36
Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Demonstrate the principles and operation of the logging tools associated with flowmeter tools Demonstrate the principles and operation of the basic temperature logs Demonstrate the principles and operation of basic radioactive tracer logs Discuss the added value of running a downhole video log in addition to production logs Present the principles and operation of basic spinner flowmeter logs Present the principles and operation of the gradiomanometer log Illustrate the performance of cased hole logs in single phase flow Understand the interest of running multiple tools within a Production Combination Tool COPYRIGHT ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Production Logging Fundamentals © PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1

Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    37

  • Download
    5

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Downhole Production Logging Tools

Production Logging Fundamentals

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

Demonstrate the principles and operation of the logging toolsassociated with flowmeter tools

Demonstrate the principles and operation of the basic temperaturelogs

Demonstrate the principles and operation of basic radioactivetracer logs

Discuss the added value of running a downhole video log inaddition to production logs

Present the principles and operation of basic spinner flowmeterlogs

Present the principles and operation of the gradiomanometer log

Illustrate the performance of cased hole logs in single phase flow

Understand the interest of running multiple tools within aProduction Combination Tool

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

1

Page 2: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Major Through-Tubing Cased Hole Production Tools

Casing Collar Locator Log Gamma Ray Log Caliper Noise Logs Temperature Logs Radioactive Tracer Logs Spinner Flowmeter Logs Pressure Logging Tool Gradiomanometer Logs

Not Covered

This Section

Pulsed Neutron (TDT) Logs

Permission to publish by the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME.Copyright 1983 SPE-AIME.

Counting Pipe Collars is a Common Application

Casing Collar Locator (CCL)

Counting Pipe Collars is a fundamental need for depth correlation

Co

llar

loca

tor

Su

b. 2

ft (.

61

m)

Bottom magnet

Top magnet

High impedance amplifier & voltmeterCOPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

2_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 3: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Permission to publish by the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME.Copyright 1983 SPE-AIME.

Counting Pipe Collars is a Common Application

Casing Collar Locator (CCL)

Counting Pipe Collars is a fundamental need for depth correlation

Co

llar

loca

tor

Su

b. 2

ft (.

61

m)

Bottom magnet

Top magnet

High impedance amplifier & voltmeter

Initially correlated in depth by using a specific open hole log (usually the Neutron-Density or Gamma Ray log)

Subsequent cased hole runs can be correlated by using only the CCL

The CCL is a short tool that is run immediately below the cable head

Requires an electrical feed through to communicate with thesensors of the remaining tools

9000'

9100'6'

9050'

Depth

(2743 m)

(2758 m)

(2774 m)(1.8 m)

A BCollar Logs

Remember: Different reading due to cable stretch

Typical Casing Collar Recorder – CCL Log

Permission to publish by the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME.Copyright 1983 SPE-AIME.

A. Running in hole

B. Pulling out of hole

Limitations

Robust and rugged instrument.

1. Flush joint casing joints may bedifficult to detect.

2. Some non-magnetic CorrosionResistant Alloy (CRA) materials willnot provide collar indications.

3. Some pipe manufacturers provide veryconsistent pipe lengths, and thus novariation in casing pipe joint length.

4. Small diameter CCL’s (centralized)may not detect collars in largediameter casing strings.

Advantages

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

3

Page 4: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Gamma Ray (GR) Tool

Generally use a scintillator crystal and photomultiplier receiver for maximum log quality

Log reflects the shale content of rocks, as radioactive elements tend to concentrate in clays and shales

“Clean” formations usually have low radioactivity

At least one GR tool will be run during the open hole logging program

• Subsequent cased hole GR logs can be correlated to this log

The GR sonde detector measures gamma radiation

Gamma Ray: correlation with open hole logs• Continuously measures and records natural radioactivity in the

formations adjacent to the wellbore using radioactive decay of:– Potassium, uranium, and thorium elements

Gamma Ray (GR) Tool

Drill Collar

Gamma Ray Detectors

Dual Detectors

Bank A Bank B

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

4_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 5: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Gamma Ray: correlation with open hole logs• Continuously measures and records natural radioactivity in the

formations adjacent to the wellbore using radioactive decay of:– Potassium, uranium, and thorium elements

Gamma Ray (GR) Tool

Drill Collar

Gamma Ray Detectors

Dual Detectors

Bank A Bank B

Generally use a scintillator crystal and photomultiplier receiver for maximum log quality

Log reflects the shale content of rocks, as radioactive elements tend to concentrate in clays and shales

“Clean” formations usually have low radioactivity

At least one GR tool will be run during the open hole logging program

• Subsequent cased hole GR logs can be correlated to this log

The GR sonde detector measures gamma radiation

Main applications• Depth control for cased hole wireline operations• Precision depth correlation

– When radioactive sources have been introduced at a particular casing depth or by perforating charge

• Sometimes a Gun-GR tool is used with perforating guns

Advantages• Simple tool requiring minimal interpretation

Limitations• GR definition or variation may be low over intervals of interest,

making correlation difficult– Can be the result of poor natural variations of gamma ray strength

– Signal suppression due to sensing multiple through strings– Centralized small diameter tool inside a large casing

