Down the Road to Hydrogen Power - TAUmedinid/energy-gordon/Smedley/First day/israel... · • If pure hydrogen is used as ... Pathfinder . U C I P E L ... e.g. steam reformation (95%

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UCI Power Electronics Lab

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Keyue Smedley, Ph.D.

Dept. of Electrical Eng. and Computer Science

University of California,

Irvine, CA 92697, USA

[email protected]

Down the Road to Hydrogen Power

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Abstract

Energy is a vital force that powers our homes, schools, businesses,transportation, manufacturing, agriculture, service, military, andspace-exploration. Currently, about 99% of the energy fortransportation and 70% of the energy for power generation are fromfossil fuel. Our dependence on fossil fuel has resulted in many socialproblems such as energy shortages, environmental impact, andeconomic dependence. On the other hand, a tantalizing picture of ahydrogen economy appeals to the news media everyday where blueskies without pollution and a booming economy with secure powerare the expected results. How can we get there? In this presentation,I will talk about fuel cell technology, power electronics advancement,as well as research and development in the US towards hydrogenpower generation.

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Table of Contents

I. Introduction

II. Fuel Cell Technology

III. Hydrogen Technology

IV. Fuel Cell Applications

V. Power Electronics for Hydrogen Power

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I. Introduction

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Table E1 World Primary Energy Consumption (Btu), 1980-2001(Quadrillion (1015) Btu)

Country/region 1980 1990 2000 2003United States 78.47 84.57 99.32 98.843North America 91.74 100.58 118.67 119.136Brazil 4.04 5.95 9.03 8.832Central and South America 11.46 14.44 20.99 21.876Western Europe 58.69 63.97 71.54 73.555Eastern Europe & Former U.S.S.R. 61.36 74.17 50.48 53.834Middle East 5.88 11.09 17.28 19.643Africa 6.80 9.31 11.95 13.327China 17.29 27.01 36.95 45.482Asia and Oceania 48.98 74.80 107.98 120.141World Total 284.90 348.37 398.88 421.513

3,333 BTU=1 kWhUS uses ~23% energy of world totalSource Energy Information Administration Annual Review

Energy use in the world

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US Energy Production

In 2000•Total production is 72 quadrillion BTU•76 % of energy is from fossil fuel

Source Energy Information Administration Annual Review

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The Oil Problem

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The Oil Gap is Growing

Sam Baldwin, NREL 16th Industrial Growth Conference

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Environmental Impact

US Carbon Dioxide Emissions

•Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for the largest share of combinedgreenhouse gas emissions.

•CO2 emissions totaled about 5.6 billion metric tons.

Source Energy Information Administration Annual Review

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Pollution from electric power plants in the United States shortensthe lives of more than 30,000 people every year, according to anew report released here by environmental and healthresearchers. In addition, fine particle soot from power plantsalso causes an estimated 603,000 asthma attacks nationwide.

Health Concerns

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Human activity has been increasing the concentration ofgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere (mostly carbondioxide from combustion of coal, oil, and gas.)

Green House Effect

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Power System Reliability

August 03 Blackout (NYC)--A wake up call!

--Why did it fail?

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Renewable and Alternative Energy is Our Future----Hydrogen Economy

Sam Baldwin, NREL 16th Industrial Growth Conference

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Technology Barriers

• Fuel cell technology• Hydrogen technology

- Hydrogen production- Hydrogen storage- Hydrogen transportation

• Renewable energy source power generation• Power Electronics• Grid renovation

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Fuel cell techology Hydrogen

production

Hydrogentransportaion

Hydrogenstorage

Fusion

Power system

Wind power

Solar power

other newable

Powerelectronics

From fossil fuel economyTo hydrogen economy

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II. Fuel Cell Technology

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Fuel cell in general• Fuel cell is a device that

uses hydrogen or (hydrogenrich fuel) and oxygen tocreate electricity.

• If pure hydrogen is used asa fuel, it emits only heat andwater-->clean!

• Efficiency is higher thancombustion engine

• Typically, one cell produce~1v. Many stack up toproduce higher voltage

http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/

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Why fuel cell is more efficient?

fuel

fuel

heat

electricity

electricity

Combustion engine obeys Carnot law η=30-35%

Fuel cell η=40-70%

Loss

LossLoss

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PEMFC configuration

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane(PEM) fuel cell contains:

1. Anode is a negativeelectrode: loss of electrons.2. Cathode is a positiveelectrode: gaining of electrons.3. Electrolyte: polymermembrane conducts protons.4. Catalyst: facilities thereaction5. Electrons flow from anode tothe cathode via the externalcircuit.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/abcs.html

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Polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM) fuel cells

• Electrolyte:– Solid polymer

• Operation temperature– 80-100°C

• Advantage:– High current and current density– Long operation time– Rapid start up

• Disadvantage:– CO intolerance– Hydrogen storage

• Status– The performance and life expectancy is sufficient

• Application– Transportation applications– Stationary applications

Anode Reactions:2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-CathodeReactions:O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2 H2OOverall Cell Reactions:2H2 + O2 => 2 H2O

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Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs)

• Electrolyte:– Solution of potassium hydroxide in water

• Operation temperature– 65-220°C

• Advantage:– Very efficient (~70%)– Produce pure water

• Disadvantage:– The electrolyte can be easily poisoned by

carbon dioxide (CO2)– Require pure hydrogen and oxygen.

