedimentary Rocks. Its major quality is its combustibility and volatileness. The coal can be divided into 3 types on the basis of its Carbon content:- Anthracite :- is very hard, shiny and free of impurities. It contains about 90% of Carbon. It gives off little smoke & leaves little ash after being burnt. There are very limited reserve of this type. Bituminous :- Coal contains (70-90)% of Carbon. It is black & Shine. It gives smoky flame & leaves behind much ash. These Coals are known as Bituminous because they yield TAR (bitumen) when heated. It is found in greater quantity as compared to other types. Lignite :- The Carbon content in lignite/Brown Coal is (45-70)%. Its Colour is usually Brown. It bums with high smoky flame. It is of much more recent origin than Anthracite & Bituminous Coal & Therefore, Contains higher Proportion of Vegetal matter.


PEAT :- is also known as Coal but in fact it is not so. It represents the Ist stage in the formation of Coal from vegetation. It is light brown in colour with high humidity Content being the most inferior Coal. It doesn’t have any industrial importance. Major Producer of Coal :- China, U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Poland, South Africa, India, Australia, Germany, Canada & U.K. CHINA :- Leading producer of the world. Coal Mining areas in China are found in the North. There are 8 provinces in China Produce Coal:- (1) Datong (Totung) Shangi Province (2) Huo-Lin-He (he-lin-Ho):- Inner Mangolia. (3) Huainan & Huaibei :- Anhui (4) Yanzhou :- Shandong (5) Yanzhou :- Shandong (Shan-Tung) Peninsula (6) Liupanshin :- Guizhou (Kule Chow) (7) Pindingshan- Henan (8) Kailuan :- Hegei Province U.S.A.:- 2nd largest producer of Coal due to uncertainties after the IInd world war. The coal mining industry Suffered. Main reason were the development of Nuclear power. Subsidized pricing of oil & Natural Gas and the environmental laws pertaining to mining & use of coal since 1973 the important of coal has been restored to some extent due to price hike of oil & the embargo imposed by some Arab Nations of oil supply. The coal mining areas of U.S.A. lie in the Eastern part. (1) The Appalachian Coal Region extends from North Western Pennsylvania to Aibama region. (2) Kentucky & Western Virginia are the Major Coal producing states in the region. (3) Illinids, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Washington, Arizona & New Mexico. RUSSIA :- (1) Donetsk Basin in Ukraine is the major producing of Coal. (2) Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbas), (3) Karaganda- Kazakhstan, (4) Siberia (Ekibastuz basin) EUROPE :- North-Eastern France to Poland, France-Belgian Coal-fields, Compine-Limburg Coalfields, The Ruhr & Snar basin, Silegia, Saxony & Pilsen, U.K., Spain & Central Plateau of France. The Coal fields of U.K. are located in Scottish lowlands, Penine ranges & South wales. MINERAL OIL :- North-America:- Minerals oil was 1st drilled in Pennsylvania but later the activity extended towards Texas, Oklahoma & Kansas states. (1) California, Louisiana & Wyoming are also Major producer, (2) Mexico, (3) Venezuela (South America) South-America:- Venezuela, Peru, Columbia, Argentina & Chile. Georgia, Armenia & Azerbaijan. Oil was Ist drilled from MYKOPE in Northern Caucasus in 1863. 1871– oil was found at BAKU. Later, Another oil field was discovered at GROZNY.


VOLGA Basin:- Russia (OB-Basin of Western Siberia & wells at Tainan) Caspian Seas Sakhalin Islands. Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain (West Asia). 1909 :- Oil was Ist drilled at MASJIDE SULAIMAN. INDONESIA :- Central Sumatra, Java & Kalimantan. INDIA :- oil was Ist found at MAKUM in North-East Assam but drilling of oil was started at DIGBOI in Lakhimpur dust later, Dibrugarh, Naharkatiya & Surma Valley. Gujarat :- Bay of Cambay, Kalol, Ankaleshwar, Mehsana, Kosamba & Dholka. Bombay High. AFRICA:- Libya, Nigeria & Egypt. EUROPE:- North Sea shared by U.K., Norway, Denmark, Germany & The Netherlands. JAPAN :- Hokkaido & Honshu Islands. CHINA :- Chang-Jiang Valley & Shanxi Province. URANIUM :- Uranium & Thorium are Radio-active Minerals which have great capacity to generate energy through Nuclear Fission. Very few minerals yield energy through Fission. Only a few Countries of the world have the technology of the fission of nuclear minerals. It is a costly technology. It requires Careful handling of experimentations otherwise it may lead to Catastrophe. The accidental leakage at cheroble in USSR & Japan issue are such example besides being destructive to human life & property. Such accident are detrimental to the environment. Producer :- Canada & U.S.A. are the leading Producer U.S.A.:- Near the uranium on the Northern Banks of lake Atbasca & Port Radium of Lake Great Bear, Colorado Plateau of U.S.A. South Africa, Australia, Zaire, Malaysia, Czechoslovakia, German, Spain, Sweden & USSR. INDIA :- Gaya & Shinghbhum district, Daipur & Jaipur district Nellore (A.P.), Palghat (Kerala) CANADA :- Ist Largest producer in the world (27.4%) THORIUM:- The major are of Thorium in the world is MONAZITE. Brazil, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, California & Florida (U.S.A.), Montana & South Carolina, Coastal parts of India. AGRICULTURE:- More than 50% of the world’s population, even now, is engaged Agriculture. In developed countries The % of work force engaged in Agriculture is less than 10%. In developing countries The % of work force engaged in Agriculture is about 75%.