Monitors wellbore condition (open or cased hole)

After a drilling phase, caliper data are integrated to determine the volume of the open hole

Caliper offers a qualitative indication of the condition of the wellbore and the degree to which the mud system has maintained hole stability

Very useful with any Production Logging run

The caliper measurement point corresponds exactly to the measurement point of the flowmeter impeller

Caliper

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

5

Page 6: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Blades Monitors wellbore condition (open or cased hole)

After a drilling phase, caliper data are integrated to determine the volume of the open hole

Caliper offers a qualitative indication of the condition of the wellbore and the degree to which the mud system has maintained hole stability

Very useful with any Production Logging run

The caliper measurement point corresponds exactly to the measurement point of the flowmeter impeller

Caliper

A B

Moving caliper

arm

or multi-finger types

Caliper tool: Variable resistance

Caliper arm

Variable resistor

Main Applications Limitations

1. Correct the flowmeter readings for diameter variations due to either heavily scaled tubulars or differences in open hole completions

2. Locate packer seats in open hole sections

3. Determine restrictions for future tubing or casing work (workover planning)

4. The caliper data can be used independently for determining general internal corrosion, paraffin buildup, or mineral scaling

• Normal two or four arm calipers will only give general indications of corrosion and other more sophisticated tools need to be run to examine the corrosion issues further

Blades

Caliper

A B

Moving caliper

arm

or multi-finger types

Caliper tool: Variable resistance

Caliper arm

Variable resistor

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

6_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 7: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Blades Monitors wellbore condition (open or cased hole)

After a drilling phase, caliper data are integrated to determine the volume of the open hole

Caliper offers a qualitative indication of the condition of the wellbore and the degree to which the mud system has maintained hole stability

Very useful with any Production Logging run

The caliper measurement point corresponds exactly to the measurement point of the flowmeter impeller

Caliper

A B

Moving caliper

arm

or multi-finger types

Caliper tool: Variable resistance

Caliper arm

Variable resistor

Main Applications Limitations

1. Correct the flowmeter readings for diameter variations due to either heavily scaled tubulars or differences in open hole completions

2. Locate packer seats in open hole sections

3. Determine restrictions for future tubing or casing work (workover planning)

4. The caliper data can be used independently for determining general internal corrosion, paraffin buildup, or mineral scaling

• Normal two or four arm calipers will only give general indications of corrosion and other more sophisticated tools need to be run to examine the corrosion issues further

Multi-finger Calipers• Motorized Centralizers to ensure effective centering force

– Equipped with rollers to prevent casing and tubing damage

For cased hole logging, the caliper will give indications about: • Conditions inside the casing• Damage• Scale• Paraffin deposits

• Hydrodynamic characterization of reservoirs

• Identification of production and injection intervals

Noise Log

• Well integrity analysis

Spectral Noise Logging (SNL) is an acoustic noise-measuring technique used in oil and gas wells for:COPYRIG

HT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

7

Page 8: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Noise Log

Spectral Noise Logging (SNL) • Records acoustic noise generated by fluid or gas flow • Tool listens passively to downhole noise such as gas bubbling up

through liquid in the wellbore– Behind pipe, a channeling flow passes through “tight spots”, which

cause higher velocities, sudden pressure reductions and significant flow turbulence

– The noise-logging tool listens for noise associated with the turbulence

• The tool includes piezoelectric crystal transducers which convert the oscillating pressure of wellbore sound to corresponding oscillating voltage

– The oscillating voltage is applied to a speaker at the surface, as well as each of four high-pass filters

• Each high-pass filter detects nothing below its filter range• Log noise filters for 200, 600, 1000 & 2000 Hz• Two-phase flow occurs at about 200 to 600 Hz• High rate single phase flow occurs above 1000 Hz• Sound is highly attenuated by gas• Tool works best for low rate gas leaks

Noise Spectrum

200

600

1,000

2,000

Differential Pressure

Single phase

Two phase

Rel

ativ

e am

plit

ud

e

Frequency, hz

Rel

ativ

e am

plit

ud

e

Frequency, hz

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

8_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 9: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Noise Spectrum

200

600

1,000

2,000

Differential Pressure

Single phase

Two phase

Rel

ativ

e am

plit

ud

e

Frequency, hz

Rel

ativ

e am

plit

ud

e

Frequency, hz

High noise amplitudes indicate locations where the flow path is submitted to turbulence

The noise log has been used as an indicator of channeling behind pipe

• Flow through channel is indicated on a noise log by the presence of high amplitude noise at places where restrictions in the channel causes throttling of fluid

Flow through a leak results in a pressure drop that generates detectable noise

Noise Log Principle

Piezoelectric Crystal

Microphone

2000

1000

600

200 HZ

5.7

14.1

27.3

55.0

Millivolts

High PassFiltersCOPYRIG

HT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

9

Page 10: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Noise Log Principle

Piezoelectric Crystal

Microphone

2000

1000

600

200 HZ

5.7

14.1

27.3

55.0

Millivolts

High PassFilters

Filter’s output consists of positive excursions from neutral alternating with negative excursions