• Status– One of most developed technologies.

• Application– The requirement of pure hydrogen and

oxygen as fuel has limited its applicationto space and military uses.

Anode Reaction:2 H2 + 4 OH- => 4 H2O + 4 e-Cathode Reaction:O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e- => 4 OH-Overall Net Reaction:2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O

http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_afc.asp

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Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)

• Electrolyte:– liquid phosphoric acid

• Operation temperature

– 150-220°C• Advantage:

– Relative tolerance for reformedhydrocarbon fuels

– Higher efficiency for Co-generation• Disadvantage:

– Lower power density• Status

– Commercialized available since 1990.

• Application

– Cogeneration power plants.Anode Reaction:2 H2 => 4 H+ + 4 e-Cathode Reaction:O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e- => 2H2OOverall Cell Reaction:2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O

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Molten carbonate fuel cells(MCFCs)

• Electrolyte:– Molten carbonate

• Operation temperature– 650°C

• Advantages:– Internal fuel reformation reduces cost– Efficiency 60%– Not prone to carbon monoxide or carbon

dioxide "poisoning"• Disadvantage:

– Very corrosive electrolyte– Low durability– Low current density.

• Application– Natural gas and coal-based power plants

for electrical utility, industrial, andmilitary applications Anode Reaction:CO32- + H2 => H2O + CO2 + 2e-

Cathode Reaction:CO2+ 1/2O2 + 2e- => CO32-Overall Cell Reaction:H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) + CO2 (cathode) => H2O(g) + CO2 (anode)

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)• Electrolyte:

– Hard, non-porous ceramic compound• Operation temperature

– 600-1000°C• Advantages:

– No need for precious metal catalyst– Efficiency 50~65%

• Disadvantages:– Slow start-up– Requires thermal shielding– Low durability– Use of brittle ceramic that is hard to handle

• Status

– Basic research on decreasing temperature

• Application

– Utility power plant application Anode Reaction:2 H2 + 2 O2- => 2 H2O + 4 e-Cathode Reaction:O2 + 4 e- => 2 O2-

Overall Cell Reaction:2 H2 + O2 => 2 H2O

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Common fuel cells

Difference lies in:• Charge carrier• Fuel• Electrolyte• Poisoning by contamination• Geometry

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Direct methanol fuel cell

Anode Reaction:CH3OH + H2O => CO2 + 6H+ + 6e-Cathode Reaction:3/2 O2 + 6 H+ + 6e- => 3 H2OOverall Cell Reaction:CH3OH + 3/2 O2 => CO2 + 2 H2O

•Electrolyte: – Polymer membrane

•Operation temperature

–50-120°C •Advantages:

–No requirement for fuel reformer–Small size

•Disadvantages:–Efficiency <40% –Methanol is toxic–Need more active catalyst

•Status

–Research effort to improve efficiency

–Use Ethanol?

•Application

–Mobile phone, lap top

Efficiency <40%

Toshiba 100 mW

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Unitized regenerative fuel cell

Two mode of operation-Fuel cell-electrolysis

Use dual functionalelectrodes

450 watt hour/kg

Pathfinder

http://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html

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Thin film solid oxide fuel cell

New technology (by TcSAM) has shown a great promise.1mcron thick thin film ==>0.8-0.9V4 sugar cube ==>80WOperation temperature 500° No need for expensive catalyst.

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Summary of different fuel cells

TransportationCO2 intolerance

Water management

Noble catalyst

High current and powerdensity

60%80-100°PolymerPEMFC

Cell phone,portable

Relatively lowefficiency

Methanol is toxic

No fuel reformer

Small size

40%50-120°PolymerDMFC

Powerproduction,cogeneration

High operationtemperature,relatively low ionicconductivity

High efficiency,internal fuel processing,high-grade waste heat,long operation life.