In Ancient times, Indians were advised to grow more crops as the verse in ‘Taitriya Upanishada’ suggest:- “Annam Bahu Kurweet, tadvratam” (Grow more food, that is the duty) TYPES:- (1) SHIFTING CULTIVATION:- It is a form of Primitive Agriculture. It represents the Ist Human attempts to grow food for their Subsistence. The largest region extends on both sides of Equator in India. The Second region lies in North-eastern part of India & South-East Asia. The Third region lies in parts of central America & South America. Shifting Cultivation is known with different name in different region :- (1) Jhuming :- North-East India. (2) Ladang :- Malaysia. (3) Chengin :- Philippines. (4) Milpa :- Central America & Mexico. (5) Konuko :- Venezuela. (6) Roka :- Brazil. (7) Masole :- Zaire Basin. The shifting cultivation clears a small piece of forest by felling the trees & cutting the bushes and grasses. These are then burnt and hence. It is also known as ‘SLASH & BURN’ Agriculture. In this type of cultivation mainly food crops are grown because it is meant for subsistence. Maize, Cassava, Banana & Sweet Potato are the Main Crops. per Hectare Per capita is very low. ‘Bush Fallow’ Agriculture is Important related to this. (2) SEDENTARY AGRICULTURE :- In sedentary Agriculture, one or more households live in a group permanently at one place & grow crops. In some areas, ownership of the land is collectively but mostly it is private. In sedentary Agriculture, Farmers adopt a particular cropping pattern & follow soil conservation Methods. They project the fertility of the soil by crop rotation. Sedentariness has influenced the Socio-Cultural life of people in different regions. Ex.- In India, The concept of Gram Devata or Gram Devi Could be attributed to the Sedentariness of the village folk. (3) INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE :- A system of crop farming in which on small land holdings by applying higher inputs of capital and labour per hectare of land, yield per hectare is quite high is called Intensive Agriculture. Rice is Main crop. The Main objective is to increase the crop yield. In any Region, Food Production can be increased in 3 ways :- Ist :- It can be accomplished by increasing the land under cultivation but availability of land per capita (man-land ratio) is very low in densely populated countries. Therefore, expansion of Agriculture land is not possible because of Non-availability of land.


IIst :- Quantum of total food production can be increased by intensification. In region of intensive Agriculture, Farmers work on their small size holding with the help of their families. They use improved or high yielding Verities of seeds, apply farm yard Manure & Chemical fertilizers for relishing the soil fertility, and make arrangement for irrigation water for talking better crop. IIIrd :- The low values crops are substituted with high value crops and The farmers get higher return through sale of these crops. Countries :- Japan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, U.S.A., (ANADA, Argentina, Australia, USSK) SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE:- This type of Agriculture is organized by the farmers with the sole objective of sustaining their families. The specialization of crops is not possible in this system as the farms grow as many crops as are required for their household consumption. There are 2 main types of subsistence Agriculture in the world:- (1) PRIMITIVE :- Which is synonym to shifting cultivation subsistence Agriculture. (2) Subsistence Farming :- Prevalent in the monsoon regions of South-East & East Asia. Rice is the main crop. Types of Agriculture Based on Mgmt. (1) Peasant Agriculture:- is organized by the farmers individually. They own the land as well as other factors of production. They work on their along with their family members. They hire labour if necessary. They pay land revenue to the Govt. Ex.- Zamindari & Jagirdari (After Independence. These systems was abolished and land was given to farmers. Land ceiling Act was passed to fix the ceiling on land which a farmer can own. Ex.- India. (2) Co-operative farming :- is organized on the principles of Co-operation All the members of the Co-operation collectively one the factors of production. The farmers become the member of the Co-operative society on their own. Ex.- European Countries :- Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands & Belgium. India:- Maharashtra & Gujarat USSR:- Kolkhoz (Based on Principle of Socialism) CROPS OF WORLD RICE :- Grow in the River Valleys and Deltas of Sub-tropical and temperate regions. It is staple diet of about 50% of the population of the world. Climate:- Temp.- 270-300C, Rainfall-100cm Intensive Agriculture Distribution :- Rice is a crop of monsoon land of Asia. Asia:- India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Malaysia. World:- Egypt, Italy, Brazil, Turkey, U.S.A., Spain & France.


India:- Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Eastern U.P., Kashmir Valley, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, Haryana, Costal Maharashtra. WHEAT:- Successfully Grow in different climatic Conditions. Wheat can be divided into two types on the basis of its quality. 1. SOFT WHEAT :- Grown in Humid regions. 2. HARD WHEAT :- Grown in Dried regions. Rainfall :- (40-75) cm LOAM is the Most suitable Soil for Wheat. Distribution :- Siberia, U.S.A., Russia, Ukraine, China, India, Australia, Spain, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Netherlands, U.K., Argentina, Canada, France Germany. OLD-SEEDS:- Main Oil Seeds :- Sesame, Mustard, Rape-seed, Linseed, Groundnut & Coconut. Beside These Seeds :- Some are cotton seed, Maize, Soyabean & Sunflower. Olive oil is used in Mediterranean Lands. Plan oil is obtained from Palm. 1. SESAME :- Largest Exporter–China- Low Rainfall Areas is plant can’t tolerate too much of humidity, Drought / Cold. India is largest producer of Sesame next:- Sudan, China & Myanmar, Egypt, Ethiopia, Tunisia, Turkey, Syna, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand. Largest Importer:- JAPAN, U.S.A. MUSTARD :- Tropical & Sub-Tropical Regions. China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, European Countries, Canada, Farmer, USSR, MOROCCO, MEXICO. TEA :- Leaves of an evergreen bush & humid climate, Rainfall :- 125-750 cm. Two Types :- (1) Chinese plant of small leaves. Region :- 430N-270S. (2) Assam plant of wide leaves. Hilly slopes. Major Producer :- India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Argentina & Kenya. Areas :- China (Largest). Exporter :- Sri Lanka then India, China, Kenya, Argentina. Importer :- U.K. & U.S.A. then Pakistan, Iran, Iraq. COFFEE:- Like a Tea but Highlands in the tropic & successfully grown between 500-1500 metres above the sea level. Arabica developed from here it spread to South & South East Asia. India, Sri Lanka & Java go coffee from Yemen. Coffee Plantation was introduced in South & Central America after fungus attack in 1880 all plantations in Java & Sri Lanka were destroyed. There are 3 varieties of Coffee :-


(1) Coffee Arabica (150-20

0), (2) Coffee Robusta (20

0-30

0C), (3) Coffee Liberia

Brazil is the largest producer of Coffee then Colombia, Venezuela, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica & Puerto Rico. Large Coffee Plantations in Brazil are known as FAZENDA i.e. 1000 metre above sea level. India:- Largest Producer is Karnataka. Exporter:- South American Countries. Importer:- European Countries. SUGARCANE:- Tropical crop & Original Home:- Eastern & South-Eastern Asia. Sugarcane was introduced to Europe by the Arab Traders who brought it 1st to Egypt & then to Sicily & Southern Spain. Sugarcane was taken to the Atlantic Islands of Canaries & Madeira from these Islands was taken to Brazil and West Indies. It was introduced to Africa & Australia at a much later stage. High temperature ranging (21

0-27

0)C & Rainfall :- (75-120) cm.

Loam, Clay & Avervial soles are suitable for Sugarcane. In some areas. It is grown on black & Laterite soils too. Brazil:- Ist place:- Productions Area wise (25% of world Production IInd place:- India. Then, Cuba, Pakistan, Thailand, Mexico, Australia & Indonesia. India:- North :- U.P., South:- Tamilnadu Bihar, Maharashtra, A.P., West-Bengal. Latifundios:- Before The Cuban Revolution of 1959. There were large Sugarcane plantations in CUBA. Owned by foreigners as wellas Local Capitalists. These Plantations were known as Latifundios. After The 1959. These Latifindios were Nationalized. Now, The Sugarcane cultivation in Cuba is highly Mechanirea. CUBA:- Largest exporter of Sugarcane (24% Worldwide) Brazil, Australia, Venezuela, Thailand, South Africa, Philippines, Mauritius & India. COTTON:- Ancient crop of India & Egypt. The quality of cotton is decided on the basis of the length of its staple. Long staple cotton is supported to be of high quality and is used for making Superfine cloth (More than 5 cm). This type of Cotton grown in South Eastern Coast of U.S.A., Puerto Rico, West-Indies. Small Stapes:- India, Brazil (3.5-5) cm:- Nile Basin (Egypt) Cotton:- India, Egypt, Sudan, U.S.A., China, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. India:- Black cotton soil Region:- Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, M.P., A.P. and becomes Punjab, Haryana & some parts of Rajasthan. RUBBER Rubber is latex of a tree widely found in the tropical forests of Amazon & Zaire basins and Plantation were also introduced in SARWAK. 1844:- Goodyear in U.S.A. & Hancock in Britain discovered the Method of Vulcanization of Rubber. Distribution:- Amazon & Zaire Basin, Indo-Chinese peninsula. India, China, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Thailand, Cameroon, Vietnam, Nigeria, Malaysia, Indonesia.