Amplitude is measured two ways1. Measure from peak of positive excursions to trough of following

negative excursion– “Peak to peak” amplitude

– “Standard gain” or “Standard sensitivity” recording

2. Measure from the peak of a positive excursion to neutral– “Peak” amplitude

– “One-half standard gain” recording

Noise Log Principle

Piezoelectric Crystal

Microphone

2000

1000

600

200 HZ

5.7

14.1

27.3

55.0

Millivolts

High PassFilters

Filter’s output consists of positive excursions from neutral alternating with negative excursions

Amplitude is measured two ways1. Measure from peak of positive excursions to trough of following

negative excursion– “Peak to peak” amplitude

– “Standard gain” or “Standard sensitivity” recording

2. Measure from the peak of a positive excursion to neutral– “Peak” amplitude

– “One-half standard gain” recording

Measurements• A single station measurement lasts 3 to 4 minutes• Relocating the tool requires 1 minute• Thus, the logging rate is approximately 15 stations per hour, and

a 4-hour logging run accommodates 60 measurements• 30 measurements are used for a course-measurement grid, with

successive measurements separated by 1/30th of the total survey interval

• The remaining 30 measurements are used for detailing areas of interest

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

10_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 11: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Noise Log Interpretation

Single Phase Leak Gas into Liquid Leak

A – Noise Level PeakMillivolts

B – Noise Level Peak to PeakMillivolts

DE

PT

H

Noise Log Interpretation

Single Phase Leak Gas into Liquid Leak

A – Noise Level PeakMillivolts

B – Noise Level Peak to PeakMillivolts

DE

PT

H1. Sound reflects downward at interface2. The tool sensor is built for coupling

to liquid rather than gasCOPYRIG

HT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

11

Page 12: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

A well was drilled through two gas zones

• Plugged and abandoned, and the wellhead cut at the sea floor

Six months later• An internal gas blowout reached

the mudline, causing the sea to churn

• A relief well was drilled to kill the uncontrolled zone

A well was drilled through two gas zones• Plugged and abandoned, and the wellhead cut at the sea floor

Six months later• An internal gas blowout reached the mudline, causing the sea to

churn• A relief well was drilled to kill the uncontrolled zone

(762)

(1067)

(1372)

(914)

(1219)

(762)

(1067)

(1219)

(1372)

(914)

Noise Log Application: Internal Well Blowout

Temperature Log

Temperature log• Simplest, most accurate, and most widely applicable production log

Temperature gradient changes are caused by natural phenomena within the earth’s crust, and fluid movement

Two curves:• Gradient curve – temperature vs depth• Differential curve – derivative of temperature with depth

Temperature logs will be run both with the well flowing and shut in

Gas expansion cooling is about 1°F (0.5oC) / 40 psi (276 kPa)

High water flow heating is about 3°F (1.5oC) / 1000 psi (6895 kPa)

Qualitative data help derive “where”, not “how much”

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

12_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 13: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

HRT = High Resolution TemperatureHRT = High Resolution Temperature

Temperature Log

CCL

Electronic cartridge

Bridge

Temperature-sensitive resistor

Geothermal Gradient Variation

Temperature in well depends on factors such as:

• Temperature of surrounding formations

• Wellbore flow conditions• Heat transfer characteristics

of completion• Fluid movement near the

wellbore

The temperature distribution in the earth’s crust is called the Geothermal Temperature Profile

• The temperature trend in the earth’s crust increases with depth, leading to a geothermal temperature profileGeothermal Gradient Varies Due to Rock 

Properties Through Layers

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

13

Page 14: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Local Geothermal Gradient

In desert conditions, surface temperature may initially decrease, reach a neutral point, and then increase

The geothermal temperature profile varies significantly from area to area, and the slope of the geothermal temperature varies from formation to formation

COOKING LAKE

Example of Geothermal Gradient

Knowledge of the geothermal temperature profile is necessary for temperature log interpretation

• Record one baseline log within a well shut-in and stabilized, before production start-up

The geothermal gradient is generally assumed to be constant when interpreting temperature logs in a given area

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

14_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 15: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Temperature Log Applications

Detect changes in surrounding temperature

Identify annulus cement top after cement hydration

Detect cooling effects of expanding gas (Joule-Thomson effect)

Confirm operation of gas lift valves

Help evaluate fracture treatments

Identify true reservoir temperature for other studies, such as PVT

Identify flow behind pipe (qualitative indication only)

Identify leaks in completion (packer, tubing, etc)

Qualitative evaluation of fluid flow by comparing with geothermal and/or shut in gradients

Limitations: Quantitative interval flow rates cannot be determined

Time lapse techniques during successive shut-in passes effective for identifying relative volume of produced/injected fluids

Temperature Log

Temperature profiles can be used to indicate where fluids are entering the wellbore

Geothermal gradient

Flow without gas entry

Flow with gas entry

Asymptote

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

15

Page 16: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Geothermal gradient logged after cementing a casing

string to identify cement top while cement is curing

(Exothermic setting reaction)

Logged Temperature Gradient

TEMPERATURE

INCREASE

CEMENT TOP

Logged Temperature Gradient

Logged Geothermal Gradient to Identify Lost Circulation

If an initial (base line) temperature log has been recorded (Run #1),

Then, after a small fluid volume has been pumped into the well,

Run #2 shows a gradient shift occurring above the lost circulation zone providing evidence of a leak from an old or corroded casing.