55-65%600-1000°Solid oxideceramic

SOFC

Powerproduction,cogeneration

Electrolyte instability,short operation life,CO2 recycling

High efficiency,

Internal fuel processing,high grade waste heat

60%650°Moltencarbonate

MCFC

CHP-plantsRelatively lowefficiency, limitedlife time, noblecatalyst

Mature technology40%150-220°Phosphoricacid

PAFC

Space power

Submarine

military

CO2 intoleranceRequire pure oxygenand hydrogen

High current and powerdensity, high efficiency

Produce pure water

70%80-220°Solution ofpotassiumhydroxidein water

AFC

ApplicationsDisadvantageAdvantageEfficiencyTemperature

ElectrolyteFuel cell

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Fuel Cell Challenge

•Cost reduction•Fuel Flexibility•System Integration•Endurance and Reliability•Infrastructure•Regulation

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Cost reduction1. Material reduction andexploration of lower-costmaterial alternatives2. Reducing the complexity ofan integrated system3. Minimizing temperatureconstraints (which addcomplexity and cost to thesystem)4. Streamliningmanufacturing processes5. Increasing power density(footprint reduction)6. Scaling up production togain the benefit of economies ofscale (volume) throughincreased market penetration.

Source: NFCRC UCI webside

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III Hydrogen Technology

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Hydrogen Generation

• Near term: Use fossil fuel to generate hydrogen,e.g. steam reformation (95% currently)

• Long term: Use renewable energy to generatehydrogen, e.g. Electrolysis

Hydrogen Plant for Hickson & Welchs

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Hydrogen storage and deliverySame energy as a tank of gas-->3000xspace

•High pressure tank 3000PSI-Bulky -potential energy is too high

•Liquid hydrogen-LOW Temperature <20°K-High liquefaction energy

•Solid H2 becomes promising.-Metal hydrides 1-2%-Carbon nanostructure 4.2%-Goal 6.5%

http://www.ovonic.com

http://www.fuelcellstore.com

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Storage challenge and goal

Weight and Volume. Efficiency. Durability. Refueling Time. Cost. Codes & Standards. Life-Cycle and Efficiency Analyses.

http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage

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Hydrogen infrastructureLAXBy GM2004

Dearborn byFord 1999

TARDECby Ovonic2005

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IV. Fuel cell applications

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Fuel Cell for Transportation:Freedom Car

DOEFordGMChryslerUS universities

Freedom from oil dependenceFreedom from pollutant emissionsFreedom to choice of vehicle you wantFreedom to drive where and when you wantFreedom to obtain fuel affordably and conveniently.

Source: Ford Motor Company--Freedom Car

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Fuel Fells for Power Generation

Source: DOE/UN Second Annual Hybrid Workshop, 2002

Hybrid configuration:

Distributed Generation: 15kW-50MWMTG-HTFC

Central Power Generation:100MW-1000MWGTE-HTFC

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MTG-SOFC hybrid

Source: Scott Samuelsen,”Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems”,2004 ASME International Gas Turbine Institute.

1. The pressurized air from theturbine is fed to the SOFCwhere fuel is added,

2. the resultant electrochemicalreactions lead to the directproduction of electrical energy.

3. The elevated pressureoperation provides increases inboth fuel cell efficiency andpower density.

4. The high-pressure, high-temperature fuel cell effluentcan then be expanded in theturbine to produce moreelectrical energy.

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e.g. 220kW MTG-SOFC

Siemens Westing HouseEfficiency 53%2000 hours atNational Fuel Cell ResearchCenter at UCI.

Source: Scott Samuelsen,”Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems”,2004 ASME International Gas Turbine Institute.

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185 ACRES185 ACRES43BUILDINGS43BUILDINGS2.4 MILLION SQ FT2.4 MILLION SQ FT

– Provide “Power Park” laboratory resource– Enable Beta-testing in the practical environment– Provide platform for objective, neutral testing– Address DER infrastructure in real time, e.g.

√ Natural gas, electricity, IT– Market barriers in real time, e.g.

√ Interconnect, architects, building codes√ Market perceptions, paucity of experiential data

– Provide laboratory “flexibility”– Engage market– Identify/address DER customer focused solutions

UCI RESEARCH PARK (“LIVING LABORATORY”)

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43Source: Jack Brouwer and Scott Samuelsen,”Power Park Concept”

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INTEGRATE DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES (DER)

1. PVs2. Fuel Cells3. MTGs

– RESEARCH DER OPTIONS

1. Combined Heat And Power (CHP)2. On-grid Behavior; Interconnection3. Off-grid Behavior4. Connectivity And Dispatch Micro-grid Scenarios5. Communications Infrastructure And Technology6. EV Sharing; Charging

MAJOR RESOURCE

National Academy Of Science And Engineering

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V. Power Electronics forHydrogen Power

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Power Electronics is a key element forhydrogen power

• Inverters --- renewable and alternative energy power generation• PFC -- Rectification• APF, UPQC --- power quality control• Statcon --- VAR compensation and power flow control

Inverter

APF

PFC

TurbineConverter

Converter

Statcon

Fuelcell

RegenerativeFuelcell

Inverter

Reversableinverter

Central plant

Documents

Down the Road to Hydrogen Power - TAUmedinid/energy-gordon/Smedley/First day/israel... · • If pure hydrogen is used as ... Pathfinder . U C I P E L ... e.g. steam reformation (95%