1. National Highway No.-1 :- Between Delhi & Amritsar (G.T. Road) NH-2 :- B/W Delhi & Calcutta (1856 km) NH-3 :- B/W Agra & Bombay (1222 km) NH-7 :- B/W Varanasi & Kanyakumari (2325 km) longest in India. VOLGA River System:- represents a large drainage system of the world along 11,000 km. Volga- Moscow Canal connects it with the Moscow region. Amazon longest River in the world. North- Atlantic oceanic route is the busiest rout of the world. Connects between Eastern U.S.A. & Western Europe. Mediterranean & Indian Ocean route connects Europe with East Africa, South Asia & Forecast through the Mediterranean Sea. The Red Sea and The Indian Ocean. The cape Route provided link b/w western Europe & Far East, Australia & Newzeland prior to the construction of the Suez Carla. South Atlantic Route connects b/w Western Europe & Western Africa countries with Brazil, Argentina & Uruguay. North Pacific Route connects North America to Japan. South-pacific connects b/w Australia, Newzeland and North America & Western Europe Via Panama Canal. Suez canal Route is a man-made waterway in Egypt Which has been constructed to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. It is the shortest route between western Europe, East Africa, South & South-East Africa, Far East & Australia. The Construction work of this canal was started in 1954 by a French engineer Ferdinand-de-Lesseps and it was completed in 1869. The canal separates the lower Nile Valley of Egypt from Sinai peninsula. It is a dry region. This canal is 168 km long & Maximum width :- 365 metre and Avg. depth is 16.15 metres. About 90 & more ships cross this canal everyday due to this canal, The distance as compared to the cape of Good Hope route has reduced by 9600 km b/w London & Bombay, by 5120 km b/w Lisbon & Macao & by 10720 km b/w New york & Aden. Panama Canal Route Connects the Atlantic in the East with the Pacific in the west. This canal has also reduced the distance between the Eastern & Western Coasts of North & South Americas. The construction of the canal Started in 1906 and it was opened for ships on 15th Aug., 1914. Panama Canal is different from Suez Canal as it has a Lock System Ships cross different levels of the camels through Locks. This ships coming from the Atlantic pass through 3 locks in the Gutan lock. The ships are lifted up in the lock water upto 25.5 metres then they enter into the Gutan Lake. Longest Pipeline:- Trans-continental ‘COMECON’ pipeline (4800 km) built by USSR to carry crude oil from the well of URAL & The VOLGA regions to the East European Countries. Telegraph was developed by SAMUEL MORSE in 1844 & this invention revolutionaries the communication. Arayabhatta:- 19th Apr., 1975. International Trade 1. OPEC :- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. There are 13 Countries which are members of this organization.


(1) Algeria, (2) Emador, (3) Gabon, (4) Indonesia, (5) Iran, (6) Kuwait, (7) Libya, (8) Nigeria, (9) Qatar, (10) Saudi Arabia, (11) U.A.E., (12) Venezuela This was formed in 1960 to decide the policies regarding Petroleum. 2. EEC :- European Economic Community was formed under the treaty of Rome in 1957 by 6 Countries :- (1) France, (2) Belgium, (3) Luxemburg, (4) Netherlands, (5) Italy, (6) Federal Republic of Germany. The main objective of this org. was to abolish the trade restriction within the Member Countries. U.K., Denmark & Ireland also joined EEC in 1973. 3. EFTA :- European Free Trade Association was formed in 1960 with the objective of was to belong bring about Co-operative in the fields of Trade. They abolish the Tariff between different member Countries like:- (1) Australia, (2) U.K., (3) Denmark, (4) Norway, (5) Sweden, (6) Portugal, (7) Switzerland later in 1972 U.K. & Denmark abonded their membership and joined EEC While Iceland toned this Association & Finland accepted its Co-operation. Now Again There are 7 members.

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