Temperature

Increase

Lost circulation zonee.g., leak in old casing

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

16_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 17: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

(3200)

(3505)

(3658)

(3810)

(3962)

(4115)

(4267)

(4328)

(24.5 cm)

Temperature Log Example

Hot fluid flow behind casing from source hereApparently, cross flow to about 11,000 ft (3353 m)

Initial Temperature Log

• Log illustrates estimated normal thermal gradient and increased sustained temperature (fluid flow upwards outside pipe)

• Interpretation: high temperature fluid flow behind casing from 13,850 ft (4,221 m)

Before & After Remedial Work

Before Remedial WorkoverAfter Remedial Workover

Temperature Logs

Temperature and Noise Logs

Before After

Noise Logs

(3200)

(3505)

(3658)

(3810)

(3962)

(4115)

(4267)

(4328)

(24.5 cm)(3505)

(3383)

(3414)

(3444)

(3475)

(3536)

(3566)

(3597)

(3627)

(3658)

(3688)

(3719)

(3749)

(3780)

(3810)

(24.5 cm)

(19.4 cm)

(24.5 cm)

(3505)

(3383)

(3414)

(3444)

(3475)

(3536)

(3566)

(3597)

(3627)

(3658)

(3688)

(3719)

(3749)

(3780)

(3810)

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

17

Page 18: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

TemperatureD

epth

GeothermalGradient

Injection

Injection Zone

Shut-in

Typical Water Injection Well

Water Injection Well – Temperature Log

This log illustrates • The water injection

temperature profile

And,• The shut-in (1 hr)

temperature profile as the warmer formation increases the temperature of the shut-in column of injected cold water

This log also indicates a possibility of channeling below the depth of the lowest perforations

(1524)

(1509)

(1522)

(1514)

(1530)

(1555)

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

18_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 19: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Friction

within rocks

Gas expansion

Channeling

Example of Thermal Anomaly

Gas

Gas or liquid?

Well Temperature Log

Production zones may or may not be clearly identified on a temperature log

When free gas is flowing from the reservoir, pressure drawdown will induce a significant cooling of the gas in the near-wellbore vicinity due to Joule-Thomson effect

• Gas entry locations are identified by cool anomalies on a temperature log

A

B

C GgradDTSProd-1RateRateCumRateCOPYRIG

HT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

19

Page 20: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Temperature Gradient Flowrate Interpretation

Entry 1Q1

Entry 2Q2

Entry 3Q3

TL3

TL1

(Q1 + Q2 ) TL2 = Q1 T2 + Q2 TG2

Qi = Qi-1 (Ti - TLi) / (TLi - TGi)

TG2

TG3

T2TL2

T3

For more information, review the Romero-Juarez Method

which uses a similar gradient method

Temperature Gradient Flowrate Interpretation

Entry 1Q1

Entry 2Q2

Entry 3Q3

TL3

TL1

(Q1 + Q2 ) TL2 = Q1 T2 + Q2 TG2

Qi = Qi-1 (Ti - TLi) / (TLi - TGi)

TG2

TG3

T2TL2

T3

Qi = the flowrate from entry #i

TGi = the static geothermal temperature at depth of entry #i

TLi = the flowing fluid temperature at top of entry #i

For more information, review the Romero-Juarez Method

which uses a similar gradient method

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

20_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 21: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Temperature Logging Recommendations

Record a full (top to bottom) reliable geothermal gradient log (base line log) during the first Production Logging run

Routine: stabilize rate for 48 hours, log, shut in for about 24 hours

Record temperature profiles, well shut-in, at repeated time intervals

Log down and up, make re-runs (after 1-2 hrs), check log response

Analyze temperature log versus flowmeter log

Temperature profiles can be used for flow rate estimation

Document results and recommendations

Remember: in high rate gas wells, with low compressibility, the Joule-Thomson effect may be reversed and create a local heating at the fluid entry point (molecular friction effect)

Radioactive Tracer Logs

Use peak-to-peak transit time

Require precise well diagram

Techniques: controlled time and interval

Typically use iodine I-131 (8 day half-life)

Investigates only about 1 ft (0.31 m) deep outside casing

Good for relatively low injection rates

Mostly used on water injection wells

Accurate logging of sequence of events essential

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

21

Page 22: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Radioactive Tracer Tool

Shot = 20 cc

CCL

Ejector Port

Top Gamma Detector

Bottom Gamma Detector

Radioactive Tracer Log: Tracer Loss Method

Timed Logging Runs to Detect Radioactive Fluid Location

Tracer Loss Measurement• Peak = slug position

• Signal amplitude proportional to flowrate

D

C

B

A

Run No. 14 min

Run No. 26 min

Run No. 38 min

Run No. 410 min

Run No. 512 min

Run No. 614 min

Run No. 716 min

Run No. 818 min

Run No. 920 min

(1494)

(1524)

(1518)

(1512)

(1506)

(1500)COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

22_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 23: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Radioactive Tracer Log: Velocity Shot

Recorder on time drive detector stopped @ 4900' (1494 m)

Ejector @ 4895' (1492 m)

Start Time

Reaction time in casing “A” = 10 sec

Material clears tool in 33 sec

Material channeling to 4900' (1494 m)outside casing

Material being

flushed

into formation

(1494)

(1524)

(1518)

(1512)

(1506)

(1500)

(1497)

(1503)

(1509)

(1515)

(1521)

Radioactive Tracer Guidelines

Caliper any open hole and run base log

Log above injection zone, check flow rate

Use two gamma ray detectors and centralize tool string

Space to get reasonable tool detection times (> 10 sec)

Use controlled times to find injection zones

Use controlled interval to find flow rates

Investigate all identified anomalies

Document results

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

23

Page 24: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Continuous Flowmeter (CFM) Principle

The spinner flowmeter is the most commonly used device for measuring flow profiles, both in injection and production wells.

Impeller placed in well to measure fluid velocity

• Signal period on output coil • Frequency of rotation F• Measures in rps

Characteristics• rps are filtered before recording• Spin direction is now presented on logs

Continuous Flowmeter Sonde (CFS)• Maximum Pressure (psi) 15000 (103 mPa)

• Maximum Temperature (°F) 350 (177 °C)

• Makeup Length (inches) 24.0 (61 cm)

Lower Bearing

Spinner

Pickup Coil

Upper Bearing

Electrical Connection Flowmeters must be centralized in the

wellbore so that accurate flow velocity of flow stream center can be determined

Use a caliper for accurate flow determination

To determine the minimum fluid velocity required for spinner to rotate:

1. Multiple up and down passes are made and calibration chart is developed to determine fluid flow velocity and cable logging speed

2. Spinner velocity will be at fluid conditions at the point of measurement and will need to be converted back to stock tank conditions during final calculations

Magnet

Temperature and Flowmeter Logs – Example 1

Increased flow

Dep

th

Temperature

Dep

th

Temperature Log Continuous Flowmeter

G

TM

A’

A

T’

T

P

1° C.

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

24_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 25: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

M2

Temperature and Flowmeter Logs – Example 2

M1

T2

A2

A2T

T1P1

P2

Temperature Increased Flow

Temperature Log Continuous Flowmeter

Dep

th

Dep

th

Anomaly

Temperature and Flowmeter Logs – Example 3

Formation Producing Liquid at MLiquid Entering Casing at M

Formation Producing Liquid at MLiquid Entering Casing Through

Perfs at M’

M M

M’

Flow Behind PipeCOPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

25

Page 26: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Temperature and Flowmeter Logs – Example 4

Anomaly

Gas Expansion / Prod Rate at MLow Perm Rock Demonstrates More Cooling due to

Greater Pressure Drop at Formation / Borehole interface

M

Expanding from Formation into Formation / Casing at MGas Flowing from M with Little or No Expansion

Gas Expanding from Annulus into Casingthrough Perforations at M’

M

M’

Spinner Flowmeter Tools

Types: continuous, full bore, diverter

Calibration in hole required

Two-pass technique applied (log up and down)

Use together with gradiomanometer (density differences)

Slippage velocity and water holdup applied for calculation of two-phase flow rates Qoil and Qwater

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

26_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 27: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Full Bore Flowmeter Sonde (FBS)

Early flowmeters were designed for low flowrates and adapted accordingly

• However, mechanical design involved flaws that sometimes induced operational complications

• These weaknesses led to the development of the Full Bore Flowmeter (FBS) tool

Maximum Pressure (psi) 20000 (138 mPa)

Maximum Temperature (F) 392 (200 °C)

Weight (lbs) 11 (5 kg)

Makeup Length (inches) 35.1 (89.2 cm)

Courtesy of Schlumberger

Full Bore Flowmeter Sonde (FBS)

Early flowmeters were designed for low flowrates and adapted accordingly

• However, mechanical design involved flaws that sometimes induced operational complications

• These weaknesses led to the development of the Full Bore Flowmeter (FBS) tool

Maximum Pressure (psi) 20000 (138 mPa)

Maximum Temperature (F) 392 (200 °C)

Weight (lbs) 11 (5 kg)

Makeup Length (inches) 35.1 (89.2 cm)

Courtesy of Schlumberger

Uses collapsible large spinner blades that unfold only when exiting the tubing

Run in collapsed position within centralizer arms while within the tubing

Centralizer arms protect spinner blades

• However, both are easily damaged

• Both expand to large fraction of casing inner diameter by unfolding when reaching the larger casing

Size of spinner blades allows largerflow cross section to be monitored

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

27

Page 28: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Full Bore Flowmeter Sonde (FBS)

Early flowmeters were designed for low flowrates and adapted accordingly

• However, mechanical design involved flaws that sometimes induced operational complications

• These weaknesses led to the development of the Full Bore Flowmeter (FBS) tool

Maximum Pressure (psi) 20000 (138 mPa)

Maximum Temperature (F) 392 (200 °C)

Weight (lbs) 11 (5 kg)

Makeup Length (inches) 35.1 (89.2 cm)

Courtesy of Schlumberger

Uses collapsible large spinner blades that unfold only when exiting the tubing

Run in collapsed position within centralizer arms while within the tubing

Centralizer arms protect spinner blades

• However, both are easily damaged

• Both expand to large fraction of casing inner diameter by unfolding when reaching the larger casing

Size of spinner blades allows largerflow cross section to be monitored

The FBS tool is more complex than the

continuous flowmeter but tends to provide more

reliable flow data as the spinner blades cover a

larger fraction of the wholeflow path.

Diverter Flowmeters

Diverter/Basket Flowmeter

Basket Size Small Large

Minimum Casing, in (cm) 4 ½ (11.4) 7 (17.8)

Maximum Casing, in (cm) 7 (17.8) 9 ⅝ (24.5)

Maximum Flow, bbl/d (m3/d) 1800 (286.2) 1000 (159)

Maximum Pressure (psi) 15000 (103 mPa)

Maximum Temperature (F) 350 (177 C)

Weight (lbs) Makeup Length (in) 60 (152 cm)

Maximum Flow (bbl/d)• Basket Open 2000 (318 m3/d)• Basket Closed 10000 (1589.9 m3/d)

Maximum Deviation () 60

Single phase (bbl/d) >100 (15.9 m3/d)

Qo in two phases (bbl/d) > 30 (4.8 m3/d)

Qw in two phases (bbl/d) >400 (63.6 m3/d)

Accuracy (%) 10

Exit Ports

Spinner

Hold-up Meter

Water Resistivity

Cell

DC Motor

The most accurate of the spinner devices when low total rates and multiphase flow occurs.

• Can detect flowrates as low as 10 to 15 bbl/d (1.6 to 2.4 m3/d).

– A typical 1-11/16-in (4.3 cm) tool has a barrel ID of approximately 1.45 in (3.9 cm).

– A flow of 10 bbl/d results in a velocity of 3.4 ft/min (1.04 m/min) inside the barrel.

– Because of the limited clearance between the spinner and the barrel, this velocity is enough to overcome friction and rotate the spinner.

– A flow of 100 B/D passes through the barrel at 34 ft/min (10.4 m/min) – enough to start the homogenization of the flow.

– In a casing, a rate of 2,000 bbl/d (318 m3/d)is needed to obtain the same effect around a continuous spinner.

– The tool can be calibrated directly for such flow.

Metal PetalsCOPYRIG

HT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

28_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 29: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Diverter Flowmeters

Diverter/Basket Flowmeter

Basket Size Small Large

Minimum Casing, in (cm) 4 ½ (11.4) 7 (17.8)

Maximum Casing, in (cm) 7 (17.8) 9 ⅝ (24.5)

Maximum Flow, bbl/d (m3/d) 1800 (286.2) 1000 (159)

Maximum Pressure (psi) 15000 (103 mPa)

Maximum Temperature (F) 350 (177 C)

Weight (lbs) Makeup Length (in) 60 (152 cm)

Maximum Flow (bbl/d)• Basket Open 2000 (318 m3/d)• Basket Closed 10000 (1589.9 m3/d)

Maximum Deviation () 60

Single phase (bbl/d) >100 (15.9 m3/d)

Qo in two phases (bbl/d) > 30 (4.8 m3/d)

Qw in two phases (bbl/d) >400 (63.6 m3/d)

Accuracy (%) 10

Exit Ports

Spinner

Hold-up Meter

Water Resistivity

Cell

DC Motor

Metal Petals

Diverter Flowmeters

Diverter/Basket Flowmeter

Basket Size Small Large

Minimum Casing, in (cm) 4 ½ (11.4) 7 (17.8)

Maximum Casing, in (cm) 7 (17.8) 9 ⅝ (24.5)

Maximum Flow, bbl/d (m3/d) 1800 (286.2) 1000 (159)

Maximum Pressure (psi) 15000 (103 mPa)

Maximum Temperature (F) 350 (177 C)

Weight (lbs) Makeup Length (in) 60 (152 cm)

Maximum Flow (bbl/d)• Basket Open 2000 (318 m3/d)• Basket Closed 10000 (1589.9 m3/d)

Maximum Deviation () 60

Single phase (bbl/d) >100 (15.9 m3/d)

Qo in two phases (bbl/d) > 30 (4.8 m3/d)

Qw in two phases (bbl/d) >400 (63.6 m3/d)

Accuracy (%) 10

Exit Ports

Spinner

Hold-up Meter

Water Resistivity

Cell

DC Motor

The most accurate of the spinner devices when low total rates and multiphase flow occurs.

• Can detect flowrates as low as 10 to 15 bbl/d (1.6 to 2.4 m3/d).

– A typical 1-11/16-in (4.3 cm) tool has a barrel ID of approximately 1.45 in (3.9 cm).

– A flow of 10 bbl/d results in a velocity of 3.4 ft/min (1.04 m/min) inside the barrel.

– Because of the limited clearance between the spinner and the barrel, this velocity is enough to overcome friction and rotate the spinner.

– A flow of 100 B/D passes through the barrel at 34 ft/min (10.4 m/min) – enough to start the homogenization of the flow.

– In a casing, a rate of 2,000 bbl/d (318 m3/d)is needed to obtain the same effect around a continuous spinner.

– The tool can be calibrated directly for such flow.

Metal Petals

Small clearance between the spinner and the ID of the barrel assures almost no diversion of flow around the spinner.

As the spinner rotates, it generates a specific number of voltage pulses per revolution.

• The pulse rate from the tool can be transmitted through the logging cable for surface recording and determination of corresponding revolutions per second.

Typical basket flowmeters are rated for 320 – 350°F (160 – 177°C) temperatures and 15,000 to 20,000 psia (103 to 138 mPa).

• 1.70-in (4.3 cm) tool accommodates 3,000 bbl/d (477 m3/d)

• 2.25-in (5.7 cm) tool: 5,000 bbl/d (795 m3/d)

• 3-in (7.6 cm) tool: 8,000 bbl/d (1272 m3/d)

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

29

Page 30: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Diverter Flowmeters

Diverter/Basket Flowmeter

Basket Size Small Large

Minimum Casing, in (cm) 4 ½ (11.4) 7 (17.8)

Maximum Casing, in (cm) 7 (17.8) 9 ⅝ (24.5)

Maximum Flow, bbl/d (m3/d) 1800 (286.2) 1000 (159)

Maximum Pressure (psi) 15000 (103 mPa)

Maximum Temperature (F) 350 (177 C)

Weight (lbs) Makeup Length (in) 60 (152 cm)

Maximum Flow (bbl/d)• Basket Open 2000 (318 m3/d)• Basket Closed 10000 (1589.9 m3/d)

Maximum Deviation () 60

Single phase (bbl/d) >100 (15.9 m3/d)

Qo in two phases (bbl/d) > 30 (4.8 m3/d)

Qw in two phases (bbl/d) >400 (63.6 m3/d)

Accuracy (%) 10

Exit Ports

Spinner

Hold-up Meter

Water Resistivity

Cell

DC Motor

The most accurate of the spinner devices when low total rates and multiphase flow occurs.

• Can detect flowrates as low as 10 to 15 bbl/d (1.6 to 2.4 m3/d).

– A typical 1-11/16-in (4.3 cm) tool has a barrel ID of approximately 1.45 in (3.9 cm).

– A flow of 10 bbl/d results in a velocity of 3.4 ft/min (1.04 m/min) inside the barrel.

– Because of the limited clearance between the spinner and the barrel, this velocity is enough to overcome friction and rotate the spinner.

– A flow of 100 B/D passes through the barrel at 34 ft/min (10.4 m/min) – enough to start the homogenization of the flow.

– In a casing, a rate of 2,000 bbl/d (318 m3/d)is needed to obtain the same effect around a continuous spinner.

– The tool can be calibrated directly for such flow.

Metal Petals

Small clearance between the spinner and the ID of the barrel assures almost no diversion of flow around the spinner.

As the spinner rotates, it generates a specific number of voltage pulses per revolution.

• The pulse rate from the tool can be transmitted through the logging cable for surface recording and determination of corresponding revolutions per second.

Typical basket flowmeters are rated for 320 – 350°F (160 – 177°C) temperatures and 15,000 to 20,000 psia (103 to 138 mPa).

• 1.70-in (4.3 cm) tool accommodates 3,000 bbl/d (477 m3/d)

• 2.25-in (5.7 cm) tool: 5,000 bbl/d (795 m3/d)

• 3-in (7.6 cm) tool: 8,000 bbl/d (1272 m3/d)

Measurements are made with the tool stationary.

The tool is lowered to the deepest measurement depth, then opened.

After recording the measurement depth, the tool is pulled up (while open) to the next measurement depth.

The risk of diverting flowmeter getting stuck in the hole is higher than it would be for a continuous flowmeter.

• If the tool is stuck, the cable can be pulled loose and retrieved.

• If the flowmeter is stuck in casing, it may be least expensive to leave the tool in the hole.

• If the flowmeter is stuck in tubing, it may be necessary to pull the tubing.

Spinner / Flowmeter Log Guidelines

Need to achieve stabilized flow rate

Calibrate tool

Record multiple passes at various speeds

Record stationary readings above and below perforations

Record repeat runs

The method is• Best for single-phase flow• Good for oil and water two-phase flow• Questionable under liquids and gas flow• Needs additional support (software, gauges, etc.) • Questionable for hole angles beyond 70°

Document all results

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

30_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 31: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Pressure Logging Tool

Usually contained within the same housing as the temperature tool

Sensor (strain or quartz gauge) measures absolute pressure at logging point

Its resolution is limited by a potentiometer transmitting device which causes pressure changes to appear as discrete steps on the recording

Limitation: Quartz crystals need to be well protected or risk damage

Data to be used in combination with other production logging tool components

Gradiomanometer

Measures pressure differentials• Pressure differential is the sum of:

– Hydrostatic head

– Friction head– The difference in kinetic effect between the 2 bellows

Mechanism requires calibration with a known fluid

At normal fluid velocities friction is very low, an unless there is a change in flow velocity between bellows, there is no kinetic effect

Pressure differential as seen by the gradiomanometer is usually only due to the average fluid density

Most effective for identifying gas entry and locating standing water levels

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

31

Page 32: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Gradiomanometer Components

Electronic cartridge

Transducer

Upper Sensing bellows

Slotted Housing

Floating connecting tube

Lower Sensing bellows

Expansion bellows

Spacing2 ft

(0.61 m)

Readings to be corrected for hole deviation and possible friction

Limitation: Application is of limited interest in highly deviated or horizontal wellbores when stratified flow is present

Gradiomanometer Components

Electronic cartridge

Transducer

Upper Sensing bellows

Slotted Housing

Floating connecting tube

Lower Sensing bellows

Expansion bellows

Spacing2 ft

(0.61 m)

Readings to be corrected for hole deviation and possible friction

Limitation: Application is of limited interest in highly deviated or horizontal wellbores when stratified flow is present

Hole deviation: Correction is applied by dividing reading by cosine of the deviation angle

Kinetic effect: Correction to absolute readings is required due to high downhole flow velocity

• Higher than 2000 bbl/d (318 m3/d) in 4-½" (11.4 cm) tubulars • Higher than 5000 bbl/d (795 m3/d) in 5-½" (14 cm) tubulars

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

32_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 33: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Gradiomanometer Log Interpretation

0.4 gm/ccFree gas + liquid

Zones

Hydrocarbon entry possibly with some water

Hydrocarbon entry possibly with some water

Gas or gas + liquidGas or gas + liquid

WaterWater

1.0 gm/cc water column either static 

or moving

0.7 gm/cc oil, or gas + water, or oil + gas + water

ρw = 1.0 gm/ccρo = 0.7 gm/ccρg = 0.2 gm/cc

Production Combination Tool

PCT Logging Tool Specification• Fullbore Flowmeter• Gradiomanometer• Caliper• Manometer• Thermometer• Casing Collar Locator• Gamma Ray

Great progress in production logging has been made with the development of tools to work under dynamic conditions

Combinations of tools• Flowrate meter• Fluid identification devices• Depth controlCOPYRIG

HT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

33

Page 34: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Production Combination Tool (PCT)

PCT Logging Tool Specification• Fullbore Flowmeter• Gradiomanometer• Caliper• Manometer• Thermometer• Casing Collar Locator• Gamma Ray

In open hole, the presence of a caliper is essential.

In cased hole logs, it is useful to obtain a diagnosison the actual casing diameter.

When local conditions are unknown, this PCTconfiguration helps to record the maximum amount of relevant data to diagnose well flow conditions.

Run only those tools that are needed (‘Fit-for-purpose’ rather than ‘Nice-to-have’).

Flowmeter ‒ Quicklook Qualitative Analysis

Depthm

2310

2320

2330

2340

2350

2360

2370

2380

2390

2400

2410

2420

2430

2440

Z GRGAPI0 2000

CVELm/ min-40 40

SPINrps-11 15

CALin6.6 7.

WFDEg/ cc0.95 1.04

W TEP°C113.4 114

WPREpsia2100 2250

Possible corrosion

FluidEntries Fluid

Entries

FluidEntries

COPYRIGHT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

34_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.

Page 35: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Conventional Production Logging Summary

Essential recording tools for single- or two-phase flow:• Thermometer (Temperature log)

• Spinner flowmeter

• Gradiomanometer Density log

As a standard configuration downhole diagnosis tool, the CombinationLogging Tool usually includes:

• Thru-Tubing Caliper• Temperature log

• Spinner flowmeter

• Pressure log• Gradiomanometer Density log

Other logs include: • The Noise log is useful in specific applications to diagnose flow issues

• The Radioactive tracer is used in injection wells

• The Thermal Decay Time log (Pulsed Neutron) is a reservoir engineering tool to monitor water saturations over well life

All these tools provide valuable information to be analyzed by qualified analysts

Downhole Video Alternative to Production Logs

Advances in downhole video equipment now offer this measurement as an alternative to the new class of production logging measurements.

A downhole video log is a means to directly identify location of fluid entries into the well, because almost all production wells contain water through which the hydrocarbons are passing.

High rate water entries can also be detected from the image distortion caused by high levels of turbulence.

This approach is qualitative and does not fully replace production logging tools.

COPYRIGHT

═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════Production Logging Fundamentals

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved._____________________________________________________________________________________________

35

Page 36: Downhole Production COPYRIGHTcloud1.activelearner.com/contentcloud/portals/hosted3/...Downhole Production Logging Tools Production Logging Fundamentals Learning Objectives By the end

Downhole Video Alternative to Production Logs

Characterizing wellbore fluids Especially entry points

Inspecting downholemechanical equipment

Downhole Video Alternative to Production Logs

Supplement fishing services

Detect casing or tubing leaks

Spot mineral deposits

Find scale corrosion and bacterial buildup

Examine the condition of downhole equipment

Inspect the operation of downhole equipment

In open hole wells, rock formations are easily viewed by the camera

When drilling mud is used, mud is opaque and usually prohibits use of a video cameraCOPYRIG

HT

Downhole Production Logging Tools ═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

36_____________________________________________________________________________________________

© PetroSkills, LLC., 2016. All rights reserved.